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Yakkala PA, Penumallu NR, Shafi S, Kamal A. Prospects of Topoisomerase Inhibitors as Promising Anti-Cancer Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1456. [PMID: 37895927 PMCID: PMC10609717 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases are very important enzymes that regulate DNA topology and are vital for biological actions like DNA replication, transcription, and repair. The emergence and spread of cancer has been intimately associated with topoisomerase dysregulation. Topoisomerase inhibitors have consequently become potential anti-cancer medications because of their ability to obstruct the normal function of these enzymes, which leads to DNA damage and subsequently causes cell death. This review emphasizes the importance of topoisomerase inhibitors as marketed, clinical and preclinical anti-cancer medications. In the present review, various types of topoisomerase inhibitors and their mechanisms of action have been discussed. Topoisomerase I inhibitors, which include irinotecan and topotecan, are agents that interact with the DNA-topoisomerase I complex and avert resealing of the DNA. The accretion of DNA breaks leads to the inhibition of DNA replication and cell death. On the other hand, topoisomerase II inhibitors like etoposide and teniposide, function by cleaving the DNA-topoisomerase II complex thereby effectively impeding the release of double-strand DNA breaks. Moreover, the recent advances in exploring the therapeutic efficacy, toxicity, and MDR (multidrug resistance) issues of new topoisomerase inhibitors have been reviewed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Anjaneyulu Yakkala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Naveen Reddy Penumallu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Syed Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Dist. Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India
- Telangana State Council of Science & Technology, Environment, Forests, Science & Technology Department, Hyderabad 500004, India
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Fracasso G, Falvo E, Tisci G, Sala G, Colotti G, Cingarlini S, Tito C, Bibbo S, Frusteri C, Tremante E, Giordani E, Giacomini P, Ceci P. Widespread in vivo efficacy of The-0504: A conditionally-activatable nanoferritin for tumor-agnostic targeting of CD71-expressing cancers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20770. [PMID: 37860543 PMCID: PMC10582389 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is still among the leading causes of death all over the world. Improving chemotherapy and minimizing associated toxicities are major unmet medical needs. Recently, we provided a preliminary preclinical evaluation of a human ferritin (HFt)-based drug carrier (The-0504) that selectively delivers the wide-spectrum topoisomerase I inhibitor Genz-644282 to CD71-expressing tumors. The-0504 has so far been evaluated on four different human tumor xenotransplant models (breast, colorectal, pancreatic and liver cancers). Methods Herein, we extend our studies, by: (a) testing DNA damage in vitro, (b) treating eight additional tumor xenograft models in vivo with The-0504; (c) performing pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in rats; and (d) evaluating The-0504 anti-tumor xenotransplant efficacy by optimizing its administration schedule based on PK considerations. Results Immunofluorescence demonstrated that The-0504 induces foci expressing the DNA double-strand break marker γH2AX. Expression increases up to 4-fold and is more persistent as compared to free Genz-644282. In vivo studies confirmed a remarkable anti-tumor activity of The-0504, resulting in tumor eradication in most murine xenograft models, regardless of embryological origin (e.g. epithelial, mesenchymal or neuroendocrine), and molecular subtypes. PK studies demonstrated a long persistence of The-0504 in rat serum (half-life of about 40 h as compared to 15 h of the free drug), with a 400-fold increase in peak concentrations as compared to the free drug. On this basis, we reduced The-0504 administration frequency from twice to once per week, with no appreciable loss in therapeutic efficacy in mice. Conclusion The results presented here confirm that The-0504 is highly active against several human tumor xenotransplants, even when administered less frequently than previously reported. The-0504 may be a good candidate for further clinical development in a tumor histotype-agnostic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fracasso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Falvo
- CNR–National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Tisci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- CNR–National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cingarlini
- Section of Oncology, Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudia Tito
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Bibbo
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Tremante
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, UOC Translational Oncology Research, IRCCS National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Giordani
- Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Giacomini
- Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Ceci
- CNR–National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Thena Biotech, Latina, Italy
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Khalil NA, Ahmed EM, Zaher AF, Alhamaky SM, Osama N, El-Zoghbi MS. New benzothienopyran and benzothienopyranopyrimidine derivatives as topoisomerase I inhibitors: Design, synthesis, anticancer screening, apoptosis induction and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106638. [PMID: 37257374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
New benzothienopyran and benzothienopyranopyrimidine derivatives were synthesized based on the structural requirements of topoisomerase I inhibitors. All target compounds exhibited strong cytotoxic activity with GI50 range of 70.62 %-87.29 % in one dose NCI (USA) screening against 60 human tumor cell lines. Among the tested derivatives, eight compounds namely 4d, 4e, 4f, 5b, 5e, 6b, 6d, and 6f demonstrated broad spectrum and potent anticancer efficacy in five dose screening against all tested panels. DNA relaxation assay for the latter compounds showed that 4d, 5b, and 6f exhibited excellent inhibitory activity with IC50 range of 2.553-4.495 µM as compared to indenoisoquinoline reference drug (IC50 = 3.911 ± 0.21 µM). Moreover, the most active compounds were investigated for being topoisomerase poisons or catalytic inhibitors using DNA nicking assay. Compounds 4d and 6f were found to be potential Topo I poisons, whereas compound 5b has acted as Topo I suppressor. Analyzing cell cycle and induction of apoptosis for the most active compound 4d, revealed growth arrest at the S phase in MDA-MB-435 cells similarly to indenoisoquinoline reference drug. Additionally, in silico molecular modeling study for eight most active cytotoxic compounds in five dose screening demonstrated interaction with DNA as well as distinctive binding pattern similar to the reference indenoisoquinoline, indicating that the newly discovered targets are supposed to be promising candidates as Topo I inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Khalil
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ashraf F Zaher
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Shimaa M Alhamaky
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El kom, Gamal Abd El-Nasir Street, Shibin Elkom, 32511 Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nada Osama
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom, 32511 Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mona S El-Zoghbi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El kom, Gamal Abd El-Nasir Street, Shibin Elkom, 32511 Menoufia, Egypt.
