1
|
MacLean MR, Walker OL, Arun RP, Fernando W, Marcato P. Informed by Cancer Stem Cells of Solid Tumors: Advances in Treatments Targeting Tumor-Promoting Factors and Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4102. [PMID: 38612911 PMCID: PMC11012648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a subpopulation within tumors that promote cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence due to their self-renewal capacity and resistance to conventional therapies. CSC-specific markers and signaling pathways highly active in CSCs have emerged as a promising strategy for improving patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic targets associated with CSCs of solid tumors across various cancer types, including key molecular markers aldehyde dehydrogenases, CD44, epithelial cellular adhesion molecule, and CD133 and signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Sonic Hedgehog. We discuss a wide array of therapeutic modalities ranging from targeted antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and near-infrared photoimmunotherapy to advanced genetic approaches like RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, aptamers, antisense oligonucleotides, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, CAR natural killer cells, bispecific T cell engagers, immunotoxins, drug-antibody conjugates, therapeutic peptides, and dendritic cell vaccines. This review spans developments from preclinical investigations to ongoing clinical trials, highlighting the innovative targeting strategies that have been informed by CSC-associated pathways and molecules to overcome therapeutic resistance. We aim to provide insights into the potential of these therapies to revolutionize cancer treatment, underscoring the critical need for a multi-faceted approach in the battle against cancer. This comprehensive analysis demonstrates how advances made in the CSC field have informed significant developments in novel targeted therapeutic approaches, with the ultimate goal of achieving more effective and durable responses in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya R. MacLean
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
| | - Olivia L. Walker
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
| | - Raj Pranap Arun
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
| | - Wasundara Fernando
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (O.L.W.); (R.P.A.); (W.F.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Banaszek N, Kurpiewska D, Kozak K, Rutkowski P, Sobczuk P. Hedgehog pathway in sarcoma: from preclinical mechanism to clinical application. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:17635-17649. [PMID: 37815662 PMCID: PMC10657326 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a diverse group of malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin. They develop rarely, but due to poor prognosis, they are a challenging and significant clinical problem. Currently, available therapeutic options have very limited activity. A better understating of sarcomas' pathogenesis may help develop more effective therapies in the future. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is involved in both embryonic development and mature tissue repair and carcinogenesis. Shh pathway inhibitors are presently used in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Its increased activity has been demonstrated in many sarcomas, including osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant rhabdoid tumor. In vitro studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of inhibitors of the Hedgehog pathway in inhibiting proliferation in those sarcomas in which the components of the pathway are overexpressed. These results were confirmed by in vivo studies, which additionally proved the influence of Shh pathway inhibitors on limiting the metastatic potential of sarcoma cells. However, until now, the efficacy of sarcomas treatment with Shh pathway inhibitors has not been established in clinical trials. The reason for that may be the non-canonical activation of the pathway or interactions with other signaling pathways, such as Wnt or Notch. In this review, we present the Shh signaling pathway's role in the pathogenesis of sarcomas, including both canonical and non-canonical signaling. We also propose how this knowledge could be potentially translated into clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Banaszek
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Kurpiewska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kozak
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bian Y, Hahn H, Uhmann A. The hidden hedgehog of the pituitary: hedgehog signaling in development, adulthood and disease of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1219018. [PMID: 37476499 PMCID: PMC10355329 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1219018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays pivotal roles in embryonic development, adult homeostasis and tumorigenesis. However, its engagement in the pituitary gland has been long underestimated although Hedgehog signaling and pituitary embryogenic development are closely linked. Thus, deregulation of this signaling pathway during pituitary development results in malformation of the gland. Research of the last years further implicates a regulatory role of Hedgehog signaling in the function of the adult pituitary, because its activity is also interlinked with homeostasis, hormone production, and most likely also formation of neoplasms of the gland. The fact that this pathway can be efficiently targeted by validated therapeutic strategies makes it a promising candidate for treating pituitary diseases. We here summarize the current knowledge about the importance of Hedgehog signaling during pituitary development and review recent data that highlight the impact of Hedgehog signaling in the healthy and the diseased adult pituitary gland.
