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Pujalte‐Martin M, Belaïd A, Bost S, Kahi M, Peraldi P, Rouleau M, Mazure NM, Bost F. Targeting cancer and immune cell metabolism with the complex I inhibitors metformin and IACS-010759. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1719-1738. [PMID: 38214418 PMCID: PMC11223609 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Metformin and IACS-010759 are two distinct antimetabolic agents. Metformin, an established antidiabetic drug, mildly inhibits mitochondrial complex I, while IACS-010759 is a new potent mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. Mitochondria is pivotal in the energy metabolism of cells by providing adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Hence, mitochondrial metabolism and OXPHOS become a vulnerability when targeted in cancer cells. Both drugs have promising antitumoral effects in diverse cancers, supported by preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies. We present evidence of their direct impact on cancer cells and their immunomodulatory effects. In clinical studies, while observational epidemiologic studies on metformin were encouraging, actual trial results were not as expected. However, IACS-01075 exhibited major adverse effects, thereby causing a metabolic shift to glycolysis and elevated lactic acid concentrations. Therefore, the future outlook for these two drugs depends on preventive clinical trials for metformin and investigations into the plausible toxic effects on normal cells for IACS-01075.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pujalte‐Martin
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M)NiceFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
| | - Amine Belaïd
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M)NiceFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
| | - Simon Bost
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
| | - Michel Kahi
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M)NiceFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
| | - Pascal Peraldi
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M)NiceFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
- CNRS UMR7370, LP2MNiceFrance
| | - Nathalie M. Mazure
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M)NiceFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
| | - Frédéric Bost
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M)NiceFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
- Faculté de MédecineUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
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2
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Tuominen S, Nissi L, Kukkula A, Routila J, Huusko T, Leivo I, Minn H, Irjala H, Löyttyniemi E, Ventelä S, Sundvall M, Grönroos TJ. TSPO is a potential independent prognostic factor associated with cellular respiration and p16 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1298333. [PMID: 38162485 PMCID: PMC10755888 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1298333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment resistance and relapse are common problems in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Except for p16, no clinically accepted prognostic biomarkers are available for HNSCC. New biomarkers predictive of recurrence and survival are crucial for optimal treatment planning and patient outcome. High translocator protein (TSPO) levels have been associated with poor survival in cancer, but the role of TSPO has not been extensively evaluated in HNSCC. Materials and methods TSPO expression was determined in a large population-based tissue microarray cohort including 611 patients with HNSCC and evaluated for survival in several clinicopathological subgroups. A TCGA HNSCC cohort was used to further analyze the role of TSPO in HNSCC. Results TSPO expression was downregulated in more aggressive tumors. Low TSPO expression associated with worse 5-year survival and was an independent prognostic factor for disease-specific survival. Subgroup analyses showed that low TSPO expression associated with worse survival particularly in p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer. In silico analyses supported the prognostic role of TSPO. Cellular respiration had the highest significance in pathway analyses for genes expressed positively with TSPO. Conclusion Decreased TSPO expression associates with poor prognosis in HNSCC. TSPO is a prognostic biomarker in HNSCC to potentially guide treatment stratification especially in p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Tuominen
- Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Research Laboratory, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linda Nissi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Kukkula
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Research Laboratory, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johannes Routila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Huusko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilmo Leivo
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Minn
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Irjala
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Ventelä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Sundvall
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Research Laboratory, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tove J. Grönroos
- Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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3
