1
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Salazar BM, Ohi R. Antiparallel microtubule bundling supports KIF15-driven mitotic spindle assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar84. [PMID: 38598297 PMCID: PMC11238081 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-01-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The spindle is a bipolar microtubule-based machine that is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation. Spindle bipolarity is generated by Eg5 (a kinesin-5), a conserved motor that drives spindle assembly by localizing to and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules. In the presence of Eg5 inhibitors (K5Is), KIF15 (a kinesin-12) can promote spindle assembly, resulting in K5I-resistant cells (KIRCs). However, KIF15 is a less potent motor than Eg5, suggesting that other factors may contribute to spindle formation in KIRCs. Protein Regulator of Cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) preferentially bundles antiparallel microtubules, and we previously showed that PRC1 promotes KIF15-microtubule binding, leading us to hypothesize that PRC1 may enhance KIF15 activity in KIRCs. Here, we demonstrate that: 1) loss of PRC1 in KIRCs decreases spindle bipolarity, 2) overexpression of PRC1 increases spindle formation efficiency in KIRCs, 3) overexpression of PRC1 protects K5I naïve cells against the K5I S-trityl-L-cysteine (STLC), and 4) PRC1 overexpression promotes the establishment of K5I resistance. These effects are not fully reproduced by a TPX2, a microtubule bundler with no known preference for microtubule orientation. These results suggest a model wherein PRC1-mediated bundling of microtubules creates a more favorable microtubule architecture for KIF15-driven mitotic spindle assembly in the context of Eg5 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. Salazar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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2
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Elseginy SA. Identifying and characterising promising small molecule inhibitors of kinesin spindle protein using ligand-based virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM‑GBSA calculations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2024; 38:16. [PMID: 38556596 PMCID: PMC10982093 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-024-00553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The kinesin spindle protein (Eg5) is a mitotic protein that plays an essential role in the formation of the bipolar spindles during the mitotic phase. Eg5 protein controls the segregation of the chromosomes in mitosis which renders it a vital target for cancer treatment. In this study our approach to identifying novel scaffold for Eg5 inhibitors is based on targeting the novel allosteric pocket (α4/α6/L11). Extensive computational techniques were applied using ligand-based virtual screening and molecular docking by two approaches, MOE and AutoDock, to screen a library of commercial compounds. We identified compound 8-(3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylpropylamino)-3-methyl-7-((naphthalen-3-yl)methyl)-1H-purine-2, 6 (3H,7H)-dione (compound 5) as a novel scaffold for Eg5 inhibitors. This compound inhibited cancer cell Eg5 ATPase at 2.37 ± 0.15 µM. The molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the identified compound formed stable interactions in the allosteric pocket (α4/α6/L11) of the receptor, indicating its potential as a novel Eg5 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia A Elseginy
- Chemical Industries Research Division, Green Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
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3
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Zhao K, Li X, Feng Y, Wang J, Yao W. The role of kinesin family members in hepatobiliary carcinomas: from bench to bedside. Biomark Res 2024; 12:30. [PMID: 38433242 PMCID: PMC10910842 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As a major component of the digestive system malignancies, tumors originating from the hepatic and biliary ducts seriously endanger public health. The kinesins (KIFs) are molecular motors that enable the microtubule-dependent intracellular trafficking necessary for mitosis and meiosis. Normally, the stability of KIFs is essential to maintain cell proliferation and genetic homeostasis. However, aberrant KIFs activity may destroy this dynamic stability, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor initiation. In this work, we have made an integral summarization of the specific roles of KIFs in hepatocellular and biliary duct carcinogenesis, referring to aberrant signal transduction and the potential for prognostic evaluation. Additionally, current clinical applications of KIFs-targeted inhibitors have also been discussed, including their efficacy advantages, relationship with drug sensitivity or resistance, the feasibility of combination chemotherapy or other targeted agents, as well as the corresponding clinical trials. In conclusion, the abnormally activated KIFs participate in the regulation of tumor progression via a diverse range of mechanisms and are closely associated with tumor prognosis. Meanwhile, KIFs-aimed inhibitors also carry out a promising tumor-targeted therapeutic strategy that deserves to be further investigated in hepatobiliary carcinoma (HBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yunxiang Feng
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Affiliated Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, 430064, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Oncology Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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4
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Abualhasan M, Hawash M, Aqel S, Al-Masri M, Mousa A, Issa L. Biological Evaluation of Xanthene and Thioxanthene Derivatives as Antioxidant, Anticancer, and COX Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38597-38606. [PMID: 37867642 PMCID: PMC10586285 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Xanthene and thioxanthene analogues have been investigated for their potential as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents. Additionally, cysteine analogues have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities due to their role in cellular redox balance, scavenging of free radicals, and involvement in nucleophilic reactions and enzyme binding sites. In this study, we synthesized a library of tertiary alcohols derived from xanthene and thioxanthene, and further, some of these compounds were coupled with cysteine. The objective of this research was to explore the potential anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of the synthesized compounds. The synthesized compounds were subjected to test for anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Results indicated that compound 3 exhibited excellent inhibition activity (IC50 = 9.6 ± 1.1 nM) against colon cancer cells (Caco-2), while compound 2 showed good inhibition activity (IC50 = 161.3 ± 41 nM) against hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. Compound 4 demonstrated potent antioxidant inhibition activity (IC50 = 15.44 ± 6 nM), and compound 7 exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition IC50 (4.37 ± 0.78 nM) and high selectivity for COX-2 (3.83). In conclusion, certain synthesized compounds displayed promising anticancer activity and anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, additional research is necessary to create more analogues, develop a more distinct comprehension of the structure-activity relationship (SAR), and perform in vivo experiments to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the compounds under examination. Such research may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic agents with potential applications in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Abualhasan
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, P400 Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mohammed Hawash
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, P400 Nablus, Palestine
| | - Samah Aqel
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, P400 Nablus, Palestine
| | - Motasem Al-Masri
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P.O. Box 7, P400 Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ahmed Mousa
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P.O. Box 7, P400 Nablus, Palestine
| | - Linda Issa
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, P400 Nablus, Palestine
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5
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Kowalczyk K, Błauż A, Moscoh Ayine-Tora D, Hartinger CG, Rychlik B, Plażuk D. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Biological Activity of Ferrocene-Ispinesib Hybrids: Impact of a Ferrocenyl Group on the Antiproliferative and Kinesin Spindle Protein Inhibitory Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300813. [PMID: 37332065 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to combine more than one biologically-active component in a single molecule, derivatives of ispinesib and its (S) analogue were prepared that featured ferrocenyl moieties or bulky organic substituents. Inspired by the strong kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitory activity of ispinesib, the compounds were investigated for their antiproliferative activity. Among these compounds, several derivatives demonstrated significantly higher antiproliferative activity than ispinesib with nanomolar IC50 values against cell lines. Further evaluation indicated that the antiproliferative activity is not directly correlated with their KSP inhibitory activity while docking suggested that several of the derivatives may bind in a manner similar to ispinesib. In order to investigate the mode of action further, cell cycle analysis and reactive oxygen species formation were investigated. The improved antiproliferative activity of the most active compounds may be assigned to synergic effects of various factors such as KSP inhibitory activity due to the ispinesib core and ability to generate ROS and induce mitotic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kowalczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz ul. Tamka 12, 91-403, Łódź, Poland
| | - Andrzej Błauż
- Cytometry Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Błażej Rychlik
- Cytometry Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Damian Plażuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz ul. Tamka 12, 91-403, Łódź, Poland
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6