Collapse
|
5
|
Beadle EP, Bennett NE, Rhoades JA. Bioinformatics Screen Reveals Gli-Mediated Hedgehog Signaling as an Associated Pathway to Poor Immune Infiltration of Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3360. [PMID: 37444470 PMCID: PMC10341348 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposarcomas are the most diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma, with most cases consisting of well-differentiated (WDLPS) or dedifferentiated (DDLPS) histological subtypes. While both tumor subtypes can have clinical recurrence due to incomplete resections, DDLPS often has worse prognosis due to a higher likelihood of metastasis compared to its well-differentiated counterpart. Unfortunately, targeted therapeutic interventions have lagged in sarcoma oncology, making the need for molecular targeted therapies a promising future area of research for this family of malignancies. In this work, previously published data were analyzed to identify differential pathways that may contribute to the dedifferentiation process in liposarcoma. Interestingly, Gli-mediated Hedgehog signaling appeared to be enriched in dedifferentiated adipose progenitor cells and DDLPS tumors, and coincidentally Gli1 is often co-amplified with MDM2 and CDK4, given its genomic proximity along chromosome 12q13-12q15. However, we find that Gli2, but not Gli1, is differentially expressed between WDLPS and DDLPS, with a noticeable co-expression signature between Gli2 and genes involved in ECM remodeling. Additionally, Gli2 co-expression had a noticeable transcriptional signature that could suggest Gli-mediated Hedgehog signaling as an associated pathway contributing to poor immune infiltration in these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Beadle
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Natalie E. Bennett
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julie A. Rhoades
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gazendam A, Popovic S, Parasu N, Ghert M. Chondrosarcoma: A Clinical Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072506. [PMID: 37048590 PMCID: PMC10095313 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are a diverse group of malignant cartilaginous matrix-producing neoplasms. Conventional chondrosarcomas are a continuum of disease based on the biologic activity of the tumor. The tumors range from the relatively biologically benign low-grade tumors or intermediate atypical cartilaginous tumors (ACTs), to malignant, aggressive high-grade tumors. The clinical presentation, radiographic and pathologic findings, treatments and outcomes vary significantly based on the histologic grade of the tumor. Chondrosarcomas present a diagnostic dilemma, particularly in the differentiation between high- and intermediate-grade tumors and that of low-grade tumors from benign enchondromas. A multidisciplinary team at a tertiary sarcoma centre allows for optimal care of these patients.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tlemsani C, Larousserie F, De Percin S, Audard V, Hadjadj D, Chen J, Biau D, Anract P, Terris B, Goldwasser F, Pasmant E, Boudou-Rouquette P. Biology and Management of High-Grade Chondrosarcoma: An Update on Targets and Treatment Options. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021361. [PMID: 36674874 PMCID: PMC9862566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of histopathology, clinical presentation, molecular pathways, and potential new systemic treatments of high-grade chondrosarcomas (CS), including grade 2−3 conventional, dedifferentiated, and mesenchymal CS. The diagnosis of CS combines radiological and histological data in conjunction with patient clinical presentations. Conventional CS is the most frequent subtype of CS (85%) and represents about 25% of primary bone tumors in adults; they can be categorized according to their bone location into central, peripheral, and periosteal chondrosarcomas. Central and peripheral CS differ at the molecular level with either IDH1/2 mutations or EXT1/2 mutations, respectively. CDKN2A/B deletions are also frequent in conventional CS, as well as COL2A1 mutations. Dedifferentiated CS develops when low-grade conventional CS transforms into a high-grade sarcoma and most frequently exhibits features of osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Their molecular characteristics are similar to conventional CS. Mesenchymal CS is a totally different pathological entity exhibiting recurrent translocations. Their clinical presentation and management are different too. The standard treatment of CSs is wide en-bloc resection. CS are relatively radiotherapy resistant; therefore, doses >60 Gy are needed in an attempt to achieve local control in unresectable tumors. Chemotherapy is possibly effective in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and is of uncertain value in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Due to resistance to standard anticancer agents, the prognosis is poor in patients with metastatic or unresectable chondrosarcomas. Recently, the refined characterization of the molecular profile, as well as the development of new treatments, allow new therapeutic options for these rare tumors. The efficiency of IDH1 inhibitors in other malignancies suggests that these inhibitors will be part of IDH1/2 mutated conventional CS management soon. Other treatment approaches, such as PIK3-AKT-mTOR inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, and epigenetic or immune modulators based on improving our understanding of CS molecular biology, are emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Tlemsani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Larousserie
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sixtine De Percin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Audard
