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Abdullah NA, Md Hashim NF, Muhamad Zakuan N, Chua JX. Thioredoxin system in colorectal cancer: Its role in carcinogenesis, disease progression, and response to treatment. Life Sci 2024; 348:122711. [PMID: 38734065 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system is essential for many physiological processes, including the maintenance of redox signalling pathways. Alterations in the activity, expression and interactions with other signalling pathways can lead to protective or pathophysiological responses. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, the two main components of this system, are often overexpressed in cancer, including colorectal cancer. This overexpression is often linked with tumour progression and poor outcomes. This review discusses the role of the Trx system in driving colorectal carcinogenesis and disease progression, as well as the challenges of targeting this system. Additionally, the recent advancements in the development of novel and effective thioredoxin inhibitors for colorectal cancer are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Akmaryanti Abdullah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fariesha Md Hashim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noraina Muhamad Zakuan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jia Xin Chua
- Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Ren X, Xue R, Luo Y, Wang S, Ge X, Yao X, Li L, Min J, Li M, Luo Z, Wang F. Programmable melanoma-targeted radio-immunotherapy via fusogenic liposomes functionalized with multivariate-gated aptamer assemblies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5035. [PMID: 38866788 PMCID: PMC11169524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Radio-immunotherapy exploits the immunostimulatory features of ionizing radiation (IR) to enhance antitumor effects and offers emerging opportunities for treating invasive tumor indications such as melanoma. However, insufficient dose deposition and immunosuppressive microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors limit its efficacy. Here we report a programmable sequential therapeutic strategy based on multifunctional fusogenic liposomes (Lip@AUR-ACP-aptPD-L1) to overcome the intrinsic radio-immunotherapeutic resistance of solid tumors. Specifically, fusogenic liposomes are loaded with gold-containing Auranofin (AUR) and inserted with multivariate-gated aptamer assemblies (ACP) and PD-L1 aptamers in the lipid membrane, potentiating melanoma-targeted AUR delivery while transferring ACP onto cell surface through selective membrane fusion. AUR amplifies IR-induced immunogenic death of melanoma cells to release antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for triggering adaptive antitumor immunity. AUR-sensitized radiotherapy also upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression that combined with released ATP to activate ACP through an "and" logic operation-like process (AND-gate), thus triggering the in-situ release of engineered cytosine-phosphate-guanine aptamer-based immunoadjuvants (eCpG) for stimulating dendritic cell-mediated T cell priming. Furthermore, AUR inhibits tumor-intrinsic vascular endothelial growth factor signaling to suppress infiltration of immunosuppressive cells for fostering an anti-tumorigenic TME. This study offers an approach for solid tumor treatment in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Rui Xue
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yan Luo
- Radiation Oncology Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Xinyue Ge
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Xuemei Yao
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Liqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Junxia Min
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Public Health Institute of Translational Medicine State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Menghuan Li
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Zhong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital School of Public Health Institute of Translational Medicine State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health Hengyang Medical School University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China.
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3
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Guo X, Zhang Y, Li Q, Shi F, HuangFu Y, Li J, Lao X. The influence of a modified p53 C-terminal peptide by using a tumor-targeting sequence on cellular apoptosis and tumor treatment. Apoptosis 2024; 29:865-881. [PMID: 38145442 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The restoration of the function of p53 in tumors is a therapeutic strategy for the highly frequent mutation of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. P460 is a wild-type peptide derived from the p53 C-terminus and has been proven to be capable of restoring the tumor suppressor function of p53. The poor accumulation of drugs in tumors is a serious hindrance to tumor treatment. For enhancing the activity of P460, the tumor-targeting sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Arg (RGDR, C-end rule peptide) was introduced into the C-terminus of P460 to generate the new peptide P462. P462 presented better activity than P460 in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells and increasing the number of tumor cells undergoing apoptosis. Cell adhesion analysis and tumor imaging results revealed that P462 showed more specific and extensive binding with tumor cells and greater accumulation in tumors than the wild-type peptide. Importantly, treatment with P462 was more efficacious than that with P460 in vivo and was associated with considerably improved tumor-homing activity. This study highlights the importance of the roles of the tumor-homing sequence RGDR in the enhancement in cell attachment and tumor accumulation. The results of this work indicate that P462 could be a novel drug candidate for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fangxin Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yifan HuangFu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Xingzhen Lao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China.