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Payload diversification: a key step in the development of antibody-drug conjugates. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:3. [PMID: 36650546 PMCID: PMC9847035 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is a fast moving class of targeted biotherapeutics that currently combines the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies with the potency of a payload consisting of cytotoxic agents. For many years microtubule targeting and DNA-intercalating agents were at the forefront of ADC development. The recent approval and clinical success of trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu®) and sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy®), two topoisomerase 1 inhibitor-based ADCs, has shown the potential of conjugating unconventional payloads with differentiated mechanisms of action. Among future developments in the ADC field, payload diversification is expected to play a key role as illustrated by a growing number of preclinical and clinical stage unconventional payload-conjugated ADCs. This review presents a comprehensive overview of validated, forgotten and newly developed payloads with different mechanisms of action.
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Dimethylmyricacene: An In Vitro and In Silico Study of a Semisynthetic Non-Camptothecin Derivative Compound, Targeting Human DNA Topoisomerase 1B. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213486. [DOI: 10.3390/cells11213486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human topoisomerase 1B regulates the topological state of supercoiled DNA enabling all fundamental cell processes. This enzyme, which is the unique molecular target of the natural anticancer compound camptothecin, acts by nicking one DNA strand and forming a transient protein–DNA covalent complex. The interaction of human topoisomerase 1B and dimethylmyricacene, a compound prepared semisynthetically from myricanol extracted from Myrica cerifera root bark, was investigated using enzymatic activity assays and molecular docking procedures. Dimethylmyricacene was shown to inhibit both the cleavage and the religation steps of the enzymatic reaction, and cell viability of A-253, FaDu, MCF-7, HeLa and HCT-116 tumor cell lines.
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Mechanism of action of non-camptothecin inhibitor Genz-644282 in topoisomerase I inhibition. Commun Biol 2022; 5:982. [PMID: 36114357 PMCID: PMC9481636 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03920-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTopoisomerase I (TOP1) controls the topological state of DNA during DNA replication, and its dysfunction due to treatment with an inhibitor, such as camptothecin (CPT), causes replication arrest and cell death. Although CPT has excellent cytotoxicity, it has the disadvantage of instability under physiological conditions. Therefore, new types of TOP1 inhibitor have attracted particular attention. Here, we characterised the effect of a non-camptothecin inhibitor, Genz-644282 (Genz). First, we found that treatment with Genz showed cytotoxicity by introducing double-strand breaks (DSBs), which was suppressed by co-treatment with aphidicolin. Genz-induced DSB formation required the functions of TOP1. Next, we explored the advantages of Genz over CPT and found it was effective against CPT-resistant TOP1 carrying either N722S or N722A mutation. The effect of Genz was also confirmed at the cellular level using a CPT-resistant cell line carrying N722S mutation in the TOP1 gene. Moreover, we found arginine residue 364 plays a crucial role for the binding of Genz. Because tyrosine residue 723 is the active centre for DNA cleavage and re-ligation by TOP1, asparagine residue 722 plays crucial roles in the accessibility of the drug. Here, we discuss the mechanism of action of Genz on TOP1 inhibition.
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Zhou Y, Bai YP, Zhang M, Gao JM, Yang CJ, Zhang ZJ, Deng N, Li L, Liu YQ, Xu CR. Design and synthesis of Aza-boeravinone derivatives as potential novel topoisomerase I inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 122:105747. [PMID: 35338969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Based on the structural skeleton of natural products boeravinones, two types of 6H-chromeno[3,4-b]quinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized by nitrogen atom substitution strategy. Then, their cytotoxic activities were evaluated against six human tumor cell lines including HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), A2780 (ovarian cancer), Hela (cervical cancer), HCT116 (colorectal cancer), SW1990 (pancreatic cancer), and MCF7 (breast cancer). The results showed that compounds ZML-8 and ZML-14 exhibited robust inhibitory activities against HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 0.58 and 1.94 μM, respectively. In addition, ZML-8 and ZML-14 showed higher selectivity against HepG2 and L-02 cells than Topotecan. Mechanistically, ZML-8 and ZML-14 not only induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and cell apoptosis, but also dose-dependently inhibited topoisomerase I activity and induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Molecular docking showed that ZML-8 and ZML-14 could interact with topoisomerase I-DNA complex with a similar binding mode to Topotecan. Inhibitory activities of these two compounds on topoisomerase I were then confirmed in both cell-free systems and in whole-cell lysates. Taken together, compounds ZML-8 and ZML-14 merit further development as a new generation of non-camptothecin topoisomerase I inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yin-Peng Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, PR China
| | - Mi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Jian-Mei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Nan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, PR China.
