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Derré L, Lucca I, Cesson V, Bohner P, Crettenand F, Rodrigues-Dias SC, Dartiguenave F, Masnada A, Teixeira-Pereira C, Benmerzoug S, Chevalier MF, Domingos-Pereira S, Nguyen S, Polak L, Schneider AK, Jichlinski P, Roth B, Nardelli-Haefliger D. Intravesical Ty21a treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer induces immune responses that correlate with safety and may be associated to therapy potential. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e008020. [PMID: 38101861 PMCID: PMC10729085 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard of care treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is associated with side effects, disease recurrence/progression and supply shortages. We recently showed in a phase I trial (NCT03421236) that intravesical instillation in patients with NMIBC with the maximal tolerated dose of Ty21a/Vivotif, the oral vaccine against typhoid fever, might have a better safety profile. In the present report, we assessed the immunogenicity of intravesical Ty21a in patients of the clinical trial that had received the maximal tolerated dose and compared it with data obtained in patients that had received standard BCG. METHODS Urinary cytokines and immune cells of patients with NMIBC treated with intravesical instillations of Ty21a (n=13, groups A and F in NCT03421236) or with standard BCG in a concomitant observational study (n=12, UROV1) were determined by Luminex and flow cytometry, respectively. Serum anti-lipopolysaccharide Typhi antibodies and circulating Ty21a-specific T-cell responses were also determined in the Ty21a patients. Multiple comparisons of different paired variables were performed with a mixed-effect analysis, followed by Sidak post-test. Single comparisons were performed with a paired or an unpaired Student's t-test. RESULTS As compared with BCG, Ty21a induced lower levels of inflammatory urinary cytokines, which correlated to the milder adverse events (AEs) observed in Ty21a patients. However, both Ty21a and BCG induced a Th1 tumor environment. Peripheral Ty21a-specific T-cell responses and/or antibodies were observed in most Ty21a patients, pointing the bladder as an efficient local immune inductive site. Besides, Ty21a-mediated stimulation of unconventional Vδ2 T cells was also observed, which turned out more efficient than BCG. Finally, few Ty21a instillations were sufficient for increasing urinary infiltration of dendritic cells and T cells, which were previously associated with therapeutic efficacy in the orthotopic mouse model of NMIBC. CONCLUSIONS Ty21a immunotherapy of patient with NMIBC is promising with fewer inflammatory cytokines and mild AE, but induction of immune responses with possible antitumor potentials. Future phase II clinical trials are necessary to explore possible efficacy of intravesical Ty21a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Derré
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Lucca
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Cesson
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Perrine Bohner
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Francois Crettenand
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Sonia-Cristina Rodrigues-Dias
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Florence Dartiguenave
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Masnada
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Carla Teixeira-Pereira
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Sulayman Benmerzoug
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu F Chevalier
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Domingos-Pereira
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Nguyen
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Polak
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Anna K Schneider
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Jichlinski
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Beat Roth
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Denise Nardelli-Haefliger
- Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Deptment of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
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2
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Yu H, Bai Y, Qiu J, He X, Xiong J, Dai Q, Wang X, Li Y, Sheng H, Xin R, Jiang L, Li Q, Li D, Zhang H, Zhang L, Chen Q, Peng J, Hu X, Zhang K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PcrV Enhances the Nitric Oxide-Mediated Tumoricidal Activity of Tumor-Associated Macrophages via a TLR4/PI3K/AKT/mTOR-Glycolysis-Nitric Oxide Circuit. Front Oncol 2021; 11:736882. [PMID: 34900687 PMCID: PMC8654729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.736882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which display a tumor-supportive M2 phenotype, are closely related to tumor growth and metastasis. The reprogramming of TAMs toward a tumoricidal M1 profile has emerged as an attractive strategy for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we found that the intratumoral injection of PcrV protein, a component of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type 3 secretion system, suppressed tumor growth and increased apoptosis, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and the percentage of M1-polarized TAMs in tumor tissues. Furthermore, the intratumoral injection of PcrV-primed macrophages exerted a similar tumoricidal effect. In vitro analyses revealed that PcrV reeducated TAMs toward an antitumoral M1 phenotype and augmented their nitric oxide (NO)-mediated cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Mechanistically, we found that these effects were dependent on the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-mediated regulation of a PI3K/AKT/mTOR-glycolysis-NO feedback loop via direct interaction with TLR4. Collectively, these results revealed a potential role for PcrV in cancer immunotherapy through the targeting of TAM plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Health Management Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei He
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhi Xiong
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingmin Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Halei Sheng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Xin