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Tang FL, Xie LW, Tang LF, Lu HY, Zhu RQ, Wang DF, Tian Y, Cai S, Li M. Fraxin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin 8-glucoside) confers protection against ionizing radiation-induced intestinal epithelial injury in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111637. [PMID: 38335653 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The small intestine exhibits remarkable sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR), which significantly hampers the effectiveness of radiotherapy in the treatment of abdominal and pelvic tumors. Unfortunately, no effective medications are available to treat radiation-induced intestinal damage (RIID). Fraxin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin 8-glucoside), is a coumarin derivative extracted from the Chinese herb Cortex Fraxini. Several studies have underscored the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of fraxin. However, the efficacy of fraxin at preventing or mitigating RIID remains unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of fraxin against RIID in vitro and in vivo and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The study findings revealed that fraxin markedly ameliorated intestinal injuries induced by 13 Gy whole abdominal irradiation (WAI), which was accompanied by a significant increase in the population of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and Ki67+ progeny. Furthermore, fraxin mitigated WAI-induced intestinal barrier damage, and reduced oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation in mice. Transcriptome sequencing of fraxin-treated mice revealed upregulation of IL-22, a pleiotropic cytokine involved in regulating the function of intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, in both human intestinal epithelial cells and ex vivo cultured mouse intestinal organoids, fraxin effectively ameliorated IR-induced damage by promoting the expression of IL-22. The radioprotective effects of fraxin were partially negated in the presence of an IL-22-neutralizing antibody. In summary, fraxin is demonstrated to possess the ability to alleviate RIID and maintain intestinal homeostasis, suggesting that fraxin might serve as a strategy for mitigating accidental radiation exposure- or radiotherapy-induced RIID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Tang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Li-Wei Xie
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Lin-Feng Tang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Rui-Qiu Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Di-Fan Wang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Shang Cai
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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5
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Li H, Zhao S, Jiang M, Zhu T, Liu J, Feng G, Lu L, Dong J, Wu X, Chen X, Zhao Y, Fan S. Biomodified Extracellular Vesicles Remodel the Intestinal Microenvironment to Overcome Radiation Enteritis. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37399352 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is associated with the occurrence of enteritis, and protecting the whole intestine from radiation-induced gut injury remains an unmet clinical need. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are proven to be vital factors in the establishment of tissue and cell microenvironments. In this study, we aimed to investigate a radioprotective strategy mediated by small EVs (exosomes) in the context of irradiation-induced intestinal injury. We found that exosomes derived from donor mice exposed to total body irradiation (TBI) could protect recipient mice against TBI-induced lethality and alleviate radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) tract toxicity. To enhance the protective effect of EVs, profilings of mouse and human exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) were performed to identify the functional molecule in exosomes. We found that miRNA-142-5p was highly expressed in exosomes from both donor mice exposed to TBI and patients after radiotherapy (RT). Moreover, miR-142 protected intestinal epithelial cells from irradiation-induced apoptosis and death and mediated EV protection against radiation enteritis by ameliorating the intestinal microenvironment. Then, biomodification of EVs was accomplished via enhancing miR-142 expression and intestinal specificity of exosomes, and thus improved EV-mediated protection from radiation enteritis. Our findings provide an effective approach for protecting against GI syndrome in people exposed to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Shuya Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Mian Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Jinjian Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Guoxing Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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6
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Antonelli F. 3D Cell Models in Radiobiology: Improving the Predictive Value of In Vitro Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10620. [PMID: 37445795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is intrinsically complex, comprising both heterogeneous cellular composition and extracellular matrix. In vitro cancer research models have been widely used in the past to model and study cancer. Although two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models have traditionally been used for cancer research, they have many limitations, such as the disturbance of interactions between cellular and extracellular environments and changes in cell morphology, polarity, division mechanism, differentiation and cell motion. Moreover, 2D cell models are usually monotypic. This implies that 2D tumor models are ineffective at accurately recapitulating complex aspects of tumor cell growth, as well as their radiation responses. Over the past decade there has been significant uptake of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models by cancer researchers, highlighting a complementary model for studies of radiation effects on tumors, especially in conjunction with chemotherapy. The introduction of 3D cell culture approaches aims to model in vivo tissue interactions with radiation by positioning itself halfway between 2D cell and animal models, and thus opening up new possibilities in the study of radiation response mechanisms of healthy and tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Antonelli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Division of Health Protection Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
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7
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Jiang H, Zuo J, Li B, Chen R, Luo K, Xiang X, Lu S, Huang C, Liu L, Tang J, Gao F. Drug-induced oxidative stress in cancer treatments: Angel or devil? Redox Biol 2023; 63:102754. [PMID: 37224697 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), defined as redox imbalance in favor of oxidant burden, is one of the most significant biological events in cancer progression. Cancer cells generally represent a higher oxidant level, which suggests a dual therapeutic strategy by regulating redox status (i.e., pro-oxidant therapy and/or antioxidant therapy). Indeed, pro-oxidant therapy exhibits a great anti-cancer capability, attributing to a higher oxidant accumulation within cancer cells, whereas antioxidant therapy to restore redox homeostasis has been claimed to fail in several clinical practices. Targeting the redox vulnerability of cancer cells by pro-oxidants capable of generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) has surfaced as an important anti-cancer strategy. However, multiple adverse effects caused by the indiscriminate attacks of uncontrolled drug-induced OS on normal tissues and the drug-tolerant capacity of some certain cancer cells greatly limit their further applications. Herein, we review several representative oxidative anti-cancer drugs and summarize their side effects on normal tissues and organs, emphasizing that seeking a balance between pro-oxidant therapy and oxidative damage is of great value in exploiting next-generation OS-based anti-cancer chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Chen
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Kangjia Luo
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Xionghua Xiang
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Shuaijun Lu
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Ningbo Women & Children's Hospital, Ningbo, 315012, China.