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Wamsley NT, Wilkerson EM, Guan L, LaPak KM, Schrank TP, Holmes BJ, Sprung RW, Gilmore PE, Gerndt SP, Jackson RS, Paniello RC, Pipkorn P, Puram SV, Rich JT, Townsend RR, Zevallos JP, Zolkind P, Le QT, Goldfarb D, Major MB. Targeted Proteomic Quantitation of NRF2 Signaling and Predictive Biomarkers in HNSCC. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100647. [PMID: 37716475 PMCID: PMC10587640 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The NFE2L2 (NRF2) oncogene and transcription factor drives a gene expression program that promotes cancer progression, metabolic reprogramming, immune evasion, and chemoradiation resistance. Patient stratification by NRF2 activity may guide treatment decisions to improve outcome. Here, we developed a mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics assay based on internal standard-triggered parallel reaction monitoring to quantify 69 NRF2 pathway components and targets, as well as 21 proteins of broad clinical significance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We improved an existing internal standard-triggered parallel reaction monitoring acquisition algorithm, called SureQuant, to increase throughput, sensitivity, and precision. Testing the optimized platform on 27 lung and upper aerodigestive cancer cell models revealed 35 NRF2 responsive proteins. In formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded HNSCCs, NRF2 signaling intensity positively correlated with NRF2-activating mutations and with SOX2 protein expression. Protein markers of T-cell infiltration correlated positively with one another and with human papilloma virus infection status. CDKN2A (p16) protein expression positively correlated with the human papilloma virus oncogenic E7 protein and confirmed the presence of translationally active virus. This work establishes a clinically actionable HNSCC protein biomarker assay capable of quantifying over 600 peptides from frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archived tissues in under 90 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Wamsley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Emily M Wilkerson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kyle M LaPak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Travis P Schrank
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brittany J Holmes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robert W Sprung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Petra Erdmann Gilmore
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sophie P Gerndt
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ryan S Jackson
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Randal C Paniello
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrik Pipkorn
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason T Rich
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Reid R Townsend
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - José P Zevallos
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul Zolkind
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Informatics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - Michael B Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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4
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Heft Neal ME, Brenner JC. Prognosis to Radiation Unlocked: How Hypoxia Methylome May Hold the Key in HNSCC. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2954-2956. [PMID: 37310809 PMCID: PMC10527007 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia in head and neck tumors has proven to be predictive of outcomes. Current hypoxia signatures have failed for patient treatment selection. In a recent study, the authors identified a hypoxia methylation signature as a more robust biomarker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and shed light into the mechanism of hypoxia-mediated treatment resistance. See related article by Tawk et al., p. 3051.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Heft Neal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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5
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Yassin-Kassab A, Wang N, Foley J, Stewart TM, Burns MR, Casero RA, Harbison RA, Duvvuri U. Polyamine transport inhibition and cisplatin synergistically enhance tumor control through oxidative stress in murine head and neck cancer models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550524. [PMID: 37546993 PMCID: PMC10402081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Surgery and/or platinum-based chemoradiation remain standard of care for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). While these therapies are effective in a subset of patients, a substantial proportion experience recurrence or treatment resistance. As cisplatin mediates cytotoxicity through oxidative stress while polyamines play a role in redox regulation, we posited that combining cisplatin with polyamine transport inhibitor, AMXT-1501, would increase oxidative stress and tumor cell death in HNSCC cells. Methods Cell proliferation was measured in syngeneic mouse HNSCC cell lines treated with cisplatin ± AMXT-1501. Synergy was determined by administering cisplatin and AMXT-1501 at a ratio of 1:10 to cancer cells in vitro . Cancer cells were transferred onto mouse flanks to test the efficacy of treatments in vivo . Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. Cellular apoptosis was measured with flow cytometry using Annexin V/PI staining. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify polyamines in cell lines. Cell viability and ROS were measured in the presence of exogenous cationic amino acids. Results The combination of cisplatin and AMXT-1501 synergize in vitro on HNSCC cell lines. In vivo combination treatment resulted in tumor growth inhibition greater than either treatment individually. The combination treatment increased ROS production and induced apoptotic cell death. HPLC revealed the synergistic mechanism was independent of intracellular polyamine levels. Supplementation of cationic amino acids partially rescued cancer cell viability and reduced ROS. Conclusion AMXT-1501 enhances the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin in vitro and in vivo in aggressive HNSCC cell lines through a polyamine-independent mechanism.
