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Ortega-Molina A, Lebrero-Fernández C, Sanz A, Calvo-Rubio M, Deleyto-Seldas N, de Prado-Rivas L, Plata-Gómez AB, Fernández-Florido E, González-García P, Vivas-García Y, Sánchez García E, Graña-Castro O, Price NL, Aroca-Crevillén A, Caleiras E, Monleón D, Borrás C, Casanova-Acebes M, de Cabo R, Efeyan A. A mild increase in nutrient signaling to mTORC1 in mice leads to parenchymal damage, myeloid inflammation and shortened lifespan. NATURE AGING 2024:10.1038/s43587-024-00635-x. [PMID: 38849535 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 controls cellular anabolism in response to growth factor signaling and to nutrient sufficiency signaled through the Rag GTPases. Inhibition of mTOR reproducibly extends longevity across eukaryotes. Here we report that mice that endogenously express active mutant variants of RagC exhibit multiple features of parenchymal damage that include senescence, expression of inflammatory molecules, increased myeloid inflammation with extensive features of inflammaging and a ~30% reduction in lifespan. Through bone marrow transplantation experiments, we show that myeloid cells are abnormally activated by signals emanating from dysfunctional RagC-mutant parenchyma, causing neutrophil extravasation that inflicts additional inflammatory damage. Therapeutic suppression of myeloid inflammation in aged RagC-mutant mice attenuates parenchymal damage and extends survival. Together, our findings link mildly increased nutrient signaling to limited lifespan in mammals, and support a two-component process of parenchymal damage and myeloid inflammation that together precipitate a time-dependent organ deterioration that limits longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega-Molina
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Metabolism in cancer and aging Laboratory, Immune System Development And Function Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Lebrero-Fernández
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Metabolism in cancer and aging Laboratory, Immune System Development And Function Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Sanz
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calvo-Rubio
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nerea Deleyto-Seldas
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de Prado-Rivas
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Plata-Gómez
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Florido
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yurena Vivas-García
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez García
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña-Castro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA-Nemesio Díez), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, San Pablo-CEU University, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nathan L Price
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejandra Aroca-Crevillén
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleón
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), MiniAging Research Group, Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Casanova-Acebes
- Cancer Immunity Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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Liu Y, Zhu Y, Chen H, Zhou J, Niu P, Shi D. Raptor mediates the selective inhibitory effect of cardamonin on RRAGC-mutant B cell lymphoma. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:336. [PMID: 37749558 PMCID: PMC10521446 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) is associated with lymphoma progression. Oncogenic RRAGC (Rag guanosine triphosphatase C) mutations identified in patients with follicular lymphoma facilitate the interaction between Raptor (regulatory protein associated with mTOR) and Rag GTPase. It promotes the activation of mTORC1 and accelerates lymphomagenesis. Cardamonin inhibits mTORC1 by decreasing the protein level of Raptor. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect and possible mechanism of action of cardamonin in RRAGC-mutant lymphoma. This could provide a precise targeted therapy for lymphoma with RRAGC mutations. METHODS Cell viability was measured using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Protein expression and phosphorylation levels were determined using western blotting. The interactions of mTOR and Raptor with RagC were determined by co-immunoprecipitation. Cells overexpressing RagC wild-type (RagCWT) and RagC Thr90Asn (RagCT90N) were generated by lentiviral infection. Raptor knockdown was performed by lentivirus-mediated shRNA transduction. The in vivo anti-tumour effect of cardamonin was assessed in a xenograft model. RESULTS Cardamonin disrupted mTOR complex interactions by decreasing Raptor protein levels. RagCT90N overexpression via lentiviral infection increased cell proliferation and mTORC1 activation. The viability and tumour growth rate of RagCT90N-mutant cells were more sensitive to cardamonin treatment than those of normal and RagCWT cells. Cardamonin also exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of mTOR and p70 S6 kinase 1 in RagCT90N-mutant cells. Raptor knockdown abolishes the inhibitory effects of cardamonin on mTOR. An in vivo xenograft model demonstrated that the RagCT90N-mutant showed significantly higher sensitivity to cardamonin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Cardamonin exerts selective therapeutic effects on RagCT90N-mutant cells. Cardamonin can serve as a drug for individualised therapy for follicular lymphoma with RRAGC mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Huajiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jintuo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Peiguang Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
| | - Daohua Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