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
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He YC, Hao ZN, Li Z, Gao DW. Nanomedicine-based multimodal therapies: Recent progress and perspectives in colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:670-681. [PMID: 36742173 PMCID: PMC9896619 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i4.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer has attracted much attention due to its annually increasing incidence. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs are unsatisfactory in clinical application because of their lack of targeting and severe toxic side effects. In the past decade, nanomedicines with multimodal therapeutic strategies have shown potential for colon cancer because of their enhanced permeability and retention, high accumulation at tumor sites, co-loading with different drugs, and comb-ination of various therapies. This review summarizes the advances in research on various nanomedicine-based therapeutic strategies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy (photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy), chemodynamic therapy, gas therapy, and immunotherapy. Additionally, the therapeutic mechanisms, limitations, improvements, and future of the above therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chu He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zi-Ning Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Da-Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Applying Chemistry Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
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Protective Effect of Bojungikki-Tang against Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury in Mice: Experimental Verification and Compound-Target Prediction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:5417813. [PMID: 36644439 PMCID: PMC9833920 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5417813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bojungikki-tang (BJIT) is a traditional herbal medicine used in Korea, Japan, and China to treat gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether BJIT has protective effects against radiation-induced intestinal injury and to predict the underlying therapeutic mechanisms and related pathways via network pharmacological analyses. BJIT was injected intraperitoneally (50 mg/kg body weight) to C3H/HeN mice at 36 and 12 h before exposure to partial abdominal irradiation (5 Gy and 13 Gy) to evaluate the apoptotic changes and the histological changes and variations in inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in the jejunum, respectively. Through in silico network analysis, we predicted the mechanisms underlying BJIT-mediated regulation of radiation-induced intestinal injury. BJIT reduced the level of apoptosis in the jejunal crypts 12 h post 5-Gy irradiation. Histological assessment revealed intestinal morphological changes in irradiated mice 3.5 days post 13-Gy irradiation. Furthermore, BJIT decreased inflammatory cytokine levels following radiation exposure. Apoptosis, TNF, p53, VEGF, toll-like receptor, PPAR, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), were found to be linked to the radioprotective effects of BJIT against intestinal injury. According to our results, BJIT exerted its potential protective effects by attenuating histopathological changes in jejunal crypts and suppressing inflammatory mediator levels. Therefore, BJIT is a potential therapeutic agent that can treat radiation-induced intestinal injury and its associated symptoms.
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Optimization of the Solvent and In Vivo Administration Route of Auranofin in a Syngeneic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Glioblastoma Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122761. [PMID: 36559255 PMCID: PMC9783082 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The antineoplastic activity of the thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR) inhibitor, auranofin (AF), has already been investigated in various cancer mouse models as a single drug, or in combination with other molecules. However, there are inconsistencies in the literature on the solvent, dose and administration route of AF treatment in vivo. Therefore, we investigated the solvent and administration route of AF in a syngeneic SB28 glioblastoma (GBM) C57BL/6J and a 344SQ non-small cell lung cancer 129S2/SvPasCrl (129) mouse model. Compared to daily intraperitoneal injections and subcutaneous delivery of AF via osmotic minipumps, oral gavage for 14 days was the most suitable administration route for high doses of AF (10-15 mg/kg) in both mouse models, showing no measurable weight loss or signs of toxicity. A solvent comprising 50% DMSO, 40% PEG300 and 10% ethanol improved the solubility of AF for oral administration in mice. In addition, we confirmed that AF was a potent TrxR inhibitor in SB28 GBM tumors at high doses. Taken together, our results and results in the literature indicate the therapeutic value of AF in several in vivo cancer models, and provide relevant information about AF's optimal administration route and solvent in two syngeneic cancer mouse models.
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Social Hierarchy Dictates Intestinal Radiation Injury in a Gut Microbiota-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113189. [PMID: 36361976 PMCID: PMC9659279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Social hierarchy governs the physiological and biochemical behaviors of animals. Intestinal radiation injuries are common complications connected with radiotherapy. However, it remains unclear whether social hierarchy impacts the development of radiation-induced intestinal toxicity. Dominant mice exhibited more serious intestinal toxicity following total abdominal irradiation compared with their subordinate counterparts, as judged by higher inflammatory status and lower epithelial integrity. Radiation-elicited changes in gut microbiota varied between dominant and subordinate mice, being more overt in mice of higher status. Deletion of gut microbes by using an antibiotic cocktail or restructuring of the gut microecology of dominant mice by using fecal microbiome from their subordinate companions erased the difference in radiogenic intestinal injuries. Lactobacillus murinus and Akkermansia muciniphila were both found to be potential probiotics for use against radiation toxicity in mouse models without social hierarchy. However, only Akkermansia muciniphila showed stable colonization in the digestive tracts of dominant mice, and significantly mitigated their intestinal radiation injuries. Our findings demonstrate that social hierarchy impacts the development of radiation-induced intestinal injuries, in a manner dependent on gut microbiota. The results also suggest that the gut microhabitats of hosts determine the colonization and efficacy of foreign probiotics. Thus, screening suitable microbial preparations based on the gut microecology of patients might be necessary in clinical application.
