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Guo S, Miao M, Wu Y, Pan D, Wu Q, Kang Z, Zeng J, Zhong G, Liu C, Wang J. DHODH inhibition represents a therapeutic strategy and improves abiraterone treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:1399-1410. [PMID: 38480915 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis, and there is an urgent need for more effective therapeutic targets to address this challenge. Here, we showed that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), an enzyme crucial in the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, is a promising therapeutic target for CRPC. The transcript levels of DHODH were significantly elevated in prostate tumors and were negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. DHODH inhibition effectively suppressed CRPC progression by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. Notably, treatment with DHODH inhibitor BAY2402234 activated androgen biosynthesis signaling in CRPC cells. However, the combination treatment with BAY2402234 and abiraterone decreased intratumoral testosterone levels and induced apoptosis, which inhibited the growth of CWR22Rv1 xenograft tumors and patient-derived xenograft organoids. Taken together, these results establish DHODH as a key player in CRPC and as a potential therapeutic target for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaomiao Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongyue Pan
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanfang Kang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Continence and Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwen Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Continence and Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Junjian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Morris MJ, Heller G, Hillman DW, Bobek O, Ryan C, Antonarakis ES, Bryce AH, Hahn O, Beltran H, Armstrong AJ, Schwartz L, Lewis LD, Beumer JH, Langevin B, McGary EC, Mehan PT, Goldkorn A, Roth BJ, Xiao H, Watt C, Taplin ME, Halabi S, Small EJ. Randomized Phase III Study of Enzalutamide Compared With Enzalutamide Plus Abiraterone for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (Alliance A031201 Trial). J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:3352-3362. [PMID: 36996380 PMCID: PMC10414728 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Enzalutamide and abiraterone both target androgen receptor signaling but via different mechanisms. The mechanism of action of one drug may counteract the resistance pathways of the other. We sought to determine whether the addition of abiraterone acetate and prednisone (AAP) to enzalutamide prolongs overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in the first-line setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS Men with untreated mCRPC were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive first-line enzalutamide with or without AAP. The primary end point was OS. Toxicity, prostate-specific antigen declines, pharmacokinetics, and radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) were also examined. Data were analyzed using an intent-to-treat approach. The Kaplan-Meier estimate and the stratified log-rank statistic were used to compare OS between treatments. RESULTS In total, 1,311 patients were randomly assigned: 657 to enzalutamide and 654 to enzalutamide plus AAP. OS was not statistically different between the two arms (median, 32.7 [95% CI, 30.5 to 35.4] months for enzalutamide v 34.2 [95% CI, 31.4 to 37.3] months for enzalutamide and AAP; hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; one-sided P = .03; boundary nominal significance level = .02). rPFS was longer in the combination arm (median rPFS, 21.3 [95% CI, 19.4 to 22.9] months for enzalutamide v 24.3 [95% CI, 22.3 to 26.7] months for enzalutamide and AAP; HR, 0.86; two-sided P = .02). However, pharmacokinetic clearance of abiraterone was 2.2- to 2.9-fold higher when administered with enzalutamide, compared with clearance values for abiraterone alone. CONCLUSION The addition of AAP to enzalutamide for first-line treatment of mCRPC was not associated with a statistically significant benefit in OS. Drug-drug interactions between the two agents resulting in increased abiraterone clearance may partly account for this result, although these interactions did not prevent the combination regimen from having more nonhematologic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Morris
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Glenn Heller
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David W. Hillman
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Olivia Bobek
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Charles Ryan
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Alan H. Bryce
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Olwen Hahn
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Partners Cancer Care, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew J. Armstrong
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Lawrence Schwartz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lionel D. Lewis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Brooke Langevin
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric C. McGary
- Division of Medical Oncology, Kaiser Permanente (SCAL) and Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, Cadillac, CA
| | | | - Amir Goldkorn
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bruce J. Roth
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Han Xiao
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Partners Cancer Care, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Halabi
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Eric J. Small
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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3
