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Zhang M, Lin D, Luo C, Wei P, Cui K, Chen K, Chen Z. saKLK1-374 is more difficult to induce KLK1 expression in normal prostate cell lines than that in prostate cancer cell lines: Rethinking the universality of RNA activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:157-168. [PMID: 36610381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RNA activation, as a method of regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level, is far less widely used than RNA interference because of the insufficient understanding of the mechanism and the unstable success rate. It is necessary to analyze the failure cases of RNA activation to promote the application of RNA activation. When we validated the saRNAs designed to induce KLK1 expression, we found that saKLK1-374 can upregulate KLK1 expression in prostate tumor cell lines, but failed in normal prostate cell lines. To determine whether the RNA activation of normal cells is difficult only when the target gene is KLK1, we tested p21WAF1/CIP1 as the target gene in RNA activation experiments of normal and cancer prostate cells. Next, to determine whether the above phenomenon exists in other tissues, we used normal and cancerous bladder cells to perform RNA activation experiments with KLK1 and p21WAF1/CIP1 as targets. We have also extended the time from transfection to detection to evaluate whether a longer incubation time can make saRNA upregulate the target genes in normal cells. Fluorescently labeled dsRNA was transfected to evaluate the transfection efficiency, and the expression of Ago2 and IPO8 necessary for RNA activation was also detected. The p21WAF1/CIP1 could be significantly upregulated by saRNA in prostate cancer cells, but not in normal prostate cells. The expression of KLK1 in bladder-derived cell lines was extremely low and could not be induced by saRNA. The p21WAF1/CIP1 was upregulated by saRNA to a higher extent in bladder cancer cells but to a lower extent in normal bladder cells. Prolonging incubation time could not make saRNA induce the expression of target genes in normal cells. Compared with tumor cells used in this study, normal cells had lower transfection efficiency or lower expression of Ago2 and IPO8. Although it has been currently found that normal cell lines in the prostate and bladder might be more difficult to be successfully induced target gene expression by exogenous saRNA than tumor cells due to low transfection efficiency or Ago2 and IPO8 expression, it is not certain that this phenomenon occurs in other types of tissue. However, researchers still need to pay attention to the transfection efficiency and/or the expression levels of Ago2 and IPO8 when conducting RNA activation experiments in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dongxu Lin
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Changcheng Luo
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Pengyu Wei
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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A Review of Different Types of Liposomes and Their Advancements as a Form of Gene Therapy Treatment for Breast Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031498. [PMID: 36771161 PMCID: PMC9920768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates have increased exponentially during the last decade, particularly among female patients. Current therapies, including surgery and chemotherapy, have significant negative physical and mental impacts on patients. As a safer alternative, gene therapy utilising a therapeutic gene with the potential to treat various ailments is being considered. Delivery of the gene generally utilises viral vectors. However, immunological reactions and even mortality have been recorded as side effects. As a result, non-viral vectors, such as liposomes, a system composed of lipid bilayers formed into nanoparticles, are being studied. Liposomes have demonstrated tremendous potential due to their limitless ability to combine many functions into a system with desirable characteristics and functionality. This article discusses cationic, anionic, and neutral liposomes with their stability, cytotoxicity, transfection ability, cellular uptake, and limitation as a gene carrier suitable for gene therapy specifically for cancer. Due to the more practical approach of employing electrostatic contact with the negatively charged nucleic acid and the cell membrane for absorption purposes, cationic liposomes appear to be more suited for formulation for gene delivery and therapy for breast cancer treatment. As the other alternatives have numerous complicated additional modifications, attachments need to be made to achieve a functional gene therapy system for breast cancer treatment, which were also discussed in this review. This review aimed to increase understanding and build a viable breast cancer gene therapy treatment strategy.
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Gregory GL, Copple IM. Modulating the expression of tumor suppressor genes using activating oligonucleotide technologies as a therapeutic approach in cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 31:211-223. [PMID: 36700046 PMCID: PMC9840112 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are frequently downregulated in cancer, leading to dysregulation of the pathways that they control. The continuum model of tumor suppression suggests that even subtle changes in TSG expression, for example, driven by epigenetic modifications or copy number alterations, can lead to a loss of gene function and a phenotypic effect. This approach to exploring tumor suppression provides opportunities for alternative therapies that may be able to restore TSG expression toward normal levels, such as oligonucleotide therapies. Oligonucleotide therapies involve the administration of exogenous nucleic acids to modulate the expression of specific endogenous genes. This review focuses on two types of activating oligonucleotide therapies, small-activating RNAs and synthetic mRNAs, as novel methods to increase the expression of TSGs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L. Gregory
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ian M. Copple
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
- Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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Inoue Y, Fukuda T, Nanno S, Awazu Y, Shimomura M, Matsubara H, Yamauchi M, Yasui T, Sumi T. T-box 2 expression is a useful indicator of the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:755. [PMID: 34539859 PMCID: PMC8436333 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Reducing the tumor size by administering neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is beneficial for successful hysterectomy, resulting in a more favorable prognosis. Therefore, identifying biomarkers that predict the effectiveness of NAC in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma remains a priority. Cancer cells widely express T-box 2 (TBX2), which contributes to the resistance to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents. The present study aimed to determine the association between TBX2 protein expression in tumor tissues and the efficacy of NAC in locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma using immunohistochemistry. Data from 46 patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma were classified into two groups based on their effective or ineffective response to NAC treatment. In addition, the effect of small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of TBX2 on the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin was investigated in vitro. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in patient clinicopathological features between the NAC effective and NAC ineffective groups. The overall survival of the NAC effective group was significantly improved compared with the NAC ineffective group (P=0.007). Tumors from the NAC effective group also had significantly downregulated TBX2 expression levels compared with those from the NAC ineffective group (P=0.0138). Of note, decreased TBX2 expression was indicated to be significantly associated with higher sensitivity to NAC (P=0.009). The low TBX2 expression group had a more favorable overall survival compared with the high TBX2 expression group (P=0.049). Furthermore, knockdown of TBX2 expression significantly increased cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that TBX2 expression may be a useful predictor of the response to NAC in patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Inoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nanno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Awazu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shimomura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsubara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamauchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Ghanbarian H, Aghamiri S, Eftekhary M, Wagner N, Wagner KD. Small Activating RNAs: Towards the Development of New Therapeutic Agents and Clinical Treatments. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030591. [PMID: 33800164 PMCID: PMC8001863 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small double-strand RNA (dsRNA) molecules can activate endogenous genes via an RNA-based promoter targeting mechanism. RNA activation (RNAa) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism present in diverse eukaryotic organisms ranging from nematodes to humans. Small activating RNAs (saRNAs) involved in RNAa have been successfully used to activate gene expression in cultured cells, and thereby this emergent technique might allow us to develop various biotechnological applications, without the need to synthesize hazardous construct systems harboring exogenous DNA sequences. Accordingly, this thematic issue aims to provide insights into how RNAa cellular machinery can be harnessed to activate gene expression leading to a more effective clinical treatment of various diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/growth & development
- Brain/metabolism
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/genetics
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/therapy
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurogenesis/genetics
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Double-Stranded/therapeutic use
- RNA, Small Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Small Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA, Small Untranslated/therapeutic use
- Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein/genetics
- Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghanbarian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran;
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran;
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran;
| | - Mohamad Eftekhary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran;
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, 06107 Nice, France
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (K.-D.W.); Tel.: +33-493-3776-65 (K.-D.W.)
| | - Kay-Dietrich Wagner
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, 06107 Nice, France
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (K.-D.W.); Tel.: +33-493-3776-65 (K.-D.W.)