| | - Chuan-Rui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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Inoue N, Terabayashi T, Takiguchi-Kawashima Y, Fujinami D, Matsuoka S, Kawano M, Tanaka K, Tsumura H, Ishizaki T, Narahara H, Kohda D, Nishida Y, Hanada K. The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, berberine and coptisine, act against camptothecin-resistant topoisomerase I mutants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7718. [PMID: 33833336 PMCID: PMC8032691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication inhibitors are utilized extensively in studies of molecular biology and as chemotherapy agents in clinical settings. The inhibition of DNA replication often triggers double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) at stalled DNA replication sites, resulting in cytotoxicity. In East Asia, some traditional medicines are administered as anticancer drugs, although the mechanisms underlying their pharmacological effects are not entirely understood. In this study, we screened Japanese herbal medicines and identified two benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), berberine and coptisine. These alkaloids mildly induced DSBs, and this effect was dependent on the function of topoisomerase I (Topo I) and MUS81-EME1 structure-specific endonuclease. Biochemical analysis revealed that the action of BIAs involves inhibiting the catalytic activity of Topo I rather than inducing the accumulation of the Topo I-DNA complex, which is different from the action of camptothecin (CPT). Furthermore, the results showed that BIAs can act as inhibitors of Topo I, even against CPT-resistant mutants, and that the action of these BIAs was independent of CPT. These results suggest that using a combination of BIAs and CPT might increase their efficiency in eliminating cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Inoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Takeshi Terabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yuri Takiguchi-Kawashima
- Clinical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujinami
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsuoka
- Department of Clinical Biology Ant Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Masanori Kawano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsumura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Ishizaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kohda
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Hanada
- Clinical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
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Luo C, Ampomah-Wireko M, Wang H, Wu C, Wang Q, Zhang H, Cao Y. Isoquinolines: Important Cores in Many Marketed and Clinical Drugs. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:811-824. [PMID: 32329698 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200424132248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoquinoline analogs are an important, structurally diverse class of compounds that are extensively used as pharmaceuticals. Derivatives containing the isoquinoline scaffold have become a focus of therapeutic research because of their wide range of biological characteristics. Examples of these drugs, many of which are in clinical application or at the pre-clinical stage, are used to treat a broad swathe of ailments, such as tumors, respiratory diseases, infections, nervous system diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, endocrine and metabolic diseases. METHODS Data were collected from PubMed, Web of Science, and SciFinder, through searches of drug names. RESULTS At least 38 isoquinoline-based therapeutic drugs are in clinical application or clinical trials, and their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics are described in detail. CONCLUSION The isoquinoline ring is a privileged scaffold which is often preferred as a structural basis for drug design, and plays an important role in drug discovery. This review provides a guide for pharmacologists to find effective preclinical/clinical drugs and examines recent progress in the application of the isoquinoline scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yaquan Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Falvo E, Damiani V, Conti G, Boschi F, Messana K, Giacomini P, Milella M, De Laurenzi V, Morea V, Sala G, Fracasso G, Ceci P. High activity and low toxicity of a novel CD71-targeting nanotherapeutic named The-0504 on preclinical models of several human aggressive tumors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:63. [PMID: 33568214 PMCID: PMC7877078 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Ferritin receptor (CD71) is an example of a very attractive cancer target, since it is highly expressed in virtually all tumor types, including metastatic loci. However, this target can be considered to be inaccessible to conventional target therapies, due to its presence in many healthy tissues. Here, we describe the preclinical evaluation of a tumor proteases-activatable human ferritin (HFt)-based drug carrier (The-0504) that is able to selectively deliver the wide-spectrum topoisomerase I inhibitor Genz-644282 to CD71-expressing tumors, preventing the limiting toxic effects associated with CD71-targeting therapies. Methods CD71 expression was evaluated using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry techniques. The-0504 antiproliferative activity towards several cancer cell lines was assessed in vitro. The-0504 antitumor efficacy and survival benefit were evaluated in different human tumors, which had been grown either as xenografts or patient-derived xenografts in mice. The-0504 toxicology profile was investigated in multiple-cycle repeat-dose study in rodents. Results In vitro studies indicate that The-0504 is highly specific for CD71 expressing cells, and that there is a relationship between CD71 levels and The-0504 anticancer activity. In vivo treatments with The-0504 showed a remarkable efficacy, eradicating several human tumors of very diverse and aggressive histotypes, such as pancreas, liver and colorectal carcinomas, and triple-negative breast cancer. Conclusions Durable disease-free survival, persistent antitumor responses after discontinuation of treatment and favorable toxicology profile make The-0504 an ideal candidate for clinical development as a novel, CD71-targeted, low-toxicity alternative to chemotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01851-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Falvo
- CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy.