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Administration Department of Nosocomial Infection, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Reyes RM, Zhang C, Deng Y, Ji N, Mukherjee N, Padron AS, Clark CA, Svatek RS, Curiel TJ. CD122-targeted interleukin-2 and αPD-L1 treat bladder cancer and melanoma via distinct mechanisms, including CD122-driven natural killer cell maturation. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:2006529. [PMID: 34858732 PMCID: PMC8632314 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2006529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) and melanoma are amenable to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, yet most patients with advanced/metastatic disease do not respond. CD122-targeted interleukin (IL)-2 can improve ICB efficacy, but mechanisms are unclear. We tested αPD-L1 and CD122-directed immunotherapy with IL-2/αIL-2 complexes (IL-2c) in primary and metastatic bladder and melanoma tumors. IL-2c treatment of orthotopic MB49 and MBT-2 BC generated NK cell antitumor immunity through enhanced activation, reduced exhaustion, and promotion of a mature, effector NK cell phenotype. By comparison, subcutaneous B16-F10 melanoma, which is IL-2c sensitive, requires CD8+ T and not NK cells, yet we found αPD-L1 efficacy requires both CD8+ T and NK cells. We then explored αPD-L1 and IL-2c mechanisms at distinct metastatic sites and found intraperitoneal B16-F10 metastases were sensitive to αPD-L1 and IL-2c, with IL-2c but not αPD-L1, increasing CD122+ mature NK cell function, confirming conserved IL-2c effects in distinct cancer types and anatomic compartments. αPD-L1 failed to control tumor growth and prolong survival in B16-F10 lung metastases, yet IL-2c treated B16-F10 lung metastases effectively even in T cell and adaptive immunity deficient mice, which was abrogated by NK cell depletion in wild-type mice. Flow cytometric analyses of NK cells in B16-F10 lung metastases suggest that IL-2c directly boosts NK cell activation and effector function. Thus, αPD-L1 and IL-2c mediate nonredundant, immune microenvironment-specific treatment mechanisms involving CD8+ T and NK cells in primary and metastatic BC and melanoma. Mechanistic differences suggest effective treatment combinations including in other tumors or sites, warranting further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Reyes
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chenghao Zhang
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yilun Deng
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Niannian Ji
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Neelam Mukherjee
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alvaro S Padron
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Curtis A Clark
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Svatek
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Liu L, Shi W, Xiao X, Wu X, Hu H, Yuan S, Liu K, Liu Z. BCG immunotherapy inhibits cancer progression by promoting the M1 macrophage differentiation of THP‑1 cells via the Rb/E2F1 pathway in cervical carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:245. [PMID: 34581419 PMCID: PMC8493057 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy increases macrophage polarization toward M1-type macrophages. In the present study, to identify the M1/M2 marker genes in the carcinogenesis and progression of cervical cancer, the microarray datasets GSE9750 and GSE7803 were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Xena browser. Survival analysis revealed that M1 markers (IL-12) were involved in anti-tumour progression, and M2 markers (IL-10) were involved in the carcinogenesis and invasion of cervical cancer. The expression of M1 markers (IL-12, inducible nitric oxide synthase and CD80) and M2 markers (IL-10 and arginase) was examined to determine whether BCG affects the polarization of macrophages and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The results revealed that BCG promoted macrophage polarization towards the M1 phenotype and enhanced the transition of M2 to M1 macrophages. The results also revealed that polarized M1 macrophages induced by BCG decreased the protein expression of phosphorylated (p-)retinoblastoma (Rb)/E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of HeLa cells. On the whole, these results demonstrated that BCG promoted the anti-tumour progression of M1 macrophages and inhibited the pro-tumour activation of M2 macrophages via the Rb/E2F1 signalling pathway in HeLa cells. This suggests the possibility of a direct translation of this combination strategy to clinical practice for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Yuan
- Institute of Maternal and Child Medicine, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
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5
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Miyata Y, Tsurusaki T, Hayashida Y, Imasato Y, Takehara K, Aoki D, Nishikido M, Watanabe J, Mitsunari K, Matsuo T, Ohba K, Taniguchi K, Sakai H. Intravesical mitomycin C (MMC) and MMC + cytosine arabinoside for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised clinical trial. BJU Int 2021; 129:534-541. [PMID: 34383381 PMCID: PMC9290455 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To compare the urinary pH, recurrence‐free survival (RFS), and safety of adjuvant intravesical therapy in patients with non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) receiving mitomycin C (MMC) therapy and MMC + cytosine arabinoside (Ara‐C) therapy. Patients and Methods A total of 165 patients with NMIBC from six hospitals were randomly allocated to two groups: weekly instillation of MMC + Ara‐C (30 mg/30 mL + 200 mg/10 mL) for 6 weeks and the same instillation schedule of MMC (30 mg/40 mL). The primary outcome was RFS, and secondary outcomes were urinary pH and toxicity in the two groups. Results A total of 81 and 87 patients were randomised into the MMC and MMC + Ara‐C groups, respectively. Overall, the RFS in the MMC + Ara‐C group was significantly longer (P = 0.018) than that in the MMC group. A similar significant difference was detected in patients with intermediate‐risk NMIBC, but not in those with high‐risk NMIBC. The mean (SD) urinary pH was significantly higher in the MMC + Ara‐C group than in the MMC group, at 6.56 (0.61) vs 5.78 (0.64) (P < 0.001), and the frequency of a urinary pH of >7.0 in the MMC and MMC + Ara‐C groups was 6.3% and 26.7%, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis models including clinicopathological features and second transurethral resection demonstrated that increased urinary pH was associated with better outcomes (hazard ratio 0.18, 95% confidential interval 0.18–0.038; P < 0.001). In all, there were 14 and 10 adverse events in the MMC and MMC + Ara‐C groups, respectively, without a significant difference (P = 0.113). Conclusions Our randomised clinical trial suggested that intravesical therapy with MMC and Ara‐C is useful and safe for patients with intermediate‐risk NMIBC. Increase in urinary pH with Ara‐C is speculated as a mechanism for increased anti‐cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tsurusaki
- Department of Urology, The Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hayashida
- Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Ureshino Medical Center, Ureshino, Japan
| | - Yushi Imasato
- Department of Urology, The Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takehara
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daiyu Aoki
- Department of Urology, Japan Community Health care Organization Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nishikido
- Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Ohmura, Japan
| | - Junichi Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kensuke Mitsunari
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Kojiro Ohba
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Keisuke Taniguchi
- Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Ureshino Medical Center, Ureshino, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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6
