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He Y, Liu X, Zha S, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Hu K. A pilot randomized controlled trial of major ozone autohemotherapy for patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112673. [PMID: 39018686 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
This prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial assessed the therapeutic effects of major ozone autohemotherapy (O3-MAH) in patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Seventy-three eligible participants were randomly assigned to an O3-MAH plus conventional therapy group (n = 35) or a conventional therapy alone group (n = 38). Symptom score, pulmonary function, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters were evaluated before and after the interventions. Both groups demonstrated improvements in various parameters post-intervention, but efficacy was greater in the O3-MAH group than the conventional treatment group; with intervention effectiveness defined as a ≥ 50 % reduction in symptom score, 25 of 35 patients (71 %) responded to O3-MAH, while 17/38 patients (45 %) responded to conventional treatment alone (P = 0.0325). Significant improvements in symptom scores (P = 0.0478), tidal volume (P = 0.0374), predicted 6MWD (P = 0.0032), and coagulation and inflammatory indicators were noted in the O3-MAH group compared with the conventional treatment group. O3-MAH was more likely to be effective in patients with elevated CRP levels. Furthermore, O3-MAH markedly improved cellular immunity, and this improvement became more pronounced with extended treatment duration. In summary, combining O3-MAH with conventional treatment was more effective than conventional therapy alone in improving symptoms, pulmonary function, inflammation, coagulation, and cellular immunity in patients with PASC. Further research is now warranted to validate these findings and individualize the regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Shiqian Zha
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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2
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Silva LP, Portela RW, Machado MC, Canuto GAB, Costa-Neto JM, de Carvalho VDMP, de Sá HC, Damasceno KA, de Souza VRC, Coelho CS, Estrela-Lima A. Ozone Therapy in the Integrated Treatment of Female Dogs with Mammary Cancer: Oxidative Profile and Quality of Life. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:673. [PMID: 38929112 PMCID: PMC11200475 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the high frequency of malignant breast tumors, there is a growing search for new therapeutic strategies that control neoplastic growth and dissemination, combined with fewer adverse reactions. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of ozone therapy in female dogs with mammary cancer undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Twenty-five canines diagnosed with malignant mammary neoplasia were divided into two groups: one treated with carboplatin alone (n = 11) and the other with carboplatin associated with ozone therapy (n = 14). Clinical and laboratory evaluations, mastectomy, analysis of the oxidative profile based on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), survival rate, and quality of life were performed. Animals in the ozone therapy group had higher concentrations of red blood cells and platelets, significantly improving the survival rate and quality of life. Furthermore, adverse reactions were less intense and frequent in this group, which was associated with an increase in TAC and a reduction in MDA. These results indicate that the combination of carboplatin and ozone therapy represents a promising complementary treatment for female dogs with mammary cancer, as it was associated with fewer adverse reactions and a better oxidative profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Pereira Silva
- Research Center on Mammary Oncology (NPqOM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (M.C.M.); (J.M.C.-N.); (V.d.M.P.d.C.); (K.A.D.)
| | - Ricardo Wagner Portela
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology (LABIMUNO), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Marília Carneiro Machado
- Research Center on Mammary Oncology (NPqOM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (M.C.M.); (J.M.C.-N.); (V.d.M.P.d.C.); (K.A.D.)
- Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Gisele André Baptista Canuto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (G.A.B.C.); (H.C.d.S.)
| | - João Moreira Costa-Neto
- Research Center on Mammary Oncology (NPqOM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (M.C.M.); (J.M.C.-N.); (V.d.M.P.d.C.); (K.A.D.)
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Moraes Pina de Carvalho
- Research Center on Mammary Oncology (NPqOM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (M.C.M.); (J.M.C.-N.); (V.d.M.P.d.C.); (K.A.D.)
| | - Hanna Carvalho de Sá
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (G.A.B.C.); (H.C.d.S.)
| | - Karine Araújo Damasceno
- Research Center on Mammary Oncology (NPqOM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (M.C.M.); (J.M.C.-N.); (V.d.M.P.d.C.); (K.A.D.)
