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Zhu X, Li Y, Liu H, Wang Y, Sun R, Jiang Z, Hou C, Hou X, Huang S, Zhang H, Wang H, Jiang B, Yang X, Xu B, Fan G. NAMPT-targeting PROTAC and nicotinic acid co-administration elicit safe and robust anti-tumor efficacy in NAPRT-deficient pan-cancers. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1203-1218.e17. [PMID: 38906111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzes the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), making it a potential target for cancer therapy. Two challenges hinder its translation in the clinic: targeting the extracellular form of NAMPT (eNAMPT) remains insufficient, and side effects are observed in normal tissues. We previously utilized proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) to develop two compounds capable of simultaneously degrading iNAMPT and eNAMPT. Unfortunately, the pharmacokinetic properties were inadequate, and toxicities similar to those associated with traditional inhibitors arose. We have developed a next-generation PROTAC molecule 632005 to address these challenges, demonstrating exceptional target selectivity and bioavailability, improved in vivo exposure, extended half-life, and reduced clearance rate. When combined with nicotinic acid, 632005 exhibits safety and robust efficacy in treating NAPRT-deficient pan-cancers, including xenograft models with hematologic malignancy and prostate cancer and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models with liver cancer. Our findings provide clinical references for patient selection and treatment strategies involving NAMPT-targeting PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Renhong Sun
- Gluetacs Therapeutics (Shanghai) Co, Ltd, Building 20, Lane 218, Haiji Road 6, Pudong District, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chun Hou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xianyu Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Suming Huang
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobao Yang
- Gluetacs Therapeutics (Shanghai) Co, Ltd, Building 20, Lane 218, Haiji Road 6, Pudong District, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China.
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2
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Lu T, Chen F, Yao J, Bu Z, Kyani A, Liang B, Chen S, Zheng Y, Liang H, Neamati N, Liu Y. Design of FK866-Based Degraders for Blocking the Nonenzymatic Functions of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8099-8121. [PMID: 38722799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is an attractive therapeutic target for treating select cancers. There are two forms of NAMPT: intracellular NAMPT (iNAMPT, the rate-limiting enzyme in the mammalian NAD+ main synthetic pathway) and extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT, a cytokine with protumorigenic function). Reported NAMPT inhibitors only inhibit iNAMPT and show potent activities in preclinical studies. Unfortunately, they failed to show efficacy due to futility and toxicity. We developed a series of FK866-based NAMPT-targeting PROTACs and identified LYP-8 as a potent and effective NAMPT degrader that simultaneously diminished iNAMPT and eNAMPT. Importantly, LYP-8 demonstrated superior efficacy and safety in mice when compared to the clinical candidate, FK866. This study highlights the importance and feasibility of applying PROTACs as a superior strategy for interfering with both the enzymatic function of NAMPT (iNAMPT) and nonenzymatic function of NAMPT (eNAMPT), which is difficult to achieve with conventional NAMPT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Bu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Armita Kyani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Benji Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Shaoting Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yanghan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
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3
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Hasan Bou Issa L, Fléchon L, Laine W, Ouelkdite A, Gaggero S, Cozzani A, Tilmont R, Chauvet P, Gower N, Sklavenitis-Pistofidis R, Brinster C, Thuru X, Touil Y, Quesnel B, Mitra S, Ghobrial IM, Kluza J, Manier S. MYC dependency in GLS1 and NAMPT is a therapeutic vulnerability in multiple myeloma. iScience 2024; 27:109417. [PMID: 38510131 PMCID: PMC10952034 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy in which MYC alterations contribute to the malignant phenotype. Nevertheless, MYC lacks therapeutic druggability. Here, we leveraged large-scale loss-of-function screens and conducted a small molecule screen to identify genes and pathways with enhanced essentiality correlated with MYC expression. We reported a specific gene dependency in glutaminase (GLS1), essential for the viability and proliferation of MYC overexpressing cells. Conversely, the analysis of isogenic models, as well as cell lines dataset (CCLE) and patient datasets, revealed GLS1 as a non-oncogenic dependency in MYC-driven cells. We functionally delineated the differential modulation of glutamine to maintain mitochondrial function and cellular biosynthesis in MYC overexpressing cells. Furthermore, we observed that pharmaceutical inhibition of NAMPT selectively affects MYC upregulated cells. We demonstrate the effectiveness of combining GLS1 and NAMPT inhibitors, suggesting that targeting glutaminolysis and NAD synthesis may be a promising strategy to target MYC-driven MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Hasan Bou Issa
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Léa Fléchon
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - William Laine
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Aicha Ouelkdite
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Silvia Gaggero
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Adeline Cozzani
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Remi Tilmont
- Department of Hematology, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Paul Chauvet
- Department of Hematology, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Gower
- Department of Hematology, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Carine Brinster
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Thuru
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yasmine Touil
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
- Department of Hematology, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Suman Mitra
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Irene M. Ghobrial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jérôme Kluza
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Salomon Manier
- Canther, INSERM UMR-S1277 and CNRS UMR9020, Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
- Department of Hematology, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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4
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Ghanem MS, Caffa I, Monacelli F, Nencioni A. Inhibitors of NAD + Production in Cancer Treatment: State of the Art and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2092. [PMID: 38396769 PMCID: PMC10889166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The addiction of tumors to elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels is a hallmark of cancer metabolism. Obstructing NAD+ biosynthesis in tumors is a new and promising antineoplastic strategy. Inhibitors developed against nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the main enzyme in NAD+ production from nicotinamide, elicited robust anticancer activity in preclinical models but not in patients, implying that other NAD+-biosynthetic pathways are also active in tumors and provide sufficient NAD+ amounts despite NAMPT obstruction. Recent studies show that NAD+ biosynthesis through the so-called "Preiss-Handler (PH) pathway", which utilizes nicotinate as a precursor, actively operates in many tumors and accounts for tumor resistance to NAMPT inhibitors. The PH pathway consists of three sequential enzymatic steps that are catalyzed by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs), and NAD+ synthetase (NADSYN1). Here, we focus on these enzymes as emerging targets in cancer drug discovery, summarizing their reported inhibitors and describing their current or potential exploitation as anticancer agents. Finally, we also focus on additional NAD+-producing enzymes acting in alternative NAD+-producing routes that could also be relevant in tumors and thus become viable targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S. Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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5
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Zhang P, Wang W, Guo M, Zhou L, Dong G, Xu D, Sheng C. Discovery of potent NAMPT-Targeting PROTACs using FK866 as the warhead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 92:129393. [PMID: 37369332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy due to its strong correlation with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism and tumorigenesis. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) provided an attractive strategy for developing NAMPT-targeting NAD+-depleting cancer drugs. Herein, a series of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-recruiting NAMPT-targeting PROTACs were designed using NAMPT inhibitor FK866 as the warhead. Among them, compound C5 degraded NAMPT (DC50 = 31.7 nM) in a VHL- and proteasome-dependent manner. Moreover, compound C5 effectively inhibited the proliferation of A2780 cells (IC50 = 30.6 nM) and significantly reduced the general cytotoxicity of FK866 to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Menglu Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Luozhu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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6
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Podyacheva E, Toropova Y. The Role of NAD+, SIRTs Interactions in Stimulating and Counteracting Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097925. [PMID: 37175631 PMCID: PMC10178434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has identified oncological diseases as one of the most serious health concerns of the current century. Current research on oncogenesis is focused on the molecular mechanisms of energy-biochemical reprogramming in cancer cell metabolism, including processes contributing to the Warburg effect and the pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic roles of sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). However, a clear understanding of the interaction between NAD+, SIRTs in cancer development, as well as their effects on carcinogenesis, has not been established, and literature data vary greatly. This work aims to provide a summary and structure of the available information on NAD+, SIRTs interactions in both stimulating and countering carcinogenesis, and to discuss potential approaches for pharmacological modulation of these interactions to achieve an anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Podyacheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yana Toropova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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7
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Xu Q, Liu X, Mohseni G, Hao X, Ren Y, Xu Y, Gao H, Wang Q, Wang Y. Mechanism research and treatment progress of NAD pathway related molecules in tumor immune microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:242. [PMID: 35906622 PMCID: PMC9338646 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is the core of cellular energy metabolism. NAMPT, Sirtuins, PARP, CD38, and other molecules in this classic metabolic pathway affect many key cellular functions and are closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. In recent years, several studies have found that these molecules can regulate cell energy metabolism, promote the release of related cytokines, induce the expression of neoantigens, change the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and then play an anticancer role. Drugs targeting these molecules are under development or approved for clinical use. Although there are some side effects and drug resistance, the discovery of novel drugs, the development of combination therapies, and the application of new technologies provide solutions to these challenges and improve efficacy. This review presents the mechanisms of action of NAD pathway-related molecules in tumor immunity, advances in drug research, combination therapies, and some new technology-related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- QinChen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ghazal Mohseni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yidan Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yiwei Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, China
| | - Huiru Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Colombo G, Gelardi ELM, Balestrero FC, Moro M, Travelli C, Genazzani AA. Insight Into Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Homeostasis as a Targetable Metabolic Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:758320. [PMID: 34880756 PMCID: PMC8645963 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.758320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells modify their cellular metabolism with the aim to sustain uncontrolled proliferation. Cancer cells necessitate adequate amounts of NAD and NADPH to support several enzymes that are usually overexpressed and/or overactivated. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential cofactor and substrate of several NAD-consuming enzymes, such as PARPs and sirtuins, while NADPH is important in the regulation of the redox status in cells. The present review explores the rationale for targeting the key enzymes that maintain the cellular NAD/NADPH pool in colorectal cancer and the enzymes that consume or use NADP(H).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Marianna Moro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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9
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Targeting the NAD Salvage Synthesis Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Osteosarcomas with Low NAPRT Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126273. [PMID: 34200964 PMCID: PMC8230647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant bone tumor, overall survival has hardly improved over the last four decades. Especially for metastatic OS, novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed. A hallmark of cancer is aberrant metabolism, which justifies targeting metabolic pathways as a promising therapeutic strategy. One of these metabolic pathways, the NAD+ synthesis pathway, can be considered as a potential target for OS treatment. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the classical salvage pathway for NAD+ synthesis, and NAMPT is overexpressed in OS. In this study, five OS cell lines were treated with the NAMPT inhibitor FK866, which was shown to decrease nuclei count in a 2D in vitro model without inducing caspase-driven apoptosis. The reduction in cell viability by FK866 was confirmed in a 3D model of OS cell lines (n = 3). Interestingly, only OS cells with low nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase domain containing 1 (NAPRT1) RNA expression were sensitive to NAMPT inhibition. Using a publicly available (Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET)) and a previously published dataset, it was shown that in OS cell lines and primary tumors, low NAPRT1 RNA expression correlated with NAPRT1 methylation around the transcription start site. These results suggest that targeting NAMPT in osteosarcoma could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy, where low NAPRT expression can serve as a biomarker for the selection of eligible patients.