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6
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Jiang W, Zhu D, Wang C, Zhu Y. Tumor suppressing effects of tristetraprolin and its small double-stranded RNAs in bladder cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:269-285. [PMID: 33259133 PMCID: PMC7826468 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common malignant tumor of urinary system with few treatments, so more useful therapeutic targets are still needed. Antitumor effects of tristetraprolin (TTP) have been explored in many type tumors, but its roles in bladder cancer are still unknown until now. In this study, public expression profiles and tissue microarray analysis showed that TTP mRNA and protein levels decreased in BCa relative to the normal bladder tissue. To explore biological functions of TTP in BCa, 488 TTP target genes, which could be both suppressed and bound by TTP, were identified by comprehensively analyzing publicly available high-throughput data obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Gene enrichment analysis showed that these genes were enriched in pathways such as cell cycle, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and Wnt signaling. Clustering analysis and gene set variation analysis indicated that patients with high expression of TTP target genes had poorer prognosis and stronger tumor proliferation ability relative to the BCa patients with low expression of TTP target genes. In vitro experiments validated that TTP could suppress proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of BCa cells. And TTP could suppress mRNA expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in BCa cells by target its 3' UTR. Then, we identified a new small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) named dsTTP-973 which could increase TTP expression in BCa cells, in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that dsTTP-973 could suppress aggressiveness of BCa. In conclusion, TTP played a role of tumor suppressor gene in BCa like other tumors, and its dsRNA named dsTTP-973 could induce TTP expression in BCa and suppress aggressiveness of BCa. With the help of materials science, dsTTP-973 may become a potential treatment for BCa in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of UrologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of UrologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chenghe Wang
- Department of UrologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of UrologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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7
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Yang K, Shen J, Tan FQ, Zheng XY, Xie LP. Antitumor Activity of Small Activating RNAs Induced PAWR Gene Activation in Human Bladder Cancer Cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3039-3049. [PMID: 34220332 PMCID: PMC8241776 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.60399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) have been proved to effectively up-regulate the expression of particular genes by targeting their promoters. These small dsRNAs were also termed small activating RNAs (saRNAs). We previously reported that several small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeting the PRKC apoptosis WT1 regulator (PAWR) promoter can up-regulate PAWR gene expression effectively in human cancer cells. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antitumor potential of PAWR gene induction by these saRNAs in bladder cancer. Promisingly, we found that up-regulation of PAWR by saRNA inhibited the growth of bladder cancer cells by inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest which was related to inhibition of anti‑apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and inactivation of the NF-κB and Akt pathways. The activation of the caspase cascade and the regulation of cell cycle related proteins also supported the efficacy of the treatment. Moreover, our study also showed that these saRNAs cooperated with cisplatin in the inhibition of bladder cancer cells. Overall, these data suggest that activation of PAWR by saRNA may have a therapeutic benefit for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Qing Tan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yi Zheng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Xie
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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8
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Emerging Contribution of PancRNAs in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082035. [PMID: 32722129 PMCID: PMC7464463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
“Cancer” includes a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by abnormal growth beyond natural boundaries. Neoplastic transformation of cells is orchestrated by multiple molecular players, including oncogenic transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, RNA binding proteins, and coding and noncoding transcripts. The use of computational methods for global and quantitative analysis of RNA processing regulation provides new insights into the genomic and epigenomic features of the cancer transcriptome. In particular, noncoding RNAs are emerging as key molecular players in oncogenesis. Among them, the promoter-associated noncoding RNAs (pancRNAs) are noncoding transcripts acting in cis to regulate their host genes, including tumor suppressors and oncogenes. In this review, we will illustrate the role played by pancRNAs in cancer biology and will discuss the latest findings that connect pancRNAs with cancer risk and progression. The molecular mechanisms involved in the function of pancRNAs may open the path to novel therapeutic opportunities, thus expanding the repertoire of targets to be tested as anticancer agents in the near future.
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9
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Ma L, Jiang K, Jiang P, He H, Chen K, Shao J, Deng G. Mechanism of Notch1‑saRNA‑1480 reversing androgen sensitivity in human metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:265-279. [PMID: 32626918 PMCID: PMC7255480 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism by which Notch1-small activating (sa)RNA restored androgen sensitivity in human metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). After transfection of Notch1-saRNA-1480 in PC3 cells, the expression of Notch1 and androgen receptor (AR) was investigated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. Furthermore, the protein expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured. Then, flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle and apoptosis after transfection. Moreover, the migration and invasion ability of PC3 cells were assessed by transwell assays. Then, angio-genesis experiments were conducted to analyze the abilities of PC3 cells to form blood vessels. Furthermore, in vivo experiments detected the antitumor activity of Notch1-saRNA-1480. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Notch1 were significantly increased after transfection, while the expression levels of AR and VEGF were decreased. After transfection, the cell cycle was arrested at the G0/G1 checkpoint. Notch1-saRNA-1480 significantly increased the proportion of apoptotic cells after transfection. In addition, transwell assay results showed that PC3 cell migration and invasion were inhibited. The total vessel length was significantly decreased based on angiogenesis experiments, which indicated that PC3 cell angiogenesis was inhibited. In vivo experiments showed that Notch1-saRNA-1480 could inhibit tumor growth and volume. The protein expression of Notch1, AR, VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and VEGF in tumor tissues was consistent with in vitro levels. Notch1-saRNA-1480 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of PC3 cells in vitro and the growth of tumors in vivo, which is associated with the inhibition of the AR and VEGF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Kang Jiang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Peiwu Jiang
- Surgical Department Ⅰ, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007, P.R. China
| | - Han He
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | | | - Jia Shao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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10
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Laham-Karam N, Laitinen P, Turunen TA, Ylä-Herttuala S. Activating the Chromatin by Noncoding RNAs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:813-831. [PMID: 28699365 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The extent and breadth of transcription have recently been uncovered and this has revealed an extensive array of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). The biological role and significance of these ncRNAs have been realized and to date it appears that ncRNAs may have many important regulatory functions. ncRNAs are multifaceted and they induce a complexity of different types of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, including gene activation. Recent Advances: Association of ncRNAs with gene activation is an important finding. Not only enhancer RNA (eRNA) but other types of ncRNAs, including small RNA (sRNA), long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and PIWI-associated RNA (piRNA), have also been implicated in gene activation. Interestingly, they often coincide with histone modifications that favor an open chromatin. In addition, these ncRNAs can recruit key factors important for transcription, including RNA polymerase II. They may directly bind the genomic DNA or act as scaffolds; alternatively, they may loop the chromatin to enhance transcription. CRITICAL ISSUES Although the role of small activating (sa)RNAs has been considerably studied, the roles of miRNAs and piRNAs in gene activation still need to be substantiated and issues of specificity require further studies. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The ncRNA field is coming out of its infancy and we are gaining a global picture of the importance of ncRNAs. However, detailed mechanisms of action of the different ncRNAs are still to be determined. This may reveal novel ways of transcriptional regulation, which will facilitate our ability to utilize these regulatory pathways for research and therapeutic purposes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 813-831.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihay Laham-Karam
- 1 A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia Laitinen
- 1 A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiia A Turunen
- 1 A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- 1 A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland .,2 Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio, Finland .,3 Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Chen H, Shen HX, Lin YW, Mao YQ, Liu B, Xie LP. Small RNA-induced INTS6 gene up-regulation suppresses castration-resistant prostate cancer cells by regulating β-catenin signaling. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1602-1613. [PMID: 29895194 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1475825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs play an important role in gene regulatory networks. The gene suppressive effect of small RNAs was previously the dominant focus of studies, but during the recent decade, small RNA-induced gene activation has been reported and has become a notable gene manipulation technique. In this study, a putative tumor suppressor, INTS6, was activated by introducing a promoter-targeted small RNA (dsRNA-915) into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. Unique dynamics associated with the gene upregulation phenomenon was observed. Following gene activation, cell proliferation and motility were suppressed in vitro. Downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling was observed during the activation period, and the impairment of β-catenin degradation reversed the tumor suppressor effects of INTS6. These results suggest the potential application of small activating RNAs in targeted gene therapy for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- a Department of Urology , The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China
| | - Hai-Xiang Shen
- a Department of Urology , The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China
| | - Yi-Wei Lin
- a Department of Urology , The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China
| | - Ye-Qing Mao
- a Department of Urology , The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China
| | - Ben Liu
- a Department of Urology , The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China
| | - Li-Ping Xie
- a Department of Urology , The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China
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12