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Reijnders MRF, Seibt A, Brugger M, Lamers IJC, Ott T, Klaas O, Horváth J, Rose AMS, Craghill IM, Brunet T, Graf E, Mayerhanser K, Hellebrekers D, Pauck D, Neuen-Jacob E, Rodenburg RJT, Wieczorek D, Klee D, Mayatepek E, Driessen G, Bindermann R, Averdunk L, Lohmeier K, Sinnema M, Stegmann APA, Roepman R, Poulter JA, Distelmaier F. De novo missense variants in RRAGC lead to a fatal mTORopathy of early childhood. Genet Med 2023; 25:100838. [PMID: 37057673 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth in response to nutritional status. Central to the mTORC1 function is the Rag-GTPase heterodimer. One component of the Rag heterodimer is RagC (Ras-related GTP-binding protein C), which is encoded by the RRAGC gene. METHODS Genetic testing via trio exome sequencing was applied to identify the underlying disease cause in 3 infants with dilated cardiomyopathy, hepatopathy, and brain abnormalities, including pachygyria, polymicrogyria, and septo-optic dysplasia. Studies in patient-derived skin fibroblasts and in a HEK293 cell model were performed to investigate the cellular consequences. RESULTS We identified 3 de novo missense variants in RRAGC (NM_022157.4: c.269C>A, p.(Thr90Asn), c.353C>T, p.(Pro118Leu), and c.343T>C, p.(Trp115Arg)), which were previously reported as occurring somatically in follicular lymphoma. Studies of patient-derived fibroblasts carrying the p.(Thr90Asn) variant revealed increased cell size, as well as dysregulation of mTOR-related p70S6K (ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1) and transcription factor EB signaling. Moreover, subcellular localization of mTOR was decoupled from metabolic state. We confirmed the key findings for all RRAGC variants described in this study in a HEK293 cell model. CONCLUSION The above results are in line with a constitutive overactivation of the mTORC1 pathway. Our study establishes de novo missense variants in RRAGC as cause of an early-onset mTORopathy with unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot R F Reijnders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Seibt
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Brugger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ideke J C Lamers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Torsten Ott
- University Children's Hospital, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Klaas
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Judit Horváth
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ailsa M S Rose
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel M Craghill
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Brunet
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Mayerhanser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Debby Hellebrekers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Pauck
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva Neuen-Jacob
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Richard J T Rodenburg
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Klee
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gertjan Driessen
- Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Bindermann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luisa Averdunk
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Lohmeier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margje Sinnema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James A Poulter
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Wang F, Yang Y, Klionsky DJ, Malek SN. Mutations in V-ATPase in follicular lymphoma activate autophagic flux creating a targetable dependency. Autophagy 2023; 19:716-719. [PMID: 35482846 PMCID: PMC9851240 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2071382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of recurrent gene mutations in chaperones or components of the vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) in follicular lymphoma (FL) was an unexpected finding. The application of whole exome sequencing and targeted gene re-sequencing has resulted in the identification of mutations in ATP6AP1, ATP6V1B2 and VMA21 in a combined 30% of FL, together constituting a major novel mutated pathway in this disease. Interestingly, no other human hematological malignancy carries these mutations at more than sporadic occurrences, implicating unique aspects of FL biology requiring these mutations. The mutations in ATP6V1B2 and VMA21 through separate mechanisms impair lysosomal V-ATPase activity resulting in an elevated lysosomal pH. The elevated lysosomal pH impairs protein and peptide hydrolysis and associates with reduced cytoplasmic amino acid concentrations resulting in compensatory activation of autophagic flux. The elevated autophagic flux constitutes a survival dependency for FL cells and can be targeted with inhibitors to ULK1 and multiple recently identified cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Targeting autophagy alone or in combination with other targeted therapies constitutes a novel therapeutic opportunity for FL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sami N. Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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A Rag GTPase dimer code defines the regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1394-1406. [PMID: 36097072 PMCID: PMC9481461 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid availability controls mTORC1 activity via a heterodimeric Rag GTPase complex that functions as a scaffold at the lysosomal surface, bringing together mTORC1 with its activators and effectors. Mammalian cells express four Rag proteins (RagA–D) that form dimers composed of RagA/B bound to RagC/D. Traditionally, the Rag paralogue pairs (RagA/B and RagC/D) are referred to as functionally redundant, with the four dimer combinations used interchangeably in most studies. Here, by using genetically modified cell lines that express single Rag heterodimers, we uncover a Rag dimer code that determines how amino acids regulate mTORC1. First, RagC/D differentially define the substrate specificity downstream of mTORC1, with RagD promoting phosphorylation of its lysosomal substrates TFEB/TFE3, while both Rags are involved in the phosphorylation of non-lysosomal substrates such as S6K. Mechanistically, RagD recruits mTORC1 more potently to lysosomes through increased affinity to the anchoring LAMTOR complex. Furthermore, RagA/B specify the signalling response to amino acid removal, with RagB-expressing cells maintaining lysosomal and active mTORC1 even upon starvation. Overall, our findings reveal key qualitative differences between Rag paralogues in the regulation of mTORC1, and underscore Rag gene duplication and diversification as a potentially impactful event in mammalian evolution. Gollwitzer, Grützmacher et al. and Figlia et al. establish that the various Rag GTPase genes and isoforms differentially regulate mTORC1 activity and distinctly modulate the responsiveness of mammalian cells to amino acid availability.