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12
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Yang Z, Huang S, Liu Y, Chang X, Liang Y, Li X, Xu Z, Wang S, Lu Y, Liu Y, Liu W. Biotin-Targeted Au(I) Radiosensitizer for Cancer Synergistic Therapy by Intervening with Redox Homeostasis and Inducing Ferroptosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8401-8415. [PMID: 35687871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The search for highly selective sensitizers with a novel mechanism for tumor targeting therapy is of considerable interest. In this work, we have developed a series of new biotin-targeted Au(I) complexes. Through systematic biological evaluation and comparison, biotinylated Au(I) complex 3a containing a triphenylphosphine ligand was screened, as it realized both prominent efficient inhibition and selective cytotoxicity to cancer cells, and the effect was better than that of popularly used auranofin. Meanwhile, complex 3a, as a potent radiosensitizer, enhances anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo and has sensitization selectivity. From the action mechanism study, we provide evidence that complex 3a could intervene in redox homeostasis through targeted binding and strong suppression of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and induce the ferroptosis death process, enabling it to sensitize tumor cells to radiotherapy. Thus, complex 3a has enormous potential as an efficient and specific radiosensitizing agent in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali 671000, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Chang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yanshan Liang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhongren Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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13
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Patient Derived Ex-Vivo Cancer Models in Drug Development, Personalized Medicine, and Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14123006. [PMID: 35740672 PMCID: PMC9220792 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14123006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review article highlights gaps in the current system of drug development and personalized medicine for cancer therapy. The ex vivo model system using tissue biopsy from patients will advance the development of the predictive disease specific biomarker, drug screening and assessment of treatment response on a personalized basis. Although this ex vivo system demonstrated promises, there are challenges and limitations which need to be mitigated for further advancement and better applications. Abstract The field of cancer research is famous for its incremental steps in improving therapy. The consistent but slow rate of improvement is greatly due to its meticulous use of consistent cancer biology models. However, as we enter an era of increasingly personalized cancer care, including chemo and radiotherapy, our cancer models must be equally able to be applied to all individuals. Patient-derived organoid (PDO) and organ-in-chip (OIC) models based on the micro-physiological bioengineered platform have already been considered key components for preclinical and translational studies. Accounting for patient variability is one of the greatest challenges in the crossover from preclinical development to clinical trials and patient derived organoids may offer a steppingstone between the two. In this review, we highlight how incorporating PDO’s and OIC’s into the development of cancer therapy promises to increase the efficiency of our therapeutics.
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14
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Wu Z, Huang C, Li R, Li H, Lu H, Lin Z. PRKCI Mediates Radiosensitivity via the Hedgehog/GLI1 Pathway in Cervical Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887139. [PMID: 35785194 PMCID: PMC9243290 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Insensitivity to radiotherapy accounts for the majority of therapeutic failures in cervical cancer (CC) patients who undergo radical radiotherapy. We aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying radiosensitivity to identify methods to improve the overall 5-year survival rate. The atypical protein kinase C iota (aPKCι) gene PRKCI exhibits tumor-specific copy number amplification (CNA) in CC. We investigated how PRKCI decreases radiosensitivity in CC and assessed the interplay between PRKCI and the Hedgehog (Hh)/GLI1 pathway in the present research. Methods The biological functions of PRKCI in CC radiosensitivity were explored through immunohistochemistry, colony formation, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), cell cycle, apoptosis assays, and xenograft models. qRT-PCR, Western blotting analysis, and immunofluorescence assays were utilized to evaluate the interplay between PRKCI and the Hh/GLI1 pathway and its mechanism in PRKCI-decreased radiosensitivity in CC. Furthermore, the effect of auranofin (AF), a selective inhibitor of PKCι, on CC cells was explored through biochemical assays in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that high PRKCI expression was responsible for decreased survival in CC. PRKCI was intimately associated with radiation-triggered alterations in proliferation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, and xenograft growth. The Hh/GLI1 pathway was activated when PRKCI expression was altered. PRKCI functions downstream of the Hh/GLI1 pathway to phosphorylate and activate the transcription factor GLI1. AF acts as a radiosensitizer and showed biological effects in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions PRKCI is a therapeutic target for regulating radiosensitivity in CC. This molecule regulates radiosensitivity by modulating GLI1 relocalization and phosphorylation in CC via the Hh/GLI1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuna Wu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Chunxian Huang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaiwu Lu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huaiwu Lu, ; Zhongqiu Lin,
| | - Zhongqiu Lin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huaiwu Lu, ; Zhongqiu Lin,
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15
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Chugh RM, Bhanja P, Olea XD, Tao F, Schroeder K, Zitter R, Arora T, Pathak H, Kimler BF, Godwin AK, Perry JM, Saha S. Human Peripheral Blood Mononucleocyte Derived Myeloid Committed Progenitor Cells Mitigate H-ARS by Exosomal Paracrine Signal. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5498. [PMID: 35628308 PMCID: PMC9142131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced loss of the hematopoietic stem cell progenitor population compromises bone marrow regeneration and development of mature blood cells. Failure to rescue bone marrow functions results in fatal consequences from hematopoietic injury, systemic infections, and sepsis. So far, bone marrow transplant is the only effective option, which partially minimizes radiation-induced hematopoietic toxicities. However, a bone marrow transplant will require HLA matching, which will not be feasible in large casualty settings such as a nuclear accident or an act of terrorism. In this study we demonstrated that human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived myeloid committed progenitor cells can mitigate radiation-induced bone marrow toxicity and improve survival in mice. These cells can rescue the recipient's hematopoietic stem cells from radiation toxicity even when administered up to 24 h after radiation exposure and can be subjected to allogenic transplant without GVHD development. Transplanted cells deliver sEVs enriched with regenerative and immune-modulatory paracrine signals to mitigate radiation-induced hematopoietic toxicity. This provides a natural polypharmacy solution against a complex injury process. In summary, myeloid committed progenitor cells can be prepared from blood cells as an off-the-shelf alternative to invasive bone marrow harvesting and can be administered in an allogenic setting to mitigate hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Man Chugh
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (X.D.O.); (R.Z.); (T.A.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Payel Bhanja
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (X.D.O.); (R.Z.); (T.A.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Ximena Diaz Olea
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (X.D.O.); (R.Z.); (T.A.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Fang Tao
- Departments of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (F.T.); (K.S.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Kealan Schroeder
- Departments of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (F.T.); (K.S.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Ryan Zitter
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (X.D.O.); (R.Z.); (T.A.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Tanu Arora
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (X.D.O.); (R.Z.); (T.A.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Harsh Pathak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (H.P.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Bruce F. Kimler
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (X.D.O.); (R.Z.); (T.A.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (H.P.); (A.K.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
| | - John M. Perry
- Departments of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (F.T.); (K.S.); (J.M.P.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Subhrajit Saha
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (X.D.O.); (R.Z.); (T.A.); (B.F.K.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (H.P.); (A.K.G.)