| | - Verena Damiani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giamaica Conti
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Katia Messana
- IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Giacomini
- IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Veronica Morea
- CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulio Fracasso
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Pierpaolo Ceci
- CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy.,Thena Biotech, Latina, Italy
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11
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Buzun K, Bielawska A, Bielawski K, Gornowicz A. DNA topoisomerases as molecular targets for anticancer drugs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1781-1799. [PMID: 32975138 PMCID: PMC7534307 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1821676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant role of topoisomerases in the control of DNA chain topology has been confirmed in numerous research conducted worldwide. The prevalence of these enzymes, as well as the key importance of topoisomerase in the proper functioning of cells, have made them the target of many scientific studies conducted all over the world. This article is a comprehensive review of knowledge about topoisomerases and their inhibitors collected over the years. Studies on the structure-activity relationship and molecular docking are one of the key elements driving drug development. In addition to information on molecular targets, this article contains details on the structure-activity relationship of described classes of compounds. Moreover, the work also includes details about the structure of the compounds that drive the mode of action of topoisomerase inhibitors. Finally, selected topoisomerases inhibitors at the stage of clinical trials and their potential application in the chemotherapy of various cancers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Buzun
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Bielawska
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bielawski
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gornowicz
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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12
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Engineered Human Nanoferritin Bearing the Drug Genz-644282 for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100992. [PMID: 33092088 PMCID: PMC7589674 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tumors, including pancreatic and colorectal cancers, represent one of the greatest public health issues worldwide, leading to a million global deaths. Recent research demonstrated that the human heavy chain ferritin (HFt) can encapsulate different types of drugs in its cavity and can bind to its receptor, CD71, in several solid and hematological tumors, thus highlighting the potential use of ferritin for tumor-targeting therapies. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a novel nanomedicine based on the HFt that is named The-0504. In particular, this novel system is a nano-assembly comprising an engineered version of HFt that entraps about 80 molecules of a potent, wide-spectrum, non-camptothecin topoisomerase I inhibitor (Genz-644282). The-0504 can be produced by a standardized pre-industrial process as a pure and homogeneously formulated product with favourable lyophilization properties. The preliminary anticancer activity was evaluated in cultured cancer cells and in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Overall results reported here make The-0504 a candidate for further preclinical development against CD-71 expressing deadly tumors.
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13
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Zhang HL, Zhang Y, Yan XL, Xiao LG, Hu DX, Yu Q, An LK. Secondary metabolites from Isodon ternifolius (D. Don) Kudo and their anticancer activity as DNA topoisomerase IB and Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115527. [PMID: 32345458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on DNA topoisomerase IB (TOP1) and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) inhibition of the ethanol extract of the roots of Isodon ternifolius (D. Don) Kudo (Labiatae), its secondary metabolites has been studied. Two new compounds, an ent-abietane diterpenoid isodopene A (1) and a 2,3-seco-triterpene isodopene B (13), along with 25 known compounds were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations. The enzyme-based assays indicated that 1 and 13 showed strong (+++) and moderate (++) TOP1 inhibition, respectively. Two chalcone derivatives 11 and 12 were firstly found as dual TDP1 and TOP1 natural inhibitors, and showed synergistic effect with the clinical TOP1 inhibitors topotecan in MCF-7 cells. Compounds 8, 16, and 22 acted as TOP1 catalytic inhibitors with equipotent TOP1 inhibition to camptothecin (++++). Compounds 7 and 8 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7, A549, and HCT116 cells with GI50 values in the range of 2.2-4.8 μM. This work would provide valuable information that secondary metabolites from I. ternifolius could be developed as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xue-Long Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Long-Gao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - De-Xuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Clinical Pharmacy (School of Integrative Pharmacy, Institute of Integrative Pharmaceutical Research), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lin-Kun An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Di J, Zheng B, Kong Q, Jiang Y, Liu S, Yang Y, Han X, Sheng Y, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Han J. Prioritization of candidate cancer drugs based on a drug functional similarity network constructed by integrating pathway activities and drug activities. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2259-2277. [PMID: 31408580 PMCID: PMC6763777 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the speed, efficiency, relative risk, and lower costs compared to traditional drug discovery, the prioritization of candidate drugs for repurposing against cancers of interest has attracted the attention of experts in recent years. Herein, we present a powerful computational approach, termed prioritization of candidate drugs (PriorCD), for the prioritization of candidate cancer drugs based on a global network propagation algorithm and a drug–drug functional similarity network constructed by integrating pathway activity profiles and drug activity profiles. This provides a new approach to drug repurposing by first considering the drug functional similarities at the pathway level. The performance of PriorCD in drug repurposing was evaluated by using drug datasets of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Cross‐validation tests on the drugs approved for the treatment of these cancers indicated that our approach can achieve area under receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values greater than 0.82. Furthermore, literature searches validated our results, and comparison with other classical gene‐based repurposing methods indicated that our pathway‐level PriorCD is comparatively more effective at prioritizing candidate drugs with similar therapeutic effects. We hope that our study will be of benefit to the field of drug discovery. In order to expand the usage of PriorCD, a freely available R‐based package, PriorCD, has been developed to prioritize candidate anticancer drugs for drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi Di