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Yu WX, Li YK, Xu MF, Xu CJ, Chen J, Wei YL, She ZY. Kinesin-5 Eg5 is essential for spindle assembly, chromosome stability and organogenesis in development. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:490. [PMID: 36513626 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome stability relies on bipolar spindle assembly and faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. Kinesin-5 Eg5 is a plus-end-directed kinesin motor protein, which is essential for spindle pole separation and chromosome alignment in mitosis. Heterozygous Eg5 mutations cause autosomal-dominant microcephaly, primary lymphedema, and chorioretinal dysplasia syndrome in humans. However, the developmental roles and cellular mechanisms of Eg5 in organogenesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we have shown that Eg5 inhibition leads to the formation of the monopolar spindle, chromosome misalignment, polyploidy, and subsequent apoptosis. Strikingly, long-term inhibition of Eg5 stimulates the immune responses and the accumulation of lymphocytes in the mouse spleen through the innate and specific immunity pathways. Eg5 inhibition results in metaphase arrest and cell growth inhibition, and suppresses the formation of somite and retinal development in zebrafish embryos. Our data have revealed the essential roles of kinesin-5 Eg5 involved in cell proliferation, chromosome stability, and organogenesis during development. Our findings shed a light on the cellular basis and pathogenesis in microcephaly, primary lymphedema, and chorioretinal dysplasia syndrome of Eg5-mutation-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xin Yu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Kun Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Meng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chen-Jie Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. .,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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7
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Solon AL, Zaniewski TM, O’Brien P, Clasby M, Hancock WO, Ohi R. Synergy between inhibitors of two mitotic spindle assembly motors undermines an adaptive response. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar132. [PMID: 36200902 PMCID: PMC9727797 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is the cellular process that ensures accurate segregation of the cell's genetic material into two daughter cells. Mitosis is often deregulated in cancer; thus drugs that target mitosis-specific proteins represent attractive targets for anticancer therapy. Numerous inhibitors have been developed against kinesin-5 Eg5, a kinesin essential for bipolar spindle assembly. Unfortunately, Eg5 inhibitors (K5Is) have been largely ineffective in the clinic, possibly due to the activity of a second kinesin, KIF15, that can suppress the cytotoxic effect of K5Is by driving spindle assembly through an Eg5-independent pathway. We hypothesized that pairing of K5Is with small molecule inhibitors of KIF15 will be more cytotoxic than either inhibitor alone. Here we present the results of a high-throughput screen from which we identified two inhibitors that inhibit the motor activity of KIF15 both in vitro and in cells. These inhibitors selectively inhibit KIF15 over other molecular motors and differentially affect the ability of KIF15 to bind microtubules. Finally, we find that chemical inhibition of KIF15 reduces the ability of cells to acquire resistance to K5Is, highlighting the centrality of KIF15 to K5I resistance and the value of these inhibitors as tools with which to study KIF15 in a physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L. Solon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Taylor M. Zaniewski
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Patrick O’Brien
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Martin Clasby
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - William O. Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,*Address correspondence to: Ryoma Ohi ()
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8
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Indorato RL, DeBonis S, Garcia-Saez I, Skoufias DA. Drug resistance dependent on allostery: A P-loop rigor Eg5 mutant exhibits resistance to allosteric inhibition by STLC. Front Oncol 2022; 12:965455. [PMID: 36313676 PMCID: PMC9597087 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.965455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic kinesin Eg5 has emerged as a potential anti-mitotic target for the purposes of cancer chemotherapy. Whether clinical resistance to these inhibitors can arise is unclear. We exploited HCT116 cancer cell line to select resistant clones to S-trityl-L-cysteine (STLC), an extensively studied Eg5 loop-L5 binding inhibitor. The STLC resistant clones differed in their resistance to other loop-L5 binding inhibitors but remained sensitive to the ATP class of competitive Eg5 specific inhibitors. Eg5 is still necessary for bipolar spindle formation in the resistant clones since the cells were sensitive to RNAi mediated depletion of Eg5. One clone expressing Eg5(T107N), a dominant point mutation in the P-loop of the ATP binding domain of the motor, appeared to be not only resistant but also dependent on the presence of STLC. Eg5(T107N) expression was associated also with resistance to the clinical relevant loop-L5 Eg5 inhibitors, Arry-520 and ispinesib. Ectopic expression of the Eg5(T107N) mutant in the absence of STLC was associated with strong non-exchangeable binding to microtubules causing them to bundle. Biochemical assays showed that in contrast to the wild type Eg5-STLC complex, the ATP binding site of the Eg5(T107N) is accessible for nucleotide exchange only when the inhibitor is present. We predict that resistance can be overcome by inhibitors that bind to other than the Eg5 loop-L5 binding site having different chemical scaffolds, and that allostery-dependent resistance to Eg5 inhibitors may also occur in cells and may have positive implications in chemotherapy since once diagnosed may be beneficial following cessation of the chemotherapeutic regimen.
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9
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Chamariya R, Suvarna V. Role of KSP inhibitors as anti-cancer therapeutics: an update. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2517-2538. [PMID: 35043768 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220119093105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of the growing discovery of anticancer treatments, targeting cancer-specific pathways, cytotoxic therapy still maintained its abundant clinical significance based on the fact that tumours harbour a greater population of actively dividing cells than normal tissues. Conventional anti-mitotic agents or microtubule poisons acting on the major mitotic spindle protein tubulin have been effectively used in clinical settings for cancer chemotherapy over the last three decades. However, use of these drugs is associated with limited clinical utility due to serious side effects such as debilitating and dose-limiting peripheral neuropathy, myelosuppression, drug resistance and allergic reactions. Therefore, research initiatives have been undertaken to develop novel microtubule motor proteins inhibitors that can potentially circumvent the limitations associated with conventional microtubule poisons. Kinesin spindle proteins (KSP) belonging to the kinesin-5 family play a crucial role during mitosis and unregulated cell proliferation. Several evidences from preclinical studies and different phases of clinical trials have presented kinesin spindle protein as a promising target for cancer therapeutics. kinesin spindle protein inhibitors causing mitosis disruption without interfering with microtubule dynamics in non-dividing cells offer a potential therapeutic alternative for the management of several major cancer types and are devoid of side effects associated with classical anti-mitotic drugs. This review summarizes recent data highlighting progress in the discovery of targeted KSP inhibitors and presents the development of scaffolds, structure-activity relationships, and outcomes of biological, and enzyme inhibition studies. We reviewed the recent literature reports published over last decade, using various electronic database searches such as PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Clinical trial data till 2021 was retrieved from ClinicalTrial.gov. Major chemical classes developed as selective KSP inhibitors include dihydropyrimidines, β-carbolines, carbazoles, benzimidazoles, fused aryl derivatives, pyrimidines, fused pyrimidines, quinazolines, quinolones, thiadiazolines, spiropyran and azobenzenes. Drugs such as filanesib, litronesib, ispinesib have entered clinical trials, the most advanced phase explored being Phase II. KSP inhibitors have exhibited promising results; however, continued exploration is greatly required to establish the clinical potential of KSP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinkal Chamariya
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vasanti Suvarna
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400056, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Solon A, Ohi R. Chemical Biology of Mitotic Spindle Assembly Motors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2415:151-165. [PMID: 34972952 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1904-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic kinesins play essential roles during mitotic spindle assembly and in ensuring proper chromosome segregation. Chemical inhibitors of mitotic kinesins are therefore valuable tools to study kinesin function in vitro and in cells. Because cancer is a disease of unregulated cell division, inhibitors also represent potential chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we present assays that can be used to evaluate the potency and specificity of mitotic kinesin inhibitors identified from high-throughput screening. By evaluating their effects in a variety of in vitro, fixed-cell, and live cell assays, screening hits can be prioritized and optimized to produce effective, on-target inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Solon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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11