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16
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Wu A, Tang J, Dai Y, Huang H, Nie J, Hu W, Pei H, Zhou G. Downregulation of Long Noncoding RNA CRYBG3 Enhances Radiosensitivity in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Depending on p53 Status. Radiat Res 2022; 198:297-305. [PMID: 35439322 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00197.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer with high recurrence and metastasis rates, and more than half of the patients diagnosed with NSCLC receive local radiotherapy. However, the intrinsic radio-resistance of cancer cells is a major barrier to effective radiotherapy for NSCLC. CRYBG3 is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that was originally identified to be upregulated in NSCLC and enhanced metastasis of NSCLC cells by interacting with eEF1A1 to promote murine double minute 2 (MDM2) expression. The aims of this study were to reveal the contribution of CRYBG3 to the radioresistance of NSCLC and determine whether that is associated with MDM2-p53 pathway. Therefore, CRYBG3 was stably downregulated in A549 (wild-type p53) and H1299 (deficient p53) cells by infecting short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviral particles. The results showed that downregulation of CRYBG3 increased DNA damage, enhanced apoptosis and pro-apoptotic protein expression in A549 or p53-overexpressed H1299 cells but not in H1299 or p53-silenced A549 cells after X-ray irradiation. However, the contribution of CRYBG3 to radioresistance was abolished by eEF1A1 or MDM2 knockdown in A549 cells. Thus, we concluded that downregulation of CRYBG3 enhanced radiosensitivity by reducing MDM2 expression then leading to decreased MDM2-mediated degradation of p53 in wild-type p53 expressing NSCLC cells. These findings suggested that CRYBG3 can be a potential target for therapeutic intervention of certain lung cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiaxin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yingchu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hailong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
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17
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Liao Z, Hu C, Gao Y. Mechanisms modulating the activities of intestinal stem cells upon radiation or chemical agent exposure. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2022; 63:149-157. [PMID: 35021216 PMCID: PMC8944320 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are essential for the regeneration of intestinal cells upon radiation or chemical agent damage. As for radiation-induced damage, the expression of AIM2, YAP, TLR3, PUMA or BVES can aggravate ISCs depletion, while the stimulation of TLR5, HGF/MET signaling, Ass1 gene, Slit/Robo signaling facilitate the radio-resistance of ISCs. Upon chemical agent treatment, the activation of TRAIL or p53/PUMA pathway exacerbate injury on ISCs, while the increased levels of IL-22, β-arrestin1 can ease the damage. The transformation between reserve ISCs (rISCs) maintaining quiescent states and active ISCs (aISCs) that are highly proliferative has obtained much attention in recent years, in which ISCs expressing high levels of Hopx, Bmi1, mTert, Krt19 or Lrig1 are resistant to radiation injury, and SOX9, MSI2, clusterin, URI are essential for rISCs maintenance. The differentiated cells like Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells can also obtain stemness driven by radiation injury mediated by Wnt or Notch signaling. Besides, Mex3a-expressed ISCs can survive and then proliferate into intestinal epithelial cells upon chemical agent damage. In addition, the modulation of symbiotic microbes harboring gastrointestinal (GI) tract is also a promising strategy to protect ISCs against radiation damage. Overall, the strategies targeting mechanisms modulating ISCs activities are conducive to alleviating GI injury of patients receiving chemoradiotherapy or victims of nuclear or chemical accident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue Gao
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, People’s Republic of China. E-mail:
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18
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Gamberi T, Chiappetta G, Fiaschi T, Modesti A, Sorbi F, Magherini F. Upgrade of an old drug: Auranofin in innovative cancer therapies to overcome drug resistance and to increase drug effectiveness. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:1111-1146. [PMID: 34850406 PMCID: PMC9299597 DOI: 10.1002/med.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Auranofin is an oral gold(I) compound, initially developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Currently, Auranofin is under investigation for oncological application within a drug repurposing plan due to the relevant antineoplastic activity observed both in vitro and in vivo tumor models. In this review, we analysed studies in which Auranofin was used as a single drug or in combination with other molecules to enhance their anticancer activity or to overcome chemoresistance. The analysis of different targets/pathways affected by this drug in different cancer types has allowed us to highlight several interesting targets and effects of Auranofin besides the already well-known inhibition of thioredoxin reductase. Among these targets, inhibitory-κB kinase, deubiquitinates, protein kinase C iota have been frequently suggested. To rationalize the effects of Auranofin by a system biology-like approach, we exploited transcriptomic data obtained from a wide range of cell models, extrapolating the data deposited in the Connectivity Maps website and we attempted to provide a general conclusion and discussed the major points that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gamberi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chiappetta
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Plasticité du Cerveau UMR 8249 CNRS, Paris, ESPCI Paris-PSL, France
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flavia Sorbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Magherini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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19
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Chen G, Han Y, Zhang H, Tu W, Zhang S. Radiotherapy-Induced Digestive Injury: Diagnosis, Treatment and Mechanisms. Front Oncol 2021; 11:757973. [PMID: 34804953 PMCID: PMC8604098 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.757973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the main therapeutic methods for treating cancer. The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder). The digestive system is easily impaired during radiotherapy, especially in thoracic and abdominal radiotherapy. In this review, we introduce the physical classification, basic pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, predictive/diagnostic factors, and possible treatment targets of radiotherapy-induced digestive injury. Radiotherapy-induced digestive injury complies with the dose-volume effect and has a radiation-based organ correlation. Computed tomography (CT), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), ultrasound (US) and endoscopy can help diagnose and evaluate the radiation-induced lesion level. The latest treatment approaches include improvement in radiotherapy (such as shielding, hydrogel spacers and dose distribution), stem cell transplantation and drug administration. Gut microbiota modulation may become a novel approach to relieving radiogenic gastrointestinal syndrome. Finally, we summarized the possible mechanisms involved in treatment, but they remain varied. Radionuclide-labeled targeting molecules (RLTMs) are promising for more precise radiotherapy. These advances contribute to our understanding of the assessment and treatment of radiation-induced digestive injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haihan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenling Tu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China.,West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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20