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10
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Ghanem MS, Monacelli F, Nencioni A. Advances in NAD-Lowering Agents for Cancer Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:1665. [PMID: 34068917 PMCID: PMC8156468 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential redox cofactor, but it also acts as a substrate for NAD-consuming enzymes, regulating cellular events such as DNA repair and gene expression. Since such processes are fundamental to support cancer cell survival and proliferation, sustained NAD production is a hallmark of many types of neoplasms. Depleting intratumor NAD levels, mainly through interference with the NAD-biosynthetic machinery, has emerged as a promising anti-cancer strategy. NAD can be generated from tryptophan or nicotinic acid. In addition, the "salvage pathway" of NAD production, which uses nicotinamide, a byproduct of NAD degradation, as a substrate, is also widely active in mammalian cells and appears to be highly exploited by a subset of human cancers. In fact, research has mainly focused on inhibiting the key enzyme of the latter NAD production route, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), leading to the identification of numerous inhibitors, including FK866 and CHS-828. Unfortunately, the clinical activity of these agents proved limited, suggesting that the approaches for targeting NAD production in tumors need to be refined. In this contribution, we highlight the recent advancements in this field, including an overview of the NAD-lowering compounds that have been reported so far and the related in vitro and in vivo studies. We also describe the key NAD-producing pathways and their regulation in cancer cells. Finally, we summarize the approaches that have been explored to optimize the therapeutic response to NAMPT inhibitors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S. Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.G.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.G.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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11
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Sauer H, Kampmann H, Khosravi F, Sharifpanah F, Wartenberg M. The nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase antagonist FK866 inhibits growth of prostate tumour spheroids and increases doxorubicin retention without changes in drug transporter and cancer stem cell protein expression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:422-434. [PMID: 33349973 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis and is involved in cancer cell proliferation through regulation of energy production pathways. Therefore, NAMPT inhibitors are promising drugs for cancer therapy by limiting energy supply of tumours. Herein, we demonstrated that the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 ((E)-N-(4-(1-Benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide) dose-dependently inhibited growth and cell motility of DU-145 prostate tumour spheroids and decreased the intracellular ATP concentration. The apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3 remained unchanged, but the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) was upregulated. Growth inhibition was reversed upon co-administration of NAD to the cell culture medium. FK866 decreased calcein as well as pheophorbide A efflux from tumour spheroids and increased doxorubicin toxicity, indicating interference with function of drug efflux transporters. DU-145 multicellular tumour spheroids expressed the stem cell associated markers CD133, CD44, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, and drug transporters ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 which are associated with stem cell properties in cancer cells. The ABCB1 inhibitor zosuquidar, the ABCG2 inhibitor Ko143, and the ABCC1 inhibitor MK571 increased calcein retention. Neither protein expression of stem cell markers, nor drug transporters was significantly changed upon FK866 treatment. In conclusion, our data suggest that FK866 inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation by interference with the energy metabolism, and function of drug efflux transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Henning Kampmann
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Farhad Khosravi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Sharifpanah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Maria Wartenberg
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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12
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Polyakova YV, Zavodovsky BV, Sivordova LE, Akhverdyan YR, Zborovskaya IA. Visfatin and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenetic Implications and Clinical Utility. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2020; 16:224-239. [DOI: 10.2174/1573397115666190409112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Analysis and generalization of data related to visfatin involvement in the
pathogenesis of inflammation at various stages of rheumatoid arthritis.
Data Synthesis:
Visfatin is an adipocytokine which has also been identified in non-adipose tissues.
It influences directly on the maturation of B cells, which are involved in autoantibody production
and T cell activation. Visfatin can promote inflammation via regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines
including TNF, IL-1β and IL-6. The concentration of circulating visfatin in rheumatoid arthritis
patients is higher compared to healthy individuals. Several studies suggest that visfatin level is
associated with rheumatoid arthritis activity, and its elevation may precede clinical signs of the relapse.
In murine collagen-induced arthritis, visfatin levels were also found to be elevated both in
inflamed synovial cells and in joint vasculature. Visfatin blockers have been shown to confer fast
and long-term attenuation of pathological processes; however, most of their effects are transient.
Other factors responsible for hyperactivation of the immune system can participate in this process
at a later stage. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a combination of these blockers and inhibitors
of other mediators of inflammation can potentially improve treatment outcomes compared to
current therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in the treatment of experimental arthritis in mice as
well as the application of emerging treatment strategies obtained from oncology for rheumatoid arthritis
management could be a source of novel adipokine-mediated anti-rheumatic drugs.
Conclusion:
The ongoing surge of interest in anticytokine therapy makes further study of visfatin
highly relevant as it may serve as a base for innovational RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V. Polyakova
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Boris V. Zavodovsky
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa E. Sivordova
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri R. Akhverdyan
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Irina A. Zborovskaya
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
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13
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Schultz MD, Dadali T, Jacques SA, Muller-Steffner H, Foote JB, Sorci L, Kellenberger E, Botta D, Lund FE. Inhibition of the NAD salvage pathway in schistosomes impairs metabolism, reproduction, and parasite survival. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008539. [PMID: 32459815 PMCID: PMC7252647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD, a key co-enzyme required for cell metabolism, is synthesized via two pathways in most organisms. Since schistosomes apparently lack enzymes required for de novo NAD biosynthesis, we evaluated whether these parasites, which infect >200 million people worldwide, maintain NAD homeostasis via the NAD salvage biosynthetic pathway. We found that intracellular NAD levels decline in schistosomes treated with drugs that block production of nicotinamide or nicotinamide mononucleotide–known NAD precursors in the non-deamidating salvage pathway. Moreover, in vitro inhibition of the NAD salvage pathway in schistosomes impaired egg production, disrupted the outer membranes of both immature and mature parasites and caused loss of mobility and death. Inhibiting the NAD salvage pathway in schistosome-infected mice significantly decreased NAD levels in adult parasites, which correlated with reduced egg production, fewer liver granulomas and parasite death. Thus, schistosomes, unlike their mammalian hosts, appear limited to one metabolic pathway to maintain NAD-dependent metabolic processes. Schistosomiasis (snail fever) is a deadly parasitic disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide and, if not treated, can lead to death. This disease is caused by parasitic worms called schistosomes that feed on the host blood and lay hundreds of eggs each day that damage the liver and kidneys. Therapies to treat schistosomiasis are limited. The most widely-used anti-schistosomal drug, praziquantel, is not effective against immature parasites and adult worms can, in some cases, become resistant to this drug. It is therefore important to find new therapies to treat this deadly disease. In this study, we observed that schistosomes cannot use amino acids to make Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)–a key cellular metabolite found in all living organisms. Instead, these parasites salvage NAD by scavenging vitamins from the host. We observed that disruption of this NAD salvage pathway negatively impacts metabolism, reproduction and survival of both adult and immature worms. As such, targeting the parasite’s NAD salvage pathway is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of snail fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Schultz
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tulin Dadali
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sylvain A. Jacques
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Hélène Muller-Steffner
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Jeremy B. Foote
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Esther Kellenberger
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Davide Botta
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Galli U, Colombo G, Travelli C, Tron GC, Genazzani AA, Grolla AA. Recent Advances in NAMPT Inhibitors: A Novel Immunotherapic Strategy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:656. [PMID: 32477131 PMCID: PMC7235340 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor of many enzymatic reactions as well as being a substrate for a number of NAD-consuming enzymes (e.g., PARPS, sirtuins, etc). NAD can be synthesized de novo starting from tryptophan, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, or nicotinamide riboside from the diet. On the other hand, the nicotinamide that is liberated by NAD-consuming enzymes can be salvaged to re-form NAD. In this former instance, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the bottleneck enzyme. In the many cells in which the salvage pathway is predominant, NAMPT, therefore, represents an important controller of intracellular NAD concentrations, and as a consequence of energy metabolism. It is, therefore, not surprising that NAMPT is over expressed by tumoral cells, which take advantage from this to sustain growth rate and tumor progression. This has led to the initiation of numerous medicinal chemistry programs to develop NAMPT inhibitors in the context of oncology. More recently, however, it has been shown that NAMPT inhibitors do not solely target the tumor but also have an effect on the immune system. To add complexity, this enzyme can also be secreted by cells, and in the extracellular space it acts as a cytokine mainly through the activation of Toll like Receptor 4 (TLR4), although it has not been clarified yet if this is the only receptor responsible for its actions. While specific small molecules have been developed only against the intracellular form of NAMPT, growing evidences sustain the possibility to target the extracellular form. In this contribution, the most recent evidences on the medicinal chemistry of NAMPT will be reviewed, together with the key elements that sustain the hypothesis of NAMPT targeting and the drawbacks so far encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldina Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giorgia Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Ambra A Grolla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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15
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Heske CM. Beyond Energy Metabolism: Exploiting the Additional Roles of NAMPT for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1514. [PMID: 32010616 PMCID: PMC6978772 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have increased requirements for NAD+. Thus, many cancers exhibit an increased reliance on NAD+ production pathways. This dependence may be exploited therapeutically through pharmacological targeting of NAMPT, the rate-limiting enzyme in the NAD+ salvage pathway. Despite promising preclinical data using NAMPT inhibitors in cancer models, early NAMPT inhibitors showed limited efficacy in several early phase clinical trials, necessitating the identification of strategies, such as drug combinations, to enhance their efficacy. While the effect of NAMPT inhibitors on impairment of energy metabolism in cancer cells has been well-described, more recent insights have uncovered a number of additional targetable cellular processes that are impacted by inhibition of NAMPT. These include sirtuin function, DNA repair machinery, redox homeostasis, molecular signaling, cellular stemness, and immune processes. This review highlights the recent findings describing the effects of NAMPT inhibitors on the non-metabolic functions of malignant cells, with a focus on how this information can be leveraged clinically. Combining NAMPT inhibitors with other therapies that target NAD+-dependent processes or selecting tumors with specific vulnerabilities that can be co-targeted with NAMPT inhibitors may represent opportunities to exploit the multiple functions of this enzyme for greater therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Heske