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Gupta VK, Nam S, Yim D, Camuglia J, Martin JL, Sanders EN, O'Brien LE, Martin AC, Kim T, Chaudhuri O. The nature of cell division forces in epithelial monolayers. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212389. [PMID: 34132746 PMCID: PMC8240854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202011106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells undergo striking morphological changes during division to ensure proper segregation of genetic and cytoplasmic materials. These morphological changes occur despite dividing cells being mechanically restricted by neighboring cells, indicating the need for extracellular force generation. Beyond driving cell division itself, forces associated with division have been implicated in tissue-scale processes, including development, tissue growth, migration, and epidermal stratification. While forces generated by mitotic rounding are well understood, forces generated after rounding remain unknown. Here, we identify two distinct stages of division force generation that follow rounding: (1) Protrusive forces along the division axis that drive division elongation, and (2) outward forces that facilitate postdivision spreading. Cytokinetic ring contraction of the dividing cell, but not activity of neighboring cells, generates extracellular forces that propel division elongation and contribute to chromosome segregation. Forces from division elongation are observed in epithelia across many model organisms. Thus, division elongation forces represent a universal mechanism that powers cell division in confining epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Sungmin Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA
| | - Donghyun Yim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jaclyn Camuglia
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Judy Lisette Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Erin Nicole Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Lucy Erin O'Brien
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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12
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Liu L, Downs M, Guidry J, Wojcik EJ. Inter-organelle interactions between the ER and mitotic spindle facilitates Zika protease cleavage of human Kinesin-5 and results in mitotic defects. iScience 2021; 24:102385. [PMID: 33997675 PMCID: PMC8100630 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we identify human Kinesin-5, Kif11/HsEg5, as a cellular target of Zika protease. We show that Zika NS2B-NS3 protease targets several sites within the motor domain of HsEg5 irrespective of motor binding to microtubules. The native integral ER-membrane protease triggers mitotic spindle positioning defects and a prolonged metaphase delay in cultured cells. Our data support a model whereby loss of function of HsEg5 is mediated by Zika protease and is spatially restricted to the ER-mitotic spindle interface during mitosis. The resulting phenotype is distinct from the monopolar phenotype that typically results from uniform inhibition of HsEg5 by RNAi or drugs. In addition, our data reveal novel inter-organelle interactions between the mitotic apparatus and the surrounding reticulate ER network. Given that Kif11 is haplo-insufficient in humans, and reduced dosage results in microcephaly, we propose that Zika protease targeting of HsEg5 may be a key event in the etiology of Zika syndrome microcephaly. Zika protease cleavage of Kinesin-5 impairs mitotic progression Inter-organelle interactions spatially control Zika proteolysis of Kinesin-5 Native Zika protease affects mitosis differently than soluble Zika protease Zika protease may elicit fetal microcephaly and blindness via Kif11/Kinesin-5
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Micquel Downs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jesse Guidry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- The Proteomics Core Facility, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Edward J Wojcik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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13
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Adriaans IE, Hooikaas PJ, Aher A, Vromans MJ, van Es RM, Grigoriev I, Akhmanova A, Lens SM. MKLP2 Is a Motile Kinesin that Transports the Chromosomal Passenger Complex during Anaphase. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2628-2637.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Aremu OS, Singh P, Singh M, Mocktar C, Koorbanally NA. Synthesis of chloro, fluoro, and nitro derivatives of 7‐amino‐5‐aryl‐6‐cyano‐5 H‐pyrano pyrimidin‐2,4‐diones using organic catalysts and their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole S. Aremu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Life Science and Health ScienceUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Life Science and Health ScienceUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Life Science and Health ScienceUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Chunderika Mocktar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Life Science and Health ScienceUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Neil A. Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Life Science and Health ScienceUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban 4000 South Africa
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15
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Antiproliferative S-Trityl-l-Cysteine -Derived Compounds as SIRT2 Inhibitors: Repurposing and Solubility Enhancement. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183295. [PMID: 31510043 PMCID: PMC6766826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-trityl-l-cysteine (STLC) is a well-recognized lead compound known for its anticancer activity owing to its potent inhibitory effect on human mitotic kinesin Eg5. STLC contains two free terminal amino and carboxyl groups that play pivotal roles in binding to the Eg5 pocket. On the other hand, such a zwitterion structure complicates the clinical development of STLC because of the solubility issues. Masking either of these radicals reduces or abolishes STLC activity against Eg5. We recently identified and characterized a new class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase isoform 2 of sirtuin protein (SIRT2) inhibitors that can be utilized as cytotoxic agents based on an S-trityl-l-histidine scaffold. Herein, we propose new STLC-derived compounds that possess pronounced SIRT2 inhibition effects. These derivatives contain modified amino and carboxyl groups, which conferred STLC with SIRT2 bioactivity, representing an explicit repurposing approach. Compounds STC4 and STC11 exhibited half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 10.8 ± 1.9 and 9.5 ± 1.2 μM, respectively, against SIRT2. Additionally, introduction of the derivatizations in this study addressed the solubility limitations of free STLC, presumably due to interruption of the zwitterion structure. Therefore, we could obtain drug-like STLC derivatives that work by a new mechanism of action. The new derivatives were designed, synthesized, and their structure was confirmed using different spectroscopic approaches. In vitro and cellular bioassays with various cancer cell lines and in silico molecular docking and solubility calculations of the synthesized compounds demonstrated that they warrant attention for further refinement of their bioactivity.
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16
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Hata S, Pastor Peidro A, Panic M, Liu P, Atorino E, Funaya C, Jäkle U, Pereira G, Schiebel E. The balance between KIFC3 and EG5 tetrameric kinesins controls the onset of mitotic spindle assembly. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1138-1151. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Giantulli S, De Iuliis F, Taglieri L, Carradori S, Menichelli G, Morrone S, Scarpa S, Silvestri I. Growth arrest and apoptosis induced by kinesin Eg5 inhibitor K858 and by its 1,3,4-thiadiazoline analogue in tumor cells. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 29:674-681. [PMID: 29738338 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are complex and heterogeneous but, despite this, they share the ability to proliferate continuously, irrespective of the presence of growth signals, leading to a higher fraction of actively growing and dividing cells compared with normal tissues. For this reason, the cytotoxic antimitotic treatments remain an important clinical tool for tumors. Among these drugs, antitubulin compounds constitute one of the most effective anticancer chemotherapies; however, they cause dose-limiting side effects. Therefore, it is still necessary to develop compounds with new targets and new mechanisms of action to reduce side effects or chemoresistance. Mitosis-specific kinesin Eg5 can represent an attractive target for discovering such new anticancer agents because its role is fundamental in mitotic progression. Therefore, we analyzed the effects induced by an inhibitor of kinesin Eg5, K858, and by its 1,3,4-thiadiazoline analogue on human melanoma and prostate cancer cell lines. We found that both compounds have an antiproliferative effect, induce apoptosis, and can determine a downmodulation of survivin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, 'G. D'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Susanna Scarpa
- Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
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18
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Förster T, Shang E, Shimizu K, Sanada E, Schölermann B, Huebecker M, Hahne G, López-Alberca MP, Janning P, Watanabe N, Sievers S, Giordanetto F, Shimizu T, Ziegler S, Osada H, Waldmann H. 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines Target the Kinesin HSET via Cysteine Alkylation. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Förster
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Technical University of Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Erchang Shang
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Kenshiro Shimizu
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource
- Science; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako, Saitama Japan
| | - Emiko Sanada
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource
- Science; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako, Saitama Japan
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology; Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako, Saitama Japan
| | - Beate Schölermann
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Mylene Huebecker
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Gernot Hahne
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Maria Pascual López-Alberca
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology; Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako, Saitama Japan
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology; Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako, Saitama Japan
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | | | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource
- Science; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako, Saitama Japan
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource
- Science; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako, Saitama Japan