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Baotong Zheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Siyao Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Xudong Han
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yuqi Sheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Junwei Han
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
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15
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Tang WL, Zhang Y, Hu DX, Yang H, Yu Q, Chen JW, Agama K, Pommier Y, An LK. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-aminoethyl benzophenanthridone derivatives as DNA topoisomerase IB inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:81-92. [PMID: 31176097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase IB (TOP1) regulates DNA topological structure in many cellular metabolic processes and is a validated target for development of antitumor agents. Our previous study revealed that the benzophenanthridone scaffold is a novel chemotype for the discovery of TOP1 inhibitors. In this work, a series of novel 5-aminoethyl substituted benzophenanthridone derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for TOP1 inhibition and cytotoxicity. Compound 12 exhibits the most potent TOP1 inhibition (+++) and cytotoxicity in human cancer cell lines with GI50 values at nanomolar concentration range. 12 induces the cellular TOP1cc formation and DNA damage, resulting in HCT116 cell apoptosis. The pharmacokinetics, acute toxicity and antitumor efficiency in vivo of 12 were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - De-Xuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian-Wen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Keli Agama
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lin-Kun An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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16
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Cinelli MA. Topoisomerase 1B poisons: Over a half-century of drug leads, clinical candidates, and serendipitous discoveries. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1294-1337. [PMID: 30456874 DOI: 10.1002/med.21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are DNA processing enzymes that relieve supercoiling (torsional strain) in DNA, are necessary for normal cellular division, and act by nicking (and then religating) DNA strands. Type 1B topoisomerase (Top1) is overexpressed in certain tumors, and the enzyme has been extensively investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy. Various chemical agents can act as "poisons" of the enzyme's religation step, leading to Top1-DNA lesions, DNA breakage, and eventual cellular death. In this review, agents that poison Top1 (and have thus been investigated for their anticancer properties) are surveyed, including natural products (such as camptothecins and indolocarbazoles), semisynthetic camptothecin and luotonin derivatives, and synthetic compounds (such as benzonaphthyridines, aromathecins, and indenoisoquinolines), as well as targeted therapies and conjugates. Top1 has also been investigated as a therapeutic target in certain viral and parasitic infections, as well as autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurological disorders, and a summary of literature describing alternative indications is also provided. This review should provide both a reference for the medicinal chemist and potentially offer clues to aid in the development of new Top1 poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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17
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Zhang XR, Wang HW, Tang WL, Zhang Y, Yang H, Hu DX, Ravji A, Marchand C, Kiselev E, Ofori-Atta K, Agama K, Pommier Y, An LK. Discovery, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Oxynitidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of DNA Topoisomerase IB (TOP1) and Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1), and Potential Antitumor Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9908-9930. [PMID: 30336023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is a recently discovered enzyme repairing DNA lesions resulting from stalled topoisomerase IB (TOP1)-DNA covalent complex. Inhibiting TDP1 in conjunction with TOP1 inhibitors can boost the action of the latter. Herein, we report the discovery of the natural product oxynitidine scaffold as a novel chemotype for the development of TOP1 and TDP1 inhibitors. Three kinds of analogues, benzophenanthridinone, dihydrobenzophenanthridine, and benzophenanthridine derivatives, were synthesized and evaluated for both TOP1 and TDP1 inhibition and cytotoxicity. Analogue 19a showed high TOP1 inhibition (+++) and induced the formation of cellular TOP1cc and DNA damage, resulting in cancer cells apoptosis at nanomolar concentration range. In vivo studies indicated that 19a exhibits antitumor efficiency in HCT116 xenograft model. 41a exhibited additional TDP1 inhibition with IC50 value of 7 μM and synergistic effect with camptothecin in MCF-7 cells. This work will facilitate future efforts for the discovery of natural product-based TOP1 and TDP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ru Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Hao-Wen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Wen-Lin Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - De-Xuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Azhar Ravji
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Evgeny Kiselev
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Kwabena Ofori-Atta
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Keli Agama
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Lin-Kun An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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18