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Wang F, Yang Y, Boudagh G, Eskelinen EL, Klionsky DJ, Malek SN. Follicular lymphoma-associated mutations in the V-ATPase chaperone VMA21 activate autophagy creating a targetable dependency. Autophagy 2022; 18:1982-2000. [PMID: 35287545 PMCID: PMC9450968 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of recurrent mutations in subunits and regulators of the vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) in follicular lymphoma (FL) highlights a role for macroautophagy/autophagy, amino-acid, and nutrient-sensing pathways in the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, we report on novel mutations in the ER-resident chaperone VMA21, which is involved in V-ATPase assembly in 12% of FL. Mutations in a novel VMA21 hotspot (p.93X) result in the removal of a C-terminal non-canonical ER retrieval signal thus causing VMA21 mislocalization to lysosomes. The resulting impairment in V-ATPase activity prevents full lysosomal acidification and function, including impaired pH-dependent protein degradation as shown via lysosomal metabolomics and ultimately causes a degree of amino acid depletion in the cytoplasm. These deficiencies result in compensatory autophagy activation, as measured using multiple complementary assays in human and yeast cells. Of translational significance, the compensatory activation of autophagy creates a dependency for survival for VMA21-mutated primary human FL as shown using inhibitors to ULK1, the proximal autophagy-regulating kinase. Using high-throughput microscopy-based screening assays for autophagy-inhibiting compounds, we identify multiple clinical grade cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors as promising drugs and thus provide new rationale for innovative clinical trials in FL harboring aberrant V-ATPase.Abbreviations: ALs: autolysosomes; APs: autophagosomes; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FL: follicular lymphoma; GFP: green fluorescent protein; IP: immunoprecipitation; LE/LY: late endosomes/lysosomes; Lyso-IP: lysosomal immunoprecipitation; OST: oligosaccharide transferase; prApe1: precursor aminopeptidase I; SEP: super ecliptic pHluorin; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyang Wang
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Boudagh
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sami N. Malek
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- CONTACT Sami N. Malek Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI48109-0936, USA
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Yue S, Li G, He S, Li T. The central role of mTORC1 in amino acid sensing. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2964-2974. [PMID: 35749594 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of cell growth that controls cell homeostasis in response to nutrients, growth factors, and other environmental cues. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of lysosomes as a hub for nutrient sensing, especially amino acid sensing by mTORC1. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the amino acid-mTORC1 signaling axis and the role of mTORC1 in cancer.
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Yang Y, Zhang Z, Klionsky DJ. Follicular lymphoma-associated mutations in the V-ATPase chaperone Vma21 activate autophagy by dysfunctional V-ATPase assembly. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2022; 1:226-233. [PMID: 37389034 PMCID: PMC10309153 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2077509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of follicular lymphoma patients display recurrent mutations in subunits and regulators of the vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase). Past studies focusing on the role of these mutations highlighted essential functions of macroautophagy/autophagy, amino-acid, and nutrient-sensing pathways in the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, we demonstrate novel results understanding the role of the follicular lymphoma-associated hotspot mutation VMA21p.93X, which corresponds to Vma21[Δ66-77] in S. cerevisiae cells. We find that V-ATPase assembly is affected by the Vma21[Δ66-77] mutation, shown by decreased vacuolar levels of V0 subunits as well as a Vph1 stability assay. In addition, we report that vacuolar levels of histidine, lysine and arginine are significantly reduced in Vma21[Δ66-77] mutant cells. These results deepen the current understanding on the mechanism of how autophagy is activated by these mutations in follicular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhihai Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Zhou Y, Wang S, Tao Y, Chen H, Qin Y, He X, Zhou S, Liu P, Yang J, Yang S, Gui L, Lou N, Zhang Z, Yao J, Han X, Shi Y. Low CCL19 expression is associated with adverse clinical outcomes for follicular lymphoma patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy. J Transl Med 2021; 19:399. [PMID: 34544443 PMCID: PMC8454033 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to recognize the hub genes associated with prognosis in follicular lymphoma (FL) treated with first-line rituximab combined with chemotherapy. Method RNA sequencing data of dataset GSE65135 (n = 24) were included in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied for exploring the coexpression network and identifying hub genes. Validation of hub genes expression and prognosis were applied in dataset GSE119214 (n = 137) and independent patient cohort from Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (n = 32), respectively, by analyzing RNAseq expression data and serum protein concentration quantified by ELISA. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichments analysis were performed. CIBERSORT was applied for tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) subset analysis. Results A total of 3260 DEGs were obtained, with 1861 genes upregulated and 1399 genes downregulated. Using WGCNA, eight hub genes, PLA2G2D, MMP9, PTGDS, CCL19, NFIB, YAP1, RGL1, and TIMP3 were identified. Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariate COX regression analysis indicated that CCL19 independently associated with overall survival (OS) for FL patients treated with rituximab and chemotherapy (HR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.25–0.86], p = 0.014). Higher serum CCL19 concentration was associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS, p = 0.014) and OS (p = 0.039). TIICs subset analysis showed that CCL19 expression had a positive correlation with monocytes and macrophages M1, and a negative correlation with naïve B cells and plasma cells. Conclusion CCL19 expression was associated with survival outcomes and might be a potential prognostic biomarker for FL treated with first-line chemoimmunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03078-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yunxia Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Haizhu Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaohui He
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shengyu Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianliang Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Gui
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ning Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhishang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jiarui Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaohong Han
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 41 Damucang Hutong, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China.