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Oresta B, Pozzi C, Braga D, Hurle R, Lazzeri M, Colombo P, Frego N, Erreni M, Faccani C, Elefante G, Barcella M, Guazzoni G, Rescigno M. Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming controls the induction of immunogenic cell death and efficacy of chemotherapy in bladder cancer. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/575/eaba6110. [PMID: 33408185 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba6110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although chemotherapeutic agents have been used for decades, the mechanisms of action, mechanisms of resistance, and the best treatment schedule remain elusive. Mitomycin C (MMC) is the gold standard treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, it is effective only in a subset of patients, suggesting that, aside from cytotoxicity, other mechanisms could be involved in mediating the success of the treatment. Here, we showed that MMC promotes immunogenic cell death (ICD) and in vivo tumor protection. MMC-induced ICD relied on metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells toward increased oxidative phosphorylation. This favored increased mitochondrial permeability leading to the cytoplasmic release of mitochondrial DNA, which activated the inflammasome for efficient IL-1β (interleukin-1β) secretion that promoted dendritic cell maturation. Resistance to ICD was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction related to low abundance of complex I of the respiratory chain. Analysis of complex I in patient tumors indicated that low abundance of this mitochondrial complex was associated with recurrence incidence after chemotherapy in patients with NMIBC. The identification of mitochondria-mediated ICD as a mechanism of action of MMC offers opportunities to optimize bladder cancer management and provides potential markers of treatment efficacy that could be used for patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Oresta
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Chiara Pozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology-IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Braga
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Rodolfo Hurle
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Massimo Lazzeri
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Piergiuseppe Colombo
- Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Nicola Frego
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Marco Erreni
- Unit of Advanced Optical Microscopy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Cristina Faccani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Grazia Elefante
- Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Matteo Barcella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Guazzoni
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy.,Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele (Milan), Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy. .,Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele (Milan), Italy
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7
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Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: An overview of potential new treatment options. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:642-663. [PMID: 34167873 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM This review article summarizes the current clinical practice guidelines around disease definitions and risk stratifications, and the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Recently completed and ongoing clinical trials of novel and investigational therapies in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-naïve, BCG-recurrent, and BCG-unresponsive patient populations are also described, e.g., those involving immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, other chemotherapy regimens, vaccines, and viral- or bacterial-based treatments. Finally, a brief overview of enhanced cystoscopy and drug delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of NMIBC is provided. BACKGROUND A global shortage of access to BCG is affecting the management of BCG-naïve and BCG-recurrent/unresponsive NMIBC; hence, there is an urgent need to assist patients and urologists to enhance the treatment of this disease. METHODS Searches of ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and Google Scholar were conducted. Published guidance and conference proceedings from major congresses were reviewed. CONCLUSION Treatment strategies for NMIBC are generally consistent across guidelines. Several novel therapies have demonstrated promising antitumor activity in clinical trials, including in high-risk or BCG-unresponsive disease. The detection, diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment of NMIBC have also been improved through enhanced disease detection.
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8
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Reyes RM, Deng Y, Zhang D, Ji N, Mukherjee N, Wheeler K, Gupta HB, Padron AS, Kancharla A, Zhang C, Garcia M, Kornepati AVR, Boyman O, Conejo-Garcia JR, Svatek RS, Curiel TJ. CD122-directed interleukin-2 treatment mechanisms in bladder cancer differ from αPD-L1 and include tissue-selective γδ T cell activation. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002051. [PMID: 33849925 PMCID: PMC8051418 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (αPD-L1) immunotherapy is approved to treat bladder cancer (BC) but is effective in <30% of patients. Interleukin (IL)-2/αIL-2 complexes (IL-2c) that preferentially target IL-2 receptor β (CD122) augment CD8+ antitumor T cells known to improve αPD-L1 efficacy. We hypothesized that the tumor microenvironment, including local immune cells in primary versus metastatic BC, differentially affects immunotherapy responses and that IL-2c effects could differ from, and thus complement αPD-L1. METHODS We studied mechanisms of IL-2c and αPD-L1 efficacy using PD-L1+ mouse BC cell lines MB49 and MBT-2 in orthotopic (bladder) and metastatic (lung) sites. RESULTS IL-2c reduced orthotopic tumor burden and extended survival in MB49 and MBT-2 BC models, similar to αPD-L1. Using antibody-mediated cell depletions and genetically T cell-deficient mice, we unexpectedly found that CD8+ T cells were not necessary for IL-2c efficacy against tumors in bladder, whereas γδ T cells, not reported to contribute to αPD-L1 efficacy, were indispensable for IL-2c efficacy there. αPD-L1 responsiveness in bladder required conventional T cells as expected, but not γδ T cells, altogether defining distinct mechanisms for IL-2c and αPD-L1 efficacy. γδ T cells did not improve IL-2c treatment of subcutaneously challenged BC or orthotopic (peritoneal) ovarian cancer, consistent with tissue-specific and/or tumor-specific γδ T cell contributions to IL-2c efficacy. IL-2c significantly altered bladder intratumoral γδ T cell content, activation status, and specific γδ T cell subsets with antitumor or protumor effector functions. Neither IL-2c nor αPD-L1 alone treated lung metastatic MB49 or MBT-2 BC, but their combination improved survival in both models. Combination treatment efficacy in lungs required CD8+ T cells but not γδ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Mechanistic insights into differential IL-2c and αPD-L1 treatment and tissue-dependent effects could help develop rational combination treatment strategies to improve treatment efficacy in distinct cancers. These studies also provide insights into γδ T cell contributions to immunotherapy in bladder and engagement of adaptive immunity by IL-2c plus αPD-L1 to treat refractory lung metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Michael Reyes