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology; Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako, Saitama Japan
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Technical University of Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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19
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Farina F, Ramkumar N, Brown L, Samandar Eweis D, Anstatt J, Waring T, Bithell J, Scita G, Thery M, Blanchoin L, Zech T, Baum B. Local actin nucleation tunes centrosomal microtubule nucleation during passage through mitosis. EMBO J 2019; 38:e99843. [PMID: 31015335 PMCID: PMC6545563 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells going through mitosis undergo precisely timed changes in cell shape and organisation, which serve to ensure the fair partitioning of cellular components into the two daughter cells. These structural changes are driven by changes in actin filament and microtubule dynamics and organisation. While most evidence suggests that the two cytoskeletal systems are remodelled in parallel during mitosis, recent work in interphase cells has implicated the centrosome in both microtubule and actin nucleation, suggesting the potential for regulatory crosstalk between the two systems. Here, by using both in vitro and in vivo assays to study centrosomal actin nucleation as cells pass through mitosis, we show that mitotic exit is accompanied by a burst in cytoplasmic actin filament formation that depends on WASH and the Arp2/3 complex. This leads to the accumulation of actin around centrosomes as cells enter anaphase and to a corresponding reduction in the density of centrosomal microtubules. Taken together, these data suggest that the mitotic regulation of centrosomal WASH and the Arp2/3 complex controls local actin nucleation, which may function to tune the levels of centrosomal microtubules during passage through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Farina
- MRC-LMCB, UCL, London, UK
- IPLS, UCL, London, UK
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Louise Brown
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Waring
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessica Bithell
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Tobias Zech
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-LMCB, UCL, London, UK
- IPLS, UCL, London, UK
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20
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Shaheer Malik M, Seddigi ZS, Bajee S, Azeeza S, Riyaz S, Ahmed SA, Althagafi II, Sajid Jamal QM, Kamal A. Multicomponent access to novel proline/cyclized cysteine tethered monastrol conjugates as potential anticancer agents. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Ferreira LT, Figueiredo AC, Orr B, Lopes D, Maiato H. Dissecting the role of the tubulin code in mitosis. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 144:33-74. [PMID: 29804676 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is an essential process that takes place in all eukaryotes and involves the equal division of genetic material from a parental cell into two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, chromosome movement and segregation are orchestrated by a specialized structure known as the mitotic spindle, composed of a bipolar array of microtubules. The fundamental structure of microtubules comprises of α/β-tubulin heterodimers that associate head-to-tail and laterally to form hollow filaments. In vivo, microtubules are modified by abundant and evolutionarily conserved tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs), giving these filaments the potential for a wide chemical diversity. In recent years, the concept of a "tubulin code" has emerged as an extralayer of regulation governing microtubule function. A range of tubulin isoforms, each with a diverse set of PTMs, provides a readable code for microtubule motors and other microtubule-associated proteins. This chapter focuses on the complexity of tubulin PTMs with an emphasis on detyrosination and summarizes the methods currently used in our laboratory to experimentally manipulate these modifications and study their impact in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Figueiredo
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Orr
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Danilo Lopes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Design and synthesis of some β-carboline derivatives as multi-target anticancer agents. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2791-2814. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Some anticancer β-carbolines exhibited dual inhibition of topo-I and KSP. Methodology/Results: Novel β-carbolines were synthesized and screened for their anticancer activity according to the NCI protocol. Five dose assays results indicated that compounds 9, 10, 12, 17 and 20 were potent and non selective anticancer agents; the sulfanyltriazole 12 was the most potent. Compounds 10, 12 and 20 showed dual topo-I and KSP inhibition with compound 12 being the most potent. Active compounds elicited Pre-G1 apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase of melanoma MDA-MB-435 cells. Docking results, in silico physicochemical and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) properties were appropriate. Conclusion: Compounds 10, 12 and 20 are potent apoptosis-inducing multitarget anticancer agents that act via dual inhibition of topo-I and KSP-ATPase.
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23
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Korten T, Tavkin E, Scharrel L, Kushwaha VS, Diez S. An automated in vitro motility assay for high-throughput studies of molecular motors. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3196-3206. [PMID: 30204813 PMCID: PMC6180315 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00547h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors, essential to force-generation and cargo transport within cells, are invaluable tools for powering nanobiotechnological lab-on-a-chip devices. These devices are based on in vitro motility assays that reconstitute molecular transport with purified motor proteins, requiring a deep understanding of the biophysical properties of motor proteins and thorough optimization to enable motility under varying environmental conditions. Until now, these assays have been prepared manually, severely limiting throughput. To overcome this limitation, we developed an in vitro motility assay where sample preparation, imaging and data evaluation are fully automated, enabling the processing of a 384-well plate within less than three hours. We demonstrate the automated assay for the analysis of peptide inhibitors for kinesin-1 at a wide range of concentrations, revealing that the IAK domain responsible for kinesin-1 auto-inhibition is both necessary and sufficient to decrease the affinity of the motor protein for microtubules, an aspect that was hidden in previous experiments due to scarcity of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Korten
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering
, Technische Universität Dresden
,
01069 Dresden
, Germany
.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
,
01307 Dresden
, Germany
| | - Elena Tavkin
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering
, Technische Universität Dresden
,
01069 Dresden
, Germany
.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
,
01307 Dresden
, Germany
| | - Lara Scharrel
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering
, Technische Universität Dresden
,
01069 Dresden
, Germany
.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
,
01307 Dresden
, Germany
| | - Vandana Singh Kushwaha
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering
, Technische Universität Dresden
,
01069 Dresden
, Germany
.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
,
01307 Dresden
, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering
, Technische Universität Dresden
,
01069 Dresden
, Germany
.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
,
01307 Dresden
, Germany
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24
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Sadakane K, Takaichi M, Maruta S. Photo-control of the mitotic kinesin Eg5 using a novel photochromic inhibitor composed of a spiropyran derivative. J Biochem 2018; 164:239-246. [PMID: 29718428 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized a novel photochromic inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin Eg5, which is composed of the photochromic compound spiropyran to photo-control the function of Eg5. The compound (S)-2, 3-dispiropyran propionic acid (DSPPA) exhibits reversible spiropyran-merocyanine photo-isomerization upon irradiation with visible or ultra-violet light. DSPPA induced reversible changes in the inhibitory effect on Eg5 ATPase and motor activities, which correlates with the spiropyran-merocyanine photo-isomerization. Microtubule-dependent ATPase activity was significantly more inhibited by the spiropyran isomer of DSPPA than by the merocyanine isomer. Additionally, an in vitro motility assay revealed that the microtubule gliding velocity was reduced more by the spiropyran isomer than by the merocyanine isomer. This indicates that the spiropyran derivative may be useful in regulating the function of the mitotic kinesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Sadakane
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mao Takaichi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Maruta
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Novak M, Polak B, Simunić J, Boban Z, Kuzmić B, Thomae AW, Tolić IM, Pavin N. The mitotic spindle is chiral due to torques within microtubule bundles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3571. [PMID: 30177685 PMCID: PMC6120957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis relies on forces generated in the spindle, a micro-machine composed of microtubules and associated proteins. Forces are required for the congression of chromosomes to the metaphase plate and their separation in anaphase. However, besides forces, torques may exist in the spindle, yet they have not been investigated. Here we show that the spindle is chiral. Chirality is evident from the finding that microtubule bundles in human spindles follow a left-handed helical path, which cannot be explained by forces but rather by torques. Kinesin-5 (Kif11/Eg5) inactivation abolishes spindle chirality. Our theoretical model predicts that bending and twisting moments may generate curved shapes of bundles. We found that bundles turn by about -2 deg µm-1 around the spindle axis, which we explain by a twisting moment of roughly -10 pNµm. We conclude that torques, in addition to forces, exist in the spindle and determine its chiral architecture.