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Su BM, Shi YB, Lin W, Xu L, Xu XQ, Lin J. A chemoenzymatic process for preparation of highly purified dehydroepiandrosterone in high space-time yield. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106391. [PMID: 36739685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an important neurosteroid hormone to keep human hormonal balance and reproductive health. However, DHEA was always produced with impurities either by chemical or biological method and required high-cost purification before the medical use. To address this issue, a novel chemoenzymatic process was proposed and implemented to produce DHEA. An acetoxylated derivate of 4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-AD) was generated by chemical reaction and converted into DHEA by an enzyme cascade reaction combining a hydrolysis reaction with a reduction reaction. The hydrolysis reaction was catalyzed by a commercial esterase Z03 while the reduction reaction was catalyzed by E. coli cells co-expressing a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase SfSDR and a glucose dehydrogenase BtGDH. After the condition optimization, DHEA was synthesized at a 100 mL scale under 100 mM of substrate loading and purified as white powder with the highest space-time yield (4.80 g/L/h) and purity (99 %) in the biosynthesis of DHEA. The successful attempt in this study provides a new approach for green synthesis of highly purified DHEA in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Mei Su
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yi-Bing Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Lian Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Xin-Qi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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4
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Tao W, Luo ZH, He YD, Wang BY, Xia TL, Deng WM, Zhang LX, Tang XM, Meng ZA, Gao X, Li LY. Plasma extracellular vesicle circRNA signature and resistance to abiraterone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1320-1332. [PMID: 36703078 PMCID: PMC10050318 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to develop and validate a plasma extracellular vesicle circular RNA (circRNA)-based signature that can predict overall survival (OS) in first-line abiraterone therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. METHODS In total, 582 mCRPC patients undergoing first-line abiraterone therapy from four institutions were sorted by three phases. In the discovery phase, 30 plasma samples from 30 case-matched patients with or without early progression were obtained to generate circRNA expression profiles using RNA sequencing. In the training phase, differentially expressed circRNAs were examined using digital droplet PCR in a training cohort (n = 203). The circRNA signature was constructed using a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression to predict OS. In the validation phase, the prognostic ability of this signature was prospectively validated in two external cohorts (Cohort I, n = 183; Cohort II, n = 166). RESULTS We developed a five-circRNA signature, based on circCEP112, circFAM13A, circBRWD1, circVPS13C and circMACROD2, which successfully stratified patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. The prognostic ability of this signature was prospectively validated in two external cohorts (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001). Patients with high-risk scores had shorter OS than patients with low-risk scores. CONCLUSION This five-circRNA signature is a reliable predictor of OS for mCRPC patients undergoing abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510630, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Huan Luo
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510630, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Di He
- Center of Health Management, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510630, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bang-Yu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510630, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao-Lin Xia
- Department of Urology, Foshan First Municipal People's Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 528000, Foshan, China
| | - Wei-Ming Deng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 421000, Hengyang, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, 570102, Haikou, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Tang
- Center of Health Management, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510630, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Ao Meng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510630, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510630, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liao-Yuan Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510630, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Saad F, Efstathiou E, Attard G, Flaig TW, Franke F, Goodman OB, Oudard S, Steuber T, Suzuki H, Wu D, Yeruva K, De Porre P, Brookman-May S, Li S, Li J, Thomas S, Bevans KB, Mundle SD, McCarthy SA, Rathkopf DE. Apalutamide plus abiraterone acetate and prednisone versus placebo plus abiraterone and prednisone in metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (ACIS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multinational, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22:1541-1559. [PMID: 34600602 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) will have disease progression of a uniformly fatal disease. mCRPC is driven by both activated androgen receptors and elevated intratumoural androgens; however, the current standard of care is therapy that targets a single androgen signalling mechanism. We aimed to investigate the combination treatment using apalutamide plus abiraterone acetate, each of which suppresses the androgen signalling axis in a different way, versus standard care in mCRPC. METHODS ACIS was a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 study done at 167 hospitals in 17 countries in the USA, Canada, Mexico, Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, Africa, and South America. We included chemotherapy-naive men (aged ≥18 years) with mCRPC who had not been previously treated with androgen biosynthesis signalling inhibitors and were receiving ongoing androgen deprivation therapy, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1, and a Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form question 3 (ie, worst pain in the past 24 h) score of 3 or lower. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via a centralised interactive web response system with a permuted block randomisation scheme (block size 4) to oral apalutamide 240 mg once daily plus oral abiraterone acetate 1000 mg once daily and oral prednisone 5 mg twice daily (apalutamide plus abiraterone-prednisone group) or placebo plus abiraterone acetate and prednisone (abiraterone-prednisone group), in 28-day treatment cycles. Randomisation was stratified by presence or absence of visceral metastases, ECOG performance status, and geographical region. Patients, the investigators, study team, and the sponsor were masked to group assignments. An independent data-monitoring committee continually monitored data to ensure ongoing patient safety, and reviewed efficacy data. The primary endpoint was radiographic progression-free survival assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was reported for all patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This study is completed and no longer recruiting and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02257736. FINDINGS 982 men were enrolled and randomly assigned from Dec 10, 2014 to Aug 30, 2016 (492 to apalutamide plus abiraterone-prednisone; 490 to abiraterone-prednisone). At the primary analysis (median follow-up 25·7 months [IQR 23·0-28·9]), median radiographic progression-free survival was 22·6 months (95% CI 19·4-27·4) in the apalutamide plus abiraterone-prednisone group versus 16·6 months (13·9-19·3) in the abiraterone-prednisone group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·69, 95% CI 0·58-0·83; p<0·0001). At the updated analysis (final analysis for overall survival; median follow-up 54·8 months [IQR 51·5-58·4]), median radiographic progression-free survival was 24·0 months (95% CI 19·7-27·5) versus 16·6 months (13·9-19·3; HR 0·70, 95% CI 0·60-0·83; p<0·0001). The most common grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse event was hypertension (82 [17%] of 490 patients receiving apalutamide plus abiraterone-prednisone and 49 [10%] of 489 receiving abiraterone-prednisone). Serious treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 195 (40%) patients receiving apalutamide plus abiraterone-prednisone and 181 (37%) patients receiving abiraterone-prednisone. Drug-related treatment-emergent adverse events with fatal outcomes occurred in three (1%) patients in the apalutamide plus abiraterone-prednisone group (2 pulmonary embolism, 1 cardiac failure) and five (1%) patients in the abiraterone-prednisone group (1 cardiac failure and 1 cardiac arrest, 1 mesenteric arterial occlusion, 1 seizure, and 1 sudden death). INTERPRETATION Despite the use of an active and established therapy as the comparator, apalutamide plus abiraterone-prednisone improved radiographic progression-free survival. Additional studies to identify subgroups of patients who might benefit the most from combination therapy are needed to further refine the treatment of mCRPC. FUNDING Janssen Research & Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Saad
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Franke
- ONCOSITE, Hospital Unimed Noroeste, Ijuí, Brazil
| | - Oscar B Goodman
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, US Oncology Network, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Georges Pompidou Hospital, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Steuber
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Daphne Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kesav Yeruva
- Janssen Research & Development, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sabine Brookman-May
- Janssen Research & Development, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Susan Li
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Jinhui Li
- Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shibu Thomas
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dana E Rathkopf
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Dai L, Lv P, He Y, Wang X, Chen L, Dai J. A Novel LC-MS Method for the Determination of Abiraterone in Rat Plasma and its Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337208666210816112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-Ultraviolet (UV) and
Liquid Chromatography (LC)-Mass Spectrometry (MS)/MS methods have been used to analyse abiraterone
(ART); however, a single-quadrupole mass spectrometer with LC-MS systems has never
been used to analyse ART.
Objective:
The study aimed to establish a novel, simple assay of quantitating ART in rat plasma
through LC-MS.
Method:
The analytical procedure involved the extraction of ART and D4-ART (internal standard,
IS) from rat plasma through simple protein precipitation. Chromatographic separation was
achieved using an isocratic mobile phase (acetonitrile: 5 mM ammonium formate with 0.1% formic
acid, 50:50 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.30 mL/min on a Waters XBridge® C18 column with a total run
time of 5 min. LC-MS ion transitions monitored were 350.1 and 354.1 for ART and IS, respectively.
The method was validated, and the results met acceptance criteria.
Results:
The lower limit of quantitation achieved was 1 ng/mL, and linearity was 1-8000 ng/mL.
The intra- and inter-day precisions were 1.26%-14.20% and 5.49%-13.08%, respectively, in rat
plasma.