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yilun Deng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Deyi Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niannian Ji
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Neelam Mukherjee
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Wheeler
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Harshita B Gupta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alvaro S Padron
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Aravind Kancharla
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chenghao Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Myrna Garcia
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Anand V R Kornepati
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert S Svatek
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Clayton Foundation for Research, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Ji N, Mukherjee N, Reyes RM, Gelfond J, Javors M, Meeks JJ, McConkey DJ, Shu ZJ, Ramamurthy C, Dennett R, Curiel TJ, Svatek RS. Rapamycin enhances BCG-specific γδ T cells during intravesical BCG therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a randomized, double-blind study. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001941. [PMID: 33653802 PMCID: PMC7929866 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although intravesical BCG is the standard treatment of high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), response rates remain unsatisfactory. In preclinical models, rapamycin enhances BCG vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis and the killing capacity of γδ T cells, which are critical for BCG's antitumor effects. Here, we monitored immunity, safety, and tolerability of rapamycin combined with BCG in patients with NMIBC. METHODS A randomized double-blind trial of oral rapamycin (0.5 or 2.0 mg daily) versus placebo for 1 month was conducted in patients with NMIBC concurrently receiving 3 weekly BCG instillations (NCT02753309). The primary outcome was induction of BCG-specific γδ T cells, measured as a percentage change from baseline. Post-BCG urinary cytokines and immune cells were examined as surrogates for local immune response in the bladder. Secondary outcomes measured were adverse events (AEs) and tolerability using validated patient-reported questionnaires. RESULTS Thirty-one patients were randomized (11 placebo, 8 rapamycin 2.0 mg, and 12 rapamycin 0.5 mg). AEs were similar across groups and most were grade 1-2. One (12.5%) patient randomized to 2.0 mg rapamycin was taken off treatment due to stomatitis. No significant differences in urinary symptoms, bowel function, or bother were observed between groups. The median (IQR) percentage change in BCG-specific γδ T cells from baseline per group was as follows: -26% (-51% to 24%) for placebo, 9.6% (-59% to 117%) for rapamycin 0.5 mg (versus placebo, p=0.18), and 78.8% (-31% to 115%) for rapamycin 2.0 mg (versus placebo, p=0.03). BCG-induced cytokines showed a progressive increase in IL-8 (p=0.02) and TNF-α (p=0.04) over time for patients on rapamycin 2.0 mg, whereas patients receiving placebo had no significant change in urinary cytokines. Compared with placebo, patients receiving 2.0 mg rapamycin had increased urinary γδ T cells at the first week of BCG (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of 0.5 and 2.0 mg oral rapamycin daily is safe and tolerable in combination with BCG for patients with NMIBC. Rapamycin enhances BCG-specific γδ T cell immunity and boosts urinary cytokines during BCG treatment. Further study is needed to determine long-term rapamycin safety, tolerability and effects on BCG efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Ji
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Neelam Mukherjee
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan M Reyes
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan Gelfond
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Martin Javors
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Departments of Urology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David J McConkey
- Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen-Ju Shu
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chethan Ramamurthy
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan Dennett
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Robert S Svatek
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas, USA .,Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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10
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Liu Q, Song J, Pan Y, Shi D, Yang C, Wang S, Xiong B. Wnt5a/CaMKII/ERK/CCL2 axis is required for tumor-associated macrophages to promote colorectal cancer progression. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1023-1034. [PMID: 32140070 PMCID: PMC7053330 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.40535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are closely correlated with tumor occurrence, invasion, and metastasis. However, factors affecting the biological functions of TAMs in colorectal cancer (CRC) are incompletely understood. Here, we found that Wnt5a was mainly expressed on TAMs of tumor stroma but not on CRC cells. Subsequently, we found that Wnt5a+ TAMs facilitated tumor cell proliferation and migration, and recruited macrophages infiltration. Furthermore, Wnt5a knockdown impaired the pro-tumor roles of TAMs in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, the cancer-promoting roles of Wnt5a in TAMs depended on CaMKII-ERK pathway-mediated CCL2 secretion. Our data reveal the crucial role played by TAM-expressed Wnt5a in CRC tumorigenesis through paracrine secretion of CCL2. We first report the connection between Wnt5a/CaMKII/ERK/CCL2 axis and biological functions of TAMs in tumor microenvironment, indicating that Wnt5a may be a novel therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jialin Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dongdong Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chaogang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, China
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11
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Sharifi L, Nowroozi MR, Amini E, Arami MK, Ayati M, Mohsenzadegan M. A review on the role of M2 macrophages in bladder cancer; pathophysiology and targeting. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 76:105880. [PMID: 31522016 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) which are often referred to as immunosuppressive cells (M2 macrophage), constitute a subset of tumor microenvironment cells and affect tumor progression in solid tumors. Recently, these cells have gained remarkable importance as therapeutic candidates for solid tumors. In bladder cancer, major studies have focused on evaluating TAMs in response to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy. M2 macrophages may directly impact the BCG-induced immune responses against tumor in bladder cancer. They are the main inhibitors of the tumor microenvironment that promotes growth and metastasis of the tumor. However, the clinical significance of M2 macrophages in bladder cancer is controversial. In this review, we will discuss the clinical significance of M2 macrophages in prognosis of bladder cancer as well as worth of their potential targeting in bladder cancer treatment. In the following, we will introduce important factors resulting in M2 macrophage promotion and also experimental therapeutic agents that may cause the inhibition of bladder cancer tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Sharifi