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Djihad Hadjadj
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - David Biau
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Anract
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Terris
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - François Goldwasser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Eric Pasmant
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Pascaline Boudou-Rouquette
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-58-41-23-30; Fax: +33-1-58-41-14-34
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Methylation-mediated silencing of protein kinase C zeta induces apoptosis avoidance through ATM/CHK2 inactivation in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1289-1300. [PMID: 35017658 PMCID: PMC9042856 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is an aggressive bone tumour with a poor prognosis and no effective treatment. Because changes in DNA methylation play critical roles in DDCS, we explored the roles that DNA methylation plays in oncogenesis to potentially identify an effective epigenetic treatment. METHODS We identified genes downregulated in DDCS vs. conventional chondrosarcoma (CCS) due to DNA methylation using in silico analysis. The results were validated in DDCS clinical samples, and the molecular functions of the genes of interest were investigated in multiple chondrosarcoma cell lines (NDCS-1, SW1353, and OUMS-27). The therapeutic effect of decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS PRKCZ was specifically downregulated by DNA methylation in DDCS. Overexpression of PRKCZ decreased the proliferation of NDCS-1 and SW1353 cells. PRKCZ directly bound to and activated ATM, which was followed by phosphorylation of CHK2 and subsequent apoptosis. Decitabine increased PRKCZ expression through de-methylating the promoter region of PRKCZ, which activated the ATM/CHK2 pathway and inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Increased DNA methylation and reduced expression of PRKCZ prevents apoptosis via inactivation of the ATM/CHK2 pathway in DDCS. Decitabine-induced expression of PRKCZ represents a promising therapy for DDCS.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang H, Puviindran V, Nadesan P, Ding X, Shen L, Tang YJ, Tsushima H, Yahara Y, Ban GI, Zhang GF, Karner CM, Alman BA. Distinct Roles of Glutamine Metabolism in Benign and Malignant Cartilage Tumors With IDH Mutations. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:983-996. [PMID: 35220602 PMCID: PMC9314601 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Enchondromas and chondrosarcomas are common cartilage neoplasms that are either benign or malignant, respectively. The majority of these tumors harbor mutations in either IDH1 or IDH2. Glutamine metabolism has been implicated as a critical regulator of tumors with IDH mutations. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrated that glutaminase-mediated glutamine metabolism played distinct roles in enchondromas and chondrosarcomas with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations. Glutamine affected cell differentiation and viability in these tumors differently through different downstream metabolites. During murine enchondroma-like lesion development, glutamine-derived α-ketoglutarate promoted hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and regulated chondrocyte proliferation. Deletion of glutaminase in chondrocytes with Idh1 mutation increased the number and size of enchondroma-like lesions. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of glutaminase in chondrosarcoma xenografts reduced overall tumor burden partially because glutamine-derived non-essential amino acids played an important role in preventing cell apoptosis. This study demonstrates that glutamine metabolism plays different roles in tumor initiation and cancer maintenance. Supplementation of α-ketoglutarate and inhibiting GLS may provide a therapeutic approach to suppress enchondroma and chondrosarcoma tumor growth, respectively. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Xiruo Ding
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leyao Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuning J Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yasuhito Yahara
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ga I Ban
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rock A, Ali S, Chow WA. Systemic Therapy for Chondrosarcoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:199-209. [PMID: 35190971 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Clinical trial enrollment should be actively encouraged in all patients diagnosed with advanced, surgically unresectable chondrosarcoma (CS) due to the lack of consensus treatment recommendations. In the absence of an appropriate clinical trial, treatments are determined based on histologic subtype of CS with consideration given to targetable mutations (i.e., IDH1). Conventional CS is inherently resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy and patients may benefit from antiangiogenic therapy including off-label use of pazopanib. Individuals harboring an IDH1 mutation may derive clinical benefit from ivosidenib, an IDH1 inhibitor. Upon progression and with functional status permitting, alternative options include mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus, temsirolimus) or other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (dasatinib), though no clear sequencing data exists. For dedifferentiated CS, conventional chemotherapies with osteosarcoma-like regimens are upfront options although prospective data is limited with minimal overall benefit. Alternative treatment options include immunotherapy with pembrolizumab or ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant, dedifferentiated CS, but questionable efficacy was observed in small sample sizes with either approach. In mesenchymal CS, treatment with Ewing sarcoma-like chemotherapy regimens may be considered, although data supporting its use is even more limited given its rarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rock