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Cao Y, Dai Z, Xie G, Liu G, Guo L, Zhang J. A novel metabolic-related gene signature for predicting clinical prognosis and immune microenvironment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2023; 428:113628. [PMID: 37149080 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metabolic reprogramming is not only an essential hallmark in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but also an important regulator of cancer cell adaptation to tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the potential mechanism of metabolic reprogramming in TME of HNSCC is still unknown. METHODS The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with survival information were obtained the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The metabolic-related genes were identified by differential analysis and survival analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to determine an overall estimate of metabolic-related risk signature and related clinical parameters. The sensitivity and specificity of the risk signature were evaluated by time-dependent receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curves. TME immune cell infiltration mediated by metabolic-related genes was explored by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and correlation analysis. RESULTS Seven metabolic-related genes (SMS, MTHFD2, HPRT1, DNMT1, PYGL, ADA, and P4HA1) were identified to develop a metabolic-related risk signature. The low-risk group had a better overall survival compared to that of the high-risk group in the TCGA and GSE65858 cohorts. The AUCs for 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival were 0.646 vs. 0.673, 0.694 vs. 0.639, and 0.673 vs. 0.573, respectively. The AUC vale of risk score was 0.727 vs. 0.673. The low-risk group was associated with immune cell infiltration in the TME. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic-related risk signature were constructed and validated, which could involve in regulating the immune cell infiltration in the TME and act as an independent biomarker that predicted the prognosis of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Cao
- Department of Oncology, Dongguan Songshan Lake Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Zili Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongguan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Liyi Guo
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Six People's Hospital of Huizhou City, Huiyang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Huizhou, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Qiu X, Li Y, Zhang Z. Crosstalk between oxidative phosphorylation and immune escape in cancer: a new concept of therapeutic targets selection. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00801-0. [PMID: 37040057 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is increasingly recognized as a metabolic disease, with evidence suggesting that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) plays a significant role in the progression of numerous cancer cells. OXPHOS not only provides sufficient energy for tumor tissue survival but also regulates conditions for tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Alterations in OXPHOS can also impair the immune function of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, leading to immune evasion. Therefore, investigating the relationship between OXPHOS and immune escape is crucial in cancer-related research. This review aims to summarize the effects of transcriptional, mitochondrial genetic, metabolic regulation, and mitochondrial dynamics on OXPHOS in different cancers. Additionally, it highlights the role of OXPHOS in immune escape by affecting various immune cells. Finally, it concludes with an overview of recent advances in antitumor strategies targeting both immune and metabolic processes and proposes promising therapeutic targets by analyzing the limitations of current targeted drugs. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic shift towards OXPHOS contributes significantly to tumor proliferation, progression, metastasis, immune escape, and poor prognosis. A thorough investigation of concrete mechanisms of OXPHOS regulation in different types of tumors and the combination usage of OXPHOS-targeted drugs with existing immunotherapies could potentially uncover new therapeutic targets for future antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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8
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Tau S, Miller TW. The role of cancer cell bioenergetics in dormancy and drug resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:87-98. [PMID: 36696004 PMCID: PMC10233409 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While anti-cancer drug treatments are often effective for the clinical management of cancer, these treatments frequently leave behind drug-tolerant persister cancer cells that can ultimately give rise to recurrent disease. Such persistent cancer cells can lie dormant for extended periods of time, going undetected by conventional clinical means. Understanding the mechanisms that such dormant cancer cells use to survive, and the mechanisms that drive emergence from dormancy, is critical to the development of improved therapeutic strategies to prevent and manage disease recurrence. Cancer cells often exhibit metabolic alterations compared to their non-transformed counterparts. An emerging body of evidence supports the notion that dormant cancer cells also have unique metabolic adaptations that may offer therapeutically targetable vulnerabilities. Herein, we review mechanisms through which cancer cells metabolically adapt to persist during drug treatments and develop drug resistance. We also highlight emerging therapeutic strategies to target dormant cancer cells via their metabolic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tau