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Silva VR, Santos LDS, Dias RB, Quadros CA, Bezerra DP. Emerging agents that target signaling pathways to eradicate colorectal cancer stem cells. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:1275-1313. [PMID: 34791817 PMCID: PMC8696218 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The modern concept of cancer biology indicates that cancer is formed of a small population of cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs), which present both pluripotency and self-renewal properties. These cells are considered responsible for the progression of the disease, recurrence and tumor resistance. Interestingly, some cell signaling pathways participate in CRC survival, proliferation, and self-renewal properties, and most of them are dysregulated in CSCs, including the Wingless (Wnt)/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad pathways. In this review, we summarize the strategies for eradicating CRC stem cells by modulating these dysregulated pathways, which will contribute to the study of potential therapeutic schemes, combining conventional drugs with CSC-targeting drugs, and allowing better cure rates in anti-CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdenizia R Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Luciano de S Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Rosane B Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Quadros
- São Rafael Hospital, Rede D'Or/São Luiz, Salvador, Bahia, 41253-190, Brazil.,Bahia State University, Salvador, Bahia, 41150-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Bezerra
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
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21
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Wen KK, Roy S, Grumbach IM, Wu M. A "Failed" Assay Development for the Discovery of Rescuing Small Molecules from the Radiation Damage. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:1315-1325. [PMID: 34151632 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With improving survival rates for cancer patients, the side effects of radiation therapy, especially for pediatric or more sensitive adult patients, have raised interest in preventive or rescue treatment to overcome the detrimental effects of efficient radiation therapies. For the discovery of rescuing small molecules for radiation damage to the endothelium, we have been developing a 96-well microplate-based in vitro assay for high-throughput compatible measurement of radiation-induced cell damage and its rescue by phenotypic high-content imaging. In contrast to traditional radiation assays with detached cells for clonogenic formation, we observed cells with live-cell imaging in two different kinds of endothelial cells, up to three different cell densities, two gamma-infrared radiation dose rates, more than four different radiation doses, and acute (within 24 h with one to two h intervals) and chronic (up to 7 days) responses by phenotypic changes (digital phase contrast) and functional assays (nuclear, live-cell, and dead-cell staining) at the end of the assay. Multiple potential small molecules, which have been reported for rescuing radiation damage, have been tested as assay controls with dose responses. At the end, we did not move ahead with the pilot screening. The lessons learned from this "failed" assay development are shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Kuang Wen
- University of Iowa High Throughput Screening (UIHTS) Core, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephen Roy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Isabella M Grumbach
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- University of Iowa High Throughput Screening (UIHTS) Core, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Singh VK, Seed TM. Repurposing Pharmaceuticals Previously Approved by Regulatory Agencies to Medically Counter Injuries Arising Either Early or Late Following Radiation Exposure. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:624844. [PMID: 34040517 PMCID: PMC8141805 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.624844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing risks of radiological or nuclear attacks or associated accidents have served to renew interest in developing radiation medical countermeasures. The development of prospective countermeasures and the subsequent gain of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval are invariably time consuming and expensive processes, especially in terms of generating essential human data. Due to the limited resources for drug development and the need for expedited drug approval, drug developers have turned, in part, to the strategy of repurposing agents for which safety and clinical data are already available. Approval of drugs that are already in clinical use for one indication and are being repurposed for another indication is inherently faster and more cost effective than for new agents that lack regulatory approval of any sort. There are four known growth factors which have been repurposed in the recent past as radiomitigators following the FDA Animal Rule: Neupogen, Neulasta, Leukine, and Nplate. These four drugs were in clinic for several decades for other indications and were repurposed. A large number of additional agents approved by various regulatory authorities for given indications are currently under investigation for dual use for acute radiation syndrome or for delayed pathological effects of acute radiation exposure. The process of drug repurposing, however, is not without its own set of challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K. Singh
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Xia Y, Chen J, Yu Y, Wu F, Shen X, Qiu C, Zhang T, Hong L, Zheng P, Shao R, Xu C, Wu F, Chen W, Xie C, Cui R, Zou P. Compensatory combination of mTOR and TrxR inhibitors to cause oxidative stress and regression of tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4335-4350. [PMID: 33754064 PMCID: PMC7977446 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Extensive research over decades has led to the development of therapies that inhibit oncogenic signaling pathways. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of many cancers. Several mTOR inhibitors are approved for the treatment of cancers. However, the anticancer efficacies of mTOR inhibitor monotherapy are still limited. Methods: Western blot was used to detect the expression of indicated molecules. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity in cells was determined by the endpoint insulin reduction assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to analyze precise location and expression of target proteins. Nude mice were used for xenograft tumor models. Results: We identified a synergistic lethal interaction of mTOR and TrxR inhibitors and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of this synergism. We demonstrated that mTOR and TrxR inhibitors cooperated to induce cell death by triggering oxidative stress, which led to activation of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in cancer cells. Remarkably, we found that auranofin (AF) combined with everolimus significantly suppressed tumor growth in HCT116 and SGC-7901 xenograft models with no significant signs of toxicity. Conclusion: Our findings identify a promising therapeutic combination for cancer and has important implications for developing mTOR inhibitor-based combination treatments.