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 W. Carson St, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Sana Ali
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 W. Carson St, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Warren A Chow
- University of California Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Orange, CA, 92868, USA. .,UCI Health, 101 The City Drive South, Building 63, Room 412, ZOT 4061, Orange, CA, 92868, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li X, Yang S, Chinipardaz Z, Koyama E, Yang S. SAG therapy restores bone growth and reduces enchondroma incidence in a model of skeletal chondrodysplasias caused by Ihh deficiency. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:461-475. [PMID: 34820473 PMCID: PMC8591400 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation mutations in the Indian hedgehog (Ihh) gene in humans cause numerous skeletal chondrodysplasias, including acrocapitofemoral dysplasia, brachydactyly type A1, and human short stature. The lack of an appropriate human-relevant model to accurately represent these chondrodysplasias has hampered the identification of clinically effective treatments. Here, we established a mouse model of human skeletal dysplasia induced by Ihh gene mutations via ablation of Ihh in Aggrecan-positive (Acan+) cells using Aggrecan (Acan)-creERT transgenic mice. Smoothen agonist (SAG) promoted Hh activity and rescued chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation by stimulating smoothened trafficking to the cilium in Ihh-silenced cells. SAG treatment corrected mouse stature and significantly decreased mortality without evidence of toxicity. Moreover, Ihh ablation in Acan+ cells produced enchondroma-like tissues near the growth plates that were significantly reduced by SAG treatment. These results demonstrated that SAG effectively treats skeletal dysplasia caused by Ihh gene mutations in a mouse model, suggesting that SAG may represent a potential drug for the treatment of these diseases and/or enchondromas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Li
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Department of Spinal Surgery, East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zahra Chinipardaz
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.,The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Micaily I, Roche M, Ibrahim MY, Martinez-Outschoorn U, Mallick AB. Metabolic Pathways and Targets in Chondrosarcoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:772263. [PMID: 34938658 PMCID: PMC8685273 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.772263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are the second most common primary bone malignancy. Chondrosarcomas are characterized by the production of cartilaginous matrix and are generally resistant to radiation and chemotherapy and the outcomes are overall poor. Hence, there is strong interest in determining mechanisms of cancer aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance in chondrosarcomas. There are metabolic alterations in chondrosarcoma that are linked to the epigenetic state and tumor microenvironment that drive treatment resistance. This review focuses on metabolic changes in chondrosarcoma, and the relationship between signaling via isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2), hedgehog, PI3K-mTOR-AKT, and SRC, as well as histone acetylation and angiogenesis. Also, potential treatment strategies targeting metabolism will be discussed including potential synergy with immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Micaily
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Megan Roche
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mohammad Y. Ibrahim
- Saint Francis Medical Center, Seton Hall University, Trenton, NJ, United States
| | | | - Atrayee Basu Mallick
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pennington Z, Ehresman J, Pittman PD, Ahmed AK, Lubelski D, McCarthy EF, Goodwin CR, Sciubba DM. Chondrosarcoma of the spine: a narrative review. Spine J 2021; 21:2078-2096. [PMID: 33971325 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is an uncommon primary bone tumor with an estimated incidence of 0.5 per 100,000 patient-years. Primary chondrosarcoma of the mobile spine and sacrum cumulatively account for less than 20% of all cases, most .commonly causing patients to present with focal pain with or without radiculopathy, or myelopathy secondary to neural element compression. Because of the rarity, patients benefit from multidisciplinary care at academic tertiary-care centers. Current standard-of-care consists of en bloc surgical resection with negative margins; for high grade lesions adjuvant focused radiation with ≥60 gray equivalents is taking an increased role in improving local control. Prognosis is dictated by lesion grade at the time of resection. Several groups have put forth survival calculators and epidemiological evidence suggests prognosis is quite good for lesions receiving R0 resection. Future efforts will be focused on identifying potential chemotherapeutic adjuvants and refining radiation treatments as a means of improving local control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zach Pennington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA 55905; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287.
| | - Jeff Ehresman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287; Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ USA 85013.