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Pires AS, Marques CR, Encarnação JC, Abrantes AM, Marques IA, Laranjo M, Oliveira R, Casalta-Lopes JE, Gonçalves AC, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Botelho MF. Ascorbic Acid Chemosensitizes Colorectal Cancer Cells and Synergistically Inhibits Tumor Growth. Front Physiol 2018; 9:911. [PMID: 30083105 PMCID: PMC6064950 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is continuously classified as one of the most incidental and mortal types of cancer worldwide. The positive outcomes of the conventional chemotherapy are frequently associated with high toxicity, which often leads to the suspension of the treatment. Growing evidences consider the use of pharmacological concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA), better known as vitamin C, in the treatment of cancer. The use of AA in a clinical context is essentially related to the adoption of new therapeutic strategies based on combination regimens, where AA plays a chemosensitizing role. The reduced sensitivity of some tumors to chemotherapy and the highly associated adverse effects continue to be some of the major obstacles in the effective treatment of CRC. So, this paper aimed to study the potential of a new therapeutic approach against this neoplasia with diminished side effects for the patient. This approach was based on the study of the combination of high concentrations of AA with reduced concentrations of drugs conventionally used in CRC patients and eligible for first and second line chemotherapeutic regimens, namely 5-fluorouracilo (5-FU), oxaliplatin (Oxa) or irinotecan (Iri). The evaluation of the potential synergy between the compounds was first assessed in vitro in three CRC cell lines with different genetic background and later in vivo using one xenograft animal model of CRC. AA and 5-FU act synergistically in vitro just for longer incubation times, however, in vivo showed no benefit compared to 5-FU alone. In contrast to the lack of synergy seen in in vitro studies with the combination of AA with irinotecan, the animal model revealed the therapeutic potential of this combination. AA also potentiated the effect of Oxa, since a synergistic effect was demonstrated, in almost all conditions and in the three cell lines. Moreover, this combined therapy (CT) caused a stagnation of the tumor growth rate, being the most promising tested combination. Pharmacological concentrations of AA increased the efficacy of Iri and Oxa against CRC, with promising results in cell lines with more aggressive phenotypes, namely, tumors with mutant or null P53 expression and tumors resistant to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Pires
- Biophysics Institute, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R Marques
- Biophysics Institute, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João C Encarnação
- Biophysics Institute, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Abrantes
- Biophysics Institute, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês A Marques
- Biophysics Institute, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Laranjo
- Biophysics Institute, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- Biophysics Institute, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João E Casalta-Lopes
- Biophysics Institute, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Gonçalves
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Oncobiology and Hematology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Biology and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana B Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Oncobiology and Hematology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Biology and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Hematology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria F Botelho
- Biophysics Institute, CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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19
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Li F, Jiang T, Li Q, Ling X. Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives are known to target topoisomerase I (Top1) as their mechanism of action: did we miss something in CPT analogue molecular targets for treating human disease such as cancer? Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:2350-2394. [PMID: 29312794 PMCID: PMC5752681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) was discovered from plant extracts more than 60 years ago. Since then, only two CPT analogues (irinotecan and topotecan) have been approved for cancer treatment, although several thousand CPT derivatives have been synthesized and many of them were actively studied in our research community over the past 6+ decades. In this review article, we briefly summarize: (1) the discovery and early development of CPTs, (2) the recognized CPT mechanism of action (MOA), (3) the synthesis of CPT and CPT analogues, and (4) the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of CPT and its analogues. Next, we provide evidence that certain CPT analogues can exert improved efficacy with low toxicity independently of topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibition; instead, these CPT analogues use novel MOAs by targeting important cancer survival-associated oncogenic proteins and/or by bypassing various treatment-resistant mechanisms. We then present a comprehensive review of the most advanced CPT analogues in clinical development, with the goal of resolving why no new CPTs have been FDA approved for cancer treatment, beyond irinotecan and topotecan. We argue that new CPT Top1 inhibitor drugs are unlikely being found to be significantly better than irinotecan and/or topotecan in terms of the overall antitumor activity and toxicity. The significance of CPT analogues that possess novel MOAs has not been sufficiently recognized so far. In our opinion, this is a research area with great potential to make a breakthrough for development of the next generation of CPT analogues that possess high efficacy (due to novel targets) and low toxicity (due to low inhibition of Top1 activity/function) for effective treatment of human disease, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of ChinaQingdao, China
| | - Qingyong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Ling
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York, USA
- Canget BioTekpharmaBuffalo, New York, USA
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20
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Miyata S, Wang LY, Kitanaka S. 3EZ, 20Ac-ingenol induces cell-specific apoptosis in cyclin D1 over-expression through the activation of ATR and downregulation of p-Akt. Leuk Res 2017; 64:46-51. [PMID: 29179029 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) samples exhibit an activated PI3K/Akt pathway, which suggests a general role of Akt in the development of leukemia. We have previously used western blot analysis to show that the catalytic topoisomerase (topo) inhibitor, 3EZ, 20Ac-ingenol, induced DNA damage response (DDR), which activated ATR, downregulated p-Akt through upregulation of PTEN level, and led to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. In this study, we used ATR or PTEN siRNA and observed that the specific cell arrest and apoptosis of BALL-1 cells in DDR caused by 3EZ, 20Ac-ingenol was dependant on activation of ATR and downregulation of nuclear p-Akt through upregulation of PTEN. Moreover, some B cell lymphomas among ALLs overexpress cyclin D1. The DDR induced during the S-phase with 3EZ, 20Ac-ingenol treatment was increased by the intra S-phase checkpoint response that was triggered by the loss of nuclear cyclin D1 regulation in BALL-1 cells overexpressing cyclin D1. Although topo 1 catalytic inhibitors induce a decatenation checkpoint and subsequent G2/M phase arrest, the decatenation checkpoint caused by 3EZ, 20Ac-ingenol induced apoptosis only in the BALL-1 cells that accumulated cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Miyata
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan.