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24
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Kuang Y, Kang J, Li H, Liu B, Zhao X, Li L, Jin X, Li Q. Multiple functions of p21 in cancer radiotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:987-1006. [PMID: 33547489 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater than half of cancer patients experience radiation therapy, for both radical and palliative objectives. It is well known that researches on radiation response mechanisms are conducive to improve the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy. p21 was initially identified as a widespread inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, transcriptionally modulated by p53 and a marker of cellular senescence. It was once considered that p21 acts as a tumour suppressor mainly to restrain cell cycle progression, thereby resulting in growth suppression. With the deepening researches on p21, p21 has been found to regulate radiation responses via participating in multiple cellular processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA repair, senescence and autophagy. Hence, a comprehensive summary of the p21's functions in radiation response will provide a new perspective for radiotherapy against cancer. METHODS We summarize the recent pertinent literature from various electronic databases, including PubMed and analyzed several datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus database. This review discusses how p21 influences the effect of cancer radiotherapy via involving in multiple signaling pathways and expounds the feasibility, barrier and risks of using p21 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target of radiotherapy. CONCLUSION p21's complicated and important functions in cancer radiotherapy make it a promising therapeutic target. Besides, more thorough insights of p21 are needed to make it a safe therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Kuang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Kang
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Bingtao Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xueshan Zhao
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Linying Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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25
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Tirado FR, Bhanja P, Castro-Nallar E, Olea XD, Salamanca C, Saha S. Radiation-induced toxicity in rectal epithelial stem cell contributes to acute radiation injury in rectum. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:63. [PMID: 33451351 PMCID: PMC7811242 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation-induced rectal epithelial damage is a very common side effect of pelvic radiotherapy and often compromise the life quality and treatment outcome in patients with pelvic malignancies. Unlike small bowel and colon, effect of radiation in rectal stem cells has not been explored extensively. Here we demonstrate that Lgr5-positive rectal stem cells are radiosensitive and organoid-based transplantation of rectal stem cells mitigates radiation damage in rectum. Methods C57Bl6 male mice (JAX) at 24 h were exposed to pelvic irradiation (PIR) to determine the radiation effect in pelvic epithelium. Effect of PIR on Lgr5-positive rectal stem cells (RSCs) was determined in Lgr5-EGFP-Cre-ERT2 mice exposed to PIR. Effect of PIR or clinically relevant fractionated PIR on regenerative response of Lgr5-positive RSCs was examined by lineage tracing assay using Lgr5-eGFP-IRES-CreERT2; Rosa26-CAG-tdTomato mice with tamoxifen administration to activate Cre recombinase and thereby marking the ISC and their respective progeny. Ex vivo three-dimensional organoid cultures were developed from Lgr5-EGFP-Cre-ERT2 mice. Organoid growth was determined by quantifying the budding crypt/total crypt ratio. Organoids from Lgr5-EGFP-ires-CreERT2-TdT mice were transplanted in C57Bl6 male mice exposed to PIR. Engraftment and repopulation of Lgr5-positive RSCs were determined after tamoxifen administration to activate Cre recombinase in recipient mice. Statistical analysis was performed using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test and paired two-tail t test. Result Exposure to pelvic irradiation significantly damaged rectal epithelium with the loss of Lgr5+ve rectal stem cells. Radiosensitivity of rectal epithelium was also observed with exposure to clinically relevant fractionated pelvic irradiation. Regenerative capacity of Lgr5+ve rectal stem cells was compromised in response to fractionated pelvic irradiation. Ex vivo organoid study demonstrated that Lgr5+ve rectal stem cells are sensitive to both single and fractionated radiation. Organoid-based transplantation of Lgr5+ve rectal stem cells promotes repair and regeneration of rectal epithelium. Conclusion Lgr5-positive rectal stem cells are radiosensitive and contribute to radiation-induced rectal epithelial toxicity. Transplantation of Lgr5-positive rectal stem cells mitigates radiation-induced rectal injury and promotes repair and regeneration process in rectum. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02111-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Rodriguez Tirado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Payel Bhanja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Diaz Olea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Catalina Salamanca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Subhrajit Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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26
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Current and Future Perspectives of the Use of Organoids in Radiobiology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122649. [PMID: 33317153 PMCID: PMC7764598 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer patients will be treated with radiotherapy, either alone or together with chemotherapy and/or surgery. Optimising the balance between tumour control and the probability of normal tissue side effects is the primary goal of radiation treatment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the effects that irradiation will have on both normal and cancer tissue. The more classical lab models of immortal cell lines and in vivo animal models have been fundamental to radiobiological studies to date. However, each of these comes with their own limitations and new complementary models are required to fill the gaps left by these traditional models. In this review, we discuss how organoids, three-dimensional tissue-resembling structures derived from tissue-resident, embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, overcome the limitations of these models and thus have a growing importance in the field of radiation biology research. The roles of organoids in understanding radiation-induced tissue responses and in moving towards precision medicine are examined. Finally, the limitations of organoids in radiobiology and the steps being made to overcome these limitations are considered.