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Erfan Amini
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh Arami
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ayati
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Ji N, Mukherjee N, Morales EE, Tomasini ME, Hurez V, Curiel TJ, Abate G, Hoft DF, Zhao XR, Gelfond J, Maiti S, Cooper LJ, Svatek RS. Percutaneous BCG enhances innate effector antitumor cytotoxicity during treatment of bladder cancer: a translational clinical trial. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1614857. [PMID: 31413921 PMCID: PMC6682354 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1614857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the gold standard immunologic agent for treating patients with high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Nevertheless, relapse rates remain high and BCG unresponsive NMIBC often requires bladder removal. Preclinical data suggest that priming with percutaneous BCG vaccine could improve response to intravesical BCG. Methods: A single-arm trial (NCT02326168) was performed to study the safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary efficacy of priming. Percutaneous BCG was given 21 days prior to intravesical BCG instillation in patients (n = 13) with high-risk NMIBC. Immune responses were monitored and compared to a sequentially enrolled cohort of nine control patients receiving only intravesical BCG. The effect of BCG on natural killer (NK) and γδ T cell in vitro cytotoxicity was tested. γδ T cell subsets were determined by T cell receptor gene expression with NanoString. Results: Priming was well tolerated and caused no grade ≥3 adverse events. The 3-month disease-free rate for prime patients was 85% (target goal ≥ 75%). Priming boosted BCG-specific immunity at 3 months and increased the activation status of in vitro expanded circulating NK and γδ T cells and their cytotoxicity against bladder cancer cells through receptor NKG2D. BCG enhanced the cytotoxicity of NK and γδ T cells against K562, RT4, and UM-UC6 but not against T24, UM-UC-3, or UM-UC-14 cells. Infiltrating γδ T cell subsets identified in the bladder includes γ9δ2 and γ8δ2. Conclusions: BCG priming is safe and tolerable. Poor sensitivity to NK and γδ T cell cytotoxicity by some bladder tumors represents a potential BCG-resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Ji
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Neelam Mukherjee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Edwin E. Morales
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maggie E. Tomasini
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vincent Hurez
- Department of Medicine/Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tyler J. Curiel
- Department of Medicine/Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Getahun Abate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University Edward A. Doisy Research Center, .St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dan F. Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University Edward A. Doisy Research Center, .St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiang-Ru Zhao
- Department of Medicine/Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jon Gelfond
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Robert S. Svatek
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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13
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Svatek RS, Ji N, de Leon E, Mukherjee NZ, Kabra A, Hurez V, Nicolas M, Michalek JE, Javors M, Wheeler K, Sharp ZD, Livi CB, Shu ZJ, Henkes D, Curiel TJ. Rapamycin Prevents Surgery-Induced Immune Dysfunction in Patients with Bladder Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:466-475. [PMID: 30563829 PMCID: PMC6926429 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates environmental inputs to regulate cellular growth and metabolism in tumors. However, mTOR also regulates T-cell differentiation and activation, rendering applications of mTOR inhibitors toward treating cancer complex. Preclinical data support distinct biphasic effects of rapamycin, with higher doses directly suppressing tumor cell growth and lower doses enhancing T-cell immunity. To address the translational relevance of these findings, the effects of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor, rapamycin, on tumor and T cells were monitored in patients undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer. MB49 syngeneic murine bladder cancer models were tested to gain mechanistic insights. Surgery-induced T-cell exhaustion in humans and mice and was associated with increased pulmonary metastasis and decreased PD-L1 antibody efficacy in mouse bladder cancer. At 3 mg orally daily, rapamycin concentrations were 2-fold higher in bladder tissues than in blood. Rapamycin significantly inhibited tumor mTORC1, shown by decreased rpS6 phosphorylation in treated versus control patients (P = 0.008). Rapamycin reduced surgery-induced T-cell exhaustion in patients, evidenced by a significant decrease in the prevalence of dysfunctional programmed death-1 (PD-1)-expressing T cells. Grade 3 to 4 adverse event rates were similar between groups, but rapamycin-treated patients had a higher rate of wound complications versus controls. In conclusion, surgery promoted bladder cancer metastasis and decreased the efficacy of postoperative bladder cancer immunotherapy. Low-dose (3 mg daily) oral rapamycin has favorable pharmacodynamic and immune modulating activity in surgical patients and has the potential to decrease surgery-induced immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Svatek
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas.
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Niannian Ji
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Essel de Leon
- Department of Pathology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Neelam Z Mukherjee
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Aashish Kabra
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Vincent Hurez
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Marlo Nicolas
- Department of Pathology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Joel E Michalek
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Martin Javors
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Karen Wheeler
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Z Dave Sharp
- The Population Science and Prevention (PSP) Program, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio
| | - Carolina B Livi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California
| | - Zhen-Ju Shu
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - David Henkes
- Department of Pathology, CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Experimental Developmental Therapeutics (EDT) Program, UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas.