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Todd W Miller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, HB-7936, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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9
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Vani NV, Madhanagopal R, Swaminathan R, Ganesan TS. Dynamics of oral human papillomavirus infection in healthy population and head and neck cancer. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36846921 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)-associated oral and oropharyngeal cancers has gained considerable importance due to their distinct clinical and molecular characteristics. However, the natural history of oral HPV from acquisition to persistence and malignant transformation is still unclear. The global prevalence of oral HPV infection in healthy individuals ranges from 0.67% to 35%, while 31%-38.5% in head and neck cancer (HNC). The persistence rate of oral HR-HPV infection is 5.5% -12.8% globally. India has the highest HNC burden due to apparent differences in predisposing factors compared with the West. The prevalence of oral HPV in healthy individuals and its contribution to HNC is less evident in Indian studies. HR-HPV-associated HNC in this region accounts for 26%, with an active infection in 8%-15% of these tumors. There is a lack of concordance in the expression of p16 as a surrogate marker for HPV detection in HNC because of differences in behavioral risk factors. Due to a lack of evidence, treatment de-escalation cannot be implemented despite the improved outcome of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers. This review critically analyzes the existing literature on the dynamics of oral HPV infection and HPV-associated HNC, identifying potential avenues for future research. A better understanding of the oncogenic role of HR-HPV in HNC will help to formulate novel therapeutic approaches and is expected to have a significant public health impact as preventive strategies can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Vani
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Tumour Registry, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - R Madhanagopal
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Tumour Registry, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - R Swaminathan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Tumour Registry, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - T S Ganesan
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
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10
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Liu AR, Lv Z, Yan ZW, Wu XY, Yan LR, Sun LP, Yuan Y, Xu Q. Association of mitochondrial homeostasis and dynamic balance with malignant biological behaviors of gastrointestinal cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:27. [PMID: 36647167 PMCID: PMC9843870 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria determine the physiological status of most eukaryotes. Mitochondrial dynamics plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, and the disorder in mitochondrial dynamics could affect cellular energy metabolism leading to tumorigenesis. In recent years, disrupted mitochondrial dynamics has been found to influence the biological behaviors of gastrointestinal cancer with the potential to be a novel target for its individualized therapy. This review systematically introduced the role of mitochondrial dynamics in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, and further elaborated the effects of disrupted mitochondrial dynamics on the cellular biological behaviors of gastrointestinal cancer as well as its association with cancer progression. We aim to provide clues for elucidating the etiology and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancer from the perspective of mitochondrial homeostasis and disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-ran Liu
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People’s Republic of China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Zhi Lv
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People’s Republic of China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Zi-wei Yan
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People’s Republic of China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Xiao-yang Wu
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People’s Republic of China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Li-rong Yan
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People’s Republic of China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Li-ping Sun
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People’s Republic of China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People’s Republic of China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Qian Xu
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People’s Republic of China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China ,grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
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11