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Grants
- This work was funded by the European Research Council (ERC Consolidator Grant, GA number 647077, granted to I.M.T.), Unity through Knowledge Fund (UKF, project 18/15, granted to N.P. and I.M.T.), and the European Social Fund (HR.3.2.01-0022, co-leader I.M.T.). We also acknowledge support from the QuantiXLie Centre of Excellence, a project cofinanced by the Croatian Government and European Union through the European Regional Development Fund - the Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational Programme (Grant KK.01.1.1.01.0004, element leader N.P.), and the Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ, project IP-2014-09- 4753, granted to I.M.T.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Novak
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička cesta 32, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bruno Polak
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juraj Simunić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir Boban
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička cesta 32, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Kuzmić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreas W Thomae
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine and Core Facility Bioimaging at the Biomedical Center, University of Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Iva M Tolić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nenad Pavin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička cesta 32, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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26
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Design, synthesis, anticancer screening, docking studies and in silico ADME prediction of some β-carboline derivatives. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1159-1175. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Medicinal interest has focused on β-carbolines as anticancer agents. Methodology/Results: Several β-carbolines were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and A-549 cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Compounds 13a, 13c, 13d and 20a were the most promising showing high selectivity indices. Compounds 13c and 20a showed potent inhibition of topoisomerase (topo-I) and kinesin spindle protein (KSP/Eg5 ATPase) which was confirmed by their docking results into the active site of both enzymes. In silico physicochemical calculations predicted that compounds 13a, 13d and 20a obeyed Lipinski's rule of five. Conclusion: Compounds 13c and 20a are multitarget anticancer leads that act as potent inhibitors for both topo-I and/or KSP ATPase.
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27
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Muthuraja P, Himesh M, Prakash S, Venkatasubramanian U, Manisankar P. Synthesis of N-(1-(6-acetamido-5-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl) piperidin-3-yl) amide derivatives as potential inhibitors for mitotic kinesin spindle protein. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Ras converting enzyme 1 (Rce1) is an integral membrane endoprotease localized to the endoplasmic reticulum that mediates the cleavage of the carboxyl-terminal three amino acids from CaaX proteins, whose members play important roles in cell signaling processes. Examples include the Ras family of small GTPases, the γ-subunit of heterotrimeric GTPases, nuclear lamins, and protein kinases and phosphatases. CaaX proteins, especially Ras, have been implicated in cancer, and understanding the post-translational modifications of CaaX proteins would provide insight into their biological function and regulation. Many proteolytic mechanisms have been proposed for Rce1, but sequence alignment, mutational studies, topology, and recent crystallographic data point to a novel mechanism involving a glutamate-activated water and an oxyanion hole. Studies using in vivo and in vitro reporters of Rce1 activity have revealed that the enzyme cleaves only prenylated substrates and the identity of the a2 amino residue in the Ca1a2X sequence is most critical for recognition, preferring Ile, Leu, or Val. Substrate mimetics can be somewhat effective inhibitors of Rce1 in vitro. Small-molecule inhibitor discovery is currently limited by the lack of structural information on a eukaryotic enzyme, but a set of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives has demonstrated an ability to mislocalize all three mammalian Ras isoforms, giving optimism that potent, selective inhibitors might be developed. Much remains to be discovered regarding cleavage specificity, the impact of chemical inhibition, and the potential of Rce1 as a therapeutic target, not only for cancer, but also for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy M Dore
- a New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates.,b Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Walter K Schmidt
- c Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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Agarwal S, Varma D. Targeting mitotic pathways for endocrine-related cancer therapeutics. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T65-T82. [PMID: 28615236 PMCID: PMC5557717 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A colossal amount of basic research over the past few decades has provided unprecedented insights into the highly complex process of cell division. There is an ever-expanding catalog of proteins that orchestrate, participate and coordinate in the exquisite processes of spindle formation, chromosome dynamics and the formation and regulation of kinetochore microtubule attachments. Use of classical microtubule poisons has still been widely and often successfully used to combat a variety of cancers, but their non-selective interference in other crucial physiologic processes necessitate the identification of novel druggable components specific to the cell cycle/division pathway. Considering cell cycle deregulation, unscheduled proliferation, genomic instability and chromosomal instability as a hallmark of tumor cells, there lies an enormous untapped terrain that needs to be unearthed before a drug can pave its way from bench to bedside. This review attempts to systematically summarize the advances made in this context so far with an emphasis on endocrine-related cancers and the avenues for future progress to target mitotic mechanisms in an effort to combat these dreadful cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Jin Q, Huang F, Wang X, Zhu H, Xian Y, Li J, Zhang S, Ni Q. High Eg5 expression predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62208-62216. [PMID: 28977938 PMCID: PMC5617498 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eg5 is a motor protein belonging to the kinesin-5 family and has been suggested to exert important function in tumors. In this study, we determined the mRNA and protein expression levels of Eg5 in cancerous and non-cancerous breast tissue by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and tissue microarray immunohistochemistry analysis (TMA-IHC) respectively. The results of 20 fresh-frozen BC samples demonstrated that Eg5 mRNA levels were significantly higher in BC tissues compared with corresponding non-cancerous tissue (p = 0.0009). TMA-IHC analysis in 127 BC tissues revealed that Eg5 expression obviously correlated with clinicopathologial parameters, including tumor grade (p = 0.004), ER status (p = 0.030), Ki67 status (p = 0.005), molecular classification (p = 0.026), N stage (p = 0.015), and TNM stage (p = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival curve indicated that high Eg5 expression (p = 0.012), Ki67 status (p = 0.014) and TNM stage (p = 0.026) were independent factors to predict poor prognosis for patients with breast cancer. Our data suggest that Eg5 is not only overexpressed in BC, it may be also served as a potential prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jin
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Xian
- Health Insurance Office, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jieying Li
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qichao Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
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31
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Ly P, Cleveland DW. Interrogating cell division errors using random and chromosome-specific missegregation approaches. Cell Cycle 2017. [PMID: 28650219 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1325047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate segregation of the duplicated genome in mitosis is essential for maintaining genetic stability. Errors in this process can cause numerical and/or structural chromosome abnormalities - hallmark genomic features commonly associated with both tumorigenesis and developmental disorders. A cell-based approach was recently developed permitting inducible missegregation of the human Y chromosome by selectively disrupting kinetochore assembly onto the Y centromere. Although this strategy initially requires several steps of genetic manipulation, it is easy to use, highly efficient and specific for the Y without affecting the autosomes or the X, and does not require cell cycle synchronization or mitotic perturbation. Here we describe currently available tools for studying chromosome segregation errors, aneuploidy, and micronuclei, as well as discuss how the Y-specific missegregation system has been used to elucidate how chromosomal micronucleation can trigger a class of extensive rearrangements termed chromothripsis. The combinatorial use of these different tools will allow unresolved aspects of cell division defects and chromosomal instability to be experimentally explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ly
- a Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of California at San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- a Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of California at San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
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32
