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Dichiara M, Prezzavento O, Marrazzo A, Pittalà V, Salerno L, Rescifina A, Amata E. Recent advances in drug discovery of phototherapeutic non-porphyrinic anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:459-485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yokoyama Y, Shigeto T, Miura R, Kobayashi A, Mizunuma M, Yamauchi A, Futagami M, Mizunuma H. Differences in the sensitivity of ovarian cancer to photodynamic therapy and the mechanisms for those differences. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4933-4938. [PMID: 28588733 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) levels are crucial to the antitumor action of photodynamic therapy (PDT). In the present study, the underling molecular mechanisms for the variation in PpIX levels in ovarian cancer cells were investigated. Five ovarian cancer cell lines were subcutaneously grafted onto the backs of nude mice. Once tumors had developed, 5-aminolevulinic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (methyl-ALA) was administered intraperitoneally and the tumor was irradiated twice/week. PpIX levels in the tumor were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Enzymes involved in heme synthesis and degradation were screened using a microarray technique. Expression of the glutathione transferase Omega-1 (GSTO1) gene involved in the conversion of PpIX into heme in cells was quantified using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In HTOA, HRA and DISS cells, PDT resulted in significant tumor shrinkage in comparison with the controls. In MCAS and TOV21G cells, no significant alterations in tumor growth were identified compared with the untreated cells. PpIX levels increased significantly in HTOA, DISS and HRA cells compared with in MCAS and TOV21G cells. A comparison of genetic profiles using PDT-sensitive DISS cells and PDT-resistant MCAS cells indicated that MCAS cells exhibited significantly increased levels of δ-aminolevulinate synthase (a rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis), heme oxygenase 2 (an enzyme that degrades heme into biliverdin), and biliverdin reductase B (an enzyme that reduces biliverdin into bilirubin) in comparison with DISS cells. The level of GSTO1 expression in HTOA, HRA and DISS cells was ~2.5-fold that in MCAS and TOV21G cells. Sensitivity to PDT is related to PpIX levels in cells. The results of the present study suggested that PpIX tends not to accumulate in PDT-resistant cells despite active heme synthesis and degradation, and that high levels of GSTO1 expression are associated with increased sensitivity to PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Yokoyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Shigeto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Rie Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Asami Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Makito Mizunuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Aisa Yamauchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masayuki Futagami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hideki Mizunuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Miyazaki Y, Taguchi K, Sou K, Watanabe H, Ishima Y, Miyakawa T, Mitsuya H, Fukagawa M, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Therapeutic Impact of Erythropoietin-Encapsulated Liposomes Targeted to Bone Marrow on Renal Anemia. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4238-48. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Miyazaki
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Keitaro Sou
- Center
for Advanced Biomedical Sciences/TWIns, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Center
for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Miyakawa
- Department
of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department
of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division
of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259−1193, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
- DDS
Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Center
for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Čižeková L, Grolmusová A, Ipóthová Z, Barbieriková Z, Brezová V, Hunáková L, Imrich J, Janovec L, Dovinová I, Paulíková H. Novel 3,6-bis(imidazolidine)acridines as effective photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4684-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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5
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Kriška J, Solár P, Varinská L, Solárová Z, Kimáková P, Mojžiš J, Fedoročko P, Sytkowski AJ. Human erythropoietin increases the pro-angiogenic potential of A2780 ovarian adenocarcinoma cells under hypoxic conditions. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1455-62. [PMID: 23807540 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is a key regulator of erythroid cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In the form of the recombinant protein, it is widely used to treat various types of anemias, including that associated with cancer and with the myelosuppressive effects of chemotherapy, particularly platinum-based regimens. Our previous studies confirmed the presence of Epo receptors (EpoRs) in ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines and demonstrated that long-term Epo treatment of A2780 cells resulted in the development of a phenotype exhibiting both enhanced Epo signaling and increased paclitaxel resistance. In the present study, we carried out a series of experiments to analyze the pro-angiogenic potential of Epo-treated A2780 and SKOV-3 cells. Our studies revealed that conditioned media of Epo-treated A2780 cells had a stimulative effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This effect was only seen when A2780 cells were incubated under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, Epo increased the secretion of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, GM-CSF and interferon-γ by A2780 cells that grew in hypoxic conditions. In this regard, conditioned media of hypoxic and Epo-treated A2780 cells induced a significant phosphorylation of STAT-5 in HUVECs. Our results may have important implications for ovarian cancer patients receiving Epo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kriška