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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16
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Kozako T, Aikawa A, Ohsugi T, Uchida YI, Kato N, Sato K, Ishitsuka K, Yoshimitsu M, Honda SI. High expression of NAMPT in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and anti-tumor activity of a NAMPT inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172738. [PMID: 31614144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a malignancy of mature T lymphocytes induced by human T-cell leukemia virus-1 and has a poor outcome. New molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of ATL are needed urgently. We previously reported high expression of Sirtuin 1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone/protein deacetylase, in primary acute-type ATL cells. NAD+ biosynthesis via nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) modulates Sirtuin 1 activity. Here, we examined the expression and effects of inhibiting NAMPT, a rate-limiting enzyme in NAD+ biosynthesis, in ATL cells. We found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with acute-type ATL expressed significantly higher levels of NAMPT protein than cells from healthy subjects. FK866, a NAMPT inhibitor, induced apoptosis of freshly isolated ATL cells ex vivo and HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines in vitro, which was accompanied by activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. However, a pan-caspase inhibitor failed to prevent this FK866-induced cell death, while FK866 increased the caspase-independent cell death mediator endonuclease G. Intriguingly, FK866 also activated autophagy, as demonstrated by increases in protein levels of autophagosome marker LC3-II. Thus, FK866 simultaneously activated apoptosis and autophagy. Finally, FK866 treatment markedly decreased the growth of human ATL tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice. We showed that NAMPT is highly expressed in primary ATL cells ex vivo, and that FK866 induces autophagy and caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in vitro and has an anti-tumor activity in vivo. These results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kozako
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Aikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Uchida
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naho Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimitsu
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Fons NR, Sundaram RK, Breuer GA, Peng S, McLean RL, Kalathil AN, Schmidt MS, Carvalho DM, Mackay A, Jones C, Carcaboso ÁM, Nazarian J, Berens ME, Brenner C, Bindra RS. PPM1D mutations silence NAPRT gene expression and confer NAMPT inhibitor sensitivity in glioma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3790. [PMID: 31439867 PMCID: PMC6706443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas are among the deadliest of childhood cancers due to limited knowledge of early driving events in their gliomagenesis and the lack of effective therapies available. In this study, we investigate the oncogenic role of PPM1D, a protein phosphatase often found truncated in pediatric gliomas such as DIPG, and uncover a synthetic lethal interaction between PPM1D mutations and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibition. Specifically, we show that mutant PPM1D drives hypermethylation of CpG islands throughout the genome and promotes epigenetic silencing of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), a key gene involved in NAD biosynthesis. Notably, PPM1D mutant cells are shown to be sensitive to NAMPT inhibitors in vitro and in vivo, within both engineered isogenic astrocytes and primary patient-derived model systems, suggesting the possible application of NAMPT inhibitors for the treatment of pediatric gliomas. Overall, our results reveal a promising approach for the targeting of PPM1D mutant tumors, and define a critical link between oncogenic driver mutations and NAD metabolism, which can be exploited for tumor-specific cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Fons
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ranjini K Sundaram
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Gregory A Breuer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sen Peng
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Ryan L McLean
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Aravind N Kalathil
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Diana M Carvalho
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan Mackay
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chris Jones
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Javad Nazarian
- Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Michael E Berens
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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18
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Svoboda P, Krizova E, Sestakova S, Vapenkova K, Knejzlik Z, Rimpelova S, Rayova D, Volfova N, Krizova I, Rumlova M, Sykora D, Kizek R, Haluzik M, Zidek V, Zidkova J, Skop V. Nuclear transport of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase is cell cycle-dependent in mammalian cells, and its inhibition slows cell growth. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8676-8689. [PMID: 30975903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is located in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and has multiple biological functions including catalyzing the rate-limiting step in NAD synthesis. Moreover, up-regulated NAMPT expression has been observed in many cancers. However, the determinants and regulation of NAMPT's nuclear transport are not known. Here, we constructed a GFP-NAMPT fusion protein to study NAMPT's subcellular trafficking. We observed that in unsynchronized 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, 25% of cells had higher GFP-NAMPT fluorescence in the cytoplasm, and 62% had higher GFP-NAMPT fluorescence in the nucleus. In HepG2 hepatocytes, 6% of cells had higher GFP-NAMPT fluorescence in the cytoplasm, and 84% had higher GFP-NAMPT fluorescence in the nucleus. In both 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells, GFP-NAMPT was excluded from the nucleus immediately after mitosis and migrated back into it as the cell cycle progressed. In HepG2 cells, endogenous, untagged NAMPT displayed similar changes with the cell cycle, and in nonmitotic cells, GFP-NAMPT accumulated in the nucleus. Similarly, genotoxic, oxidative, or dicarbonyl stress also caused nuclear NAMPT localization. These interventions also increased poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase and sirtuin activity, suggesting an increased cellular demand for NAD. We identified a nuclear localization signal in NAMPT and amino acid substitution in this sequence (424RSKK to ASGA), which did not affect its enzymatic activity, blocked nuclear NAMPT transport, slowed cell growth, and increased histone H3 acetylation. These results suggest that NAMPT is transported into the nucleus where it presumably increases NAD synthesis required for cell proliferation. We conclude that specific inhibition of NAMPT transport into the nucleus might be a potential avenue for managing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Svoboda
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology.,the Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Edita Krizova
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology
| | | | | | | | | | - Diana Rayova
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology
| | - Nikol Volfova
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology
| | | | | | - David Sykora
- Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- the Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzik
- the Centre for Experimental Medicine and.,Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague 4, 140 21, Czech Republic, and.,the Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 2, 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Zidek
- the Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vojtech Skop
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, .,the Centre for Experimental Medicine and
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19
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Liederer BM, Cheong J, Chou KJ, Dragovich PS, Le H, Liang X, Ly J, Mukadam S, Oeh J, Sampath D, Wang L, Wong S. Preclinical assessment of the ADME, efficacy and drug-drug interaction potential of a novel NAMPT inhibitor. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1063-1077. [PMID: 30257601 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1528407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
GNE-617 (N-(4-((3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl)benzyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxamide) is a potent, selective nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor being explored as a potential treatment for human cancers. Plasma clearance was low in monkeys and dogs (9.14 mL min-1 kg-1 and 4.62 mL min-1 kg-1, respectively) and moderate in mice and rats (36.4 mL min-1 kg-1 and 19.3 mL min-1 kg-1, respectively). Oral bioavailability in mice, rats, monkeys and dogs was 29.7, 33.9, 29.4 and 65.2%, respectively. Allometric scaling predicted a low clearance of 3.3 mL min-1 kg-1 and a volume of distribution of 1.3 L kg-1 in human. Efficacy (57% tumor growth inhibition) in Colo-205 CRC tumor xenograft mice was observed at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg BID (AUC = 10.4 µM h). Plasma protein binding was moderately high. GNE-617 was stable to moderately stable in vitro. Main human metabolites identified in human hepatocytes were formed primarily by CYP3A4/5. Transporter studies suggested that GNE-617 is likely a substrate for MDR1 but not for BCRP. Simcyp® simulations suggested a low (CYP2C9 and CYP2C8) or moderate (CYP3A4/5) potential for drug-drug interactions. The potential for autoinhibition was low. Overall, GNE-617 exhibited acceptable preclinical properties and projected human PK and dose estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Liederer
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kang-Jye Chou
- b Genentech, Inc., Pharmaceutical Sciences , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- c Genentech, Inc., Medicinal Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Hoa Le
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Xiaorong Liang
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Justin Ly
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sophie Mukadam
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jason Oeh
- d Genentech, Inc., Translational Oncology , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Deepak Sampath
- d Genentech, Inc., Translational Oncology , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Leslie Wang
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Susan Wong
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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20
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Tripathi SC, Fahrmann JF, Vykoukal JV, Dennison JB, Hanash SM. Targeting metabolic vulnerabilities of cancer: Small molecule inhibitors in clinic. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2018; 2:e1131. [PMID: 32721114 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered cell metabolism is an established hallmark of cancer. Advancement in our understanding of dysregulated cellular metabolism has aided drastically in identifying metabolic vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. Indeed, this knowledge has led to the development of a multitude of agents targeting various aspects of tumor metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS The intent of this review is to provide insight into small molecule inhibitors that target tumor metabolism and that are currently being explored in active clinical trials as either preventive, stand-alone, or adjuvant therapies for various malignancies. For each inhibitor, we outline the mechanism (s) of action, preclinical/clinical findings, and limitations. Sections are divided into three aspects based on the primary target of the small molecule inhibitor (s): those that impact (1) cancer cells directly, (2) immune cells present in the tumor microenvironment, or (3) both cancer cells and immune cells. We highlight small molecule targeting of metabolic pathways including de novo fatty acid synthesis, NAD+ biosynthesis, 2-hydroxyglutarate biosynthesis, polyamine metabolism, the kynurenine pathway, as well as glutamine and arginine metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Use of small molecule inhibitors aimed at exploiting tumor metabolic vulnerabilities continues to be an active area of research. Identifying metabolic dependencies specific to cancer cells and/or constituents of the tumor microenvironment is a viable area of therapeutic intervention that holds considerable clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra C Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Johannes F Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jody V Vykoukal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer B Dennison