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Wang LL, Guo HH, Zhan Y, Feng CL, Huang S, Han YX, Zheng WS, Jiang JD. Specific up-regulation of p21 by a small active RNA sequence suppresses human colorectal cancer growth. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25055-25065. [PMID: 28445988 PMCID: PMC5421909 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The double stranded small active RNA (saRNA)- p21-saRNA-322 inhibits tumor growth by stimulating the p21 gene expression. We focused our research of p21-saRNA-322 on colorectal cancer because 1) p21 down-regulation is a signature abnormality of the cancer, and 2) colorectal cancer might be a suitable target for in situ p21-saRNA-322 delivery. The goal of the present study is to learn the activity of p21-saRNA-322 in colorectal cancer. Three human colorectal cancer cell lines, HCT-116, HCT-116 (p53–/−) and HT-29 were transfected with the p21-saRNA-322. The expression of P21 protein and p21 mRNA were measured using the Western blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The effect of p21-saRNA-322 on cancer cells was evaluated in vitro; and furthermore, a xenograft colorectal tumor mode in mice was established to estimate the tumor suppressing ability of p21-saRNA-322 in vivo. The results showed that in all three colorectal cancer cell lines, the expression of p21 mRNA and P21 protein were dramatically elevated after p21-saRNA-322 transfection. Transfection of p21-saRNA-322 caused apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1. Furthermore, anti-proliferation effect, reduction of colonies formation and cell senescence were observed in p21-saRNA-322 treated cells. Animal studies showed that p21-saRNA-322 treatment significantly inhibited the HT-29 tumor growth and facilitated p21 activation in vivo. These results indicated that, p21-saRNA-322-induceded up-regulation of p21 might be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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13
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Zhang Z, Wang Z, Liu X, Wang J, Li F, Li C, Shan B. Up-regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 by small activating RNA inhibits the in vitro and in vivo growth of pancreatic cancer cells. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:804-11. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aims and background To study the inhibitory effect of p21WAF1/CIP1 activation by saRNA on the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 in vitro and in vivo. Methods and study design A dsRNA (dsP21) targeting the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene promoter at position-322 relative to the transcription start site was transfected into PANC-1 cells. Expression of mRNA and protein was evaluated by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Proliferation of PANC-1 cells was measured by the MTT method, and the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. PANC-1 cells were transplanted subcutaneously in nude mice, and the inhibitory effect of dsP21 on tumor growth was observed. Results The introduction of dsP21 was shown to efficiently up-regulate expression of the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene in PANC-1 cells according to the results of RT-PCR and Western blotting (P <0.01, compared with controls). The inhibitory effect on cell proliferation was confirmed by the MTT test (P <0.05, compared with controls). The apoptosis rate of PANC-1 cells treated with dsP21 was significantly higher than that of the control cells (P <0.01). Our experimental data showed that dsP21-mediated up-regulation of p21 expression exerted an apparent growth inhibitory effect on PANC-1 cells in vivo. Conclusions dsP21 targeting the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene promoter can specifically up-regulate expression of the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene in PANC-1 cells. It therefore has a substantially inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and can be used as a new method and material for the gene therapy of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Changling Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baozhong Shan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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14
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Buss JH, Begnini KR, Bender CB, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Collares T, Seixas FK. Nano-BCG: A Promising Delivery System for Treatment of Human Bladder Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:977. [PMID: 29379438 PMCID: PMC5770893 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) remains at the forefront of immunotherapy for treating bladder cancer patients. However, the incidence of recurrence and progression to invasive cancer is commonly observed. There are no established effective intravesical therapies available for patients, whose tumors recur following BCG treatment, representing an important unmet clinical need. In addition, there are very limited options for patients who do not respond to or tolerate chemotherapy due to toxicities, resulting in poor overall treatment outcomes. Within this context, nanotechnology is an emergent and promising tool for: (1) controlling drug release for extended time frames, (2) combination therapies due to the ability to encapsulate multiple drugs simultaneously, (3) reducing systemic side effects, (4) increasing bioavailability, (5) and increasing the viability of various routes of administration. Moreover, bladder cancer is often characterized by high mutation rates and over expression of tumor antigens on the tumor cell surface. Therapeutic targeting of these biomolecules may be improved by nanotechnology strategies. In this mini-review, we discuss how nanotechnology can help overcome current obstacles in bladder cancer treatment, and how nanotechnology can facilitate combination chemotherapeutic and BCG immunotherapies for the treatment of non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieti Huch Buss
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Biotechnology Graduate Program, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karine Rech Begnini
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Biotechnology Graduate Program, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Bonemann Bender
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Biotechnology Graduate Program, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriana R Pohlmann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia S Guterres
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Biotechnology Graduate Program, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kömmling Seixas
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Biotechnology Graduate Program, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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15
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Wilde S, Dambowsky M, Hempt C, Sutter A, Queisser N. Classification of in vitro genotoxicants using a novel multiplexed biomarker assay compared to the flow cytometric micronucleus test. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:662-677. [PMID: 28940655 DOI: 10.1002/em.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory in vitro genotoxicity testing exhibits shortcomings in specificity and mode of action (MoA) information. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of the novel MultiFlow® assay composed of mechanistic biomarkers quantified in TK6 cells after treatment (4 and 24 hr): γH2AX (DNA double strand breaks), phosphorylated H3 (mitotic cells), translocated p53 (genotoxicity), and cleaved PARP1 (apoptosis). A reference dataset of 31 compounds with well-established MoA was studied using the MicroFlow® micronucleus assay. A positive call was raised following the earlier published criteria from Litron Laboratories. In the light of our data, these evaluation criteria should probably be adjusted since only 8/11 (73%) nongenotoxicants and 18/20 (90%) genotoxicants were correctly identified. Moreover, there is a need for new in vitro tools to delineate the predominant MoA as in the MicroFlow® assay only 5/9 (56%) aneugens and 4/11 (36%) clastogens were correctly classified. In contrast, the MultiFlow® assay provides more in-depth information about the MoA and therefore reliably discriminates clastogens, aneugens, and nongenotoxicants. By using a lab-specific, practical threshold for the aforementioned biomarkers, 10/11 (91%) nongenotoxicants and 19/20 genotoxicants (95%), 9/11 (82%) clastogens, and 8/9 (89%) aneugens were correctly categorized, suggesting a clear improvement over the MicroFlow® . Furthermore, the MultiFlow markers were benchmarked against established methods to assess the validity of the data. Altogether, these findings demonstrated good agreement between the MultiFlow® assay and the benchmarking methods. Finally, p21 may improve class discrimination given the correct identification of 4/4 (100%) aneugens and 2/5 (40%) clastogens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:662-677, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wilde
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Hempt
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nina Queisser
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Zhang Q, Wang C, Miao S, Li C, Chen Z, Li F. Enhancing E-cadherin expression via promoter-targeted miR-373 suppresses bladder cancer cells growth and metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93969-93983. [PMID: 29212202 PMCID: PMC5706848 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that miR-373 had the capacity to induce tumor suppressor gene E-cadherin expression in prostate cancer cells. However, whether miR-373 can activate the expression of E-cadherin in human bladder cancer (BCa) cells and inhibit cells remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that both miR-373 and E-cadherin were low expressed in BCa tissues and cell lines, and significantly correlated with tumor stage, grade, and lymph node metastasis. In addition, decreased E-cadherin expression or low expression of both miR-373 and E-cadherin is associated with poor overall survival in patients with BCa. Transfection of miR-373 into BCa cells readily activated E-cadherin expression by targeting promoter. Moreover, miR-373 exhibited robust capacity to inhibit cells proliferation, suppress migration and invasion by enhancing E-cadherin expression, and significantly suppress the growth of xenografts and metastasis in nude mice. Altogether, our findings indicate that miR-373 may as a tumor suppressor in BCa by activating E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chenghe Wang
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuo Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanchang Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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17
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Kang MR, Li G, Pan T, Xing JC, Li LC. Development of Therapeutic dsP21-322 for Cancer Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28639203 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4310-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small activating RNAs (saRNAs) are a class of artificially designed short duplex RNAs targeted at the promoter of a particular gene to upregulate its expression via a mechanism known as RNA activation (RNAa) and hold great promise for treating a wide variety of diseases including those undruggable by conventional therapies. The therapeutic benefits of saRNAs have been demonstrated in a number of preclinical studies carried out in different disease models including cancer. With many tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) downregulated due to either epigenetic mechanisms or haploinsufficiency resulting from deletion/mutation, cancer is an ideal disease space for saRNA therapeutics which can restore the expression of TSGs via epigenetic reprogramming. The p21WAF1/CIP gene is a TSG frequently downregulated in cancer and an saRNA for p21WAF1/CIP known as dsP21-322 has been identified to be a sequence-specific p21WAF1/CIP activator in a number of cancer types. In this chapter, we review preclinical development of medicinal dsP21-322 for cancer, especially prostate cancer and bladder cancer, and highlight its potential for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gongcheng Li
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital, Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiejun Pan
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital, Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Chun Xing
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Long-Cheng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China. .,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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18
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Tumor-selective lipopolyplex encapsulated small active RNA hampers colorectal cancer growth in vitro and in orthotopic murine. Biomaterials 2017; 141:13-28. [PMID: 28666099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small active RNA (saRNA)-induced gene activation (RNAa) is a novel strategy to treat cancer. Our previous work proved that the p21-saRNA-322 successfully hindered colorectal cancer growth by activating p21 gene. However, the barrier for successful saRNA therapy is lack of efficient drug delivery. In the present study, a rectal delivery system entitled p21-saRNA-322 encapsulated tumor-selective lipopolyplex (TSLPP-p21-saRNA-322) which consist of PEI/p21-saRNA-322 polyplex core and hyaluronan (HA) modulated lipid shell was developed to treat colorectal cancer. Our results showed that this system maintained at the rectum for more than 6 h and preferentially accumulated at tumor site. CD44 knock down experiment instructed that the superb cellular uptake of TSLPP-p21-saRNA-322 attributed to HA-CD44 recognition. An orthotopic model of bio-luminescence human colorectal cancer in mice was developed using microsurgery and TSLPP-p21-saRNA-322 demonstrated a superior antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Our results provide preclinical proof-of-concept for a novel method to treat colorectal cancer by rectal administration of TSLPP formulated p21-saRNA-322.