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Sannigrahi MK, Rajagopalan P, Lai L, Liu X, Sahu V, Nakagawa H, Jalaly JB, Brody RM, Morgan IM, Windle BE, Wang X, Gimotty PA, Kelly DP, White EA, Basu D. HPV E6 regulates therapy responses in oropharyngeal cancer by repressing the PGC-1α/ERRα axis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:159600. [PMID: 36134662 PMCID: PMC9675449 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy with radiation plus cisplatin kills HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) by increasing reactive oxygen species beyond cellular antioxidant capacity. To explore why these standard treatments fail for some patients, we evaluated whether the variation in HPV oncoprotein levels among HPV+ OPSCCs affects mitochondrial metabolism, a source of antioxidant capacity. In cell line and patient-derived xenograft models, levels of HPV full-length E6 (fl-E6) inversely correlated with oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant capacity, and therapy resistance, and fl-E6 was the only HPV oncoprotein to display such correlations. Ectopically expressing fl-E6 in models with low baseline levels reduced mitochondrial mass, depleted antioxidant capacity, and sensitized to therapy. In this setting, fl-E6 repressed the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α/estrogen-related receptor α (PGC-1α/ERRα) pathway for mitochondrial biogenesis by reducing p53-dependent PGC-1α transcription. Concordant observations were made in 3 clinical cohorts, where expression of mitochondrial components was higher in tumors of patients with reduced survival. These tumors contained the lowest fl-E6 levels, the highest p53 target gene expression, and an activated PGC-1α/ERRα pathway. Our findings demonstrate that E6 can potentiate treatment responses by depleting mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and provide evidence for low E6 negatively affecting patient survival. E6's interaction with the PGC-1α/ERRα axis has implications for predicting and targeting treatment resistance in OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ling Lai
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Varun Sahu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jalal B. Jalaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert M. Brody
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery and
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bradford E. Windle
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Phyllis A. Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel P. Kelly
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Devraj Basu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery and
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12
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Tang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Qin S, Zhou L, Gao W, Shen Z. Metabolic Adaptation-Mediated Cancer Survival and Progression in Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071324. [PMID: 35883815 PMCID: PMC9311581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Undue elevation of ROS levels commonly occurs during cancer evolution as a result of various antitumor therapeutics and/or endogenous immune response. Overwhelming ROS levels induced cancer cell death through the dysregulation of ROS-sensitive glycolytic enzymes, leading to the catastrophic depression of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which are critical for cancer survival and progression. However, cancer cells also adapt to such catastrophic oxidative and metabolic stresses by metabolic reprograming, resulting in cancer residuality, progression, and relapse. This adaptation is highly dependent on NADPH and GSH syntheses for ROS scavenging and the upregulation of lipolysis and glutaminolysis, which fuel tricarboxylic acid cycle-coupled OXPHOS and biosynthesis. The underlying mechanism remains poorly understood, thus presenting a promising field with opportunities to manipulate metabolic adaptations for cancer prevention and therapy. In this review, we provide a summary of the mechanisms of metabolic regulation in the adaptation of cancer cells to oxidative stress and the current understanding of its regulatory role in cancer survival and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wei Gao
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (Z.S.)
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13
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Qin S, Li B, Ming H, Nice EC, Zou B, Huang C. Harnessing redox signaling to overcome therapeutic-resistant cancer dormancy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188749. [PMID: 35716972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy occurs when cells preserve viability but stop proliferating, which is considered an important cause of tumor relapse, which may occur many years after clinical remission. Since the life cycle of dormant cancer cells is affected by both intracellular and extracellular factors, gene mutation or epigenetic regulation of tumor cells may not fully explain the mechanisms involved. Recent studies have indicated that redox signaling regulates the formation, maintenance, and reactivation of dormant cancer cells by modulating intracellular signaling pathways and the extracellular environment, which provides a molecular explanation for the life cycle of dormant tumor cells. Indeed, redox signaling regulates the onset of dormancy by balancing the intrinsic pathways, the extrinsic environment, and the response to therapy. In addition, redox signaling sustains dormancy by managing stress homeostasis, maintaining stemness and immunogenic equilibrium. However, studies on dormancy reactivation are still limited, partly explained by redox-mediated activation of lipid metabolism and the transition from the tumor microenvironment to inflammation. Encouragingly, several drug combination strategies based on redox biology are currently under clinical evaluation. Continuing to gain an in-depth understanding of redox regulation and develop specific methods targeting redox modification holds the promise to accelerate the development of strategies to treat dormant tumors and benefit cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hui Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Bingwen Zou
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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14