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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21
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Lee J, Kim H, Lee JE, Shin SJ, Oh S, Kwon G, Kim H, Choi YY, White MA, Paik S, Cheong JH, Kim HS. Selective Cytotoxicity of the NAMPT Inhibitor FK866 Toward Gastric Cancer Cells With Markers of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Due to Loss of NAPRT. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:799-814.e13. [PMID: 29775598 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Markers of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in gastric tumor tissues are associated with poor patient outcomes. We performed a screen to identify pharmacologic compounds that kill gastric cancer cells with EMT-associated gene expression patterns and investigate their mechanisms. METHODS We identified 29 gastric cancer cell lines with a gene expression signature previously associated with an EMT subtype, based on data from RNA sequence analyses, and confirmed the mesenchymal phenotypes of 7 lines (Hs746T, SNU1750, MKN1, SK4, SNU484, SNU668, and YCC11), based on invasive activity and protein markers. We screened 1,345 compounds for their ability to kill cells with the EMT signature compared with cell lines without this pattern. We tested the effects of identified compounds in BALB/c nude mice bearing GA077 tumors; mice were given intraperitoneal injections of the compound or vehicle (control) twice daily for 24 days and tumor growth was monitored. Proteins associated with the toxicity of the compounds were overexpressed in MKN1 and SNU484 cells or knocked down in MKN45 and SNU719 using small interfering RNAs. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of 942 gastric cancer tissues and investigated associations between EMT markers and protein expression patterns. RESULTS The nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor FK866 killed 6 of 7 gastric cancer cell lines with EMT-associated gene expression signatures but not gastric cancer cells without this signature. The 6 EMT-subtype gastric cell lines expressed significantly low levels of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), which makes the cells hypersensitive to nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibition. Gastric cell lines that expressed higher levels of NAPRT, regardless of EMT markers, were sensitized to FK866 after knockdown of NAPRT, whereas overexpression of NAPRT in deficient EMT cell lines protected them from FK866-mediated toxicity. Administration of FK866 to nude mice with tumors grown from GA077 cells (human gastric cancer tumors of the EMT subtype) led to tumor regression in 2 weeks; FK866 did not affect tumors grown from MKN45 cells without the EMT expression signature. Loss of NAPRT might promote the EMT, because it stabilizes β-catenin. We correlated the EMT gene expression signature with lower levels of NAPRT in 942 gastric tumors from patients; we also found lower levels of NAPRT mRNA in colorectal, pancreatic, and lung adenocarcinoma tissues with the EMT gene expression signature. CONCLUSIONS FK866 selectively kills gastric cancer cells with an EMT gene expression signature by inhibiting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in cells with NAPRT deficiency. Loss of NAPRT expression, frequently through promoter hypermethylation, is observed in many gastric tumors of the EMT subtype. FK866 might be used to treat patients with tumors of this subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyosil Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sejin Oh
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gino Kwon
- Graduate Program for Nanomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Choi
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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22
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Touat M, Sourisseau T, Dorvault N, Chabanon RM, Garrido M, Morel D, Krastev DB, Bigot L, Adam J, Frankum JR, Durand S, Pontoizeau C, Souquère S, Kuo MS, Sauvaigo S, Mardakheh F, Sarasin A, Olaussen KA, Friboulet L, Bouillaud F, Pierron G, Ashworth A, Lombès A, Lord CJ, Soria JC, Postel-Vinay S. DNA repair deficiency sensitizes lung cancer cells to NAD+ biosynthesis blockade. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1671-1687. [PMID: 29447131 PMCID: PMC5873862 DOI: 10.1172/jci90277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethality is an efficient mechanism-based approach to selectively target DNA repair defects. Excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) deficiency is frequently found in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), making this DNA repair protein an attractive target for exploiting synthetic lethal approaches in the disease. Using unbiased proteomic and metabolic high-throughput profiling on a unique in-house-generated isogenic model of ERCC1 deficiency, we found marked metabolic rewiring of ERCC1-deficient populations, including decreased levels of the metabolite NAD+ and reduced expression of the rate-limiting NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). We also found reduced NAMPT expression in NSCLC samples with low levels of ERCC1. These metabolic alterations were a primary effect of ERCC1 deficiency, and caused selective exquisite sensitivity to small-molecule NAMPT inhibitors, both in vitro - ERCC1-deficient cells being approximately 1,000 times more sensitive than ERCC1-WT cells - and in vivo. Using transmission electronic microscopy and functional metabolic studies, we found that ERCC1-deficient cells harbor mitochondrial defects. We propose a model where NAD+ acts as a regulator of ERCC1-deficient NSCLC cell fitness. These findings open therapeutic opportunities that exploit a yet-undescribed nuclear-mitochondrial synthetic lethal relationship in NSCLC models, and highlight the potential for targeting DNA repair/metabolic crosstalks for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Touat
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMRS1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Tony Sourisseau
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Dorvault
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Inserm U981, ATIP-Avenir Team, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Roman M. Chabanon
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Inserm U981, ATIP-Avenir Team, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Marlène Garrido
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Inserm U981, ATIP-Avenir Team, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Daphné Morel
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Inserm U981, ATIP-Avenir Team, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Dragomir B. Krastev
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Bigot
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Adam
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département de Biologie et Pathologies Médicales, and
| | - Jessica R. Frankum
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvère Durand
- Metabolomics Platform, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Clement Pontoizeau
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et Protéomique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Inserm U1163, Institut Imagine, Equipe “Génétique des Maladies Mitochondriales” and Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Souquère
- CNRS UMR-9196, Functional Organization of the Cell, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Mei-Shiue Kuo
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Faraz Mardakheh
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Sarasin
- CNRS UMR-8200, Laboratory of Genetic Stability and Oncogenesis, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Ken A. Olaussen
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de médecine Paris-Sud XI, Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Luc Friboulet
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes-Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Pierron
- CNRS UMR-9196, Functional Organization of the Cell, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anne Lombès
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes-Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de médecine Paris-Sud XI, Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Sophie Postel-Vinay
- Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Inserm U981, ATIP-Avenir Team, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Zhao G, Green CF, Hui YH, Prieto L, Shepard R, Dong S, Wang T, Tan B, Gong X, Kays L, Johnson RL, Wu W, Bhattachar S, Del Prado M, Gillig JR, Fernandez MC, Roth KD, Buchanan S, Kuo MS, Geeganage S, Burkholder TP. Discovery of a Highly Selective NAMPT Inhibitor That Demonstrates Robust Efficacy and Improved Retinal Toxicity with Nicotinic Acid Coadministration. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2677-2688. [PMID: 29054982 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NAMPT, an enzyme essential for NAD+ biosynthesis, has been extensively studied as an anticancer target for developing potential novel therapeutics. Several NAMPT inhibitors have been discovered, some of which have been subjected to clinical investigations. Yet, the on-target hematological and retinal toxicities have hampered their clinical development. In this study, we report the discovery of a unique NAMPT inhibitor, LSN3154567. This molecule is highly selective and has a potent and broad spectrum of anticancer activity. Its inhibitory activity can be rescued with nicotinic acid (NA) against the cell lines proficient, but not those deficient in NAPRT1, essential for converting NA to NAD+ LSN3154567 also exhibits robust efficacy in multiple tumor models deficient in NAPRT1. Importantly, this molecule when coadministered with NA does not cause observable retinal and hematological toxicities in the rodents, yet still retains robust efficacy. Thus, LSN3154567 has the potential to be further developed clinically into a novel cancer therapeutic. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(12); 2677-88. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genshi Zhao
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Colin F Green
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yu-Hua Hui
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lourdes Prieto
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert Shepard
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sucai Dong
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tao Wang
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bo Tan
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xueqian Gong
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa Kays
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert L Johnson
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shobha Bhattachar
- Product Design and Developability, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Miriam Del Prado
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James R Gillig
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Maria-Carmen Fernandez
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ken D Roth
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean Buchanan
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ming-Shang Kuo
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sandaruwan Geeganage
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy P Burkholder
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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24
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Novel NAPRT specific antibody identifies small cell lung cancer and neuronal cancers as promising clinical indications for a NAMPT inhibitor/niacin co-administration strategy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77846-77859. [PMID: 29100430 PMCID: PMC5652819 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are particularly dependent on NAD+ due to higher rates of metabolism, DNA synthesis and repair. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitors (NAMPTis) inhibit NAD+ biosynthesis and represent promising new anti-cancer agents. However, clinical efficacy has been limited by toxicities demonstrating the need for drug combinations to broaden the therapeutic index. One potential combination involves niacin/NAMPTi co-administration. Niacin can rescue NAD+ biosynthesis through a parallel pathway that depends on nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) expression. Most normal tissues express NAPRT while a significant proportion of malignant cells do not, providing a possible selection marker for patients to achieve NAMPTi efficacy while minimizing toxicities. Here we identify and validate a novel highly NAPRT-specific monoclonal antibody (3C6D2) that detects functional NAPRT in paraffin embedded tissue sections by immunohistochemistry (IHC). NAPRT detection by 3C6D2 coincides with the ability of niacin to rescue cells from NAMPTi induced cytotoxicity in cell lines and animal xenograft models. 3C6D2 binds to an epitope that is unique to NAPRT among phosphoribosyltransferases. In a series of primary tumor samples from lung and brain cancer patients, we demonstrate that >70 % of human small cell lung carcinomas, glioblastomas and oligodendrogliomas lack NAPRT identifying them as potentially suitable indications for the NAMPT/niacin combination.