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Dihydropyrazole and dihydropyrrole structures based design of Kif15 inhibitors as novel therapeutic agents for cancer. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 68:164-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ravindran MS, Engelke MF, Verhey KJ, Tsai B. Exploiting the kinesin-1 molecular motor to generate a virus membrane penetration site. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15496. [PMID: 28537258 PMCID: PMC5458101 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit cellular machineries to penetrate a host membrane and cause infection, a process that remains enigmatic for non-enveloped viruses. Here we probe how the non-enveloped polyomavirus SV40 penetrates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to reach the cytosol, a crucial infection step. We find that the microtubule-based motor kinesin-1 is recruited to the ER membrane by binding to the transmembrane J-protein B14. Strikingly, this motor facilitates SV40 ER-to-cytosol transport by constructing a penetration site on the ER membrane called a ‘focus'. Neither kinesin-2, kinesin-3 nor kinesin-5 promotes foci formation or infection. The specific use of kinesin-1 is due to its unique ability to select posttranslationally modified microtubules for cargo transport and thereby spatially restrict focus formation to the perinucleus. These findings support the idea of a ‘tubulin code' for motor-dependent trafficking and establish a distinct kinesin-1 function in which a motor is exploited to create a viral membrane penetration site. How non-enveloped viruses cross host membranes is incompletely understood. Here, Ravindran et al. show that polyomavirus SV40 recruits kinesin-1 to construct a penetration site on the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudhan Ravindran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3043 BSRB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Martin F Engelke
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3043 BSRB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3043 BSRB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3043 BSRB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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34
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Chen GY, Kang YJ, Gayek AS, Youyen W, Tüzel E, Ohi R, Hancock WO. Eg5 Inhibitors Have Contrasting Effects on Microtubule Stability and Metaphase Spindle Integrity. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1038-1046. [PMID: 28165699 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To uncover their contrasting mechanisms, antimitotic drugs that inhibit Eg5 (kinesin-5) were analyzed in mixed-motor gliding assays of kinesin-1 and Eg5 motors in which Eg5 "braking" dominates motility. Loop-5 inhibitors (monastrol, STLC, ispinesib, and filanesib) increased gliding speeds, consistent with inducing a weak-binding state in Eg5, whereas BRD9876 slowed gliding, consistent with locking Eg5 in a rigor state. Biochemical and single-molecule assays demonstrated that BRD9876 acts as an ATP- and ADP-competitive inhibitor with 4 nM KI. Consistent with its microtubule polymerase activity, Eg5 was shown to stabilize microtubules against depolymerization. This stabilization activity was eliminated in monastrol but was enhanced by BRD9876. Finally, in metaphase-arrested RPE-1 cells, STLC promoted spindle collapse, whereas BRD9876 did not. Thus, different Eg5 inhibitors impact spindle assembly and architecture through contrasting mechanisms, and rigor inhibitors may paradoxically have the capacity to stabilize microtubule arrays in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Yuan Chen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - You Jung Kang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - A. Sophia Gayek
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
| | - Wiphu Youyen
- Department
of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department
of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
| | - William O. Hancock
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Carbajales C, Sawada JI, Marzaro G, Sotelo E, Escalante L, Sánchez-Díaz Marta A, García-Mera X, Asai A, Coelho A. Multicomponent Assembly of the Kinesin Spindle Protein Inhibitor CPUYJ039 and Analogues as Antimitotic Agents. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:153-160. [PMID: 28135059 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The potent kinesin spindle protein inhibitor CPUYJ039 and a set of analogues were prepared by a target-oriented approach based on a Ugi reaction that uses 2-nitrophenyl isocyanides as key building blocks. The herein documented strategy provides straightforward and atom economical access to potent benzimidazole-based antimitotic agents by exploring the versatility and exploratory power of the Ugi reaction. The results of docking studies and biological activity evaluations of the benzimidazole compounds are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carbajales
- Center
for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, University of Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Campus
Vida, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Jun-ichi Sawada
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Giovanni Marzaro
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Center
for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, University of Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Campus
Vida, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, Campus sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Luz Escalante
- Center
for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, University of Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Campus
Vida, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez-Díaz Marta
- Center
for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, University of Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Campus
Vida, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, Campus sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Akira Asai
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Alberto Coelho
- Center
for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, University of Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Campus
Vida, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, Campus sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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36
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Nagumo Y, Motoyama T, Hayashi T, Hirota H, Aono H, Kawatani M, Osada H, Usui T. Structure-Activity Relationships of Terpendole E and Its Natural Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201602015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nagumo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS); Hirosawa 2-1, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hayashi
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS); Hirosawa 2-1, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirota
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS); Hirosawa 2-1, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Harumi Aono
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS); Hirosawa 2-1, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Makoto Kawatani
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS); Hirosawa 2-1, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS); Hirosawa 2-1, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takeo Usui
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
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37
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Au FKC, Jia Y, Jiang K, Grigoriev I, Hau BKT, Shen Y, Du S, Akhmanova A, Qi RZ. GAS2L1 Is a Centriole-Associated Protein Required for Centrosome Dynamics and Disjunction. Dev Cell 2016; 40:81-94. [PMID: 28017616 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation require timely separation of the two duplicated centrosomes, and this process is initiated in late G2 by centrosome disjunction. Here we report that GAS2L1, a microtubule- and actin-binding protein, associates with the proximal end of mature centrioles and participates in centriole dynamics and centrosome disjunction. GAS2L1 attaches microtubules and actin to centrosomes, and the loss of GAS2L1 inhibits centrosome disjunction in G2 and centrosome splitting induced by depletion of the centrosome linker rootletin. Conversely, GAS2L1 overexpression induces premature centrosome separation, and this activity requires GAS2L1 association with actin, microtubules, and the microtubule end-binding proteins. The centrosome-splitting effect of GAS2L1 is counterbalanced by rootletin, reflecting the opposing actions of GAS2L1 and the centrosome linker. Our work reveals a GAS2L1-mediated centriole-tethering mechanism of microtubules and actin, which provide the forces required for centrosome dynamics and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco K C Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yue Jia
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bill K T Hau
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuehong Shen
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengwang Du
- Department of Physics and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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38
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Müller K, Klein PM, Heissig P, Roidl A, Wagner E. EGF receptor targeted lipo-oligocation polyplexes for antitumoral siRNA and miRNA delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:464001. [PMID: 27736810 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/46/464001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Antitumoral siRNA and miRNA delivery was demonstrated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted oligoaminoamide polyplexes. For this purpose, the T-shaped lipo-oligomer 454 was used to complex RNA into a core polyplex, which was subsequently functionalized with the targeting peptide ligand GE11 via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. To this end, free cysteines on the surface of 454 polyplex were coupled with a maleimide-PEG-GE11 reagent (Mal-GE11). Resulting particles with sizes of 120-150 nm showed receptor-mediated uptake into EGFR-positive T24 bladder cancer cells, MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells and Huh7 liver cancer cells. Furthermore, these formulations led to ligand-dependent gene silencing. RNA interference (RNAi) triggered antitumoral effects were observed for two different therapeutic RNAs, a miRNA-200c mimic or EG5 siRNA. Using polyplexes modified with a ratio of 0.8 molar equivalents of Mal-GE11, treatment of T24 or MDA-MB 231 cancer cells with miR-200c led to the expected decreased proliferation and migration, changes in cell cycle and enhanced sensitivity towards doxorubicin. Delivery of EG5 siRNA into Huh7 cells resulted in antitumoral activity with G2/M arrest, triggered by loss of mitotic spindle separation and formation of mono-astral spindles. These findings demonstrate the potential of GE11 ligand-containing RNAi polyplexes for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Müller
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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39