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
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10
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Lee BJ, Mallya S, Dinglasan N, Fung A, Nguyen T, Herzog LO, Thao J, Lorenzana EG, Wildes D, Singh M, Smith JAM, Fruman DA. Efficacy of a Novel Bi-Steric mTORC1 Inhibitor in Models of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:673213. [PMID: 34408976 PMCID: PMC8366290 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.673213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a kinase whose activity is elevated in hematological malignancies. mTOR-complex-1 (mTORC1) phosphorylates numerous substrates to promote cell proliferation and survival. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding proteins (4E-BPs) are mTORC1 substrates with an integral role in oncogenic protein translation. Current pharmacological approaches to inhibit mTORC1 activity and 4E-BP phosphorylation have drawbacks. Recently we described a series of bi-steric compounds that are potent and selective inhibitors of mTORC1, inhibiting 4E-BP phosphorylation at lower concentrations than mTOR kinase inhibitors (TOR-KIs). Here we report the activity of the mTORC1-selective bi-steric inhibitor, RMC-4627, in BCR-ABL-driven models of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). RMC-4627 exhibited potent and selective inhibition of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in B-ALL cell lines without inhibiting mTOR-complex-2 (mTORC2) activity. RMC-4627 suppressed cell cycle progression, reduced survival, and enhanced dasatinib cytotoxicity. Compared to a TOR-KI compound, RMC-4627 was more potent, and its effects on cell viability were sustained after washout in vitro. Notably, a once-weekly, well tolerated dose reduced leukemic burden in a B-ALL xenograft model and enhanced the activity of dasatinib. These preclinical studies suggest that intermittent dosing of a bi-steric mTORC1-selective inhibitor has therapeutic potential as a component of leukemia regimens, and further study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca J Lee
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Sharmila Mallya
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nuntana Dinglasan
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Amos Fung
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Tram Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Lee-Or Herzog
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Thao
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Edward G Lorenzana
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - David Wildes
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Mallika Singh
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Jacqueline A M Smith
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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11
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Mossadegh-Keller N, Brisou G, Beyou A, Nadel B, Roulland S. Human B Lymphomas Reveal Their Secrets Through Genetic Mouse Models. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683597. [PMID: 34335584 PMCID: PMC8323519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are cancers deriving from lymphocytes, arising preferentially in secondary lymphoid organs, and represent the 6th cancer worldwide and the most frequent blood cancer. The majority of B cell Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL) develop from germinal center (GC) experienced mature B cells. GCs are transient structures that form in lymphoid organs in response to antigen exposure of naive B cells, and where B cell receptor (BCR) affinity maturation occurs to promote B cell differentiation into memory B and plasma cells producing high-affinity antibodies. Genomic instability associated with the somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) processes during GC transit enhance susceptibility to malignant transformation. Most B cell differentiation steps in the GC are at the origin of frequent B cell malignant entities, namely Follicular Lymphoma (FL) and GCB diffuse large B cell lymphomas (GCB-DLBCL). Over the past decade, large sequencing efforts have provided a great boost in the identification of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors involved in FL and DLBCL oncogenesis. Mouse models have been instrumental to accurately mimic in vivo lymphoma-specific mutations and interrogate their normal function in the GC context and their oncogenic function leading to lymphoma onset. The limited access of biopsies during the initiating steps of the disease, the cellular and (epi)genetic heterogeneity of individual tumors across and within patients linked to perturbed dynamics of GC ecosystems make the development of genetically engineered mouse models crucial to decipher lymphomagenesis and disease progression and eventually to test the effects of novel targeted therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of some of the important genetically engineered mouse models that have been developed to recapitulate lymphoma-associated (epi)genetic alterations of two frequent GC-derived lymphoma entities: FL and GCB-DLCBL and describe how those mouse models have improved our knowledge of the molecular processes supporting GC B cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Brisou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Department of Hematology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Alicia Beyou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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12
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Ortega-Molina A, Lebrero-Fernández C, Sanz A, Deleyto-Seldas N, Plata-Gómez AB, Menéndez C, Graña-Castro O, Caleiras E, Efeyan A. Inhibition of Rag GTPase signaling in mice suppresses B cell responses and lymphomagenesis with minimal detrimental trade-offs. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109372. [PMID: 34260908 PMCID: PMC8355512 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are exquisitely sensitive to fluctuations in nutrient signaling by the Rag GTPases, and 15% of follicular lymphomas (FLs) harbor activating mutations in RRAGC. Hence, a potential therapeutic approach against malignant B cells is to inhibit Rag GTPase signaling, but because such inhibitors are still to be developed, efficacy and safety remain unknown. We generated knockin mice expressing a hypomorphic variant of RagC (Q119L); RagCQ119L/+ mice are viable and show attenuated nutrient signaling. B lymphocyte activation is cell-intrinsically impaired in RagCQ119L/+ mice, which also show significant suppression of genetically induced lymphomagenesis and autoimmunity. Surprisingly, no overt systemic trade-offs or phenotypic alterations caused by partial suppression of nutrient signaling are seen in other organs, and RagCQ119L/+ mice show normal longevity and normal age-dependent health decline. These results support the efficacy and safety of moderate inhibition of nutrient signaling against pathological B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega-Molina
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Cristina Lebrero-Fernández
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alba Sanz
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Nerea Deleyto-Seldas
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Plata-Gómez
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Camino Menéndez