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19
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Li B, Li C. Suppression of Prostate Cancer Metastasis by DPYSL3-Targeted saRNA. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4310-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Wu HL, Li SM, Hu J, Yu X, Xu H, Chen Z, Ye ZQ. Demystifying the mechanistic and functional aspects of p21 gene activation with double-stranded RNAs in human cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:145. [PMID: 27639690 PMCID: PMC5027115 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recently identified phenomenon of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated gene activation (RNAa) has been studied extensively, as it is present in humans, mice, and Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting that dsRNA-mediated RNAa is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. Previous studies have shown that dsP21-322 can induce tumor suppressor gene p21 expression in several human cancer cells. Nonetheless, the role of dsRNAs in the activation of gene expression, including their target molecules and associated key factors, remains poorly understood. METHODS Oligonucleotides were used to overexpress dsRNAs and dsControl. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect corresponding mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the kinetics of dsRNA subcellular distribution. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to verify dsRNA target molecules. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were carried out to determine whether histone modification and other associated key factors are involved in saRNA-mediated p21 expression. RESULTS We demonstrated that dsRNA-mediated p21 induction in human cell lines is a common phenomenon. This process occurs at the transcriptional level, and the complementary p21 promoter is the intended dsRNA target. Additionally, ChIP assays indicated that p21 activation was accompanied by an increased enrichment of AGO1 and the trimethylation of histone H3K4 at dsRNA-targeted genomic sites. CONCLUSION These data systematically reveal the mechanistic and functional aspects of ncRNA-mediated p21 activation in human cancer cells, which may be a useful tool to analyze gene function and aid in the development of novel drug targets for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Lei Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen-Mao Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Liberalization Avenue, No. 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Liberalization Avenue, No. 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Liberalization Avenue, No. 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Liberalization Avenue, No. 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Liberalization Avenue, No. 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Qun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Liberalization Avenue, No. 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
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21
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Kang MR, Park KH, Yang JO, Lee CW, Oh SJ, Yun J, Lee MY, Han SB, Kang JS. miR-6734 Up-Regulates p21 Gene Expression and Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160961. [PMID: 27509128 PMCID: PMC4979902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, microRNAs have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression in terms of both gene silencing and gene activation. Here, we investigated the effects of miR-6734, which has a sequence homology with a specific region of p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) promoter, on cancer cell growth and the mechanisms involved in this effect. miR-6734 up-regulated p21 expression at both mRNA and protein levels and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis using biotin-labeled miR-6734 confirmed the association of miR-6734 with p21 promoter. Moreover, miR-6734 inhibited cancer cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HCT-116 cells, which was abolished by knockdown of p21. The phosphorylation of Rb and the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP were suppressed by miR-6734 transfection in HCT-116 cells and these effects were also reversed by p21 knockdown. In addition, miR-6734 transfection caused prolonged induction of p21 gene and modification of histones in p21 promoter, which are typical aspects of a phenomenon referred to as RNA activation (RNAa). Collectively, our results demonstrated that miR-6734 inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells by up-regulating p21 gene expression and subsequent induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, suggesting its role as an important endogenous regulator of cancer cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Rim Kang
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Park
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ook Yang
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yun
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Youl Lee
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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22
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Li C, Jiang W, Hu Q, Li LC, Dong L, Chen R, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Thrasher JB, Liu CB, Li B. Enhancing DPYSL3 gene expression via a promoter-targeted small activating RNA approach suppresses cancer cell motility and metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:22893-910. [PMID: 27014974 PMCID: PMC5008410 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore a novel strategy in suppressing tumor metastasis, we took the advantage of a recent RNA activation (RNAa) theory and used small double-strand RNA molecules, termed as small activating RNAs (saRNA) that are complimentary to target gene promoter, to enhance transcription of metastasis suppressor gene. The target gene in this study is Dihydro-pyrimidinase-like 3 (DPYSL3, protein name CRMP4), which was identified as a metastatic suppressor in prostate cancers. There are two transcriptional variants of DPYSL3 gene in human genome, of which the variant 2 is the dominant transcript (DPYSL3v2, CRMP4a) but is also significantly down-regulated in primary prostate cancers. A total of 8 saRNAs for DPYSL3v1 and 14 saRNAs for DPYSL3v2 were tested in multiple prostate cancer cell lines. While none of the saRNAs significantly altered DPYSL3v1 expression, 4 saRNAs showed a strong enhancing effect on DPYSL3v2 expression, resulting in reduced cell mobility in vitro. To achieve a prostate cancer-specific delivery for in vivo testing, we conjugated the most potent saV2-9 RNA molecule with the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting aptamer A10-3.2. The conjugates successful increased DPYSL3v2 gene expression in PSMA-positive but not PSMA-negative prostate cancer cells. In nude mice bearing orthotopic xenograft of prostate cancer, a 10-day consecutive treatment with the saV2-9 conjugates significantly suppress distal metastasis compared to the control saRNAs. Analysis of xenograft tissues revealed that DPYSL3v2 expression was largely increased in saV2-9 conjugate-treated group compared to the control group. In conclusion, DPYSL3v2 promoter-targeted saRNA molecules might be used as an adjunctive therapy to suppress prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Li
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wencong Jiang
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Qingting Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Long-cheng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100073, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yinghong Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yuzhe Tang
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - J. Brantley Thrasher
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Chang-Bai Liu
- Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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Wang C, Chen Z, Wu J, Zhang Y, Hu J, Ge Q, Yang W, Xu H, Liu J, Ye Z. Small activating RNA induces myogenic differentiation of rat adipose-derived stem cells by upregulating MyoD. Int Braz J Urol 2016; 41:764-72. [PMID: 26401871 PMCID: PMC4757007 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2014.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE RNA activation (RNAa) is a mechanism of gene activation triggered by promoter-targeted small double stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), also known as small activating RNAs (saRNAs). Myogenic regulatory factor MyoD is regarded as the master activator of myogenic differentiation cascade by binding to enhancer of muscle specific genes. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a condition primarily resulted from urethral sphincter deficiency. It is thus expected that by promoting differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into myoblasts by activating MyoD gene through RNAa may offer benefits to SUI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats ADSCs were isolated, proliferated in vitro, and identified by flow cytometry. Purified ADSCs were then transfected with a MyoD saRNA or control transfected. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were used to detect MyoD mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Immunocytochemical staining was applied to determine the expression of desmin protein in transfected cells. Cell viability was measured by using CellTiter 96R AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit. RESULTS Transfection of a MyoD saRNA (dsMyoD) into ADSCs significantly induced the expression of MyoD at both the mRNA and protein levels, and inhibited cell proliferation. Desmin protein expression was detected in dsMyoD treated ADSCs 2 weeks later. CONCLUSION Our findings show that RNAa mediated overexpression of MyoD can promote transdifferentiation of ADSCs into myoblasts and may help treat stress urinary incontinence (SUI)-a condition primarily resulted from urethral sphincter deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghe Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Qiangqiang Ge
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