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory (LAPEX), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | | | - Clarisse Simões Coelho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusofona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.R.C.d.S.); (C.S.C.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusofona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- Research Center on Mammary Oncology (NPqOM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (M.C.M.); (J.M.C.-N.); (V.d.M.P.d.C.); (K.A.D.)
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil
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3
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Pascale F, Pelage JP, Wassef M, Ghegediban SH, Saint-Maurice JP, De Baere T, Denys A, Duran R, Deschamps F, Pellerin O, Maeda N, Laurent A, Namur J. Rabbit VX2 Liver Tumor Model: A Review of Clinical, Biology, Histology, and Tumor Microenvironment Characteristics. Front Oncol 2022; 12:871829. [PMID: 35619923 PMCID: PMC9128410 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.871829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit VX2 is a large animal model of cancer used for decades by interventional radiologists to demonstrate the efficacy of various locoregional treatments against liver tumors. What do we know about this tumor in the new era of targeted therapy and immune-oncology? The present paper describes the current knowledge on the clinics, biology, histopathology, and tumor microenvironment of VX2 based on a literature review of 741 publications in the liver and in other organs. It reveals the resemblance with human cancer (anatomy, vascularity, angiogenic profile, drug sensitivity, immune microenvironment), the differences (etiology, growth rate, histology), and the questions still poorly explored (serum and tissue biomarkers, genomic alterations, immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Pascale
- Research and Development Department, Archimmed Société à responsabilité limtée Limited liability Company (SARL), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelage
- Université de Caen Normandie (UNICEAN), Centre d'Energie atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Imagerie et Stratégies Thérapeutiques pour les Cancers et Tissus Cérébraux CERVOxy (ISTCT-CERVOxy) Normandie University, Caen, France.,Department of Interventional and Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital of Caen, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Michel Wassef
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP); Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) de Médecine Paris Nord, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Saïda H Ghegediban
- Research and Development Department, Archimmed Société à responsabilité limtée Limited liability Company (SARL), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Maurice
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP); Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) de Médecine Paris Nord, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thierry De Baere
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alban Denys
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Duran
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Deschamps
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Pellerin
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP) Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Noboru Maeda
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Alexandre Laurent
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP); Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) de Médecine Paris Nord, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Namur
- Research and Development Department, Archimmed Société à responsabilité limtée Limited liability Company (SARL), Jouy-en-Josas, France
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4
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Efficacy of High-Ozonide Oil in Prevention of Cancer Relapses Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051174. [PMID: 35267482 PMCID: PMC8909345 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer tissue is characterized by low oxygen availability triggering neo angiogenesis and metastatisation. Accordingly, oxidation is a possible strategy for counteracting cancer progression and relapses. Previous studies used ozone gas, administered by invasive methods, both in experimental animals and clinical studies, transiently decreasing cancer growth. This study evaluated the effect of ozonized oils (administered either topically or orally) on cancer, exploring triggered molecular mechanisms. Methods: In vitro, in lung and glioblastoma cancer cells, ozonized oils having a high ozonide content suppressed cancer cell viability by triggering mitochondrial damage, intracellular calcium release, and apoptosis. In vivo, a total of 115 cancer patients (age 58 ± 14 years; 44 males, 71 females) were treated with ozonized oil as complementary therapy in addition to standard chemo/radio therapeutic regimens for up to 4 years. Results: Cancer diagnoses were brain glioblastoma, pancreas adenocarcinoma, skin epithelioma, lung cancer (small and non-small cell lung cancer), colon adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, prostate adenocarcinoma. Survival rate was significantly improved in cancer patients receiving HOO as integrative therapy as compared with those receiving standard treatment only. Conclusions: These results indicate that ozonized oils at high ozonide may represent an innovation in complementary cancer therapy worthy of further clinical studies.