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña-Castro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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13
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Kim M, Lu L, Dvornikov AV, Ma X, Ding Y, Zhu P, Olson TM, Lin X, Xu X. TFEB Overexpression, Not mTOR Inhibition, Ameliorates RagC S75Y Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5494. [PMID: 34071043 PMCID: PMC8197163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A de novo missense variant in Rag GTPase protein C (RagCS75Y) was recently identified in a syndromic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patient. However, its pathogenicity and the related therapeutic strategy remain unclear. We generated a zebrafish RragcS56Y (corresponding to human RagCS75Y) knock-in (KI) line via TALEN technology. The KI fish manifested cardiomyopathy-like phenotypes and poor survival. Overexpression of RagCS75Y via adenovirus infection also led to increased cell size and fetal gene reprogramming in neonatal rat ventricle cardiomyocytes (NRVCMs), indicating a conserved mechanism. Further characterization identified aberrant mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and transcription factor EB (TFEB) signaling, as well as metabolic abnormalities including dysregulated autophagy. However, mTOR inhibition failed to ameliorate cardiac phenotypes in the RagCS75Y cardiomyopathy models, concomitant with a failure to promote TFEB nuclear translocation. This observation was at least partially explained by increased and mTOR-independent physical interaction between RagCS75Y and TFEB in the cytosol. Importantly, TFEB overexpression resulted in more nuclear TFEB and rescued cardiomyopathy phenotypes. These findings suggest that S75Y is a pathogenic gain-of-function mutation in RagC that leads to cardiomyopathy. A primary pathological step of RagCS75Y cardiomyopathy is defective mTOR-TFEB signaling, which can be corrected by TFEB overexpression, but not mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maengjo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (M.K.); (L.L.); (A.V.D.); (X.M.); (Y.D.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
| | - Linghui Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (M.K.); (L.L.); (A.V.D.); (X.M.); (Y.D.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Alexey V. Dvornikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (M.K.); (L.L.); (A.V.D.); (X.M.); (Y.D.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (M.K.); (L.L.); (A.V.D.); (X.M.); (Y.D.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
| | - Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (M.K.); (L.L.); (A.V.D.); (X.M.); (Y.D.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (M.K.); (L.L.); (A.V.D.); (X.M.); (Y.D.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
| | - Timothy M. Olson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (M.K.); (L.L.); (A.V.D.); (X.M.); (Y.D.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (M.K.); (L.L.); (A.V.D.); (X.M.); (Y.D.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
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14
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Hu N, Wang F, Sun T, Xu Z, Zhang J, Bernard D, Xu S, Wang S, Kaminski M, Devata S, Phillips T, Malek SN. Follicular Lymphoma-associated BTK Mutations are Inactivating Resulting in Augmented AKT Activation. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2301-2313. [PMID: 33419778 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE On the basis of the recent discovery of mutations in Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) in follicular lymphoma, we studied their functional properties. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We identified novel somatic BTK mutations in 7% of a combined total of 139 follicular lymphoma and 11 transformed follicular lymphoma cases, none of which had received prior treatment with B-cell receptor (BCR) targeted drugs. We reconstituted wild-type (WT) and mutant BTK into various engineered lymphoma cell lines. We measured BCR-induced signal transduction events in engineered cell lines and primary human follicular lymphoma B cells. RESULTS We uncovered that all BTK mutants destabilized the BTK protein and some created BTK kinase-dead mutants. The phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCγ2) is a substrate of BTK but the BTK mutants did not alter PLCγ2 phosphorylation. Instead, we discovered that BTK mutants induced an exaggerated AKT phosphorylation phenotype in anti-Ig-treated recombinant lymphoma cell lines. The short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of BTK expression in primary human nonmalignant lymph node-derived B cells resulted in strong anti-Ig-induced AKT activation, as did the degradation of BTK protein in cell lines using ibrutinib-based proteolysis targeting chimera. Finally, through analyses of primary human follicular lymphoma B cells carrying WT or mutant BTK, we detected elevated AKT phosphorylation following surface Ig crosslinking in all follicular lymphoma B cells, including all BTK-mutant follicular lymphoma. The augmented AKT phosphorylation following BCR crosslinking could be abrogated by pretreatment with a PI3Kδ inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data uncover novel unexpected properties of follicular lymphoma-associated BTK mutations with direct implications for targeted therapy development in follicular lymphoma.See related commentary by Afaghani and Taylor, p. 2123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fangyang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhengfan Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Denzil Bernard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shilin Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark Kaminski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Suma Devata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tycel Phillips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sami N Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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15
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Follicular Lymphoma Microenvironment: An Intricate Network Ready for Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040641. [PMID: 33562694 PMCID: PMC7915642 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular Lymphoma (FL), the most common indolent non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma, is a paradigm of the immune microenvironment's contribution to disease onset, progression, and heterogeneity. Over the last few years, state-of-the-art technologies, including whole-exome sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing, and mass cytometry, have precisely dissected the specific cellular phenotypes present in the FL microenvironment network and their role in the disease. In this already complex picture, the presence of recurring mutations, including KMT2D, CREBBP, EZH2, and TNFRSF14, have a prominent contributory role, with some of them finely tuning this exquisite dependence of FL on its microenvironment. This precise characterization of the enemy (FL) and its allies (microenvironment) has paved the way for the development of novel therapies aimed at dismantling this contact network, weakening tumor cell support, and reactivating the host's immune response against the tumor. In this review, we will describe the main microenvironment actors, together with the current and future therapeutic approaches targeting them.