| | - Patricia D Pittman
- Department of Neuropathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA 27710
| | - A Karim Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287
| | - Daniel Lubelski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287
| | - Edward F McCarthy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA 27710
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21287; Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, Long Island Jewish Medical Center and North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY USA 11030.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zając AE, Kopeć S, Szostakowski B, Spałek MJ, Fiedorowicz M, Bylina E, Filipowicz P, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Tysarowski A, Czarnecka AM, Rutkowski P. Chondrosarcoma-from Molecular Pathology to Novel Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2390. [PMID: 34069269 PMCID: PMC8155983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (CHS) is the second most common primary malignant bone sarcoma. Overall survival and prognosis of this tumor are various and often extreme, depending on histological grade and tumor subtype. CHS treatment is difficult, and surgery remains still the gold standard due to the resistance of this tumor to other therapeutic options. Considering the role of differentiation of CHS subtypes and the need to develop new treatment strategies, in this review, we introduced a multidisciplinary characterization of CHS from its pathology to therapies. We described the morphology of each subtype with the role of immunohistochemical markers in diagnostics of CHS. We also summarized the most frequently mutated genes and genome regions with altered pathways involved in the pathology of this tumor. Subsequently, we discussed imaging methods and the role of currently used therapies, including surgery and the limitations of chemo and radiotherapy. Finally, in this review, we presented novel targeted therapies, including those at ongoing clinical trials, which can be a potential future target in designing new therapeutics for patients with CHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka E. Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.Z.); (S.K.); (B.S.); (M.J.S.); (E.B.); (P.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Sylwia Kopeć
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.Z.); (S.K.); (B.S.); (M.J.S.); (E.B.); (P.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Bartłomiej Szostakowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.Z.); (S.K.); (B.S.); (M.J.S.); (E.B.); (P.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Mateusz J. Spałek
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.Z.); (S.K.); (B.S.); (M.J.S.); (E.B.); (P.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Michał Fiedorowicz
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Bylina
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.Z.); (S.K.); (B.S.); (M.J.S.); (E.B.); (P.F.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical Trials, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Filipowicz
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.Z.); (S.K.); (B.S.); (M.J.S.); (E.B.); (P.F.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tysarowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.Z.); (S.K.); (B.S.); (M.J.S.); (E.B.); (P.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.Z.); (S.K.); (B.S.); (M.J.S.); (E.B.); (P.F.); (P.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wells ME, Eckhoff MD, Kafchinski LA, Polfer EM, Potter BK. Conventional Cartilaginous Tumors: Evaluation and Treatment. JBJS Rev 2021; 9:01874474-202105000-00005. [PMID: 34881859 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.20.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
» Enchondromas are benign cartilaginous lesions that rarely require surgical intervention. » Atypical cartilaginous tumors (ACTs), also referred to as grade-1 chondrosarcomas, may be managed without any intervention or with extended intralesional curettage and bone-void filling. » High-grade chondrosarcomas, or grade-2 and 3 chondrosarcomas, should be managed aggressively with wide resection. » Chemotherapy and radiation do not currently play a role in the treatment of chondrosarcomas. » Differentiating an enchondroma from an ACT and an ACT from a high-grade chondrosarcoma can be difficult and requires clinical experience, radiographic and advanced imaging, and possibly a biopsy. Ultimately, a multidisciplinary team that includes a musculoskeletal oncologist, a radiologist, and a pathologist is needed to make the most appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan for each patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Wells
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas.,Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center of El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Michael D Eckhoff
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas.,Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center of El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | | | - Elizabeth M Polfer
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin K Potter
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cahill J, Ibrahim R, Mezey G, Yianni J, Bhattacharyya D, Walton L, Grainger A, Radatz MWR. Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for the treatment of chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163:1003-1011. [PMID: 33608764 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-04768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base are difficult tumours to treat successfully. Despite advances in surgical techniques, a gross total resection is often impossible to achieve. In addition, some patients may be deemed unsuitable or not wish to undergo extensive surgery for these conditions. This study examines the role of Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery (GKRS) in the treatment of these difficult cases. METHODS All patients harbouring either a chordoma or chondrosarcoma treated at the National Centre for Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK, between 1985 and 2018, were reviewed with regard to their clinical presentations, pre- and post-treatment imaging, GKRS prescriptions and outcomes. RESULTS In total, 24 patients with a mean tumour volume of 13 cm3 in the chordoma group (n=15) and 12 cm3 in the chondrosarcoma group (n=9) underwent GKRS. The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates for the chordoma group were 67% and 53% respectively, while for the chondrosarcoma group, they were 78% at both time points. The tumour control rates at 5 and 10 years in the chordoma group were 67% and 49% and for the chondrosarcoma group 78% at both time points. Patients with tumour volumes of less than 7 cm3 before GKRS treatment demonstrated a statistically significant longer overall survival rate (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS GKRS offers a comparable option to proton beam therapy for the treatment of these tumours. Early intervention for tumour volumes of less than 7 cm3 gives the best long-term survival rates.