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Germline mutations in mitochondrial complex I reveal genetic and targetable vulnerability in IDH1-mutant acute myeloid leukaemia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2614. [PMID: 35551192 PMCID: PMC9098909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of germline variation and somatic cancer driver mutations is under-investigated. Here we describe the genomic mitochondrial landscape in adult acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and show that rare variants affecting the nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded complex I genes show near-mutual exclusivity with somatic driver mutations affecting isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), but not IDH2 suggesting a unique epistatic relationship. Whereas AML cells with rare complex I variants or mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 all display attenuated mitochondrial respiration, heightened sensitivity to complex I inhibitors including the clinical-grade inhibitor, IACS-010759, is observed only for IDH1-mutant AML. Furthermore, IDH1 mutant blasts that are resistant to the IDH1-mutant inhibitor, ivosidenib, retain sensitivity to complex I inhibition. We propose that the IDH1 mutation limits the flexibility for citrate utilization in the presence of impaired complex I activity to a degree that is not apparent in IDH2 mutant cells, exposing a mutation-specific metabolic vulnerability. This reduced metabolic plasticity explains the epistatic relationship between the germline complex I variants and oncogenic IDH1 mutation underscoring the utility of genomic data in revealing metabolic vulnerabilities with implications for therapy. Mitochondrial metabolism has been associated with tumourigenesis in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and currently considered as a potential therapeutic target. Here, the authors show, in patients with AML, that germline mutations in mitochondrial complex I are mutually exclusive with somatic mutations in the metabolic enzyme IDH1, and find IDH1 mutant cells have increased sensitivity to complex I inhibitors.
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15
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Kanakkanthara A, Hou X, Ekstrom TL, Zanfagnin V, Huehls AM, Kelly RL, Ding H, Larson MC, Vasmatzis G, Oberg AL, Kaufmann SH, Mansfield AS, John Weroha S, Karnitz LM. Repurposing Ceritinib Induces DNA Damage and Enhances PARP Inhibitor Responses in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2022; 82:307-319. [PMID: 34810199 PMCID: PMC8770599 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have activity in homologous recombination (HR) repair-deficient, high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC). However, even responsive tumors develop PARPi resistance, highlighting the need to delay or prevent the appearance of PARPi resistance. Here, we showed that the ALK kinase inhibitor ceritinib synergizes with PARPis by inhibiting complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent induction of oxidative DNA damage that is repaired in a PARP-dependent manner. In addition, combined treatment with ceritinib and PARPi synergized in HGSOC cell lines irrespective of HR status, and a combination of ceritinib with the PARPi olaparib induced tumor regression more effectively than olaparib alone in HGSOC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Notably, the ceritinib and olaparib combination was most effective in PDX models with preexisting PARPi sensitivity and was well tolerated. These findings unveil suppression of mitochondrial respiration, accumulation of ROS, and subsequent induction of DNA damage as novel effects of ceritinib. They also suggest that the ceritinib and PARPi combination warrants further investigation as a means to enhance PARPi activity in HGSOC, particularly in tumors with preexisting HR defects. SIGNIFICANCE: The kinase inhibitor ceritinib synergizes with PARPi to induce tumor regression in ovarian cancer models, suggesting that ceritinib combined with PARPi may be an effective strategy for treating ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kanakkanthara
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Larry M. Karnitz, Department of Oncology, Gonda 19-300, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-284-3124; .; S. John Weroha, Department of Oncology, Guggenheim 13-01C, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-284-3731; ; Arun Kanakkanthara, Department of Oncology, Gonda 19-300, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-266-0268;
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca L. Kelly
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Husheng Ding
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melissa C. Larson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann L. Oberg
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - S. John Weroha
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Larry M. Karnitz, Department of Oncology, Gonda 19-300, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-284-3124; .; S. John Weroha, Department of Oncology, Guggenheim 13-01C, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-284-3731; ; Arun Kanakkanthara, Department of Oncology, Gonda 19-300, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-266-0268;
| | - Larry M. Karnitz
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Larry M. Karnitz, Department of Oncology, Gonda 19-300, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-284-3124; .; S. John Weroha, Department of Oncology, Guggenheim 13-01C, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-284-3731; ; Arun Kanakkanthara, Department of Oncology, Gonda 19-300, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Telephone: 507-266-0268;
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