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology at the UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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14
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Joseph JV, Brasacchio R, Fung C, Reeder J, Bylund K, Sahasrabudhe D, Yeh SY, Ghazi A, Fultz P, Rubens D, Wu G, Singer E, Schwarz E, Mohile S, Mohler J, Theodorescu D, Lee YF, Okunieff P, McConkey D, Rashid H, Chang C, Fradet Y, Guru K, Kukreja J, Sufrin G, Lotan Y, Bailey H, Noyes K, Schwartz S, Rideout K, Bratslavsky G, Campbell SC, Derweesh I, Abrahamsson PA, Soloway M, Gomella L, Golijanin D, Svatek R, Frye T, Lerner S, Palapattu G, Wilding G, Droller M, Trump D. A Festschrift in Honor of Edward M. Messing, MD, FACS. Bladder Cancer 2018; 4:S1-S43. [PMID: 30443561 PMCID: PMC6226303 DOI: 10.3233/blc-189037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean V. Joseph
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Chunkit Fung
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jay Reeder
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Bylund
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Shu Yuan Yeh
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed Ghazi
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Fultz
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Deborah Rubens
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Guan Wu
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Eric Singer
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Edward Schwarz
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Supriya Mohile
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Yi Fen Lee
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paul Okunieff
- UF Health Proton Therapy Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hani Rashid
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Yves Fradet
- CHU de Quebec-Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Gerald Sufrin
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Howard Bailey
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Kathy Rideout
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Steven C. Campbell
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leonard Gomella
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Robert Svatek
- UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Frye
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Seth Lerner
- Baylor College of Medicine Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Donald Trump
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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15
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Lee YH, Lin YC. Anti-EGFR Indocyanine Green-Mitomycin C-Loaded Perfluorocarbon Double Nanoemulsion: A Novel Nanostructure for Targeted Photochemotherapy of Bladder Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E283. [PMID: 29701711 PMCID: PMC5977297 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of phototherapy as an adjuvant bladder cancer treatment has long been considered, but its application has been severely hampered due to a lack of tumor specificity, unpredicted cytotoxicity, and insufficient anticancer efficacy. In this study, we aim to manufacture anti-EGFR indocyanine green (ICG) mitomycin C (MMC) encapsulated perfluorocarbon double nanoemulsions (EIMPDNEs), and explore their photochemotherapeutic efficacy on EGFR-expressing bladder cancer cells in vitro. The EIMPDNEs were manufactured using a double emulsification technique followed by antibody conjugation on the particles’ surfaces. The EIMPDNE were 257 ± 19.4 nm in size, with a surface charge of −12.3 ± 2.33 mV. The EGFR targetability of the EIMPNDE was confirmed by its enhanced binding efficiency to T24 cells when compared with the performance of nanodroplets without EGFR conjugation (p < 0.05). In comparison with freely dissolved ICG, the EIMPDNEs with equal ICG content conferred an improved thermal stability to the encapsulated ICG, and were able to provide a comparable hyperthermia effect and significantly enhanced the production of singlet oxygen under 808 nm near infrared (NIR) exposure with an intensity of 6 W cm−2 for 5 min (p < 0.05). Based on viability analyses, our data showed that the EIMPDNEs were effective in bladder cancer cell eradication upon NIR exposure (808 nm; 6 W cm−2), and the resulting cell death rate was even higher than that caused by a five-fold higher amount of entrapped MMC alone. With the merits of improved ICG stability, EGFR binding specificity, and effective cancer cell eradication, the EIMPDNEs exhibit potential for use in EGFR-expressing bladder cancer therapy with lower chemotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University. No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University. No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
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16
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Sui X, Lei L, Chen L, Xie T, Li X. Inflammatory microenvironment in the initiation and progression of bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93279-93294. [PMID: 29190997 PMCID: PMC5696263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the idea that chronic inflammation may play a critical role in various malignancies including bladder cancer and long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is significantly effective in reducing certain cancer incidence and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to malignant transformation and the progression of bladder cancer in a chronically inflammatory environment remain largely unknown. In this review, we will describe the role of inflammation in the formation and development of bladder cancer and summarize the possible molecular mechanisms by which chronic inflammation regulates cell immune response, proliferation and metastasis. Understanding the novel function orchestrating inflammation and bladder cancer will hopefully provide us insights into their future clinical significance in preventing bladder carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liming Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuxi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Deng T, Liu B, Duan X, Zhang T, Cai C, Zeng G. Systematic Review and Cumulative Analysis of the Combination of Mitomycin C plus Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3172. [PMID: 28600516 PMCID: PMC5466691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and cumulative analysis aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of the combination of intravesical mitomycin C (MMC) plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. A comprehensive literature search using Pubmed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI and VIP databases was performed to identify studies applying intravesical MMC plus BCG therapy on NMIBC patients up to June 2016. Summarized unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the efficacy and safety of the combination therapy. A total of 25 studies containing 2749 NMIBC patients were included in this systematic review. Compared with BCG monotherapy, the combination therapy could significantly reduce the tumor recurrence rate (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44-0.94, P = 0.02) and cancer-specific mortality (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34-0.87, P = 0.01), without more toxicities (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.17-1.94, P = 0.37). The combination therapy could also lead to significant lower tumor recurrence rate than MMC monotherapy (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.24-0.69, P = 0.0009). Our study indicates that the combination of MMC plus BCG instillation is an effective and safe adjuvant treatment for NMIBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Deng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Kates M, Nirschl T, Sopko NA, Matsui H, Kochel CM, Reis LO, Netto GJ, Hoque M, Hahn NM, McConkey DJ, Baras AS, Drake CG, Bivalacqua TJ. Intravesical BCG Induces CD4 + T-Cell Expansion in an Immune Competent Model of Bladder Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:594-603. [PMID: 28588015 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is the standard of care in treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, yet its mechanism of action remains elusive. Both innate and adaptive immune responses have been implicated in BCG activity. Although prior research has indirectly demonstrated the importance of T cells and shown a rise in CD4+ T cells in bladder tissue after BCG, T-cell subpopulations have not been fully characterized. We investigated the relationship between effector and regulatory T cells in an immune competent, clinically relevant rodent model of bladder cancer. Our data demonstrate that cancer progression in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) rat model of bladder cancer was characterized by a decline in the CD8/FoxP3 ratio, consistent with decreased adaptive immunity. In contrast, treatment with intravesical BCG led to a large, transient rise in the CD4+ T-cell population in the urothelium and was both more effective and immunogenic compared with intravesical chemotherapy. Whole-transcriptome expression profiling of posttreatment intravesical CD4+ and CD8+ T cells revealed minimal differences in gene expression after BCG treatment. Together, our results suggest that although BCG induces T-cell recruitment to the bladder, the T-cell phenotype does not markedly change, implying that combining T-cell-activating agents with BCG might improve clinical activity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(7); 594-603. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kates