| | - Li-Yan Wang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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21
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Musiol R. An overview of quinoline as a privileged scaffold in cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:583-597. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1319357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Zhao W, Jiang G, Bi C, Li Y, Liu J, Ye C, He H, Li L, Song D, Shao R. The dual topoisomerase inhibitor A35 preferentially and specially targets topoisomerase 2α by enhancing pre-strand and post-strand cleavage and inhibiting DNA religation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37871-94. [PMID: 26462155 PMCID: PMC4741971 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases play a key role in tumor proliferation. Chemotherapeutics targeting topoisomerases have been widely used in clinical oncology, but resistance and side effects, particularly cardiotoxicity, usually limit their application. Clinical data show that a decrease in topoisomerase (top) levels is the primary factor responsible for resistance, but in cells there is compensatory effect between the levels of top1 and top2α. Here, we validated cyclizing-berberine A35, which is a dual top inhibitor and preferentially targets top2α. The impact on the top2α catalytic cycle indicated that A35 could intercalate into DNA but did not interfere with DNA-top binding and top2α ATPase activity. A35 could facilitate DNA-top2α cleavage complex formation by enhancing pre-strand and post-strand cleavage and inhibiting religation, suggesting this compound can be a topoisomerase poison and had a district mechanism from other topoisomerase inhibitors. TARDIS and comet assays showed that A35 could induce cell DNA breakage and DNA-top complexes but had no effect on the cardiac toxicity inducer top2β. Silencing top1 augmented DNA break and silencing top2α decreased DNA break. Further validation in H9c2 cardiac cells showed A35 did not disturb cell proliferation and mitochondrial membrane potency. Additionally, an assay with nude mice further demonstrated A35 did not damage the heart. Our work identifies A35 as a novel skeleton compound dually inhibits topoisomerases, and predominantly and specially targets top2α by interfering with all cleavage steps and its no cardiac toxicity was verified by cardiac cells and mice heart. A35 could be a novel and effective targeting topoisomerase agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Jiang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongwen Bi
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangbiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- China Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei He
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongguang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhao W, Zhang C, Bi C, Ye C, Song D, Liu X, Shao R. Sophoridinol derivative 05D induces tumor cells apoptosis by topoisomerase1-mediated DNA breakage. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2805-17. [PMID: 27274276 PMCID: PMC4869659 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sophoridine is a quinolizidine natural product of Sophora alopecuroides and has been applied for treatment of malignant trophoblastic tumors. Although characterized by low toxicity, the limited-spectrum antitumor activity hinders its further applications. 05D, a derivative of sophoridine, exhibits a better anticancer activity on diverse cancer cells, including solid tumors, and hematologic malignancy. It could inhibit topoisomerase 1 (top1) activity by stabilizing DNA-top1 complex and induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by promoting DNA single- and double-strand breakage mediated by top1. Also, 05D induced HCT116 cells arrest at G1 phase by inactivating CDK2/CDK4-Rb-E2F and cyclinD1-CDK4-p21 checkpoint signal pathways. 05D suppressed the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) activation and decreased 53BP level, which contributed to DNA damage repair, suggesting that the novel compound 05D might be helpful to improve the antitumor activity of DNA damaging agent by repressing ATM and ATR activation and 53BP level. In addition, the priorities in molecular traits and druggability, such as a simple structure and formulation for oral administration, further prove 05D to be a promising targeting topoisomerase agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongwen Bi
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongguang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Kiselev E, Sooryakumar D, Agama K, Cushman M, Pommier Y. Optimization of the lactam side chain of 7-azaindenoisoquinoline topoisomerase I inhibitors and mechanism of action studies in cancer cells. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1289-98. [PMID: 24502276 PMCID: PMC3983387 DOI: 10.1021/jm401471v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of the lactam ω-aminoalkyl substituents in a series of 7-azaindenoisoquinolines resulted in new anticancer agents with improved Top1 inhibitory potencies and cancer cell cytotoxicities. The new compounds 14-17 and 19 exhibited mean graph midpoint cytotoxicity (GI50) values of 21-71 nM in the NCI panel of 60 human cancer cell cultures. Ternary 7-azaindenoisoquinoline-DNA-Top1 cleavage complexes that persist for up to 6 h were detected in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Ternary complexes containing 7-azaindenoisoquinolines were significantly more stable than those in which camptothecin was incorporated. DNA content distribution histograms showed S-phase block 3 h after drug removal. Drug-induced DNA damage in HCT116 cells was revealed by induction of the histone γ-H2AX marker. The 7-azaindenoisoquinolines were able to partially overcome resistance in several drug-resistant cell lines, and they were not substrates for the ABCB1 drug efflux transporter. Molecular modeling studies indicate that the 7-azaindenoisoquinolines intercalate at the DNA cleavage site in DNA-Top1 covalent complexes with the lactam side chain projecting into the major groove. Overall, the results indicate that the 7-azaindenoisoquinolines are promising anticancer agents that merit further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Kiselev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and The Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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25
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Lipid raft modulation by Rp1 reverses multidrug resistance via inactivating MDR-1 and Src inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1441-53. [PMID: 23473805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to effective cancer therapy. The membrane transporter MDR-1 (P-gp, ABCB1), a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, effluxes anti-cancer drugs from cancer cells. Increased activity of MDR-1 is known to be the main mechanism for multidrug resistance. MDR-1 is known to be localized in the cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched plasma membrane microdomains, known as lipid rafts. Disruption of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion alters lipid raft functions, indicating that cholesterol is critical for raft function. Because ginsenosides are structurally similar to cholesterol, in this study, we investigated the effect of Rp1, a novel ginsenoside derivative, on drug resistance using drug-sensitive OVCAR-8 and drug-resistant NCI/ADR-RES and DXR cells. Rp1 treatment resulted in an accumulation of doxorubicin or rhodamine 123 by decreasing MDR-1 activity in doxorubicin-resistant cells. Rp1 synergistically induced cell death with actinomycin D in DXR cells. Rp1 appeared to redistribute lipid rafts and MDR-1 protein. Moreover, Rp1 reversed resistance to actinomycin D by decreasing MDR-1 protein levels and Src phosphorylation with modulation of lipid rafts. Addition of cholesterol attenuated Rp1-induced raft aggregation and MDR-1 redistribution. Rp1 and actinomycin D reduced Src activity, and overexpression of active Src decreased the synergistic effect of Rp1 with actinomycin D. Rp1-induced drug sensitization was also observed with several anti-cancer drugs, including doxorubicin. These data suggest that lipid raft-modulating agents can be used to inhibit MDR-1 activity and thus overcome drug resistance.