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Meng X, Jiang Q, Chang N, Wang X, Liu C, Xiong J, Cao H, Liang Z. Small activating RNA binds to the genomic target site in a seed-region-dependent manner. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2274-82. [PMID: 26873922 PMCID: PMC4797303 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA activation (RNAa) is the upregulation of gene expression by small activating RNAs (saRNAs). In order to investigate the mechanism by which saRNAs act in RNAa, we used the progesterone receptor (PR) gene as a model, established a panel of effective saRNAs and assessed the involvement of the sense and antisense strands of saRNA in RNAa. All active saRNAs had their antisense strand effectively incorporated into Ago2, whereas such consistency did not occur for the sense strand. Using a distal hotspot for saRNA targeting at 1.6-kb upstream from the PR transcription start site, we further established that gene activation mediated by saRNA depended on the complementarity of the 5' region of the antisense strand, and that such activity was largely abolished by mutations in this region of the saRNA. We found markedly reduced RNAa effects when we created mutations in the genomic target site of saRNA PR-1611, thus providing evidence that RNAa depends on the integrity of the DNA target. We further demonstrated that this saRNA bound the target site on promoter DNA. These results demonstrated that saRNAs work via an on-site mechanism by binding to target genomic DNA in a seed-region-dependent manner, reminiscent of miRNA-like target recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Meng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Nannan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Chujun Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jingwei Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Huiqing Cao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Zicai Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Kalantari R, Chiang CM, Corey DR. Regulation of mammalian transcription and splicing by Nuclear RNAi. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:524-37. [PMID: 26612865 PMCID: PMC4737150 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is well known as a mechanism for controlling mammalian mRNA translation in the cytoplasm, but what would be the consequences if it also functions in cell nuclei? Although RNAi has also been found in nuclei of plants, yeast, and other organisms, there has been relatively little progress towards understanding the potential involvement of mammalian RNAi factors in nuclear processes including transcription and splicing. This review summarizes evidence for mammalian RNAi factors in cell nuclei and mechanisms that might contribute to the control of gene expression. When RNAi factors bind small RNAs, they form ribonucleoprotein complexes that can be selective for target sequences within different classes of nuclear RNA substrates. The versatility of nuclear RNAi may supply a previously underappreciated layer of regulation to transcription, splicing, and other nuclear processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kalantari
- Departments of Pharmacology & Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- Departments of Pharmacology & Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-8807, USA
| | - David R Corey
- Departments of Pharmacology & Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
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Yang K, Shen J, Chen SW, Qin J, Zheng XY, Xie LP. Upregulation of PAWR by small activating RNAs induces cell apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2487-93. [PMID: 26797252 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA activation (RNAa) is a promising discovery whereby expression of a particular gene can be induced by targeting its promoter using small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) also termed small activating RNAs (saRNAs). We previously reported that several small dsRNAs targeting the PRKC apoptosis WT1 regulator (PAWR) promoter can upregulate PAWR gene expression effectively in human cancer cells. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antitumor potential of PAWR gene induction by these saRNAs in prostate cancer cells. Promisingly, we found that upregulation of PAWR by saRNA inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells by inducing cell apoptosis which was related to inactivation of the NF-κB and Akt pathways. The decreased anti‑apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and activation of the caspase cascade and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) also supported the efficacy of the treatment. Overall, these data suggest that activation of PAWR by saRNA may have a therapeutic benefit for prostate and other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Wen Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yi Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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27
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Wang C, Tang K, Li Z, Chen Z, Xu H, Ye Z. Targeted p21(WAF1/CIP1) activation by miR-1236 inhibits cell proliferation and correlates with favorable survival in renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2015; 34:59.e23-34. [PMID: 26421587 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND microRNA's function to silence gene expression by targeting 3'UTR regions has been widely studied. And microRNAs, similar to small double-stranded RNAs, have also been implicated to gene activation triggered by promoter-targeted, which is known as RNA activation (RNAa). p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21), as a key negative regulator of cell proliferation, is frequently down-regulated in various cancers, making it an ideal target for RNAa-based activation to restore its tumor suppressor function in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the expression of miR-1236 and p21 in RCC cell lines and clinical specimens. Protein expression and signaling pathway modulation were validated through Western blot analysis, whereas p21, direct target of miR-1236, was validated by using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were used to calculate overall survival. The CellTiter 96(®) AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay, colony formation assay, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays were used to evaluate the effect of miR-1236 on RCC cell proliferation. RESULTS In this study, we found that miR-1236 and p21 were both significantly down-regulated in RCC tissues and cell lines. Combined low expression of both miR-1236 and p21 emerged as an independent prognostic factor for poor clinical survival in 45 patients with RCC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay in the human RCC cell lines 786-O and ACHN showed that miR-1236 directly targeted the p21 promoter and that its activation may provide a plausible link between the positive correlation of miR-1236 and p21 in RCC specimens. Functional experiments showed that increased miR-1236 expression inhibited cell proliferation, and decreased CDK4/6 and cyclin D1 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of p21 using small interfering RNA reversed the antiproliferation function of miR-1236, whereas silencing the p21 expression attenuated the function of miR-1236 in RCC cells. CONCLUSION Our findings provide insight into the specific RNAa of miR-1236-targeted p21 promoter activation in suppressing RCC cell proliferation. Considering the poor prognostic outcomes associated with reduced miR-1236 and p21 expression, our data imply that these factors likely play important antitumor effects in RCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghe Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Rad SMAH, Langroudi L, Kouhkan F, Yazdani L, Koupaee AN, Asgharpour S, Shojaei Z, Bamdad T, Arefian E. Transcription factor decoy: a pre-transcriptional approach for gene downregulation purpose in cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4871-81. [PMID: 25835969 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy as a therapeutic approach has been the dream for many scientists around the globe. Many strategies have been proposed and applied for this purpose, yet the void for a functional safe method is still apparent. Since most of the diseases are caused by undesirable upregulation (oncogenes) or downregulation (tumor suppressor genes) of genes, major gene therapy's techniques affect gene expression. Most of the methods are used in post-transcriptional level such as RNA inhibitory (RNAi) and splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs). RNAi blocks messenger RNA (mRNA) translation by mRNA degradation or interruption between attachments of mRNA with ribosomes' subunits. However, one of the novel methods is the usage of transcription factor targeted decoys. DNA decoys are the new generation of functional gene downregulatory oligonucleotides which compete with specific binding sites of transcription factors. Considering the exponential growth of this technique in both in vitro and in vivo studies, in this paper, we aim to line out the description, design, and application of decoys in research and therapy.
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29
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A New Double Stranded RNA Suppresses Bladder Cancer Development by Upregulating p21 (Waf1/CIP1) Expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:304753. [PMID: 25918708 PMCID: PMC4396018 DOI: 10.1155/2015/304753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that miR-1180-5p has potent ability to upregulate p21 expression by targeting promoter and inhibit bladder cancer. This prompted us to conjecture that a candidate dsRNA (dsP21-397) with perfect complementarity to the miR-1180-5p target site of p21 promoter may also trigger p21 expression. Transfection of dsP21-397 into T24 and EJ cells significantly activated p21 expression at 72 h and the activation presented in a time-course and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the p21-activated activities of dsP21-397 and miR-1180-5p are not significantly different. Overexpression of p21 downregulated Cyclin D1, CDK4/6, and Cyclin A2 expression, and thereby induced cell cycle arrest and inhibited proliferation. Moreover, dsP21-397 suppressed bladder cancer largely depended on manipulating p21. In conclusion, our study identifies a pair of miRNA-dsRNA mediating endogenous p21 overexpression.