Conclusion:
LC-MS offers a novel, specific, sensitive, and accurate method for quantifying ART
and it was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of ART in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhi Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Pei Lv
- Analytical Research Department, Chengdu Hyperway Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yun He
- Dental Department, School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Analytical Research Department, Chengdu Hyperway Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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7
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Fan C, Lu W, Li K, Zhao C, Wang F, Ding G, Wang J. Identification of immune cell infiltration pattern and related critical genes in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer by bioinformatics analysis. Cancer Biomark 2021; 32:363-377. [PMID: 34151837 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is the lethal stage of prostate cancer and the main cause of morbidity and mortality, which is also a potential target for immunotherapy. METHOD In this study, using the Approximate Relative Subset of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) online method, we analysed the immune cell abundance ratio of each sample in the mCRPC dataset. The EdgeR (an R package) was used to classify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Using the Database for annotation, visualisation and interactive exploration (DAVID) online method, we performed functional enrichment analyses. STRING online database and Cytoscape tools have been used to analyse protein-protein interaction (PPI) and classify hub genes. RESULTS The profiles of immune infiltration in mCRPC showed that Macrophages M2, Macrophages M0, T cells CD4 memory resting, T cells CD8 and Plasma cells were the main infiltration cell types in mCRPC samples. Macrophage M0 and T cell CD4 memory resting abundance ratios were correlated with clinical outcomes. We identified 1102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the above two immune cells to further explore the underlying mechanisms. Enrichment analysis found that DEGs were substantially enriched in immune response, cell metastasis, and metabolism related categories. We identified 20 hub genes by the protein-protein interaction network analysis. Further analysis showed that three critical hub genes, CCR5, COL1A1 and CXCR3, were significantly associated with prostate cancer prognosis. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed the pattern of immune cell infiltration in mCRPC, and identified the types and genes of immune cells correlated with clinical outcomes. A new theoretical basis for immunotherapy may be given by our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caibin Fan
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Lu
- School of Nursing, Suzhou Vocational Health and Technical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunchun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanxiong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Resistance to second-generation androgen receptor antagonists in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:209-226. [PMID: 33742189 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of second-generation androgen receptor antagonists (SG-ARAs) has greatly impacted the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, providing tolerable and efficacious alternatives to chemotherapy. SG-ARAs provide similar therapeutic benefit to abiraterone, a potent CYP17 inhibitor, and do not require the co-administration of prednisone. Despite considerable improvements in clinical outcomes in the settings of both castration sensitivity and castration resistance, the durability of clinical response to the SG-ARAs enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide, similar to abiraterone, is limited by inevitable acquired resistance. Genomic aberrations that confer resistance to SG-ARAs or provide potential alternative treatment modalities have been identified in numerous studies, including alterations of the androgen receptor, DNA repair, cell cycle, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Wnt-β-catenin pathways. To combat resistance, researchers have explored approaches to optimizing the utility of available treatments, as well as the use of alternative agents with a variety of targets, including AR-V7, AKT, EZH2 and HIF1α. Ongoing research to establish predictive biomarkers for the treatment of tumours with resistance to SG-ARAs led to the approval of the PARP inhibitors olaparib and rucaparib in pre-treated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The results of ongoing studies will help to shape precision medicine in prostate cancer and further optimize treatment paradigms to maximize clinical outcomes.
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9
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Jin L, Zhou Y, Chen G, Dai G, Fu K, Yang D, Zhu J. EZH2-TROAP Pathway Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression Via TWIST Signals. Front Oncol 2021; 10:592239. [PMID: 33692939 PMCID: PMC7938320 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.592239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) has been shown to be overexpressed and promotes tumor progression in some tumors. We performed this study to assess the biological and clinical significance of TROAP in prostate cancer. We downloaded TROAP mRNA expression data from TCGA and GEO databases. We analyzed expressions of TROAP and other genes in prostate cancer tumors at different stages and assessed Gleason scores. We used Celigo image, Transwell, and rescue assays, and flow cytometry detection to assess growth, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion of the prostate cancer cells. We identified and validated up- and down-stream genes in the TROAP pathway. The mRNA data suggested that TROAP expression was markedly upregulated in prostate cancer compared with its expression in normal tissues, especially in cancers with high stages and Gleason scores. Moreover, a high TROAP expression was associated with poor patient survival. Results of our in vitro assay showed that TROAP knockdown inhibited DU145 and PC3 cell proliferation and viability via cell apoptosis and S phase cycle arrest. The Transwell assay showed that TROAP knockdown inhibited cell migration and invasion, probably through MMP-9 and E-Cadherin modulation. Overexpression of TWIST partially abrogated the inhibitory effects of TROAP knockdown on prostate cancer cells. Our integrative mechanism dissection revealed that TROAP is in a pathway downstream of EZH2 and that it activates the TWIST/c-Myc pathway to regulate prostate cancer progression. In all, we identified TROAP as a driver of prostate cancer development and progression, providing a novel target for prostate cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangqiang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangcheng Dai
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dongrong Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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