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Abstract
Topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that control DNA supercoiling and entanglements. They are essential during transcription and replication, and topoisomerase inhibitors are among the most effective and most commonly used anticancer and antibacterial drugs. This review consists of two parts. In the first part ("Lessons"), it gives background information on the catalytic mechanisms of the different enzyme families (6 different genes in humans and 4 in most bacteria), describes the "interfacial inhibition" by which topoisomerase-targeted drugs act as topoisomerase poisons, and describes clinically relevant topoisomerase inhibitors. It generalizes the interfacial inhibition principle, which was discovered from the mechanism of action of topoisomerase inhibitors, and discusses how topoisomerase inhibitors kill cells by trapping topoisomerases on DNA rather than by classical enzymatic inhibition. Trapping protein-DNA complexes extends to a novel mechanism of action of PARP inhibitors and could be applied to the targeting of transcription factors. The second part of the review focuses on the challenges for discovery and precise use of topoisomerase inhibitors, including targeting topoisomerase inhibitors using chemical coupling and encapsulation for selective tumor delivery, use of pharmacodynamic biomarkers to follow drug activity, complexity of the response determinants for anticancer activity and patient selection, prospects of rational combinations with DNA repair inhibitors targeting tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterases 1 and 2 (TDP1 and TDP2) and PARP, and the unmet need to develop inhibitors for type IA enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular
Pharmacology, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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27
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Pfister TD, Hollingshead M, Kinders RJ, Zhang Y, Evrard YA, Ji J, Khin SA, Borgel S, Stotler H, Carter J, Divelbiss R, Kummar S, Pommier Y, Parchment RE, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Development and validation of an immunoassay for quantification of topoisomerase I in solid tumor tissues. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50494. [PMID: 23284638 PMCID: PMC3532478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topoisomerase I (Top1) is a proven target for cancer therapeutics. Recent data from the Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, CPT-11: Use and Sequencing (FOCUS) trial demonstrated that nuclear staining of Top1 correlates with chemotherapeutic efficacy. Such a correlation may help identify patients likely to respond to Top1 inhibitors and illuminate their mechanism of action. Cellular response to Top1 inhibitors is complex, but Top1 target engagement is a necessary first step in this process. This paper reports the development and validation of a quantitative immunoassay for Top1 in tumors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have developed and validated a two-site enzyme chemiluminescent immunoassay for quantifying Top1 levels in tumor biopsies. Analytical validation of the assay established the inter-day coefficient of variation at 9.3%±3.4% and a 96.5%±7.3% assay accuracy. Preclinical fit-for-purpose modeling of topotecan time- and dose-effects was performed using topotecan-responsive and -nonresponsive xenografts in athymic nude mice. Higher baseline levels of Top1 were observed in topotecan-responsive than -nonresponsive tumors. Top1 levels reached a maximal decrease 4 to 7 hours following treatment of engrafted mice with topotecan and the indenoisoquinoline NSC 724998. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our analysis of Top1 levels in control and treated tumors supports the previously proposed mechanism of action for Top1 inhibitor efficacy, wherein higher baseline Top1 levels lead to formation of more covalent-complex-dependent double-strand break damage and, ultimately, cell death. In contrast, xenografts with lower baseline Top1 levels accumulate fewer double-stand breaks, and may be more resistant to Top1 inhibitors. Our results support further investigation into the use of Top1 levels in tumors as a potential predictive biomarker. The Top1 immunoassay described in this paper has been incorporated into a Phase I clinical trial at the National Cancer Institute to assess pharmacodynamic response in tumor biopsies and determine whether baseline Top1 levels are predictive of response to indenoisoquinoline Top1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pfister
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America.
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Cinelli MA, Reddy PN, Lv PC, Liang JH, Chen L, Agama K, Pommier Y, van Breemen RB, Cushman M. Identification, synthesis, and biological evaluation of metabolites of the experimental cancer treatment drugs indotecan (LMP400) and indimitecan (LMP776) and investigation of isomerically hydroxylated indenoisoquinoline analogues as topoisomerase I poisons. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10844-62. [PMID: 23215354 PMCID: PMC3542640 DOI: 10.1021/jm300519w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated analogues of the anticancer topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors indotecan (LMP400) and indimitecan (LMP776) have been prepared because (1) a variety of potent Top1 poisons are known that contain strategically placed hydroxyl groups, which provides a clear rationale for incorporating them in the present case, and (2) the hydroxylated compounds could conceivably serve as synthetic standards for the identification of metabolites. Indeed, incubating LMP400 and LMP776 with human liver microsomes resulted in two major metabolites of each drug, which had HPLC retention times and mass fragmentation patterns identical to those of the synthetic standards. The hydroxylated indotecan and indimitecan metabolites and analogues were tested as Top1 poisons and for antiproliferative activity in a variety of human cancer cell cultures and in general were found to be very potent. Differences in activity resulting from the placement of the hydroxyl group are explained by molecular modeling analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - P.V. Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Peng-Cheng Lv
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jian-Hua Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Keli Agama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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