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Thomas Nirschl
- Department of Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nikolai A Sopko
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hotaka Matsui
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christina M Kochel
- Department of Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammad Hoque
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Noah M Hahn
- The Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J McConkey
- The Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alex S Baras
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Drake
- Department of Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Hori S, Miyake M, Tatsumi Y, Onishi S, Morizawa Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka N, Fujimoto K. Topical and systemic immunoreaction triggered by intravesical chemotherapy in an N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitorosamine induced bladder cancer mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175494. [PMID: 28406993 PMCID: PMC5391151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment is the most common therapy to prevent progression and recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Although the immunoreaction elicited by BCG treatment is well documented, those induced by intravesical treatment with chemotherapeutic agents are much less known. We investigated the immunological profiles caused by mitomycin C, gemcitabine, adriamycin and docetaxel in the N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN)-induced orthotopic bladder cancer mouse model. Ninety mice bearing orthotopic bladder cancer induced by BBN were randomly divided into six groups and treated with chemotherapeutic agents once a week for four weeks. After last treatment, bladder and serum samples were analyzed for cell surface and immunological markers (CD4, CD8, CD56, CD204, Foxp3, and PD-L1) using immunohistochemistry staining. Serum and urine cytokine levels were evaluated by ELISA. All chemotherapeutic agents presented anti-tumor properties similar to those of BCG. These included changes in immune cells that resulted in fewer M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells around tumors. This result was compatible with those in human samples. Intravesical chemotherapy also induced systemic changes in cytokines, especially urinary interleukin (IL)-17A and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), as well as in the distribution of blood neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Our findings suggest that intravesical treatment with mitomycin C and adriamycin suppresses protumoral immunity while enhancing anti-tumor immunity, possibly through the action of specific cytokines. A better understanding of the immunoreaction induced by chemotherapeutic agents can lead to improved outcomes and fewer side effects in intravesical chemotherapy against NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Hori
- Departments of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Makito Miyake
- Departments of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Sayuri Onishi
- Departments of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yosuke Morizawa
- Departments of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakai
- Departments of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Kiyohide Fujimoto
- Departments of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Boehm BE, Cornell JE, Wang H, Mukherjee N, Oppenheimer JS, Svatek RS. Efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin Strains for Treatment of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Urol 2017; 198:503-510. [PMID: 28286068 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine the efficacy of genetically distinct bacillus Calmette-Guérin strains in preventing disease recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis of trials evaluating bacillus Calmette-Guérin strains against all possible comparators (different bacillus Calmette-Guérin strains, chemotherapy and nonbacillus Calmette-Guérin biological therapies) with intravesical chemotherapy as the common comparator. MEDLINE® (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) served as the primary data source, with the search from inception to October 2016 for clinical trials involving patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer receiving bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Primary outcome measure was bladder cancer recurrence, defined as recurrent bladder tumor of any grade or stage. Random effect network meta-analysis provided estimates for outcomes and is presented as odds ratios. RESULTS Across all possible comparators (65 trials, 12,246 patients, 9 strains) there were 2,177 recurrences in 5,642 treated patients (38.6%) and 2,316 recurrences in 5,441 comparators (42.6%). With chemotherapy as the common comparator (28 trials, 5,757 patients, 5 strains) Tokyo-172 (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16-0.93), Pasteur (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28-0.86) and TICE® (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.93) strains were significantly better than chemotherapy at preventing recurrence. No bacillus Calmette-Guérin strain demonstrated significant superiority when compared to any other strain at preventing recurrence in the network meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus Calmette-Guérin strains exhibited significant differences in efficacy compared to chemotherapy. However, no definitive conclusions could be reached regarding strain superiority, and head-to-head trials are greatly needed to further understand the importance of strain selection in determining bacillus Calmette-Guérin efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock E Boehm
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Biostatistics (JEC), University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John E Cornell
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Biostatistics (JEC), University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hanzhang Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Biostatistics (JEC), University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Neelam Mukherjee
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Biostatistics (JEC), University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jacob S Oppenheimer
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Biostatistics (JEC), University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert S Svatek
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Biostatistics (JEC), University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
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21
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Derré L, Cesson V, Lucca I, Cerantola Y, Valerio M, Fritschi U, Vlamopoulos Y, Burruni R, Legris AS, Dartiguenave F, Gharbi D, Martin V, Vaucher L, Speiser DE, Romero P, Jichlinski P, Nardelli-Haefliger D. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin Combined with a Cancer Vaccine Increases Local T-Cell Responses in Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:717-725. [PMID: 27521445 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatments with cancer vaccines may be delivered as combination therapies for better efficacy. Addition of intravesical immunostimulation with bacteria promotes vaccine-specific T cells in the bladder and tumor-regression in murine bladder cancer models. Here, we determined whether an adjuvanted cancer vaccine can be safely administered with concomitant standard intravesical Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy and how vaccine-specific immune responses may be modulated in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a nonrandomized phase I open-label exploratory study, 24 NMIBC patients, apportioned in three groups, received 5 injections of a subunit cancer vaccine (recMAGE-A3 protein+AS15) alone or in two combinations of intravesical BCG-instillations. Safety profiles were compared between the three treatment groups, considering single vaccine injections or BCG instillations and concomitant interventions. Immune responses in blood and urine were compared between treatment groups and upon BCG instillations. RESULTS The mild adverse events (AE) experienced by all the patients were similar to AE previously reported for this vaccine and standard BCG treatment. AEs were not increased by the double interventions, suggesting that BCG did not exacerbate the AE caused by the MAGE-A3 vaccine and vice-versa. All patients seroconverted after MAGE-A3 vaccination. In half of the patients, vaccine-specific T cells were induced in blood, irrespective of BCG treatment. Interestingly, such T cells were only detected in urine upon BCG-induced T-cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Cancer vaccines, including strong adjuvants, can be safely combined with intravesical BCG therapy. The increase of vaccine-specific T cells in the bladder upon BCG provides proof-of-principle evidence that cancer vaccines with local immunostimulation may be beneficial. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 717-25. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Derré