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Baeza-Noci J, Pinto-Bonilla R. Systemic Review: Ozone: A Potential New Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11796. [PMID: 34769225 PMCID: PMC8584016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last sixty years, publications in reputed journals have shown the preclinical positive effect of ozone gas in cancer cells. However, the translation of these results into clinical practice is far away from success. A comprehensive approach is necessary for this, and oncologists and researchers need guidance from medical specialists with in-depth knowledge of ozone in medicine. In this article, we review the evidence around this question and suggest different potential research lines to those interested in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Baeza-Noci
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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6
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Najafi M, Majidpoor J, Toolee H, Mortezaee K. The current knowledge concerning solid cancer and therapy. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22900. [PMID: 34462987 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Solid cancers comprise a large number of new cases and deaths from cancer each year globally. There are a number of strategies for addressing tumors raised from solid organs including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, combinational therapy, and stem cell and extracellular vesicle (EV) therapy. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the dominant cures, but are not always effective, in which even in a localized tumor there is a possibility of tumor relapse after surgical resection. Over half of the cancer patients will receive radiotherapy as a part of their therapeutic schedule. Radiotherapy can cause an abscopal response for boosting the activity of the immune system outside the local field of radiation, but it may also cause an unwanted bystander effect, predisposing nonradiated cells into carcinogenesis. In the context of immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibition is known as the standard-of-care, but the major concern is in regard with cold cancers that show low responses to such therapy. Stem-cell therapy can be used to send prodrugs toward the tumor area; this strategy, however, has its own predicaments, such as unwanted attraction toward the other sites including healthy tissues and its instability. A substitute to such therapy and quite a novel strategy is to use EVs, by virtue of their stability and potential to cross biological barriers and long-term storage of contents. Combination therapy is the current focus. Despite advances in the field, there are still unmet concerns in the area of effective cancer therapy, raising challenges and opportunities for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Heidar Toolee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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7
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Çolak Ş, Genç Yavuz B, Yavuz M, Özçelik B, Öner M, Özgültekin A, Şenbayrak S. Effectiveness of ozone therapy in addition to conventional treatment on mortality in patients with COVID-19. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14321. [PMID: 33971067 PMCID: PMC8236993 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ozone therapy, which is one of the integrative medicine applications that has been used safely for many years, on the prevalence of mortality in patients receiving COVID-19 treatment. METHODS This was a prospective, controlled study conducted on patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalised. In this study, 55 patients were included. The patients were divided into two groups as the ozone and control group. Ozone therapy (major autohemotherapy) was applied to 37 patients who were being treated with the appropriate COVID-19 treatment protocol determined by the infectious diseases committee of our hospital. The ozone treatment protocol consisted of seven sessions (one session per day) of intravenous ozone administration, applied in a volume of 100 mL and a concentration of 30 μg/mL. Only the conventional COVID-19 treatment protocol was applied to 18 patients in the control group. Clinical follow-up was performed until the discharge of the patients from the hospital with successful treatment or until the mortality occurred. Factors affecting mortality were analysed using univariate regression analysis. RESULTS Intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalisation was required in 6 of the 37 patients who were treated with ozone (16.2%), while 4 of 18 patients in the control group required ICU treatment (22.2%) (P = .713). When the mortality rates between the two groups were compared, mortality was lower in the ozone group (P = .032). As a result of univariate logistic regression analysis performed to investigate the factors affecting mortality, treatment with ozone therapy was determined as a risk factor for mortality. Patients receiving ozone therapy appear to have a lower mortality risk (odds ratio [OR]: 0.149, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.026-0.863, P = .034). CONCLUSION In this study, the findings suggested that the administration of ozone therapy along with the conventional medical treatment in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 could reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şahin Çolak
- Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research HospitalDepartment of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Health SciencesIstanbulTurkey
| | - Burcu Genç Yavuz
- Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research HospitalDepartment of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Health SciencesIstanbulTurkey
| | - Mürsel Yavuz
- Kosuyolu Rezonans ClinicIntegrative MedicineIstanbulTurkey
| | - Burak Özçelik
- Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research HospitalDepartment of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Health SciencesIstanbulTurkey
| | - Metin Öner
- Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research HospitalDepartment of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Health SciencesIstanbulTurkey
| | - Asu Özgültekin
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research HospitalDepartment of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareUniversity of Health SciencesIstanbulTurkey
| | - Seniha Şenbayrak
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research HospitalDepartment of Infectious Disease and Clinical MicrobiologyUniversity of Health SciencesIstanbulTurkey
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8
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Schöniger S, Degner S, Zhang Q, Schandelmaier C, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Jasani B, Schoon HA. Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Pet Rabbit Mammary Carcinomas: A Study with Relevance to Comparative Pathology. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081437. [PMID: 32824521 PMCID: PMC7459912 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The interaction between tumors and immune cells influences tumor fate, i.e., regression, growth, or even metastases. The evaluation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in human breast cancer has prognostic value. Pet rabbits develop spontaneous mammary carcinomas and have an immune system that is comparable with that of humans, so that they have the potential to provide an animal model for human breast cancer. To further substantiate this similarity, this study examined TILs in 107 pet rabbit mammary carcinomas according to criteria established for human breast cancer. For TIL evaluation routinely stained microscopic sections were examined by light microscopy. Relevant histological and immunohistochemical tumor characteristics were obtained from a data base. Results showed that increased presence of stromal TILs was statistically associated with histological tumor features indicative of a less aggressive biological behavior, i.e., reduced tumor cell proliferation and a lower histological grade. The expression by tumor cells of calponin, a presumed tumor suppressor protein, was also associated with their reduced proliferation and a higher percentage of stromal TILs. Data suggest that higher percentages of stromal TILs may have the potential to serve as favorable prognostic indicator in rabbit mammary carcinomas and support the value of pet rabbits for comparative research. Abstract Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) serve as prognostic biomarker in human breast cancer. Rabbits have the potential to act as animal model for human breast cancer, and close similarities exist between the rabbit and human immune system. The aim of this study is to characterize TILs in pet rabbit mammary carcinomas and to statistically correlate results with histological and immunohistochemical tumor characteristics. Microscopic evaluation of TILs was performed in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of 107 rabbit mammary carcinomas according to international guidelines for human breast cancer. Data on histological features of malignancy, estrogen and progesterone receptor status and calponin expression were obtained from the data base. This study revealed a statistical association between stromal TILs in the central tumor (CT) and infiltrative margin. Higher maximal percentages of stromal TILs at the CT were statistically correlated with decreased mitotic count and lower tumor grade. An increased number of calponin positive tumor cells was statistically associated with a lower mitotic count and a higher percentage of stromal TILs. Results suggest that higher percentages of stromal TILs are useful biomarkers that may point toward a favorable prognosis in rabbit mammary carcinomas and support the concept of the use of rabbits for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schöniger
- Targos Molecular Pathology GmbH, Germaniastrasse 7, 34119 Kassel, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sophie Degner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (S.D.); (H.-A.S.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Anatomy, Experimental Neurobiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany;
| | - Claudia Schandelmaier
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (C.S.); (H.A.-L.)
| | | | - Bharat Jasani
- Targos Molecular Pathology GmbH, Germaniastrasse 7, 34119 Kassel, Germany;
| | - Heinz-Adolf Schoon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (S.D.); (H.-A.S.)