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Abstract
Traditionally, erythropoietin (EPO) is described as a hematopoietic cytokine, regulating proliferation and differentiation and survival of the erythroid progenitors. The recent finding of new sites of EPO production and the wide spread distribution of EPO receptors (EPO-R) on endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, renal cells as well as the central and peripheral nervous system raised the possibility that EPO may exert pleiotropic actions on several targets. Indeed studies (mainly preclinical) have documented protective, non-hematopoietic, abilities of EPO in a variety of tissue. However, the data obtained from clinical studies are more skeptical about these properties. This article provides a comprehensive overview of EPO and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Recombinant human erythropoietin suppresses endothelial cell apoptosis and reduces the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 proteins in the aortas of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 57:424-33. [PMID: 21242808 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31820d92fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have raised concern that therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) may increase cardiovascular disease risk, event rate, and mortality. Endothelial cell apoptosis has been implicated in both atherogenesis and in the destabilization and rupture of atheromatous plaques. In the current study, we observed that EPO and the EPO-mimetic peptide EMP-1 markedly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in endothelial cell monolayers. Therapeutic concentrations of EPO upregulated Bcl-2 expression and concurrently diminished expression of Bax, resulting in a net decrease in the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 protein concentrations. In vivo studies demonstrated that EPO receptor is abundantly expressed in murine aorta and that EPO treatment for 10 weeks markedly decreased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 protein in the aortas of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. To our knowledge, these data are the first to reveal a modulation of regulators of the apoptotic pathway in murine aorta by chronic EPO treatment. These observations imply that long-term administration of EPO may have the potential to affect plaque stability.
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Hedley BD, Allan AL, Xenocostas A. The role of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6373-80. [PMID: 21750199 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, understanding of the physiologic function of erythropoietin (EPO) has evolved significantly. EPO binds to erythropoietin receptors (EPOR), initiating signaling that stimulates growth, inhibits apoptosis, and induces the differentiation of erythroid progenitors to increase red blood cell mass. EPO has additionally been shown to exert tissue-protective effects on multiple tissues, suggesting a pleiotropic mechanism of action. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) are used clinically for treating cancer-related anemia [chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA)]. Recent clinical trials have reported increased adverse events and/or reduced survival in ESA-treated cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, potentially related to EPO-induced cancer progression. Signaling pathways downstream of EPO/EPOR have been shown to influence numerous cellular functions in both normal and tumor cells, including proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance. Some studies have reported effects on proliferation, reduced chemotherapy efficacy, reduction of apoptosis, and resistance to selective therapies on cancer cell lines, whereas others have shown null effects. In addition, newer targeted cancer therapies that are directed toward specific signaling pathways may be antagonized by ESAs. This molecular interplay between anticancer agents and potential survival signals triggered by ESAs may have been underestimated and may contribute toward decreased survival seen in certain trials. As more targeted anticancer therapies become available, these types of interactions may mitigate therapeutic efficacy by allowing tumor cells to acquire drug resistance. Therefore, a more complete understanding of the complex pathways involved will allow for the rational use of ESAs for the safe treatment of CIA in oncology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hedley