Collapse
|
17
|
Théret N, Bouezzeddine F, Azar F, Diab-Assaf M, Legagneux V. ADAM and ADAMTS Proteins, New Players in the Regulation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071563. [PMID: 33805340 PMCID: PMC8037375 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Members of the adamalysin family are multi-domain proteins involved in many cancer-related functions. In this review, we will examine the literature on the involvement of adamalysins in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and their importance in the tumor microenvironment where they regulate the inflammatory response and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. We complete this review with an analysis of adamalysin expression in a large cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. These original results give a new insight into the involvement of all adamalysins in the primary liver cancer. Abstract The tumor microenvironment plays a major role in tumor growth, invasion and resistance to chemotherapy, however understanding how all actors from microenvironment interact together remains a complex issue. The tumor microenvironment is classically represented as three closely connected components including the stromal cells such as immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes and endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytokine/growth factors. Within this space, proteins of the adamalysin family (ADAM for a disintegrin and metalloproteinase; ADAMTS for ADAM with thrombospondin motifs; ADAMTSL for ADAMTS-like) play critical roles by modulating cell–cell and cell–ECM communication. During last decade, the implication of adamalysins in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been supported by numerous studies however the functional characterization of most of them remain unsettled. In the present review we propose both an overview of the literature and a meta-analysis of adamalysins expression in HCC using data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Théret
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (F.A.); (V.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fidaa Bouezzeddine
- Molecular Cancer and Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University Fanar, 1500 Beirut, Lebanon; (F.B.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Fida Azar
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (F.A.); (V.L.)
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- Molecular Cancer and Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University Fanar, 1500 Beirut, Lebanon; (F.B.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Vincent Legagneux
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S1085, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (F.A.); (V.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zając A, Król SK, Rutkowski P, Czarnecka AM. Biological Heterogeneity of Chondrosarcoma: From (Epi) Genetics through Stemness and Deregulated Signaling to Immunophenotype. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1317. [PMID: 33804155 PMCID: PMC8001927 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (ChS) is a primary malignant bone tumor. Due to its heterogeneity in clinical outcomes and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies, there is a need to develop new potential therapies and molecular targets of drugs. Many genes and pathways are involved in in ChS progression. The most frequently mutated genes are isocitrate dehydrogenase ½ (IDH1/2), collagen type II alpha 1 chain (COL2A1), and TP53. Besides the point mutations in ChS, chromosomal aberrations, such as 12q13 (MDM2) amplification, the loss of 9p21 (CDKN21/p16/INK4A and INK4A-p14ARF), and several gene fusions, commonly occurring in sarcomas, have been found. ChS involves the hypermethylation of histone H3 and the decreased methylation of some transcription factors. In ChS progression, changes in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) and hedgehog pathways are known to play a role in tumor growth and chondrocyte proliferation. Due to recent discoveries regarding the potential of immunotherapy in many cancers, in this review we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning cellular markers of ChS and tumor-associated immune cells. This review compares the latest discoveries in ChS biology from gene alterations to specific cellular markers, including advanced molecular pathways and tumor microenvironment, which can help in discovering new potential checkpoints in inhibitory therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Sylwia K. Król
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-176 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Galat Y, Gu H, Perepitchka M, Taylor R, Yoon JW, Glukhova XA, Li XN, Beletsky IP, Walterhouse DO, Galat V, Iannaccone PM. CRISPR editing of the GLI1 first intron abrogates GLI1 expression and differentially alters lineage commitment. Stem Cells 2021; 39:564-580. [PMID: 33497498 PMCID: PMC8248124 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GLI1 is one of three GLI family transcription factors that mediate Sonic Hedgehog signaling, which plays a role in development and cell differentiation. GLI1 forms a positive feedback loop with GLI2 and likely with itself. To determine the impact of GLI1 and its intronic regulatory locus on this transcriptional loop and human stem cell differentiation, we deleted the region containing six GLI binding sites in the human GLI1 intron using CRISPR/Cas9 editing to produce H1 human embryonic stem cell (hESC) GLI1‐edited clones. Editing out this intronic region, without removing the entire GLI1 gene, allowed us to study the effects of this highly complex region, which binds transcription factors in a variety of cells. The roles of GLI1 in human ESC differentiation were investigated by comparing RNA sequencing, quantitative‐real time PCR (q‐rtPCR), and functional assays. Editing this region resulted in GLI1 transcriptional knockdown, delayed neural commitment, and inhibition of endodermal and mesodermal differentiation during spontaneous and directed differentiation experiments. We found a delay in the onset of early osteogenic markers, a reduction in the hematopoietic potential to form granulocyte units, and a decrease in cancer‐related gene expression. Furthermore, inhibition of GLI1 via antagonist GANT‐61 had similar in vitro effects. These results indicate that the GLI1 intronic region is critical for the feedback loop and that GLI1 has lineage‐specific effects on hESC differentiation. Our work is the first study to document the extent of GLI1 abrogation on early stages of human development and to show that GLI1 transcription can be altered in a therapeutically useful way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Haigang Gu