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25
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Wilsbacher JL, Cheng M, Cheng D, Trammell SAJ, Shi Y, Guo J, Koeniger SL, Kovar PJ, He Y, Selvaraju S, Heyman HR, Sorensen BK, Clark RF, Hansen TM, Longenecker KL, Raich D, Korepanova AV, Cepa S, Towne DL, Abraham VC, Tang H, Richardson PL, McLoughlin SM, Badagnani I, Curtin ML, Michaelides MR, Maag D, Buchanan FG, Chiang GG, Gao W, Rosenberg SH, Brenner C, Tse C. Discovery and Characterization of Novel Nonsubstrate and Substrate NAMPT Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1236-1245. [PMID: 28468779 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are highly reliant on NAD+-dependent processes, including glucose metabolism, calcium signaling, DNA repair, and regulation of gene expression. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme for NAD+ salvage from nicotinamide, has been investigated as a target for anticancer therapy. Known NAMPT inhibitors with potent cell activity are composed of a nitrogen-containing aromatic group, which is phosphoribosylated by the enzyme. Here, we identified two novel types of NAM-competitive NAMPT inhibitors, only one of which contains a modifiable, aromatic nitrogen that could be a phosphoribosyl acceptor. Both types of compound effectively deplete cellular NAD+, and subsequently ATP, and produce cell death when NAMPT is inhibited in cultured cells for more than 48 hours. Careful characterization of the kinetics of NAMPT inhibition in vivo allowed us to optimize dosing to produce sufficient NAD+ depletion over time that resulted in efficacy in an HCT116 xenograft model. Our data demonstrate that direct phosphoribosylation of competitive inhibitors by the NAMPT enzyme is not required for potent in vitro cellular activity or in vivo antitumor efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(7); 1236-45. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Cheng
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Samuel A J Trammell
- Department of Biochemistry Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Yan Shi
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Guo
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Yupeng He
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua Tang
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chris Tse
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
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26
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Liu HY, Li QR, Cheng XF, Wang GJ, Hao HP. NAMPT inhibition synergizes with NQO1-targeting agents in inducing apoptotic cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 14:582-9. [PMID: 27608947 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzes the first rate-limiting step in converting nicotinamide to NAD(+), essential for a number of enzymes and regulatory proteins involved in a variety of cellular processes, including deacetylation enzyme SIRT1 which modulates several tumor suppressors such as p53 and FOXO. Herein we report that NQO1 substrates Tanshione IIA (TSA) and β-lapachone (β-lap) induced a rapid depletion of NAD(+) pool but adaptively a significant upregulation of NAMPT. NAMPT inhibition by FK866 at a nontoxic dose significantly enhanced NQO1-targeting agent-induced apoptotic cell death. Compared with TSA or β-lap treatment alone, co-treatment with FK866 induced a more dramatic depletion of NAD(+), repression of SIRT1 activity, and thereby the increased accumulation of acetylated FOXO1 and the activation of apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, the results from the present study support that NAMPT inhibition can synergize with NQO1 activation to induce apoptotic cell death, thereby providing a new rationale for the development of combinative therapeutic drugs in combating non-small lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing-Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue-Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guang-Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hai-Ping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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27
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Kennedy BE, Sharif T, Martell E, Dai C, Kim Y, Lee PWK, Gujar SA. NAD + salvage pathway in cancer metabolism and therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:274-283. [PMID: 27816507 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential coenzyme for various physiological processes including energy metabolism, DNA repair, cell growth, and cell death. Many of these pathways are typically dysregulated in cancer cells, making NAD+ an intriguing target for cancer therapeutics. NAD+ is mainly synthesized by the NAD+ salvage pathway in cancer cells, and not surprisingly, the pharmacological targeting of the NAD+ salvage pathway causes cancer cell cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have described the precise consequences of NAD+ depletion on cancer biology, and have demonstrated that NAD+ depletion results in depletion of energy levels through lowered rates of glycolysis, reduced citric acid cycle activity, and decreased oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, depletion of NAD+ causes sensitization of cancer cells to oxidative damage by disruption of the anti-oxidant defense system, decreased cell proliferation, and initiation of cell death through manipulation of cell signaling pathways (e.g., SIRT1 and p53). Recently, studies have explored the effect of well-known cancer therapeutics in combination with pharmacological depletion of NAD+ levels, and found in many cases a synergistic effect on cancer cell cytotoxicity. In this context, we will discuss the effects of NAD+ salvage pathway inhibition on cancer cell biology and provide insight on this pathway as a novel anti-cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tanveer Sharif
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Emma Martell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cathleen Dai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrick W K Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Systems Research, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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28
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Chen X, Zhao S, Song Y, Shi Y, Leak RK, Cao G. The Role of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 15:2211-21. [PMID: 26059356 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150610142234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only drug approved for the clinical treatment of acute ischemic stroke, there is an urgent unmet need for novel stroke treatments. Endogenous defense mechanisms against stroke may hold the key to new therapies for stroke. A large number of studies suggest that nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (NAMPT is an attractive candidate to improve post-stroke recovery. NAMPT is a multifunctional protein and plays important roles in immunity, metabolism, aging, inflammation, and stress responses. NAMPT exists in both the intracellular and extracellular space. As a rate-limiting enzyme, the intracellular form (iNAMPT catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD from nicotinamide. iNAMPT closely regulates energy metabolism, enhancing the proliferation of endothelial cells, inhibiting apoptosis, regulating vascular tone, and stimulating autophagy in disease conditions such as stroke. Extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT is also known as visfatin (visceral fat-derived adipokine and has pleotropic effects. It is widely believed that the diverse biological functions of eNAMPT are attributed to its NAMPT enzymatic activity. However, the effects of eNAMPT on ischemic injury are still controversial. Some authors have argued that eNAMPT exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury non-enzymatically by triggering the release of TNF-α from glial cells. In addition, NAMPT also participates in several pathophysiological processes such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Thus, it remains unclear under what conditions NAMPT is beneficial or destructive. Recent work using in vitro and in vivo genetic/ pharmacologic manipulations, including our own studies, has greatly improved our understanding of NAMPT. This review focuses on the multifaceted and complex roles of NAMPT under both normal and ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Mesquita I, Varela P, Belinha A, Gaifem J, Laforge M, Vergnes B, Estaquier J, Silvestre R. Exploring NAD+ metabolism in host-pathogen interactions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1225-36. [PMID: 26718485 PMCID: PMC11108276 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is a vital molecule found in all living cells. NAD(+) intracellular levels are dictated by its synthesis, using the de novo and/or salvage pathway, and through its catabolic use as co-enzyme or co-substrate. The regulation of NAD(+) metabolism has proven to be an adequate drug target for several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative or inflammatory diseases. Increasing interest has been given to NAD(+) metabolism during innate and adaptive immune responses suggesting that its modulation could also be relevant during host-pathogen interactions. While the maintenance of NAD(+) homeostatic levels assures an adequate environment for host cell survival and proliferation, fluctuations in NAD(+) or biosynthetic precursors bioavailability have been described during host-pathogen interactions, which will interfere with pathogen persistence or clearance. Here, we review the double-edged sword of NAD(+) metabolism during host-pathogen interactions emphasizing its potential for treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mesquita
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Varela
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Belinha
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Baptiste Vergnes
- MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France.