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16
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Epigenetic Silencing of Tumor Suppressor miR-124 Directly Supports STAT3 Activation in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122692. [PMID: 33333886 PMCID: PMC7765332 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a potential role for STAT3 as a tumor driver in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). The mechanisms leading to STAT3 activation are not fully understood; however, we recently found that miR-124, a known STAT3 regulator, is robustly silenced in MF tumor-stage and CTCL cells. Objective: We studied here whether deregulation of miR-124 contributes to STAT3 pathway activation in CTCL. Methods: We measured the effect of ectopic mir-124 expression in active phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) levels and evaluated the transcriptional impact of miR-124-dependent STAT3 pathway regulation by expression microarray analysis. Results: We found that ectopic expression of miR-124 results in massive downregulation of activated STAT3 in different CTCL lines, which resulted in a significant alteration of genetic signatures related with gene transcription and proliferation such as MYC and E2F. Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of the miR-124/STAT3 axis in CTCL and demonstrates that the STAT3 pathway is regulated through epigenetic mechanisms in these cells. Since deregulated STAT3 signaling has a major impact on CTCL initiation and progression, a better understanding of the molecular basis of the miR-124/STAT3 axis may provide useful information for future personalized therapies.
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17
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Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma in a patient with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Int J Hematol 2020; 112:864-870. [PMID: 32789566 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-02970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by benign skin hamartomas, pulmonary cysts leading to spontaneous pneumothorax, and an increased risk of renal cancer. BHD syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene, a putative tumor suppressor, which result in loss of function of the folliculin protein and may cause cancer predisposition. In a 45-year-old woman with anemia, lymphadenopathy, and a history of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, 18F-FDG PET/CT detected diffuse and slight 18F-FDG accumulation in the bone marrow, enlarged spleen, and systemic multiple enlarged lymph nodes. Genetic examination identified a germline nonsense mutation [c.998C > G (p.Ser333*)] on exon 9 of FLCN. Pathological examination of the lymph node revealed a diffuse neoplastic proliferation of plasmacytoid lymphocytes. The neoplastic lymphoid cells were positive for CD20, CD138, and light chain kappa as per immunohistochemistry and mRNA in situ hybridization, and a MYD88 gene mutation [c.755T > C (p.L252P)] was identified. Accordingly, she was diagnosed with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma concomitant with BHD syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the development of hematological malignancy in a patient with BHD syndrome. The FLCN mutation might contribute lymphomagenesis as an additional mutation cooperating with the MYD88 mutation.
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18
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Abstract
Although outcomes for follicular lymphoma (FL) continue to improve, it remains incurable for the majority of patients. Through next generation sequencing (NGS) studies, we now recognize that the genomic landscape of FL is skewed toward highly recurrent mutations in genes that encode epigenetic regulators co-occurring with the pathognomonic t(14;18) translocation. Adopting these technologies to study longitudinal and spatially-derived lymphomas has provided unique insights into the tumoral heterogeneity, clonal evolution of the disease and supports the existence of a tumor-repopulating population, considered the Achilles' heel of this lymphoma. An in-depth understanding of the genomics and its contribution to the disease pathogenesis is identifying new biomarkers and therapeutic targets that can be translated into clinical practice and, in the not too distant future, enable us to start considering precision-based approaches to the management of FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Pickard
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Palladino
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Okosun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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19
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[Progress in the research of gene mutations in follicular lymphoma]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2020; 41:172-176. [PMID: 32135639 PMCID: PMC7357952 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Anandapadamanaban M, Masson GR, Perisic O, Berndt A, Kaufman J, Johnson CM, Santhanam B, Rogala KB, Sabatini DM, Williams RL. Architecture of human Rag GTPase heterodimers and their complex with mTORC1. Science 2019; 366:203-210. [PMID: 31601764 PMCID: PMC6795536 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) recruit the master kinase mTORC1 to lysosomes to regulate cell growth and proliferation in response to amino acid availability. The nucleotide state of Rag heterodimers is critical for their association with mTORC1. Our cryo-electron microscopy structure of RagA/RagC in complex with mTORC1 shows the details of RagA/RagC binding to the RAPTOR subunit of mTORC1 and explains why only the RagAGTP/RagCGDP nucleotide state binds mTORC1. Previous kinetic studies suggested that GTP binding to one Rag locks the heterodimer to prevent GTP binding to the other. Our crystal structures and dynamics of RagA/RagC show the mechanism for this locking and explain how oncogenic hotspot mutations disrupt this process. In contrast to allosteric activation by RHEB, Rag heterodimer binding does not change mTORC1 conformation and activates mTORC1 by targeting it to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn R Masson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Olga Perisic
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Alex Berndt
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kacper B Rogala