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30
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Wang J, Place RF, Portnoy V, Huang V, Kang MR, Kosaka M, Ho MKC, Li LC. Inducing gene expression by targeting promoter sequences using small activating RNAs. J Biol Methods 2015; 2. [PMID: 25839046 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-based systems comprised of exogenous nucleic acid sequences remain the standard for ectopic expression of a particular gene. Such systems offer robust overexpression, but have inherent drawbacks such as the tedious process of construction, excluding sequences (e.g. introns and untranslated regions) important for gene function and potential insertional mutagenesis of host genome associated with the use of viral vectors. We and others have recently reported that short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) can induce endogenous gene expression by targeting promoter sequences in a phenomenon referred to as RNA activation (RNAa) and such dsRNAs are termed small activating RNAs (saRNAs). To date, RNAa has been successfully utilized to induce the expression of different genes such as tumor suppressor genes. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for target selection and dsRNA design with associated experiments to facilitate RNAa in cultured cells. This technique may be applied to selectively activate endogenous gene expression for studying gene function, interrogating molecular pathways and reprogramming cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert F Place
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Victoria Portnoy
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Vera Huang
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Moo Rim Kang
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mika Kosaka
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maurice Kwok Chung Ho
- Biotechnology Research Institute and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Long-Cheng Li
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wang C, Chen Z, Ge Q, Hu J, Li F, Hu J, Xu H, Ye Z, Li LC. Up-regulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) by miRNAs and its implications in bladder cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4654-64. [PMID: 25447520 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that synthetic dsRNA can activate p21 expression by targeting the p21 promoter, thereby suppressing the proliferation of human bladder cancer cells. As complementarity between dsRNA and its target sequences is necessary for RNA activation, miRNAs may also trigger p21 expression through the same mechanism. Here, the expression levels of three miRNAs (miR-370, miR-1180 and miR-1236) decreased in bladder cancer tissues compared to healthy controls and the levels of these mRNAs positively correlated with p21 mRNA levels. The three miRNAs induced nuclear p21 expression through p21-promoter binding. Overexpression of the three miRNAs inhibited the proliferation of bladder cancer cells mainly by regulating p21. Therefore, these miRNAs could be candidates for anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghe Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Qiangqiang Ge
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Junhui Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Long-Cheng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Sadakierska-Chudy A, Filip M. A comprehensive view of the epigenetic landscape. Part II: Histone post-translational modification, nucleosome level, and chromatin regulation by ncRNAs. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:172-97. [PMID: 25516120 PMCID: PMC4300421 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the genome is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, which act on the level of DNA, histones, and nucleosomes. Epigenetic machinery is involved in various biological processes, including embryonic development, cell differentiation, neurogenesis, and adult cell renewal. In the last few years, it has become clear that the number of players identified in the regulation of chromatin structure and function is still increasing. In addition to well-known phenomena, including DNA methylation and histone modification, new, important elements, including nucleosome mobility, histone tail clipping, and regulatory ncRNA molecules, are being discovered. The present paper provides the current state of knowledge about the role of 16 different histone post-translational modifications, nucleosome positioning, and histone tail clipping in the structure and function of chromatin. We also emphasize the significance of cross-talk among chromatin marks and ncRNAs in epigenetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadakierska-Chudy
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland,
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Lu CC, Huang BR, Liao PJ, Yen GC. Ursolic acid triggers nonprogrammed death (necrosis) in human glioblastoma multiforme DBTRG-05MG cells through MPT pore opening and ATP decline. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2146-56. [PMID: 25131308 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ursolic acid, a natural pentacyclic triterpenic acid, possesses anticancer potential and diverse biological effects, but its correlation with glioblastoma multiforme cells and different modes of cell death is unclear. We studied the cellular actions of human glioblastoma multiforme DBTRG-05MG cells after ursolic acid treatment and explored cell-selective killing effect of necrotic death as a cell fate. METHODS AND RESULTS Ursolic acid effectively reversed temozolomide resistance and reduced DBTRG-05MG cell viability. Surprisingly, ursolic acid failed to stimulate the apoptosis- and autophagy-related signaling networks. The necrotic death was characterized by annexin V/propidium iodide double-positive detection and release of high-mobility group protein B1 and lactate dehydrogenase. These ursolic acid elicited responses were accompanied by reactive oxygen species generation and glutathione depletion. Rapid mitochondrial dysfunction was paralleled by the preferential induction of necrosis, rather than apoptotic death. Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is a phenomenon to provide the onset of mitochondrial depolarization during cellular necrosis. The opening of MPT pores that were mechanistically regulated by cyclophilin D, and adenosine triphosphate decline occurred in treated necrotic DBTRG-05MG cells. Cyclosporine A (an MPT pore inhibitor) prevented ursolic acid-provoked necrotic death and the acid-involved key regulators. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to report that ursolic acid-modified mitochondrial function triggers defective death by necrosis in DBTRG-05MG cells rather than augmenting programmed death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhao F, Pan S, Gu Y, Guo S, Dai Q, Yu Y, Zhang W. Reactivation of HIC-1 gene by saRNA inhibits clonogenicity and invasiveness in breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:159-164. [PMID: 25435951 PMCID: PMC4246611 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC-1) is a tumor suppressor gene, which is epigenetically silenced in breast cancer. It is known that the loss of HIC-1, caused by promoter hypermethylation, is associated with tumor aggression and poor survival in breast carcinoma. It has been shown that small activating RNA (saRNA) targeting promoter sequences may induce gene re-expression. In the current study, saRNA was used to restore HIC-1 expression, and the effects on colony formation, invasiveness and the cell cycle in breast cancer cells were explored. dsHIC1-2998, an saRNA, exhibited activating efficacy on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. A clonogenicity assay showed that evident colony inhibition was induced via saRNA-mediated re-expression of HIC-1 in the two cancer cell lines. Reactivation of HIC-1 significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion, resulting in G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in these cell lines. These findings suggest that HIC-1 may be a potential target in gene therapy for the treatment of breast cancer. saRNA may function as a therapeutic option for upregulating tumor suppressor genes in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Pan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Shanyu Guo
- Department of Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Qiancheng Dai
- Department of Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Ross JP, Kassir Z. The varied roles of nuclear argonaute-small RNA complexes and avenues for therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e203. [PMID: 25313622 PMCID: PMC4217078 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Argonautes are highly conserved proteins found in almost all eukaryotes and some bacteria and archaea. In humans, there are eight argonaute proteins evenly distributed across two clades, the Ago clade (AGO1-4) and the Piwi clade (PIWIL1-4). The function of Ago proteins is best characterized by their role in RNA interference (RNAi) and cytoplasmic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) – which involves the loading of siRNA or miRNA into argonaute to direct silencing of genes at the posttranscriptional or translational level. However, nuclear-localized, as opposed to cytoplasmic, argonaute-small RNA complexes may also orchestrate the mechanistically very different process of transcriptional gene silencing, which results in prevention of transcription from a gene locus by the formation of silent chromatin domains. More recently, the role of argonaute in other aspects of epigenetic regulation of chromatin, alternative splicing and DNA repair is emerging. This review focuses on the activity of nuclear-localized short RNA-argonaute complexes in a mammalian setting and discusses recent in vivo studies employing nuclear-directed sRNA for therapeutic interventions. These studies heed the potential development of RNA-based drugs which induce epigenetic changes in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Ross
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zena Kassir
- 1] CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Yang B, Duan X, Wu W, Ji W, Wu W, Zhong W, Zhao Z, Li S, Liu Y, Zeng G. Induction of TRPV5 expression by small activating RNA targeting gene promoter as a novel approach to regulate cellular calcium transportation. Life Sci 2014; 114:70-6. [PMID: 25139832 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Promoter-targeted small activating RNAs (saRNAs) have been shown to be able to induce target gene expression, a mechanism known as RNA activation (RNAa). The present study tested whether saRNA can induce the overexpression of TRPV5 in human cells derived from the kidney and subsequently manipulate cell calcium uptake. MAIN METHODS Three saRNAs complementary to the TRPV5 promoter were synthesized and transfected into cells. TRPV5 expression at the RNA and protein levels was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting respectively. For functional study, transcellular Ca(2+) transportation was tested by fura-2 analysis. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a suppressor of cellular calcium transportation, was administered to challenge the activating effect of selected saRNA. KEY FINDINGS One of these synthesized saRNAs, ds-2939, significantly induced the expression of TRPV5 at both mRNA and protein levels. Fura-2 analysis revealed that the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration was elevated by ds-2939. DHT treatment reduced transmembrane Ca(2+) transport, which was partially antagonized by ds-2939. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that a saRNA targeting TRPV5 promoter can be utilized to manipulate the transmembrane Ca(2+) transport by upregulating the expression of TRPV5 and may serve as an alternative for the treatment of Ca(2+) balance-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Wenzheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Weidong Ji
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Shujue Li
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou 510230, China.