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27
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Akpolat M, Oz ZS, Gulle K, Hamamcioglu AC, Bakkal BH, Kececi M. X irradiation induced colonic mucosal injury and the detection of apoptosis through PARP-1/p53 regulatory pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110134. [PMID: 32361637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether PARP-1 regulatory pathway mediated X irradiation induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis or not. In this regard, colonic mucosal injury caused by whole-body X-irradiation induced apoptosis through PARP-1, caspase 3 and p53 regulatory pathway were evaluated in experimental rat models. Eighteen Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. Two radiation groups received 8.3 Gy dose of whole-body X-irradiation as a single dose and the control group received physiological saline intraperitoneally. Radiation groups were sacrificed after 6 h and 4 days of irradiation. PARP-1 and caspase 3 expression in the nuclei of colonic crypt cells significantly increased 6 h after irradiation, and declined 4 days after irradiation. In conflict with other studies that reported p53 as not being expressed widely in colonic mucosa, in our study the expressions of p53 were elevated both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of the crypt cells, especially 6 h after irradiation. In the radiation groups, colonic mucosal injury score was significantly elevated compared with that of the control group. Our data demonstrated that PARP-1, caspase-3 and p53 expression increased in colonic mucosa 6 h after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Akpolat
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Zehra Safi Oz
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Kanat Gulle
- Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Ayse C Hamamcioglu
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Bekir H Bakkal
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Mete Kececi
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Muschel RJ, Hammond EM, Dewhirst MW. A New Assay to Measure Intestinal Crypt Survival after Irradiation: Challenges and Opportunities. Cancer Res 2020; 80:927-928. [PMID: 32122905 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a critical component of many current, curative cancer treatments, yet it is accompanied by unavoidable irradiation of normal tissues. Abdominal and pelvic radiation almost always results in some dose delivered to the bowel with deleterious effects to the small and large intestines. While the likelihood of enteritis is dose dependent, there is also considerable variation between patients in both the extent of symptoms of enteritis as well as their duration. In this article, Martin and colleagues hypothesized that the radiation sensitivity of intestinal organoids could predict the sensitivity of individual patients to enteritis and have taken the first steps to develop such an assay.See related article by Martin et al., p. 1219.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Muschel
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Ester M Hammond
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Dewhirst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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29
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Blutt SE, Klein OD, Donowitz M, Shroyer N, Guha C, Estes MK. Use of organoids to study regenerative responses to intestinal damage. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G845-G852. [PMID: 31589468 PMCID: PMC7132322 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal organoid cultures provide an in vitro model system for studying pathways and mechanisms involved in epithelial damage and repair. Derived from either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells or adult intestinal stem cells or tissues, these self-organizing, multicellular structures contain polarized mature cells that recapitulate both the physiology and heterogeneity of the intestinal epithelium. These cultures provide a cutting-edge technology for defining regenerative pathways that are induced following radiation or chemical damage, which directly target the cycling intestinal stem cell, or damage resulting from viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection of the epithelium. Novel signaling pathways or biological mechanisms identified from organoid studies that mediate regeneration of the epithelium following damage are likely to be important targets of preventive or therapeutic modalities to mitigate intestinal injury. The evolution of these cultures to include more components of the intestinal wall and the ability to genetically modify them are key components for defining the mechanisms that modulate epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Blutt
- 1Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- 2Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California,3Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Donowitz
- 4Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,5Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Noah Shroyer
- 6Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandan Guha
- 7Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein, Bronx, New York
| | - Mary K. Estes
- 1Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,6Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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30
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Fan L, Zhu H, Tao W, Liu L, Shan X, Zhao M, Sun D. Euphorbia factor L2 inhibits TGF-β-induced cell growth and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma through AKT/STAT3. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 62:152931. [PMID: 31085375 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euphorbia factor L2 has potent effects on ascites, hydropsy and cancers. PURPOSE We investigated the pharmacological effects of Euphorbia factor L2 (EFL2) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS MTT assay was conducted to determine the proliferative activity of EFL2 on Hep G2 and SMMC-7721 cells. Wound-healing assay, colony formation assay, western blotting and quantitative PCR were carried out to examine the cell migration, p-AKT and p-STAT3 signaling. Moreover, we used human tumor xenograft BALB/c nude mice to detect the effect of EFL2 on HCC in vivo. RESULTS EFL2 inhibited the proliferation of SMMC-7721 and Hep G2 cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. EFL2 also suppressed the cell migration and colony formation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Using a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) model, we provided evidences that EFL2 could also inhibit TGF-β induced cell growth, vimentin, N-cadherin expressions, activation of p-AKT and p-STAT3, whereas up-regulate E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, EFL2 inhibited tumor growth and STAT3 phosphorylation in vivo. CONCLUSION In conclusion, EFL2 has the potential to be explored as a candidate treatment agent for HCC by inhibiting cell growth and migration both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huayun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, 42 Baiziting Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Li Liu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Shan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
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