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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30
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Duarte-Pereira S, Pereira-Castro I, Silva SS, Correia MG, Neto C, da Costa LT, Amorim A, Silva RM. Extensive regulation of nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) expression in human tissues and tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1973-83. [PMID: 26675378 PMCID: PMC4811510 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor in redox reactions and a substrate for NAD-consuming enzymes, such as PARPs and sirtuins. As cancer cells have increased NAD requirements, the main NAD salvage enzymes in humans, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), are involved in the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. Knowledge of the expression patterns of both genes in tissues and tumors is critical for the use of nicotinic acid (NA) as cytoprotective in therapies using NAMPT inhibitors. Herein, we provide a comprehensive study of NAPRT and NAMPT expression across human tissues and tumor cell lines. We show that both genes are widely expressed under normal conditions and describe the occurrence of novel NAPRT transcripts. Also, we explore some of the NAPRT gene expression mechanisms. Our findings underline that the efficiency of NA in treatments with NAMPT inhibitors is dependent on the knowledge of the expression profiles and regulation of both NAMPT and NAPRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Duarte-Pereira
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira-Castro
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Gene Regulation Group, i3S/IBMC - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah S. Silva
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Gonçalves Correia
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Neto
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Teixeira da Costa
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - António Amorim
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel M. Silva
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Biomedicine - iBiMED & IEETA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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31
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VanLinden MR, Dölle C, Pettersen IKN, Kulikova VA, Niere M, Agrimi G, Dyrstad SE, Palmieri F, Nikiforov AA, Tronstad KJ, Ziegler M. Subcellular Distribution of NAD+ between Cytosol and Mitochondria Determines the Metabolic Profile of Human Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27644-59. [PMID: 26432643 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.654129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial NAD pool is particularly important for the maintenance of vital cellular functions. Although at least in some fungi and plants, mitochondrial NAD is imported from the cytosol by carrier proteins, in mammals, the mechanism of how this organellar pool is generated has remained obscure. A transporter mediating NAD import into mammalian mitochondria has not been identified. In contrast, human recombinant NMNAT3 localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and is able to catalyze NAD(+) biosynthesis in vitro. However, whether the endogenous NMNAT3 protein is functionally effective at generating NAD(+) in mitochondria of intact human cells still remains to be demonstrated. To modulate mitochondrial NAD(+) content, we have expressed plant and yeast mitochondrial NAD(+) carriers in human cells and observed a profound increase in mitochondrial NAD(+). None of the closest human homologs of these carriers had any detectable effect on mitochondrial NAD(+) content. Surprisingly, constitutive redistribution of NAD(+) from the cytosol to the mitochondria by stable expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial NAD(+) transporter NDT2 in HEK293 cells resulted in dramatic growth retardation and a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, despite the elevated mitochondrial NAD(+) levels. These results suggest that a mitochondrial NAD(+) transporter, similar to the known one from A. thaliana, is likely absent and could even be harmful in human cells. We provide further support for the alternative possibility, namely intramitochondrial NAD(+) synthesis, by demonstrating the presence of endogenous NMNAT3 in the mitochondria of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Veronika A Kulikova
- the Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marc Niere
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and
| | - Gennaro Agrimi
- the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics and
| | | | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics and the Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy, and
| | - Andrey A Nikiforov
- the Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, the Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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32
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Complex role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the regulation of programmed cell death pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 101:13-26. [PMID: 26343585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, a growing body of experimental observations has led to the identification of novel and alternative programs of regulated cell death. Recently, autophagic cell death and controlled forms of necrosis have emerged as major alternatives to apoptosis, the best characterized form of regulated cell demise. These recently identified, caspase-independent, forms of cell death appear to play a role in the response to several forms of stress, and their importance in different pathological conditions such as ischemia, infection and inflammation has been recognized. The functional link between cell metabolism and survival has also been the matter of recent studies. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) has gained particular interest due to its role in cell energetics, and as a substrate for several families of enzymes, comprising poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) and sirtuins, involved in numerous biological functions including cell survival and death. The recently uncovered diversity of cell death programs has led us to reevaluate the role of this important metabolite as a universal pro-survival factor, and to discuss the potential benefits and limitations of pharmacological approaches targeting NAD(+) metabolism.
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33
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Lv X, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Said HM, Shi J, Xu G. Regulative Effect of Nampt on Tumor Progression and Cell Viability in Human Colorectal Cancer. J Cancer 2015; 6:849-58. [PMID: 26284136 PMCID: PMC4532982 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer disease. Here we examined Nampt expression in patients with CRC and the effect of Nampt on cell viability in CRC cells. Nampt protein was overexpressed in colorectal adenoma as well as colorectal carcinoma. The immunoreactive staining of Nampt was negative in the adjacent normal colorectal tissue, weak in colorectal adenoma, and strong in colorectal carcinoma, which may represent tumor progression. Further evaluation of clinical data showed that Nampt expression was not correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics of CRC. Additionally, our in vitro studies demonstrated that Nampt promotes CRC cell viability, whereas the Nampt inhibitor FK866 suppressed CRC cell viability, which was in concordance with the previous studies in other cancer cells. Treatment with Nampt-siRNA reduced the Nampt protein expression resulting in the inhibition of the cell viability of HCT116 and Caco2. Thus, the involvement of Nampt in cell growth indicates that Nampt may play an important role in colorectal tumorigenesis. As a consequence, our results suggest that Nampt may be considered as a progression marker of colorectal tumor and a potentially therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Lv
- 1. Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- 2. Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; ; 3. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- 4. Department of General Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Harun M Said
- 5. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jimin Shi
- 2. Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- 2. Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; ; 3. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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34
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Sampath D, Zabka TS, Misner DL, O’Brien T, Dragovich PS. Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) as a therapeutic strategy in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 151:16-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Roulston A, Shore GC. New strategies to maximize therapeutic opportunities for NAMPT inhibitors in oncology. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1052180. [PMID: 27308565 PMCID: PMC4845202 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1052180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is crucial for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) biosynthesis in mammalian cells. NAMPT inhibitors represent multifunctional anticancer agents that act on NAD(+) metabolism to shut down glycolysis, nucleotide biosynthesis, and ATP generation and act indirectly as PARP and sirtuin inhibitors. The selectivity of NAMPT inhibitors preys on the increased metabolic requirements to replenish NAD(+) in cancer cells. Although initial clinical studies with NAMPT inhibitors did not achieve single-agent therapeutic levels before dose-limiting toxicities were reached, a new understanding of alternative rescue pathways and a biomarker that can be used to select patients provides new opportunities to widen the therapeutic window and achieve efficacious doses in the clinic. Recent work has also illustrated the potential for drug combination strategies to further enhance the therapeutic opportunities. This review summarizes recent discoveries in NAD(+)/NAMPT inhibitor biology in the context of exploiting this new knowledge to optimize the clinical outcomes for this promising new class of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Roulston
- Laboratory for Therapeutic Development, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, and Dept. Biochemistry, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gordon C Shore
- Laboratory for Therapeutic Development, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, and Dept. Biochemistry, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada
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36
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Tan B, Dong S, Shepard RL, Kays L, Roth KD, Geeganage S, Kuo MS, Zhao G. Inhibition of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), an Enzyme Essential for NAD+ Biosynthesis, Leads to Altered Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15812-15824. [PMID: 25944913 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.632141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) has been extensively studied due to its essential role in NAD(+) biosynthesis in cancer cells and the prospect of developing novel therapeutics. To understand how NAMPT regulates cellular metabolism, we have shown that the treatment with FK866, a specific NAMPT inhibitor, leads to attenuation of glycolysis by blocking the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase step (Tan, B., Young, D. A., Lu, Z. H., Wang, T., Meier, T. I., Shepard, R. L., Roth, K., Zhai, Y., Huss, K., Kuo, M. S., Gillig, J., Parthasarathy, S., Burkholder, T. P., Smith, M. C., Geeganage, S., and Zhao, G. (2013) Pharmacological inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), an enzyme essential for NAD(+) biosynthesis, in human cancer cells: metabolic basis and potential clinical implications. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 3500-3511). Due to technical limitations, we failed to separate isotopomers of phosphorylated sugars. In this study, we developed an enabling LC-MS methodology. Using this, we confirmed the previous findings and also showed that NAMPT inhibition led to accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate and sedoheptulose 1-phosphate but not glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate as previously thought. To investigate the metabolic basis of the metabolite formation, we carried out biochemical and cellular studies and established the following. First, glucose-labeling studies indicated that fructose 1-phosphate was derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde, and sedoheptulose 1-phosphate was derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate and erythrose via an aldolase reaction. Second, biochemical studies showed that aldolase indeed catalyzed these reactions. Third, glyceraldehyde- and erythrose-labeling studies showed increased incorporation of corresponding labels into fructose 1-phosphate and sedoheptulose 1-phosphate in FK866-treated cells. Fourth, NAMPT inhibition led to increased glyceraldehyde and erythrose levels in the cell. Finally, glucose-labeling studies showed accumulated fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in FK866-treated cells mainly derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Taken together, this study shows that NAMPT inhibition leads to attenuation of glycolysis, resulting in further perturbation of carbohydrate metabolism in cancer cells. The potential clinical implications of these findings are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tan
- Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Sucai Dong
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Robert L Shepard
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Lisa Kays
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Kenneth D Roth
- Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Sandaruwan Geeganage
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Ming-Shang Kuo
- Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285.
| | - Genshi Zhao
- Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285.