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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21
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Klein U. Losing control of nutrient sensing in the germinal centre drives lymphomagenesis. Nat Metab 2019; 1:750-751. [PMID: 32694769 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology & Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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22
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Ortega-Molina A, Deleyto-Seldas N, Carreras J, Sanz A, Lebrero-Fernández C, Menéndez C, Vandenberg A, Fernández-Ruiz B, Marín-Arraiza L, de la Calle Arregui C, Belén Plata-Gómez A, Caleiras E, de Martino A, Martínez-Martín N, Troulé K, Piñeiro-Yáñez E, Nakamura N, Araf S, Victora GD, Okosun J, Fitzgibbon J, Efeyan A. Oncogenic Rag GTPase signaling enhances B cell activation and drives follicular lymphoma sensitive to pharmacological inhibition of mTOR. Nat Metab 2019; 1:775-789. [PMID: 31579886 PMCID: PMC6774795 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The humoral immune response demands that B cells undergo a sudden anabolic shift and high cellular nutrient levels which are required to sustain the subsequent proliferative burst. Follicular lymphoma (FL) originates from B cells that have participated in the humoral response, and 15% of FL samples harbor point, activating mutations in RRAGC, an essential activator of mTORC1 downstream of the sensing of cellular nutrients. The impact of recurrent RRAGC mutations in B cell function and lymphoma is unexplored. RRAGC mutations, targeted to the endogenous locus in mice, confer a partial insensitivity to nutrient deprivation, but strongly exacerbate B cell responses and accelerate lymphomagenesis, while creating a selective vulnerability to pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1. This moderate increase in nutrient signaling synergizes with paracrine cues from the supportive T cell microenvironment that activates B cells via the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 axis. Hence, Rragc mutations sustain induced germinal centers and murine and human FL in the presence of decreased T cell help. Our results support a model in which activating mutations in the nutrient signaling pathway foster lymphomagenesis by corrupting a nutrient-dependent control over paracrine signals from the T cell microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega-Molina
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Deleyto-Seldas
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Carreras
- Tokai University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology. Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Alba Sanz
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Camino Menéndez
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Vandenberg
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Ruiz
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Marín-Arraiza
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia de la Calle Arregui
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Plata-Gómez
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba de Martino
- Histopathology Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kevin Troulé
- Bioinformatics Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Piñeiro-Yáñez
- Bioinformatics Unit. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Tokai University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology. Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shamzah Araf
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jessica Okosun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jude Fitzgibbon
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). Madrid, Spain
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23
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Ryan RJH, Wilcox RA. Ontogeny, Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Classification of B- and T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2019; 33:553-574. [PMID: 31229154 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mature B- and T-cell lymphomas are diverse in their biology, etiology, genetics, clinical behavior, and response to specific therapies. Here, we review the principles of diagnostic classification for non-Hodgkin lymphomas, summarize the characteristic features of major entities, and place recent biological and molecular findings in the context of principles that are applicable across the spectrum of mature lymphoid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell James Hubbard Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 4306 Rogel Cancer Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5936, USA.
| | - Ryan Alan Wilcox
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4310 Rogel Cancer Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5936, USA
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The treatment of the germinal center lymphomas, diffuse large B cell (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma, has changed little beyond the introduction of immunochemotherapies. However, there exists a substantial group of patients within both diseases for which improvements in care will involve appropriate tailoring of treatment. RECENT FINDINGS DLBCL consists of two major subtypes with striking differences in their clinical outcomes paralleling their underlying genetic heterogeneity. Recent studies have seen advances in the stratification of germinal center lymphomas, through comprehensive profiling of 1001 DLBCLs alongside refinements in the identification of high-risk follicular lymphoma patients using m7-FLIPI and 23G models. A new wave of novel therapeutic agents is now undergoing clinical trials for germinal center lymphomas, with BCR and EZH2 inhibitors demonstrating preferential benefit in subgroups of patients. The emergence of cell-free DNA has raised the possibility of dynamic disease monitoring to potentially mitigate the complexity of spatial and temporal heterogeneity, whilst predicting tumor evolution in real time. SUMMARY Altogether knowledge of the genomic landscape of germinal center lymphomas is offering welcome opportunities in patient risk stratification and therapeutics. The challenge ahead is to establish how best to combine upfront or dynamic prognostication with precision therapies, while retaining practicality in clinical trials and the real-world setting.