- Division of Hematology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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Agostinis P, Berg K, Cengel KA, Foster TH, Girotti AW, Gollnick SO, Hahn SM, Hamblin MR, Juzeniene A, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J, Mroz P, Nowis D, Piette J, Wilson BC, Golab J. Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:250-81. [PMID: 21617154 PMCID: PMC3209659 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3286] [Impact Index Per Article: 252.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved, minimally invasive therapeutic procedure that can exert a selective cytotoxic activity toward malignant cells. The procedure involves administration of a photosensitizing agent followed by irradiation at a wavelength corresponding to an absorbance band of the sensitizer. In the presence of oxygen, a series of events lead to direct tumor cell death, damage to the microvasculature, and induction of a local inflammatory reaction. Clinical studies revealed that PDT can be curative, particularly in early stage tumors. It can prolong survival in patients with inoperable cancers and significantly improve quality of life. Minimal normal tissue toxicity, negligible systemic effects, greatly reduced long-term morbidity, lack of intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms, and excellent cosmetic as well as organ function-sparing effects of this treatment make it a valuable therapeutic option for combination treatments. With a number of recent technological improvements, PDT has the potential to become integrated into the mainstream of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Agostinis
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cell Death Research & Therapy Laboratory, Catholic University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway, ;
| | - Keith A. Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA, ;
| | - Thomas H. Foster
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
| | - Albert W. Girotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226-3548, USA,
| | - Sandra O. Gollnick
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA,
| | - Stephen M. Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA, ;
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA, ;
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway, ;
| | - David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA,
| | | | - Johan Moan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway, ;
- Institute of Physics, University of Oslo, Blindern 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA, ;
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, ;
| | - Jacques Piette
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Virology & Immunology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège Belgium,
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Ontario Cancer Institute/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada,
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, ;
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department 3, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Sytkowski AJ. The neurobiology of erythropoietin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:931-7. [PMID: 21538117 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Sytkowski
- Hematology and Oncology Group, Oncology Therapeutic Delivery Unit, Quintiles Transnational, Arlington, MA 02476, USA.
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12
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Tankiewicz-Kwedlo A, Pawlak D, Domaniewski T, Buczko W. Effect of erythropoietin, 5-fluorouracil and SN-38 on the growth of DLD-1 cells. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:926-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Szenajch J, Wcislo G, Jeong JY, Szczylik C, Feldman L. The role of erythropoietin and its receptor in growth, survival and therapeutic response of human tumor cells From clinic to bench - a critical review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:82-95. [PMID: 20406667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been used clinically to alleviate cancer- and chemotherapy-related anemia. However, recent clinical trials have reported that rhEPO also may adversely impact disease progression and survival. The expression of functional EPO receptors (EPOR) has been demonstrated in many human cancer cells where, at least in vitro, rhEPO can stimulate cell growth and survival and may induce resistance to selected therapies. Responses to rhEPO measured by alterations in tumor cell growth or survival, activation of signaling pathways or modulation of sensitivity to anticancer agents are variable. Both methodological and inherent biological issues underlie the differential cell responses, including reported difficulties in EPOR protein detection, potential involvement of EPOR isoforms or of cytoplasmic EPOR, possible differential structure and/or binding affinities of hematopoietic versus non-hematopoietic cell EPOR, possible aberrant regulation of EPOR activity, and a functional EPO/EPOR autocrine/paracrine loop. The modulation by rhEPO of tumor cell response to anticancer agents is coincident with modulation of multiple signaling pathways, BCL-2 family proteins, caspases and NFkB. The molecular interplay of pro-survival and pro-death signals, triggered by EPO and/or by anticancer agents, is multifactorial and tightly coordinated. Expression microarray analysis may prove critical for deciphering this potentially novel network and its broad spectrum of genes and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Szenajch
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Swift SE, Elliott S, Sinclair AM, Begley CG. Erythropoietin Receptor in Ovarian Cancer Cells – Letter: Figure 1. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1070-1; author reply 1071. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Solár P, Koval J, Mikeš J, Kleban J, Solárová Z, Lazúr J, Hodorová I, Fedoročko P, Sytkowski AJ. Erythropoietin and Ovarian Cancer – Response. Mol Cancer Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solár
- P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Koval