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37
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Tarrant JM, Dhawan P, Singh J, Zabka TS, Clarke E, DosSantos G, Dragovich PS, Sampath D, Lin T, McCray B, La N, Nguyen T, Kauss A, Dambach D, Misner DL, Diaz D, Uppal H. Preclinical models of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor-mediated hematotoxicity and mitigation by co-treatment with nicotinic acid. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:201-11. [PMID: 25894564 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1014080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential co-factor in glycolysis and is a key molecule involved in maintaining cellular energy metabolism. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of an important salvage pathway in which nicotinamide is recycled into NAD. NAMPT is up-regulated in many types of cancer and NAMPT inhibitors (NAMPTi) have potential therapeutic benefit in cancer by impairing tumor metabolism. Clinical trials with NAMPTi APO-866 and GMX-1778, however, failed to reach projected efficacious exposures due to dose-limiting thrombocytopenia. We evaluated preclinical models for thrombocytopenia that could be used in candidate drug selection and risk mitigation strategies for NAMPTi-related toxicity. Rats treated with a suite of structurally diverse and potent NAMPTi at maximum tolerated doses had decreased reticulocyte and lymphocyte counts, but no thrombocytopenia. We therefore evaluated and qualified a human colony forming unit-megakaryocyte (CFU-MK) as in vitro predictive model of NAMPTi-induced MK toxicity and thrombocytopenia. We further demonstrate that the MK toxicity is on-target based on the evidence that nicotinic acid (NA), which is converted to NAD via a NAMPT-independent pathway, can mitigate NAMPTi toxicity to human CFU-MK in vitro and was also protective for the hematotoxicity in rats in vivo. Finally, assessment of CFU-MK and human platelet bioenergetics and function show that NAMPTi was toxic to MK and not platelets, which is consistent with the clinically observed time-course of thrombocytopenia.
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Zabka TS, Singh J, Dhawan P, Liederer BM, Oeh J, Kauss MA, Xiao Y, Zak M, Lin T, McCray B, La N, Nguyen T, Beyer J, Farman C, Uppal H, Dragovich PS, O'Brien T, Sampath D, Misner DL. Retinal toxicity, in vivo and in vitro, associated with inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. Toxicol Sci 2014; 144:163-72. [PMID: 25505128 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a pleiotropic protein with intra- and extra-cellular functions as an enzyme, cytokine, growth factor, and hormone. NAMPT is of interest for oncology, because it catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the salvage pathway to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is considered a universal energy- and signal-carrying molecule involved in cellular energy metabolism and many homeostatic functions. This manuscript describes NAMPT inhibitor-induced retinal toxicity that was identified in rodent safety studies. This toxicity had a rapid onset and progression and initially targeted the photoreceptor and outer nuclear layers. Using in vivo safety and efficacy rodent studies, human and mouse cell line potency data, human and rat retinal pigmented epithelial cell in vitro systems, and rat mRNA expression data of NAMPT, nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferease (NMNAT) in several tissues from rat including retina, we demonstrate that the retinal toxicity is on-target and likely human relevant. We demonstrate that this toxicity is not mitigated by coadministration of nicotinic acid (NA), which can enable NAD production through the NAMPT-independent pathway. Further, modifying the physiochemical properties of NAMPT inhibitors could not sufficiently reduce retinal exposure. Our work highlights opportunities to leverage appropriately designed efficacy studies to identify known and measurable safety findings to screen compounds more rapidly and reduce animal use. It also demonstrates that in vitro systems with the appropriate cell composition and relevant biology and toxicity endpoints can provide tools to investigate mechanism of toxicity and the human translation of nonclinical safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja S Zabka
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jatinder Singh
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Preeti Dhawan
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Bianca M Liederer
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jason Oeh
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Mara A Kauss
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Yang Xiao
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Mark Zak
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Tori Lin
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Bobbi McCray
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Nghi La
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Trung Nguyen
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Joseph Beyer
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Cynthia Farman
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hirdesh Uppal
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Thomas O'Brien
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Deepak Sampath
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Dinah L Misner
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
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Metabolomics analysis of metabolic effects of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibition on human cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114019. [PMID: 25486521 PMCID: PMC4259317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) plays an important role in cellular bioenergetics. It is responsible for converting nicotinamide to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an essential molecule in cellular metabolism. NAMPT has been extensively studied over the past decade due to its role as a key regulator of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–consuming enzymes. NAMPT is also known as a potential target for therapeutic intervention due to its involvement in disease. In the current study, we used a global mass spectrometry–based metabolomic approach to investigate the effects of FK866, a small molecule inhibitor of NAMPT currently in clinical trials, on metabolic perturbations in human cancer cells. We treated A2780 (ovarian cancer) and HCT-116 (colorectal cancer) cell lines with FK866 in the presence and absence of nicotinic acid. Significant changes were observed in the amino acids metabolism and the purine and pyrimidine metabolism. We also observed metabolic alterations in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (TCA), and the pentose phosphate pathway. To expand the range of the detected polar metabolites and improve data confidence, we applied a global metabolomics profiling platform by using both non-targeted and targeted hydrophilic (HILIC)-LC-MS and GC-MS analysis. We used Ingenuity Knowledge Base to facilitate the projection of metabolomics data onto metabolic pathways. Several metabolic pathways showed differential responses to FK866 based on several matches to the list of annotated metabolites. This study suggests that global metabolomics can be a useful tool in pharmacological studies of the mechanism of action of drugs at a cellular level.
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40
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Wang W, Elkins K, Oh A, Ho YC, Wu J, Li H, Xiao Y, Kwong M, Coons M, Brillantes B, Cheng E, Crocker L, Dragovich PS, Sampath D, Zheng X, Bair KW, O'Brien T, Belmont LD. Structural basis for resistance to diverse classes of NAMPT inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109366. [PMID: 25285661 PMCID: PMC4186856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting NAD biosynthesis by blocking the function of nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) is an attractive therapeutic strategy for targeting tumor metabolism. However, the development of drug resistance commonly limits the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. This study identifies mutations in NAMPT that confer resistance to a novel NAMPT inhibitor, GNE-618, in cell culture and in vivo, thus demonstrating that the cytotoxicity of GNE-618 is on target. We determine the crystal structures of six NAMPT mutants in the apo form and in complex with various inhibitors and use cellular, biochemical and structural data to elucidate two resistance mechanisms. One is the surprising finding of allosteric modulation by mutation of residue Ser165, resulting in unwinding of an α-helix that binds the NAMPT substrate 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). The other mechanism is orthosteric blocking of inhibitor binding by mutations of Gly217. Furthermore, by evaluating a panel of diverse small molecule inhibitors, we unravel inhibitor structure activity relationships on the mutant enzymes. These results provide valuable insights into the design of next generation NAMPT inhibitors that offer improved therapeutic potential by evading certain mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiru Wang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristi Elkins
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Oh
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ching Ho
- Forma Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Li
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Xiao
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mandy Kwong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Coons
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bobby Brillantes
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Cheng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Crocker
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhang Zheng
- Forma Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Bair
- Forma Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas O'Brien
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa D. Belmont
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Bobrovnikova-Marjon E, Hurov JB. Targeting metabolic changes in cancer: novel therapeutic approaches. Annu Rev Med 2014; 65:157-70. [PMID: 24422570 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-092012-112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies designed to target cancer metabolism are an area of intense research. Antimetabolites, first used to treat patients in the early twentieth century, served as an early proof of concept for such therapies. We highlight strategies that attempt to improve on the anti-metabolite approach as well as new metabolic drug targets. Some of these targets have the advantage of a strong genetic anchor to drive patient selection (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2, Enolase 2). Additional approaches described here derive from hypothesis-driven and systems biology efforts designed to exploit tumor cell metabolic dependencies (fatty acid oxidation, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis, glutamine biology).
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42
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NAMPT and NAPRT1: novel polymorphisms and distribution of variants between normal tissues and tumor samples. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6311. [PMID: 25201160 PMCID: PMC4158320 DOI: 10.1038/srep06311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase domain containing 1 (NAPRT1) are the main human NAD salvage enzymes. NAD regulates energy metabolism and cell signaling, and the enzymes that control NAD availability are linked to pathologies such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Here, we have screened normal and tumor samples from different tissues and populations of origin for mutations in human NAMPT and NAPRT1, and evaluated their potential pathogenicity. We have identified several novel polymorphisms and showed that NAPRT1 has a greater genetic diversity than NAMPT, where any alteration can have a greater functional impact. Some variants presented different frequencies between normal and tumor samples that were most likely related to their population of origin. The novel mutations described that affect protein structure or expression levels can be functionally relevant and should be considered in a disease context. Particularly, mutations that decrease NAPRT1 expression can predict the usefulness of Nicotinic Acid in tumor treatments with NAMPT inhibitors.