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Wang H, Zhu LJ, Yang YC, Wang ZX, Wang R. MiR-224 promotes the chemoresistance of human lung adenocarcinoma cells to cisplatin via regulating G₁/S transition and apoptosis by targeting p21(WAF1/CIP1). Br J Cancer 2014; 111:339-54. [PMID: 24921914 PMCID: PMC4102932 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can serve as oncogenes and tumour suppressors to participate in tumour development. However, the roles of miRNAs in chemoresistance of human lung adenocarcinoma (LA) remain largely undefined. METHODS On the basis of miRNA microarray data, miR-224 was identified as the most upregulated miRNA in cisplatin (DDP; cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II)-resistant A549 cells compared with parental A549 cells. The aim of our study was to investigate the roles of miR-224 in the formation of DDP-resistant phenotype of LA cells and its possible molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Here we showed that miR-224 could promote the in vitro and in vivo DDP resistance of LA cells via regulating G1/S cell cycle transition and apoptosis. p21(WAF1/CIP1), a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, was identified as the direct and functional target gene of miR-224. Overexpression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) could phenocopy the effect of miR-224 downregulation and silencing of p21(WAF1/CIP1) could partially reverse the effect of miR-224 downregulation on DDP resistance of DDP-resistant LA cells. In addition, miR-224 could affect the G1/S transition of cell cycle and apoptosis in LA cells through the p21(WAF1/CIP1)-pRb pathway and the intrinsic mitochondrial death pathway. Furthermore, miR-224 was found to be downregulated in DDP-responding LA tissues, and its expression was inversely correlated with p21(WAF1/CIP1). Multivariate analyses indicated that the status of miR-224 might be an independent prognostic factor for predicting the survival of LA patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings shed novel light on the roles of miR-224/p21(WAF1/CIP1) signalling in the DDP resistance of LA cells, and targeting it will be a potential strategic approach for reversing the DDP resistance in human LAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - L-J Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Y-C Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Z-X Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - R Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Dong Z, Dang Y, Chen Y. Small double-stranded RNA mediates the anti-cancer effects of p21WAF1/ClP1 transcriptional activation in a human glioma cell line. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:324-30. [PMID: 24532499 PMCID: PMC3936623 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.2.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to investigate the small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mediated anti-tumor effects of p21WAF1/ClP1 (p21) transcriptional activation in vitro in the human glioma SHG-44 cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human glioma SHG-44 cells were transfected with dsRNA using LipofectAMINE 2000 transfection reagent. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were conducted to detect p21 and survivin mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were detected by flow-cytometric analysis. RESULTS We found that dsRNA targeting p21 promoter (dsP21) significantly induced the expression of p21 at transcription and protein levels, and reduced the expression of survivin. AS well, dsP21 transcription significantly inhibited human glioma SHG-44 cell proliferation. Analysis of cell cycle distribution revealed that dsP21 transfection increased accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase and reduced accumulation of cells in the S phase. Further analysis revealed that dsP21 transcription led to an increase in both early and late stages of apoptosis in human glioma SHG-44 cells. CONCLUSION In the present study, P21 activation by RNA-induced gene activation (RNAa) induced anti-tumor activity in vitro in a human glioma SHG-44 cell line. The results suggested that RNAa could be used for human glioma treatment by targeted activation of tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Dong
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Gansu Province, NO. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Small activating RNA restores the activity of the tumor suppressor HIC-1 on breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86486. [PMID: 24489730 PMCID: PMC3904905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIC-1 is a gene that is hypermethylated in cancer, and commonly downregulated in human breast cancer. However, the precise mechanisms and molecular pathways regulated by HIC-1 remain unclear. We assessed HIC-1 expression on a tissue microarray containing 80 cases of breast cancer. We also analyzed its biological function by restoring HIC-1 expression using 5-aza-2′ deoxycytidine (5-CdR) and small-activating RNAs for the reversal of HIC-1 tumor suppressive effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. An Agilent Q44h global expressing microarray was probed after restoring the expression of HIC-1. Data demonstrated that HIC-1 expression was reduced significantly in breast cancer tissues. HIC-1 immunohistochemistry resulted in mean staining scores in cancer tissue and normal ductal epithelia of 3.54 and 8.2, respectively (p<0.01). 5-CdR partially reversed HIC-1 expression, and modulated cell growth and apoptosis. dsHIC1-2998, an saRNA, showed activating efficacy in breast cancer cells. A group of differentially expressed genes were characterized by cDNA microarray. Upon saRNA treatment, genes upregulated included those involved in immune activation, cell cycle interference, the induction of apoptosis, anti-metastasis, and cell differentiation. Downregulated genes included oncogenes and those that play roles in cell invasion, cell growth, and cell division. Our findings may provide valuable resources not only for gene functional studies, but also for potential clinical applications to develop novel drug targets.
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40
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Huang Y, Zhang JL, Yu XL, Xu TS, Wang ZB, Cheng XC. Molecular functions of small regulatory noncoding RNA. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:221-30. [PMID: 23586714 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, using large-scale genomic sequencing, a great number of small noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) has been discovered. Short ncRNAs can be classified into three major classes--small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA). These short ncRNAs ranging from 20 to 300 nt in size are now recognized as a new paradigm of gene regulation for controlling many biological processes. In this paper, we review the biogenesis and recent research on the functions of small regulatory non-coding RNAs and aim at understanding their important functions in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Animal Science and Technology College, He Nan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City, Henan Province, PR China.
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Ren S, Kang MR, Wang J, Huang V, Place RF, Sun Y, Li LC. Targeted induction of endogenous NKX3-1 by small activating RNA inhibits prostate tumor growth. Prostate 2013; 73:1591-601. [PMID: 23836514 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA activation (RNAa) is a small RNA-mediated gene regulation mechanism by which expression of a particular gene can be induced by targeting its promoter using small double-stranded RNA also known as small activating RNA (saRNA). We used saRNA as a molecular tool to examine NKX3-1's role as a tumor suppressor and tested in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of NKX3-1 induction by saRNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS NKX3-1 saRNA was transfected into human prostate cancer cells including LNCaP, CWR22R, PC-3, CWR22RV1, DuPro, LAPC4, and DU145. The transfected cells were used for analysis of gene expression by RT-PCR and immunoblotting, proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. PC-3 xenograft models were established in immunocompromised mice and treated with NKX3-1 saRNA. RESULTS NKX3-1 saRNA induced NKX3-1 expression in different prostate cancer cell lines, resulting in inhibited cell proliferation and survival, cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. These effects were partly mediated by NKX3-1's regulation of several downstream genes including the upregulation of p21 and p27, and the inhibition of VEGFC expression. Treatment of mouse xenograft prostate tumors with intratumoral delivery of NKX3-1 saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged animal survival. CONCLUSIONS By revealing several important target genes of NKX3-1, our findings corroborated NKX3-1's role as a tumor suppressor gene through direct regulation of the cell cycle and growth/survival pathways. This study also validated the therapeutic potential of saRNA for the treatment of prostate cancer via targeted activation of tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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42
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Inactivation of tumor suppressor gene HIC1 in gastric cancer is reversed via small activating RNAs. Gene 2013; 527:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yang K, Shen J, Xie YQ, Lin YW, Qin J, Mao QQ, Zheng XY, Xie LP. Promoter-targeted double-stranded small RNAs activate PAWR gene expression in human cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1338-46. [PMID: 23583662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RNA activation is a promising discovery that promoter-targeted double-stranded small RNAs, termed small activating RNAs (saRNAs), can induce gene expression, which represents a novel approach to gene over-expression without traditional vector-based systems. PAWR is a tumor suppressing gene essential for apoptosis and a cancer-selective target for cancer therapeutics. Here our study identified synthetic saRNAs that could activate the expression of PAWR in human cancer cells. Functional analysis of PAWR induction revealed that saRNA treatment induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of cancer cells, and predictably modulated the expression of known downstream target gene Bcl-2. New functional saRNAs can also be harvested by one or two-base shifting of the original target sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that activation of PAWR is accompanied by reduced dimethylation at histone H3K9 and increased dimethylation at histone H3K4. Moreover, the existence of transcripts in PAWR promoter was detected but its relationship with RNA activation needs more lucubration. These data have enlarged the gene pool of RNAa and hold great promise as an alternative for PAWR-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
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Promoter-associated small double-stranded RNA interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 to induce transcriptional activation. Biochem J 2012; 447:407-16. [PMID: 23035981 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several recent reports have demonstrated that small activating dsRNA [double-stranded RNA; saRNA (small activating dsRNA)] complementary to promoter regions can up-regulate gene expression in mammalian cells, a phenomenon termed RNAa (RNA activation). However, the mechanism of RNAa remains obscure with regard to what is the target molecule for promoter-targeted saRNA and what are the proteins involved in this process. p21Waf1/Cip1 (p21) [CDKN1A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A)], an important tumour suppressor gene, is among the genes that can be activated by RNAa in tumour cells. In the present study, we provide direct evidence that p21 promoter-targeted saRNA interact with its intended target on the p21 promoter to activate p21 expression. This process is associated with recruitment of RNA polymerase II and AGO2 (argonaute 2) protein to the saRNA-target site. Additionally, we found that several hnRNPs (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins) (A1, A2/B1 and C1/C2) are associated with saRNA. Further studies show that hnRNPA2/B1 interacts with the saRNA in vivo and in vitro and is required for RNAa activity. These findings indicate that RNAa results from specific targeting of promoters and reveals additional mechanistic details of RNAa.