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9
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Liang Z, Xu C, Ji AL, Liang S, Kan HD, Chen RJ, Lei J, Li YF, Liang ZQ, Cai TJ. Effects of short-term ambient air pollution exposure on HPV infections: A five-year hospital-based study. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126615. [PMID: 32443276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are common sexually-transmitted diseases among reproductive-aged women with increasing concern. Until now, there are no prior study about the association between HPV infections and ambient air pollution. This study aimed to explore the relationship between short-term exposure to ambient pollutants and daily outpatient visits for HPV infections in China. Data of daily outpatient visits for HPV infections were obtained from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018 (1826 days). Over-dispersed Poisson generalized additive models were applied by adjusting weather conditions and day of the week. We identified a total of 39,746 cases for HPV infections. A 10 μg/m3 increase of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 or a 0.1 mg/m3 rise of CO in concurrent day (lag 0) concentrations was related to an elevation of 0.822% (95% Cl: 0.282%, 1.36%), 1.05% (95% Cl: 0.280%, 1.81%), 5.72% (95% Cl: 1.79%, 9.65%), 5.02% (95% Cl: 3.45%, 6.60%), and 2.40% (95% Cl: 1.43%, 3.37%) in daily outpatient-visits for HPV infections, respectively. The association was more significant in those women aged 41 or over. As for 10 μg/m3 increase of O3, a -1.33% (95% Cl: -2.13%, -0.530%) change was observed on the lag 03 and such effects appeared to be more obvious in the aged 18-40 group. Our results provided the first evidence that short-term exposure to ambient pollutants was related to, which may be indirectly, the increased risk of HPV infections while O3 may act as a "protective" factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Troop 94498 of PLA, Nanyang, 474350, China
| | - Ai-Ling Ji
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shi Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602, 801-422-4636, USA
| | - Hai-Dong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ren-Jie Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Lei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hui Long-Ba Town Hospital, Chongqing, 401335, China
| | - Ya-Fei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tong-Jian Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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10
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Immune escape: A critical hallmark in solid tumors. Life Sci 2020; 258:118110. [PMID: 32698074 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Incapacitated immune system is a characteristic hallmark of solid tumors. Immune system within a tumor undergoes an imbalance in cellular dispersion and functionality. Effector cells are precluded from the invasive margin of tumor; instead, immune suppressor cells are present at high fractions. Conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) like altered metabolism, chronic hypoxia and chronic inflammation are the known predisposing factors, implicated in the immune malfunctioning. Deficiency of innate immune sensing mediated by checkpoint receptors including programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1), CTL-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) hijacked by tumor cells takes a major part of the blame, requiring a need for appropriate strategies in order to bring back the balance in the immune system. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has been in the eye of the current research rendering promising results. The story is not, however, that easy in which it is not so effective for Cold tumors, it may cause severe adverse effects, and that patients may acquire resistance to such therapy; this requires for updating the current knowledge about the immune ecosystem, using tumor type dependent dose calculation and exploiting proper adjuvants in order for evolving desired responses.
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Schwartz A, Di Donna V. Potential Cytoprotective Activity of Ozone Therapy in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050389. [PMID: 32384798 PMCID: PMC7278582 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in China at the end of 2019 has caused a large global outbreak. Systemic ozone therapy (OT) could be potentially useful in the clinical management of several complications secondary to SARS-CoV-2. The rationale and mechanism of action has already been proven clinically in other viral infections and has been shown in research studies to be highly effective at decreasing organ damage mediated by inflammation and oxidative stress. This review summarizes the OT studies that illustrate the possible cytoprotective mechanism of action of ozone and its physiological by-products in target organs affected by SARS-CoV-2. (2) Methods: This review encompasses a total of 74 peer-reviewed original articles. It is mainly focused on ozone as a modulator of the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathways and IL-6/IL-1β expression. (3) Results: In experimental models and the few existent clinical studies, homeostasis of the free radical and antioxidant balance by OT was associated with a modulation of NF-κB/Nrf2 balance and IL-6 and IL-1β expression. These molecular mechanisms support the cytoprotective effects of OT against tissue damage present in many inflammatory diseases, including viral infections. (4) Conclusions: The potential cytoprotective role of OT in the management of organ damage induced by COVID-19 merits further research. Controlled clinical trials are needed.