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Supplementation of nicotinic acid with NAMPT inhibitors results in loss of in vivo efficacy in NAPRT1-deficient tumor models. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1314-29. [PMID: 24403854 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a metabolite essential for cell survival and generated de novo from tryptophan or recycled from nicotinamide (NAM) through the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-dependent salvage pathway. Alternatively, nicotinic acid (NA) is metabolized to NAD through the nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase domain containing 1 (NAPRT1)-dependent salvage pathway. Tumor cells are more reliant on the NAMPT salvage pathway making this enzyme an attractive therapeutic target. Moreover, the therapeutic index of NAMPT inhibitors may be increased by in NAPRT-deficient tumors by NA supplementation as normal tissues may regenerate NAD through NAPRT1. To confirm the latter, we tested novel NAMPT inhibitors, GNE-617 and GNE-618, in cell culture- and patient-derived tumor models. While NA did not protect NAPRT1-deficient tumor cell lines from NAMPT inhibition in vitro, it rescued efficacy of GNE-617 and GNE-618 in cell culture- and patient-derived tumor xenografts in vivo. NA co-treatment increased NAD and NAM levels in NAPRT1-deficient tumors to levels that sustained growth in vivo. Furthermore, NAM co-administration with GNE-617 led to increased tumor NAD levels and rescued in vivo efficacy as well. Importantly, tumor xenografts remained NAPRT1-deficient in the presence of NA, indicating that the NAPRT1-dependent pathway is not reactivated. Protection of NAPRT1-deficient tumors in vivo may be due to increased circulating levels of metabolites generated by mouse liver, in response to NA or through competitive reactivation of NAMPT by NAM. Our results have important implications for the development of NAMPT inhibitors when considering NA co-treatment as a rescue strategy.
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Dependence of tumor cell lines and patient-derived tumors on the NAD salvage pathway renders them sensitive to NAMPT inhibition with GNE-618. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1151-60. [PMID: 24204194 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a critical metabolite that is required for a range of cellular reactions. A key enzyme in the NAD salvage pathway is nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), and here, we describe GNE-618, an NAMPT inhibitor that depletes NAD and induces cell death in vitro and in vivo. While cells proficient for nicotinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase (NAPRT1) can be protected from NAMPT inhibition as they convert nicotinic acid (NA) to NAD independent of the salvage pathway, this protection only occurs if NA is added before NAD depletion. We also demonstrate that tumor cells are unable to generate NAD by de novo synthesis as they lack expression of key enzymes in this pathway, thus providing a mechanistic rationale for the reliance of tumor cells on the NAD salvage pathway. Identifying tumors that are sensitive to NAMPT inhibition is one potential way to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of an NAMPT inhibitor, and here, we show that NAMPT, but not NAPRT1, mRNA and protein levels inversely correlate with sensitivity to GNE-618 across a panel of 53 non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines. Finally, we demonstrate that GNE-618 reduced tumor growth in a patient-derived model, which is thought to more closely represent heterogeneous primary patient tumors. Thus, we show that dependence of tumor cells on the NAD salvage pathway renders them sensitive to GNE-618 in vitro and in vivo, and our data support further evaluation of the use of NAMPT mRNA and protein levels as predictors of overall sensitivity.
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Shackelford RE, Mayhall K, Maxwell NM, Kandil E, Coppola D. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in malignancy: a review. Genes Cancer 2014; 4:447-56. [PMID: 24386506 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913507576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis. Both intracellular and extracellular Nampt (iNampt and eNampt) levels are increased in several human malignancies and some studies demonstrate increased iNampt in more aggressive/invasive tumors and in tumor metastases. Several different molecular targets have been identified that promote carcinogenesis following iNampt overexpression, including SirT1, CtBP, and PARP-1. Additionally, eNampt is elevated in several human cancers and is often associated with a higher tumor stage and worse prognoses. Here we review the roles of Nampt in malignancy, some of the known mechanisms by which it promotes carcinogenesis, and discuss the possibility of employing Nampt inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Mayhall
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Emad Kandil
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Anatomic Pathology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Venter G, Oerlemans FTJJ, Willemse M, Wijers M, Fransen JAM, Wieringa B. NAMPT-mediated salvage synthesis of NAD+ controls morphofunctional changes of macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97378. [PMID: 24824795 PMCID: PMC4019579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional morphodynamic behavior of differentiated macrophages is strongly controlled by actin cytoskeleton rearrangements, a process in which also metabolic cofactors ATP and NAD(H) (i.e. NAD+ and NADH) and NADP(H) (i.e. NADP+ and NADPH) play an essential role. Whereas the link to intracellular ATP availability has been studied extensively, much less is known about the relationship between actin cytoskeleton dynamics and intracellular redox state and NAD+-supply. Here, we focus on the role of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), found in extracellular form as a cytokine and growth factor, and in intracellular form as one of the key enzymes for the production of NAD+ in macrophages. Inhibition of NAD+ salvage synthesis by the NAMPT-specific drug FK866 caused a decrease in cytosolic NAD+ levels in RAW 264.7 and Maf-DKO macrophages and led to significant downregulation of the glycolytic flux without directly affecting cell viability, proliferation, ATP production capacity or mitochondrial respiratory activity. Concomitant with these differential metabolic changes, the capacity for phagocytic ingestion of particles and also substrate adhesion of macrophages were altered. Depletion of cytoplasmic NAD+ induced cell-morphological changes and impaired early adhesion in phagocytosis of zymosan particles as well as spreading performance. Restoration of NAD+ levels by NAD+, NMN, or NADP+ supplementation reversed the inhibitory effects of FK866. We conclude that direct coupling to local, actin-based, cytoskeletal dynamics is an important aspect of NAD+'s cytosolic role in the regulation of morphofunctional characteristics of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda Venter
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank T. J. J. Oerlemans
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Willemse
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mietske Wijers
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack A. M. Fransen
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bé Wieringa
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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47
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Zheng X, Baumeister T, Buckmelter AJ, Caligiuri M, Clodfelter KH, Han B, Ho YC, Kley N, Lin J, Reynolds DJ, Sharma G, Smith CC, Wang Z, Dragovich PS, Oh A, Wang W, Zak M, Wang Y, Yuen PW, Bair KW. Discovery of potent and efficacious cyanoguanidine-containing nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:337-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Shames DS, Elkins K, Walter K, Holcomb T, Du P, Mohl D, Xiao Y, Pham T, Haverty PM, Liederer B, Liang X, Yauch RL, O'Brien T, Bourgon R, Koeppen H, Belmont LD. Loss of NAPRT1 expression by tumor-specific promoter methylation provides a novel predictive biomarker for NAMPT inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6912-23. [PMID: 24097869 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to identify predictive biomarkers for a novel nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We use a NAMPT inhibitor, GNE-617, to evaluate nicotinic acid rescue status in a panel of more than 400 cancer cell lines. Using correlative analysis and RNA interference (RNAi), we identify a specific biomarker for nicotinic acid rescue status. We next determine the mechanism of regulation of expression of the biomarker. Finally, we develop immunohistochemical (IHC) and DNA methylation assays and evaluate cancer tissue for prevalence of the biomarker across indications. RESULTS Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT1) is necessary for nicotinic acid rescue and its expression is the major determinant of rescue status. We demonstrate that NAPRT1 promoter methylation accounts for NAPRT1 deficiency in cancer cells, and NAPRT1 methylation is predictive of rescue status in cancer cell lines. Bisulfite next-generation sequencing mapping of the NAPRT1 promoter identified tumor-specific sites of NAPRT1 DNA methylation and enabled the development of a quantitative methylation-specific PCR (QMSP) assay suitable for use on archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. CONCLUSIONS Tumor-specific promoter hypermethylation of NAPRT1 inactivates one of two NAD salvage pathways, resulting in synthetic lethality with the coadministration of a NAMPT inhibitor. NAPRT1 expression is lost due to promoter hypermethylation in most cancer types evaluated at frequencies ranging from 5% to 65%. NAPRT1-specific immunohistochemical or DNA methylation assays can be used on archival formalin paraffin-embedded cancer tissue to identify patients likely to benefit from coadministration of a Nampt inhibitor and nicotinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Shames
- Authors' Affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Chini CCS, Guerrico AMG, Nin V, Camacho-Pereira J, Escande C, Barbosa MT, Chini EN. Targeting of NAD metabolism in pancreatic cancer cells: potential novel therapy for pancreatic tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:120-30. [PMID: 24025713 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Here, we describe a novel interplay between NAD synthesis and degradation involved in pancreatic tumor growth. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used human pancreatic cancer cells, both in vitro (cell culture experiments) and in vivo (xenograft experiments), to demonstrate the role of NAD synthesis and degradation in tumor cell metabolism and growth. RESULTS We demonstrated that pharmacologic and genetic targeting of Nampt, the key enzyme in the NAD salvage synthesis pathway, inhibits cell growth and survival of pancreatic cancer cells. These changes were accompanied by a reduction of NAD levels, glycolytic flux, lactate production, mitochondrial function, and levels of ATP. The massive reduction in overall metabolic activity induced by Nampt inhibition was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in pancreatic tumor growth. The results of the mechanistic experiments showed that neither the NAD-dependent enzymes PARP-1 nor SIRT1 play a significant role on the effect of Nampt inhibition on pancreatic cancer cells. However, we identified a role for the NAD degradation pathway mediated by the NADase CD38 on the sensitivity to Nampt inhibition. The responsiveness to Nampt inhibition is modulated by the expression of CD38; low levels of this enzyme decrease the sensitivity to Nampt inhibition. In contrast, its overexpression decreased cell growth in vitro and in vivo, and further increased the sensitivity to Nampt inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that NAD metabolism is essential for pancreatic cancer cell survival and proliferation and that targeting NAD synthesis via the Nampt pathway could lead to novel therapeutic treatments for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C S Chini
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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50
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Dragovich PS, Bair KW, Baumeister T, Ho YC, Liederer BM, Liu X, Liu Y, O’Brien T, Oeh J, Sampath D, Skelton N, Wang L, Wang W, Wu H, Xiao Y, Yuen PW, Zak M, Zhang L, Zheng X. Identification of 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-derived ureas as potent inhibitors of human nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4875-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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