- P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Ján Kleban
- P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Ján Lazúr
- P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Arthur J. Sytkowski
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Oxidative stress: Biomarkers and novel therapeutic pathways. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:217-34. [PMID: 20064603 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress significantly impacts multiple cellular pathways that can lead to the initiation and progression of varied disorders throughout the body. It therefore becomes imperative to elucidate the components and function of novel therapeutic strategies against oxidative stress to further clinical diagnosis and care. In particular, both the growth factor and cytokine erythropoietin (EPO) and members of the mammalian forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FoxOs) may offer the greatest promise for new treatment regimens since these agents and the cellular pathways they oversee cover a range of critical functions that directly influence progenitor cell development, cell survival and degeneration, metabolism, immune function, and cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, both EPO and FoxOs function not only as therapeutic targets, but also as biomarkers of disease onset and progression, since their cellular pathways are closely linked and overlap with several unique signal transduction pathways. However, biological outcome with EPO and FoxOs may sometimes be both unexpected and undesirable that can raise caution for these agents and warrant further investigations. Here we present the exciting as well as complicated role EPO and FoxOs possess to uncover the benefits as well as the risks of these agents for cell biology and clinical care in processes that range from stem cell development to uncontrolled cellular proliferation.
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Ferenc P, Solár P, Kleban J, Mikes J, Fedorocko P. Down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Akt induced by combination of photoactivated hypericin and genistein in human breast cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 98:25-34. [PMID: 19932626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Presented experiment considers combination of genistein and photodynamic therapy with hypericin with a view to achieve higher therapeutic outcome in human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, both identified in our conditions as photodynamic therapy resistant. Since genistein is known to suppress Bcl-2 expression, we predicted that photodynamic therapy with hypericin might benefit from mutual therapeutic combination. In line with our expectations, combined treatment led to down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax in both cell lines as well as to suppression of Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation induced by photoactivated hypericin in MCF-7 cells. Although Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation was not stimulated by photodynamic therapy with hypericin in MDA-MB-231 cells, it was effectively suppressed in combination. Variations in cell death signaling favoring apoptosis were indeed accompanied by cell cycle arrest in G(2)/M-phase, activation of caspase-7, PARP cleavage and increased occurrence of cells with apoptotic morphology of nucleus. All these events corresponded with suppression of proliferation and significantly lowered clonogenic ability of treated cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that pre-treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein may significantly improve the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with hypericin in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ferenc
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia.
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Maiese K, Hou J, Chong ZZ, Shang YC. Erythropoietin, forkhead proteins, and oxidative injury: biomarkers and biology. ScientificWorldJournal 2009; 9:1072-104. [PMID: 19802503 PMCID: PMC2762199 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2009.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress significantly impacts multiple cellular pathways that can lead to the initiation and progression of varied disorders throughout the body. It therefore becomes imperative to elucidate the components and function of novel therapeutic strategies against oxidative stress to further clinical diagnosis and care. In particular, both the growth factor and cytokine erythropoietin (EPO), and members of the mammalian forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FoxOs), may offer the greatest promise for new treatment regimens, since these agents and the cellular pathways they oversee cover a range of critical functions that directly influence progenitor cell development, cell survival and degeneration, metabolism, immune function, and cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, both EPO and FoxOs function not only as therapeutic targets, but also as biomarkers of disease onset and progression, since their cellular pathways are closely linked and overlap with several unique signal transduction pathways. Yet, EPO and FoxOs may sometimes have unexpected and undesirable effects that can raise caution for these agents and warrant further investigations. Here we present the exciting as well as the complex role that EPO and FoxOs possess to uncover the benefits as well as the risks of these agents for cell biology and clinical care in processes that range from stem cell development to uncontrolled cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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