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Franke N, Bette M, Marquardt A, Briese T, Lipkin WI, Kurz C, Ehrenreich J, Mack E, Baying B, Beneš V, Rodepeter FR, Neff A, Teymoortash A, Eivazi B, Geisthoff U, Stuck BA, Bakowsky U, Mandic R. Virome Analysis Reveals No Association of Head and Neck Vascular Anomalies with an Active Viral Infection. In Vivo 2018; 32:1323-1331. [PMID: 30348684 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Vascular anomalies encompass different vascular malformations [arteriovenous (AVM), lymphatic (LM), venous lymphatic (VLM), venous (VM)] and vascular tumors such as hemangiomas (HA). The pathogenesis of vascular anomalies is still poorly understood. Viral infection was speculated as a possible underlying cause. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 13 human vascular anomalies and three human skin control tissues were used for viral analysis. RNA derived from AVM (n=4) and normal skin control (n=3) tissues was evaluated by RNA sequencing. The Virome Capture Sequencing Platform for Vertebrate Viruses (VirCapSeq-VERT) was deployed on 10 tissues with vascular anomalies (2×AVM, 1×HA, 1×LM, 2×VLM, 4×VM). RESULTS RNA sequencing did not show any correlation of AVM with viral infection. By deploying VirCapSeq-VERT, no consistent viral association was seen in the tested tissues. CONCLUSION The analysis does not point to the presence of an active viral infection in vascular anomalies. However, transient earlier viral infections, e.g. during pregnancy, cannot be excluded with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Franke
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bette
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - André Marquardt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York City, NY, U.S.A
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York City, NY, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Kurz
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jovine Ehrenreich
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Mack
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bianka Baying
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Beneš
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Neff
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Afshin Teymoortash
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Behfar Eivazi
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Urban Geisthoff
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris A Stuck
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Ozone Therapy as Adjuvant for Cancer Treatment: Is Further Research Warranted? EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7931849. [PMID: 30271455 PMCID: PMC6151231 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7931849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This article provides an overview of the potential use of ozone as an adjuvant during cancer treatment. Methods We summarize the findings of the most relevant publications focused on this goal, and we include our related clinical experience. Results Over several decades, prestigious journals have published in vitro studies on the capacity of ozone to induce direct damage on tumor cells and, as well, to enhance the effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Indirect effects have been demonstrated in animal models: immune modulation by ozone alone and sensitizing effect of radiotherapy by concurrent ozone administration. The effects of ozone in modifying hemoglobin dissociation curve, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels, locoregional blood flow, and tumor hypoxia provide additional support for potential beneficial effects during cancer treatment. Unfortunately, only a few clinical studies are available. Finally, we describe some works and our experience supporting the potential role of local ozone therapy in treating delayed healing after tumor resection, to avoid delays in commencing radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Conclusions In vitro and animal studies, as well as isolated clinical reports, suggest the potential role of ozone as an adjuvant during radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. However, further research, such as randomized clinical trials, is required to demonstrate its potential usefulness as an adjuvant therapeutic tool.
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Megele R, Riemenschneider MJ, Dodoo-Schittko F, Feyrer M, Kleindienst A. Intra-tumoral treatment with oxygen-ozone in glioblastoma: A systematic literature search and results of a case series. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5813-5822. [PMID: 30344733 PMCID: PMC6176341 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in surgery and radiochemotherapy, the prognosis of glioblastoma (GB) remains poor. GB cells exhibit a preference for hypoxia to maintain their tumor-forming capacity. Treatment strategies utilizing oxygen (O2) or ozone (O3) and generating reactive oxygen species induce cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. The anti-tumorigenic properties of O2-O3 are accompanied by a key role in regulating immunogenicity. The present study reported a case series of an intra-tumoral O2-O3 application in recurrent GB. Following surgery in combination with standard radiochemotherapy, O2-O3 (5 ml at 40 µg/ml) was applied every four weeks into the tumor vicinity. The patients received a median of 27 (range, 3–44) O2-O3 applications. In addition, a systematic literature search was performed in order to evaluate the role of O3 in the treatment of malignancies. The median overall survival rate was 40 (range, 16–53) months. The median survival rate following the first recurrence or the initiation of the O2-O3 treatment, respectively, was 34 (range, 12–53) months. In one patient, a local infection and in another, hemorrhage occurred, necessitating in both the temporary removal of the reservoir. The data from the present study support the potential benefit of an intra-tumoral O2-O3 application in recurrent GB. The scientific literature revealed by the bibliographic search suggests that O3 may be considered a viable adjuvant therapy in oncological patients. The present study may serve as a starting point for further observational and clinical studies elucidating the cellular and systemic effects of O2 and/or O3 and demonstrating their efficacy and safety in larger patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Megele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum St. Marien, D-92224 Amberg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Dodoo-Schittko