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Kosaka M, Kang MR, Yang G, Li LC. Targeted p21WAF1/CIP1 activation by RNAa inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 22:335-43. [PMID: 22909100 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2012.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA activation (RNAa) is a mechanism of gene activation triggered by promoter-targeted small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), also known as small activating RNA (saRNA). p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21) is a putative tumor suppressor gene due to its role as a key negative regulator of the cell cycle and cell proliferation. It is frequently downregulated in cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but is rarely mutated or deleted, making it an ideal target for RNAa-based overexpression to restore its tumor suppressor function. In the present study, we investigated the antigrowth effects of p21 RNAa in HCC cells. Transfection of a p21 saRNA (dsP21-322) into HepG2 and Hep3B cells significantly induced the expression of p21 at both the mRNA and protein levels, and inhibited cell proliferation and survival. Further analysis of dsP21-322 transfected cells revealed that dsP21-322 arrested the cell cycle at the G(0)/G(1) phase in HepG2 cells but at G(2)/M phase in Hep3B cells which lack functional p53 and Rb genes, and induced both early and late stage apoptosis by activating caspase 3 in both cell lines. These results demonstrated that RNAa of p21 has in vitro antigrowth effects on HCC cells via impeding cell cycle progression and inducing apoptotic cell death. This study suggests that targeted activation of p21 by RNAa may be explored as a novel therapy for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kosaka
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kang MR, Yang G, Place RF, Charisse K, Epstein-Barash H, Manoharan M, Li LC. Intravesical delivery of small activating RNA formulated into lipid nanoparticles inhibits orthotopic bladder tumor growth. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5069-79. [PMID: 22869584 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Practical methods for enhancing protein production in vivo remain a challenge. RNA activation (RNAa) is emerging as one potential solution by using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to increase endogenous gene expression. This approach, although related to RNA interference (RNAi), facilitates a response opposite to gene silencing. Duplex dsP21-322 and its chemically modified variants are examples of RNAa-based drugs that inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing expression of tumor suppressor p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21). In this study, we investigate the therapeutic potential of dsP21-322 in an orthotopic model of bladder cancer by formulating a 2'-fluoro-modified derivative (dsP21-322-2'F) into lipid nanoparticles (LNP) for intravesical delivery. LNP composition is based upon clinically relevant formulations used in RNAi-based therapies consisting of PEG-stabilized unilamellar liposomes built with lipid DLin-KC2-DMA. We confirm p21 induction, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis in vitro following treatment with LNP-formulated dsP21-322-2'F (LNP-dsP21-322-2'F) or one of its nonformulated variants. Both 2'-fluoro modification and LNP formulation also improve duplex stability in urine. Intravesical delivery of LNP-dsP21-322-2'F into mouse bladder results in urothelium uptake and extends survival of mice with established orthotopic human bladder cancer. LNP-dsP21-322-2'F treatment also facilitates p21 activation in vivo leading to regression/disappearance of tumors in 40% of the treated mice. Our results provide preclinical proof-of-concept for a novel method to treat bladder cancer by intravesical administration of LNP-formulated RNA duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Rim Kang
- Department of Urology and Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Kang MR, Yang G, Charisse K, Epstein-Barash H, Manoharan M, Li LC. An orthotopic bladder tumor model and the evaluation of intravesical saRNA treatment. J Vis Exp 2012:4207. [PMID: 22872227 DOI: 10.3791/4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Rim Kang
- Department of Urology and Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco
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Formulation of Small Activating RNA Into Lipidoid Nanoparticles Inhibits Xenograft Prostate Tumor Growth by Inducing p21 Expression. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 1:e15. [PMID: 23343884 PMCID: PMC3381590 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Application of RNA interference (RNAi) in the clinic has improved with the development of novel delivery reagents (e.g., lipidoids). Although RNAi promises a therapeutic approach at silencing gene expression, practical methods for enhancing gene production still remain a challenge. Previously, we reported that double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can activate gene expression by targeting promoter sequence in a phenomenon termed RNA activation (RNAa). In the present study, we investigate the therapeutic potential of RNAa in prostate cancer xenografts by using lipidoid-based formulation to facilitate in vivo delivery. We identify a strong activator of gene expression by screening several dsRNAs targeting the promoter of tumor suppressor p21WAF1/ Cip1 (p21). Chemical modification is subsequently implemented to improve the medicinal properties of the candidate duplex. Lipidoid-encapsulated nanoparticle (LNP) formulation is validated as a delivery vehicle to mediate p21 induction and inhibit growth of prostate tumor xenografts grown in nude mice following intratumoral injection. We provide insight into the stepwise creation and analysis of a putative RNAa-based therapeutic with antitumor activity. Our results provide proof-of-principle that RNAa in conjunction with lipidioids may represent a novel approach for stimulating gene expression in vivo to treat disease.
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Fan C, Dong L, Zhu N, Xiong Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Shen Y, Zhang X, Chen M. Isolation of siRNA target by biotinylated siRNA reveals that human CCDC12 promotes early erythroid differentiation. Leuk Res 2012; 36:779-83. [PMID: 22269669 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Erythroid differentiation is a tightly regulated multi-step process that has not been fully elucidated. We previously reported that a siRNA screened from random siRNA library, siRNA clone-67, induced erythroid differentiation in human erythroleukemia K-562cell line. Here we identified that human CCDC12 (coiled-coil domain containing 12) is a target of siRNA clone-67, by target capture with biotinylated siRNA. Over-expression of CCDC12 in K-562cell up-regulated the expression of CD235, ε-globin and γ-globin, accelerated cell growth, and slightly down-regulated the expression of GATA-2. Knockdown of CCDC12 slowed down the cell growth. These data indicate that CCDC12 is a new participant that promotes early erythroid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqing Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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50
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Portnoy V, Huang V, Place RF, Li LC. Small RNA and transcriptional upregulation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2011; 2:748-60. [PMID: 21823233 PMCID: PMC3154074 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small RNA molecules, such as microRNA and small interfering RNA, have emerged as master regulators of gene expression through their ability to suppress target genes in a phenomenon collectively called RNA interference (RNAi). There is growing evidence that small RNAs can also serve as activators of gene expression by targeting gene regulatory sequences. This novel mechanism, known as RNA activation (RNAa), appears to be conserved in at least mammalian cells and triggered by both endogenous and artificially designed small RNAs. RNAa depends on Argonaute proteins, but possesses kinetics distinct from that of RNAi. Epigenetic changes are associated with RNAa and may contribute to transcriptional activation of target genes, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Given the potential of RNAa as a molecular tool for studying gene function and as a therapeutic for disease, further research is needed to completely elucidate its molecular mechanism in order to refine the rules for target selection and improve strategies for exploiting it therapeutically. WIREs RNA 2011 2 748-760 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.90 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Portnoy
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Vera Huang
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Robert F. Place
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Long-Cheng Li
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
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