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Mann BJ, Balchand SK, Wadsworth P. Regulation of Kif15 localization and motility by the C-terminus of TPX2 and microtubule dynamics. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:65-75. [PMID: 27852894 PMCID: PMC5221630 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic motor proteins generate force to establish and maintain spindle bipolarity, but how they are temporally and spatially regulated in vivo is unclear. Prior work demonstrated that a microtubule-associated protein, TPX2, targets kinesin-5 and kinesin-12 motors to spindle microtubules. The C-terminal domain of TPX2 contributes to the localization and motility of the kinesin-5, Eg5, but it is not known whether this domain regulates kinesin-12, Kif15. We found that the C-terminal domain of TPX2 contributes to the localization of Kif15 to spindle microtubules in cells and suppresses motor walking in vitro. Kif15 and Eg5 are partially redundant motors, and overexpressed Kif15 can drive spindle formation in the absence of Eg5 activity. Kif15-dependent bipolar spindle formation in vivo requires the C-terminal domain of TPX2. In the spindle, fluorescent puncta of GFP-Kif15 move toward the equatorial region at a rate equivalent to microtubule growth. Reduction of microtubule growth with paclitaxel suppresses GFP-Kif15 motility, demonstrating that dynamic microtubules contribute to Kif15 behavior. Our results show that the C-terminal region of TPX2 regulates Kif15 in vitro, contributes to motor localization in cells, and is required for Kif15 force generation in vivo and further reveal that dynamic microtubules contribute to Kif15 behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mann
- Department of Biology and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Sai K Balchand
- Department of Biology and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Patricia Wadsworth
- Department of Biology and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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40
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Nambo M, Kurihara D, Yamada T, Nishiwaki-Ohkawa T, Kadofusa N, Kimata Y, Kuwata K, Umeda M, Ueda M. Combination of Synthetic Chemistry and Live-Cell Imaging Identified a Rapid Cell Division Inhibitor in Tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2255-2268. [PMID: 27519314 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is crucial to the growth of multicellular organisms, and thus the proper control of cell division is important to prevent developmental arrest or overgrowth. Nevertheless, tools for controlling cell proliferation are still poor in plant. To develop novel tools, we focused on a specific compound family, triarylmethanes, whose members show various antiproliferative activities in animals. By combining organic chemistry to create novel and diverse compounds containing the triarylmethyl moiety and biological screens based on live-cell imaging of a fluorescently labeled tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) culture cell line (Nicotiana tabacum), we isolated (3-furyl)diphenylmethane as a strong but partially reversible inhibitor of plant cell division. We also found that this agent had efficient antiproliferative activity in developing organs of Arabidopsis thaliana without causing secondary defects in cell morphology, and induced rapid cell division arrest independent of the cell cycle stage. Given that (3-furyl)diphenylmethane did not affect the growth of a human cell line (HeLa) and a budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), it should act specifically on plants. Taking our results together, we propose that the combination of desired chemical synthesis and detailed biological analysis is an effective tool to create novel drugs, and that (3-furyl)diphenylmethane is a specific antiproliferative agent for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602 Japan
- JST, ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Taeko Nishiwaki-Ohkawa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Naoya Kadofusa
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimata
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Regulation, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- JST, CREST, Takayama-cho 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Minako Ueda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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41
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Kinesin-5 Contributes to Spindle-length Scaling in the Evolution of Cancer toward Metastasis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35767. [PMID: 27767194 PMCID: PMC5073351 DOI: 10.1038/srep35767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During natural evolution, the spindles often scale with cell sizes to orchestrate accurate chromosome segregation. Whether in cancer evolution, when the constraints on genome integrity are relaxed, cancer cells may evolve the spindle to confer other advantages has not been investigated. Using invasion as a selective pressure in vitro, we found that a highly metastatic cancer clone displays a lengthened metaphase spindle, with faster spindle elongation that correlates with transiently elevated speed of cell migration. We found that kinesin-5 is upregulated in this malignant clone, and weak inhibition of kinesin-5 activity could revert the spindle to a smaller aspect ratio, decrease the speed of spindle pole separation, and suppress post-mitotic cell migration. A correlation was found between high aspect ratio and strong metastatic potential in cancers that evolved and were selected in vivo, implicating that the spindle aspect ratio could serve as a promising cellular biomarker for metastatic cancer clones.
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Möckel MM, Hund C, Mayer TU. Chemical Genetics Approach to Engineer Kinesins with Sensitivity towards a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Eg5. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2042-2045. [PMID: 27550380 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to their fast and often reversible mode of action, small molecules are ideally suited to dissect biological processes. Yet, the validity of small-molecule studies is intimately tied to the specificity of the applied compounds, thus imposing a great challenge to screens for novel inhibitors. Here, we applied a chemical-genetics approach to render kinesin motor proteins sensitive to inhibition by the well-characterized small molecule S-Trityl-l-cysteine (STLC). STLC specifically inhibits the kinesin Eg5 through binding to a known allosteric site within the motor domain. Transfer of this allosteric binding site into the motor domain of the human kinesins Kif3A and Kif4A sensitizes them towards STLC. Single-molecule microscopy analyses confirmed that STLC inhibits the movement of chimeric but not wild-type Kif4A along microtubules. Thus, our proof-of-concept study revealed that this chemical-genetic approach provides a powerful strategy to specifically inhibit kinesins in vitro for which small-molecule inhibitors are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Möckel
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Corinna Hund
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,FGen GmbH, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, 4057, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas U Mayer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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43
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van Heesbeen RGHP, Raaijmakers JA, Tanenbaum ME, Halim VA, Lelieveld D, Lieftink C, Heck AJR, Egan DA, Medema RH. Aurora A, MCAK, and Kif18b promote Eg5-independent spindle formation. Chromosoma 2016; 126:473-486. [PMID: 27354041 PMCID: PMC5509784 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the microtubule (MT) motor protein Eg5 results in a mitotic arrest due to the formation of monopolar spindles, making Eg5 an attractive target for anti-cancer therapies. However, Eg5-independent pathways for bipolar spindle formation exist, which might promote resistance to treatment with Eg5 inhibitors. To identify essential components for Eg5-independent bipolar spindle formation, we performed a genome-wide siRNA screen in Eg5-independent cells (EICs). We find that the kinase Aurora A and two kinesins, MCAK and Kif18b, are essential for bipolar spindle assembly in EICs and in cells with reduced Eg5 activity. Aurora A promotes bipolar spindle assembly by phosphorylating Kif15, hereby promoting Kif15 localization to the spindle. In turn, MCAK and Kif18b promote bipolar spindle assembly by destabilizing the astral MTs. One attractive way to interpret our data is that, in the absence of MCAK and Kif18b, excessive astral MTs generate inward pushing forces on centrosomes at the cortex that inhibit centrosome separation. Together, these data suggest a novel function for astral MTs in force generation on spindle poles and how proteins involved in regulating microtubule length can contribute to bipolar spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonne A Raaijmakers
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin E Tanenbaum
- Hubrecht Institute, The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincentius A Halim
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Lelieveld
- Cell Screening Core, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David A Egan
- Cell Screening Core, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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44
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CDK-1 Inhibition in G2 Stabilizes Kinetochore-Microtubules in the following Mitosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157491. [PMID: 27281342 PMCID: PMC4900577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation is driven by cyclical activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which produce distinct biochemical cell cycle phases. Mitosis (M phase) is orchestrated by CDK-1, complexed with mitotic cyclins. During M phase, chromosomes are segregated by a bipolar array of microtubules called the mitotic spindle. The essential bipolarity of the mitotic spindle is established by the kinesin-5 Eg5, but factors influencing the maintenance of spindle bipolarity are not fully understood. Here, we describe an unexpected link between inhibiting CDK-1 before mitosis and bipolar spindle maintenance. Spindles in human RPE-1 cells normally collapse to monopolar structures when Eg5 is inhibited at metaphase. However, we found that inhibition of CDK-1 in the G2 phase of the cell cycle improved the ability of RPE-1 cells to maintain spindle bipolarity without Eg5 activity in the mitosis immediately after release from CDK-1 inhibition. This improved bipolarity maintenance correlated with an increase in the stability of kinetochore-microtubules, the subset of microtubules that link chromosomes to the spindle. The improvement in bipolarity maintenance after CDK-1 inhibition in G2 required both the kinesin-12 Kif15 and increased stability of kinetochore-microtubules. Consistent with increased kinetochore-microtubule stability, we find that inhibition of CDK-1 in G2 impairs mitotic fidelity by increasing the incidence of lagging chromosomes in anaphase. These results suggest that inhibition of CDK-1 in G2 causes unpredicted effects in mitosis, even after CDK-1 inhibition is relieved.