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Cesson
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Lucca
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Cerantola
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Valerio
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fritschi
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannis Vlamopoulos
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodolfo Burruni
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Sophie Legris
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Dartiguenave
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dalila Gharbi
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Martin
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vaucher
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Jichlinski
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Liu Q, Tian Y, Zhao X, Jing H, Xie Q, Li P, Li D, Yan D, Zhu X. NMAAP1 Expressed in BCG-Activated Macrophage Promotes M1 Macrophage Polarization. Mol Cells 2015; 38:886-94. [PMID: 26429502 PMCID: PMC4625070 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are divided into two subpopulations: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). BCG (Bacilli Calmette-GuC)rin) activates disabled naC/ve macrophages to M1 macrophages, which act as inflammatory, microbicidal and tumoricidal cells through cell-cell contact and/or the release of soluble factors. Various transcription factors and signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of macrophage activation and polarization. We discovered that BCG-activated macrophages (BAM) expressed a new molecule, and we named it Novel Macrophage Activated Associated Protein 1 (NMAAP1). The current study found that the overexpression of NMAAP1 in macrophages results in M1 polarization with increased expression levels of M1 genes, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-N1), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 12 (IL-12), Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1N2), and decreased expression of some M2 genes, such as Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), but not other M2 genes, including arginase-1 (Arg-1), Interleukin (IL-10), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-N2) and found in inflammatory zone 1 (Fizz1). Moreover, NMAAP1 overexpression in the RAW264.7 cell line increased cytotoxicity against MCA207 tumor cells, which depends on increased inflammatory cytokines rather than cell-cell contact. NMAAP1 also substantially enhanced the phagocytic ability of macrophages, which implies that NMAAP1 promoted macrophage adhesive and clearance activities. Our results indicate that NMAAP1 is an essential molecule that modulates macrophages phenotype and plays an important role in macrophage tumoricidal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,
China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,
China
| | - Xiangfeng Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004,
China
| | - Haifeng Jing
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,
China
| | - Qi Xie
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,
China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,
China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,
China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,
China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,
China
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23
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Chávez-Galán L, Olleros ML, Vesin D, Garcia I. Much More than M1 and M2 Macrophages, There are also CD169(+) and TCR(+) Macrophages. Front Immunol 2015; 6:263. [PMID: 26074923 PMCID: PMC4443739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play highly diverse roles in maintaining an organism's integrity by either directly participating in pathogen elimination or repairing tissue under sterile inflammatory conditions. There are different subpopulations of macrophages and each one has its own characteristics and functions. In this review, we summarize present knowledge on the polarization of macrophages that allows the generation of subpopulations called classically activated macrophages or M1 and alternative activated macrophages or M2. Furthermore, there are macrophages that their origin and characterization still remain unclear but have been involved as main players in some human pathologies. Thus, we also review three other categories of macrophages: tumor-associated macrophages, CD169(+) macrophages, and the recently named TCR(+) macrophages. Based on the literature, we provide information on the molecular characterization of these macrophage subpopulations and their specific involvement in several human pathologies such as cancer, infectious diseases, obesity, and asthma. The refined characterization of the macrophage subpopulations can be useful in designing new strategies, supplementing those already established for the treatment of diseases using macrophages as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria L. Olleros
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Vesin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Muthuswamy R, Wang L, Pitteroff J, Gingrich JR, Kalinski P. Combination of IFNα and poly-I:C reprograms bladder cancer microenvironment for enhanced CTL attraction. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:6. [PMID: 25806105 PMCID: PMC4371844 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCG is a prototypal cancer immunotherapeutic factor currently approved of bladder cancer. In attempt to further enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy of bladder cancer and, potentially, other malignancies, we evaluated the impact of BCG on local production of chemokines attracting the desirable effector CD8(+) T cells (CTLs) and undesirable myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSCs) and regulatory T(reg) cells, and the ability of bladder cancer tissues to attract CTLs. METHODS Freshly resected bladder cancer tissues were either analyzed immediately or cultured ex vivo in the absence or presence of the tested factors. The expression of chemokine genes, secretion of chemokines and their local sources in freshly harvested and ex vivo-treated tumor explants were analyzed by quantitative PCR (Taqman), ELISAs and immunofluorescence/confocal microscopy. Migration of CTLs was evaluated ex vivo, using 24-transwell plates. Spearman correlation was used for correlative analysis, while paired Students T test or Wilcoxon was used for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS Bladder cancer tissues spontaneously expressed high levels of the granulocyte/MDSC-attractant CXCL8 and Treg-attractant CCL22, but only marginal levels of the CTL-attracting chemokines: CCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10. Baseline CXCL10 showed strong correlation with local expression of CTL markers. Unexpectedly, BCG selectively induced only the undesirable chemokines, CCL22 and CXCL8, but had only marginal impact on CXCL10 production. In sharp contrast, the combination of IFNα and a TLR3 ligand, poly-I:C (but not the combinations of BCG with IFNα or BCG with poly-I:C), induced high levels of intra-tumoral production of CXCL10 and promoted CTL attraction. The combination of BCG with IFNα + poly-I:C regimen did not show additional advantage. CONCLUSIONS The current data indicate that suboptimal ability of BCG to reprogram cancer-associated chemokine environment may be a factor limiting its therapeutic activity. Our observations that the combination of BCG with (or replacement by) IFNα and poly-I:C allows to reprogram bladder cancer tissues for enhanced CTL entry may provide for new methods of improving the effectiveness of immunotherapy of bladder cancer, helping to extend BCG applications to its more advanced forms, and, potentially, other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liwen Wang
- Departments of Sugery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jamie Pitteroff
- Departments of Sugery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jeffrey R Gingrich
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Departments of Sugery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Room 1.46b, 5117 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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