- Medical Sociology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Feyrer
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum St. Marien, D-92224 Amberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kleindienst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum St. Marien, D-92224 Amberg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Peirone C, Mestre VF, Medeiros-Fonseca B, Colaço B, Pires MJ, Martins T, Gil da Costa RM, Neuparth MJ, Medeiros R, Bastos MMSM, Marques-Magallanes JA, Oliveira PA. Ozone therapy prevents the onset of dysplasia in HPV16-transgenic mice-A pre-clinical efficacy and safety analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:275-279. [PMID: 29775895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), most often HPV16, is associated with the development of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Recently, ozone therapy was reported to have considerable efficacy against rabbit VX2 tumors, induced by the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. The present study aims to determine whether similar results can be obtained in HPV16-transgenic mice, possibly paving the way for new therapeutic options against HPV-induced cancers. HPV16-transgenic and wild-type, female, 20 weeks-old mice were injected intraperitoneally with medical O3/O2 (80░mL/kg, at O3 50░μg/mL), once a day, for 5 consecutive days. The animals were sacrificed at 25 weeks-old, and skin samples were analyzed histologically to study tumour progression. Blood and internal organ samples were used to study toxicological parameters. 85.7% of untreated transgenic mice showed dysplastic skin lesions, compared with 28.6% of O3-treated mice. This was associated with a marked reduction of dermal inflammation associated with those lesions. No significant changes were observed in any toxicological parameters. These preliminary results support the hypothesis that O3 therapy is effective against papillomavirus-induced lesions, particularly against those induced by the most common high-risk virus, HPV16. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - V F Mestre
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - B Medeiros-Fonseca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - B Colaço
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Zootechnics Department, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M J Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - T Martins
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R M Gil da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Laboratory for Process Engineering Environment Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE) Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.
| | - M J Neuparth
- Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), Gandra, Portugal; Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal; CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; LPCC Research Department, Portuguese League against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal
| | - M M S M Bastos
- Laboratory for Process Engineering Environment Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE) Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - P A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
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Bette M, Springmann V, Rossmann A, Weihe E, Schütz B. Evidence for the absence of visceral pain in C57BL6/N mice subjected to therapeutically relevant O 3/O 2-pneumoperitoneum. Lab Anim 2016; 51:17-23. [PMID: 26946118 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216636832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Each different gas that is used to induce a pneumoperitoneum (PP) exhibits individual effects within the peritoneal cavity. This might include adverse effects such as pain and/or inflammatory reactions. The acute effects of ozonized oxygen (O3/O2), a highly oxidative gas mixture, after being insufflated into the peritoneal cavity are analysed in this study. Using the abdominal constriction response ('writhing') assay of chemical nociception in C57BL6/N mice, O3/O2-PP was found not to be associated with visible pain responses and did not alter the c-fos expression in the spinal cord. In addition, mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, were found unaltered in the spleen 2 h after insufflation. In conclusion, O3/O2-PP is free of adverse pain and does not trigger inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bette
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Springmann
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Rossmann
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Bette M, Mandic R. Intraperitoneal oxidative stress as an oncolytic immunomodulator? Oncoimmunology 2015; 3:e955347. [PMID: 25941614 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.955347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraperitoneal oxidative stress effectively converts the immune response against the papillomavirus-associated rabbit VX2 carcinoma from tumor permissive to tumoricidal and leads to a sustainable oncolytic immune response that can be adoptively transferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bette
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University , Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg; Campus Marburg , Marburg, Germany
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