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45
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Sturgill EG, Norris SR, Guo Y, Ohi R. Kinesin-5 inhibitor resistance is driven by kinesin-12. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:213-27. [PMID: 27091450 PMCID: PMC5084272 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201507036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-5 Eg5 is essential for mitotic progression, and the lethal effects of Eg5 inhibitors make these inhibitors attractive candidates for chemotherapy drugs. Sturgill et al. show that kinesin-12 and a nonmotile Eg5 mutant form an alternative spindle assembly pathway that provides resistance to Eg5 inhibitors. The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton bipolarizes at the onset of mitosis to form the spindle. In animal cells, the kinesin-5 Eg5 primarily drives this reorganization by actively sliding MTs apart. Its primacy during spindle assembly renders Eg5 essential for mitotic progression, demonstrated by the lethal effects of kinesin-5/Eg5 inhibitors (K5Is) administered in cell culture. However, cultured cells can acquire resistance to K5Is, indicative of alternative spindle assembly mechanisms and/or pharmacological failure. Through characterization of novel K5I-resistant cell lines, we unveil an Eg5 motility-independent spindle assembly pathway that involves both an Eg5 rigor mutant and the kinesin-12 Kif15. This pathway centers on spindle MT bundling instead of Kif15 overexpression, distinguishing it from those previously described. We further show that large populations (∼107 cells) of HeLa cells require Kif15 to survive K5I treatment. Overall, this study provides insight into the functional plasticity of mitotic kinesins during spindle assembly and has important implications for the development of antimitotic regimens that target this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Sturgill
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Stephen R Norris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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46
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Lu M, Zhu H, Wang X, Zhang D, Xiong L, Xu L, You Y. The prognostic role of Eg5 expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology 2016; 48:214-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Small molecule drugs that target microtubules (MTs), many of them natural products, have long been important tools in the MT field. Indeed, tubulin (Tb) was discovered, in part, as the protein binding partner of colchicine. Several anti-MT drug classes also have important medical uses, notably colchicine, which is used to treat gout, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), and pericarditis, and the vinca alkaloids and taxanes, which are used to treat cancer. Anti-MT drugs have in common that they bind specifically to Tb in the dimer, MT or some other form. However, their effects on polymerization dynamics and on the human body differ markedly. Here we briefly review the most-studied molecules, and comment on their uses in basic research and medicine. Our focus is on practical applications of different anti-MT drugs in the laboratory, and key points that users should be aware of when designing experiments. We also touch on interesting unsolved problems, particularly in the area of medical applications. In our opinion, the mechanism by which any MT drug cures or treats any disease is still unsolved, despite decades of research. Solving this problem for particular drug-disease combinations might open new uses for old drugs, or provide insights into novel routes for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Florian
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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48
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Ohira M, Iwasaki Y, Tanaka C, Kuroki M, Matsuo N, Kitamura T, Yukuhiro M, Morimoto H, Pang N, Liu B, Kiyono T, Amemiya M, Tanaka K, Yoshida K, Sugimoto N, Ohshima T, Fujita M. A novel anti-microtubule agent with carbazole and benzohydrazide structures suppresses tumor cell growth in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1676-84. [PMID: 25960391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitotic spindles are among the most successful targets of anti-cancer chemotherapy, and they still hold promise as targets for novel drugs. The anti-mitotic drugs in current clinical use, including taxanes, epothilones, vinca alkaloids, and halichondrins, are all microtubule-targeting agents. Although these drugs are effective for cancer chemotherapy, they have some critical problems; e.g., neurotoxicity caused by damage to neuronal microtubules, as well as innate or acquired drug resistance. To overcome these problems, a great deal of effort has been expended on development of novel anti-mitotics. METHODS We identified novel microtubule-targeting agents with carbazole and benzohydrazide structures: N'-[(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methylene]-2-methylbenzohydrazide (code number HND-007) and its related compounds. We investigated their activities against cancer cells using various methods including cell growth assay, immunofluorescence analysis, cell cycle analysis, tubulin polymerization assay, and tumor inhibition assay in nude mice. RESULTS HND-007 inhibits tubulin polymerization in vitro and blocks microtubule formation and centrosome separation in cancer cells. Consequently, it suppresses the growth of various cancer cell lines, with IC50 values in the range 1.3-4.6μM. In addition, HND-007 can inhibit the growth of taxane-resistant cancer cells that overexpress P-glycoprotein. Finally, HND-007 can inhibit HeLa cell tumor growth in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these findings suggest that HND-007 is a promising lead compound for development of novel anti-mitotic, anti-microtubule chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ohira
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuka Iwasaki
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chika Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Michitaka Kuroki
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuo
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kitamura
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Yukuhiro
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morimoto
- Department of Green Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nisha Pang
- Department of Green Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Green Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masahide Amemiya
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, 18-24 Miyamoto, Numazu-shi, Shizuoka 410-0301, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yoshida
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sugimoto
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshima
- Department of Green Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Fujita
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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49
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Nakai R, Iida SI, Takahashi T, Tsujita T, Okamoto S, Takada C, Akasaka K, Ichikawa S, Ishida H, Kusaka H, Akinaga S, Murakata C, Honda S, Nitta M, Saya H, Yamashita Y. K858, a novel inhibitor of mitotic kinesin Eg5 and antitumor agent, induces cell death in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3901-9. [PMID: 19351824 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of inhibition of Eg5 (kinesin spindle protein), a mitotic kinesin that plays an essential role in establishing mitotic spindle bipolarity, by the novel small molecule inhibitor K858. K858 was selected in a phenotype-based forward chemical genetics screen as an antimitotic agent, and subsequently characterized as an inhibitor of Eg5. K858 blocked centrosome separation, activated the spindle checkpoint, and induced mitotic arrest in cells accompanied by the formation of monopolar spindles. Long-term continuous treatment of cancer cells with K858 resulted in antiproliferative effects through the induction of mitotic cell death, and polyploidization followed by senescence. In contrast, treatment of nontransformed cells with K858 resulted in mitotic slippage without cell death, and cell cycle arrest in G(1) phase in a tetraploid state. In contrast to paclitaxel, K858 did not induce the formation of micronuclei in either cancer or nontransformed cells, suggesting that K858 has minimal effects on abnormalities in the number and structure of chromosomes. K858 exhibited potent antitumor activity in xenograft models of cancer, and induced the accumulation of mitotic cells with monopolar spindles in tumor tissues. Importantly, K858, unlike antimicrotubule agents, had no effect on microtubule polymerization in cell-free and cell-based assays, and was not neurotoxic in a motor coordination test in mice. Taken together, the Eg5 inhibitor K858 represents an important compound for further investigation as a novel anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichiro Nakai
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co, Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan.
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50
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Sarli V, Giannis A. Targeting the kinesin spindle protein: basic principles and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7583-7. [PMID: 19047082 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin spindle protein (KSP), a member of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule-based motors, plays a critical role in mitosis as it mediates centrosome separation and bipolar spindle assembly and maintenance. Inhibition of KSP function leads to cell cycle arrest at mitosis with the formation of monoastral microtubule arrays, and ultimately, to cell death. Several KSP inhibitors are currently being studied in clinical trials and provide new opportunities for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics alternative from the available microtubule targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Sarli
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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