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25
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Wang F, Gatica D, Ying ZX, Peterson LF, Kim P, Bernard D, Saiya-Cork K, Wang S, Kaminski MS, Chang AE, Phillips T, Klionsky DJ, Malek SN. Follicular lymphoma-associated mutations in vacuolar ATPase ATP6V1B2 activate autophagic flux and mTOR. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1626-1640. [PMID: 30720463 DOI: 10.1172/jci98288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of recurrent mutations in subunits of the vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase (v-ATPase) in follicular lymphoma (FL) highlights a role for the amino acid- and energy-sensing pathway to mTOR in the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, through the use of complementary experimental approaches involving mammalian cells and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have demonstrated that mutations in the human v-ATPase subunit ATP6V1B2 (also known as Vma2 in yeast) activate autophagic flux and maintain mTOR/TOR in an active state. Engineered lymphoma cell lines and primary FL B cells carrying mutated ATP6V1B2 demonstrated a remarkable ability to survive low leucine concentrations. The treatment of primary FL B cells with inhibitors of autophagy uncovered an addiction for survival for FL B cells harboring ATP6V1B2 mutations. These data support the idea of mutational activation of autophagic flux by recurrent hotspot mutations in ATP6V1B2 as an adaptive mechanism in FL pathogenesis and as a possible new therapeutically targetable pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Damián Gatica
- Life Sciences Institute, and.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhang Xiao Ying
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Luke F Peterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Peter Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
| | | | - Kamlai Saiya-Cork
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Mark S Kaminski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Alfred E Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tycel Phillips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, and.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sami N Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
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26
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Lawrence RE, Cho KF, Rappold R, Thrun A, Tofaute M, Kim DJ, Moldavski O, Hurley JH, Zoncu R. A nutrient-induced affinity switch controls mTORC1 activation by its Rag GTPase-Ragulator lysosomal scaffold. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1052-1063. [PMID: 30061680 PMCID: PMC6279252 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key step in nutrient sensing is the activation of the master growth regulator, mTORC1 kinase, on the surface of lysosomes. Nutrients enable mTORC1 scaffolding by a complex composed of the Rag GTPases (Rags) and Ragulator, but the underlying mechanism of mTORC1 capture is poorly understood. Combining dynamic imaging in cells and reconstituted systems, we uncover an affinity switch that controls mTORC1 lifetime and activation at the lysosome. Nutrients destabilize the Rag-Ragulator interface, causing cycling of the Rags between lysosome-bound Ragulator and the cytoplasm, and rendering mTORC1 capture contingent on simultaneous engagement of two Rag-binding interfaces. Rag GTPase domains trigger cycling by coordinately weakening binding of the C-terminal domains to Ragulator in a nucleotide-controlled manner. Cancer-specific Rag mutants override release from Ragulator and enhance mTORC1 recruitment and signaling output. Cycling in the active state sets the Rags apart from most signaling GTPases, and provides a mechanism to attenuate mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie E Lawrence
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin F Cho
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ronja Rappold
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anna Thrun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marie Tofaute
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Do Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ofer Moldavski
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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27
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Bah I, Fahiminiya S, Bégin LR, Hamel N, D'Agostino MD, Tanguay S, Foulkes WD. Atypical tuberous sclerosis complex presenting as familial renal cell carcinoma with leiomyomatous stroma. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018; 4:167-174. [PMID: 29659200 PMCID: PMC6065116 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report an atypical tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) phenotype presenting as familial multiple renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) with (angio)leiomyomatous stroma (RCCLS) (5/7 familial RCCs) on a background of multiple angiomyolipomas, hypopigmented skin macules, and absence of neurological anomalies. In the index case and three relatives, germline genetic testing identified a heterozygous TSC2 missense pathogenic variant [c.2714 G > A, (p.Arg905Gln)], a rare TSC‐associated alteration which has previously been associated with a milder TSC phenotype. Whole‐exome sequencing of five RCCs from the index case and one RCC from his mother demonstrated either unique tumour‐specific deleterious second hits in TSC2 or significant allelic imbalance at the TSC2 gene locus (5/6 RCCs). This study confirms the key tumourigenic role of tumour‐specific TSC2 second hits in TSC‐associated RCCs and supports the notion that RCCLS may be strongly related to abnormalities of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaël Bah
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Somayyeh Fahiminiya
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis R Bégin
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Hamel
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria D D'Agostino
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Tanguay
- Division of Urology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Program in Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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28
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Huet S, Sujobert P, Salles G. From genetics to the clinic: a translational perspective on follicular lymphoma. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:224-239. [PMID: 29422597 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most frequent indolent B cell lymphoma and is still considered to be incurable. In recent years, whole-exome sequencing studies of large cohorts of patients have greatly improved our knowledge of the FL mutational landscape. Moreover, the prolonged evolution of this disease has enabled some insights regarding the early pre-lymphoma lesions as well as the clonal evolution after treatment, allowing an evolutionary perspective on lymphomagenesis. Deciphering the earliest initiating lesions and identifying the molecular alterations leading to disease progression currently represent important goals; accomplishing these could help identify the most relevant targets for precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Huet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS5286, 'Clinical and experimental models of lymphomagenesis' Team, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer Oullins, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre Bénite 69495, France
- Université Lyon-1, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Sujobert
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS5286, 'Clinical and experimental models of lymphomagenesis' Team, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer Oullins, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre Bénite 69495, France
- Université Lyon-1, Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oullins, France
| | - Gilles Salles
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS5286, 'Clinical and experimental models of lymphomagenesis' Team, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer Oullins, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre Bénite 69495, France
- Université Lyon-1, Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oullins, France
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29
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Control of B lymphocyte development and functions by the mTOR signaling pathways. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 35:47-62. [PMID: 28583723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase originally discovered as the molecular target of the immunosuppressant rapamycin. mTOR forms two compositionally and functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which are crucial for coordinating nutrient, energy, oxygen, and growth factor availability with cellular growth, proliferation, and survival. Recent studies have identified critical, non-redundant roles for mTORC1 and mTORC2 in controlling B cell development, differentiation, and functions, and have highlighted emerging roles of the Folliculin-Fnip protein complex in regulating mTOR and B cell development. In this review, we summarize the basic mechanisms of mTOR signaling; describe what is known about the roles of mTORC1, mTORC2, and the Folliculin/Fnip1 pathway in B cell development and functions; and briefly outline current clinical approaches for targeting mTOR in B cell neoplasms. We conclude by highlighting a few salient questions and future perspectives regarding mTOR in B lineage cells.
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