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mariana Perepitchka
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert Taylor
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joon Won Yoon
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xenia A Glukhova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Igor P Beletsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - David O Walterhouse
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vasiliy Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,ARTEC Biotech Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Philip M Iannaccone
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Background: The hedgehog pathway (HH) is one of the key regulators involved in many biological events. Malfunction of this pathway is associated with a variety of diseases including several types of cancers. Methods: We collected data from public databases and conducted a comprehensive search linking the HH pathway with female cancers. In addition, we overviewed clinical trials of targeting HH pathway in female cancers. Results: The activation of HH pathway and its role in female cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and uterine leiomyosarcoma were summarized. Treatment options targeting SMO and GLI in HH pathway were reviewed and discussed. Conclusions: The hedgehog pathway was shown to be activated in several types of female cancers. Therefore, targeting HH pathway may be considered as a therapeutic option to be acknowledged in the treatment of female cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiwei Yang
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Qiwei Yang, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Tel: 312-996-5689;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lv Z, Sun L, Xu Q, Xing C, Yuan Y. Joint analysis of lncRNA m 6A methylome and lncRNA/mRNA expression profiles in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:464. [PMID: 32982586 PMCID: PMC7517696 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification might be closely associated with the genesis and development of gastric cancer (GC). Currently, the evidence established by high-throughput assay for GC-related m6A patterns based on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) remains limited. Here, a joint analysis of lncRNA m6A methylome and lncRNA/mRNA expression profiles in GC was performed to explore the regulatory roles of m6A modification in lncRNAs. Methods Three subjects with primary GC were enrolled in our study and paired sample was randomly selected from GC tissue and adjacent normal tissue for each case. Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation NextGeneration Sequencing (MeRIP-Seq) and Microarray Gene Expression Profiling was subsequently performed. Then co-expression analysis and gene enrichment analysis were successively conducted. Results After data analysis, we identified 191 differentially m6A-methylated lncRNAs, 240 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 229 differentially expressed mRNAs in GC. Furthermore, four differentially m6A-methylated and expressed lncRNAs (dme-lncRNAs) were discovered including RASAL2-AS1, LINC00910, SNHG7 and LINC01105. Their potential target genes were explored by co-expression analysis. And gene enrichment analysis suggested that they might influence the cellular processes and biological behaviors involved in mitosis and cell cycle. The potential impacts of these targets on GC cells were further validated by CCLE database and literature review. Conclusions Four novel dme-lncRNAs were identified in GC, which might exert regulatory roles on GC cell proliferation. The present study would provide clues for the lncRNA m6A methylation-based research on GC epigenetic etiology and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Lv
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Liping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Qian Xu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Chengzhong Xing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang Y, Zhuo X, Mao C. G Protein-coupled Receptors in Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1952-1963. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200305130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly expressed on a variety of tumour tissues while several
GPCR exogenous ligands become marketed pharmaceuticals. In recent decades, cancer stem cells (CSCs) become
widely investigated drug targets for cancer therapy but the underlying mechanism is still not fully elucidated.
There are vigorous participations of GPCRs in CSCs-related signalling and functions, such as biomarkers for
CSCs, activation of Wnt, Hedgehog (HH) and other signalling to facilitate CSCs progressions. This relationship
can not only uncover a novel molecular mechanism for GPCR-mediated cancer cell functions but also assist our
understanding of maintaining and modulating CSCs. Moreover, GPCR antagonists and monoclonal antibodies
could be applied to impair CSCs functions and consequently attenuate tumour growth, some of which have been
undergoing clinical studies and are anticipated to turn into marketed anticancer drugs. Therefore, this review
summarizes and provides sufficient evidences on the regulation of GPCR signalling in the maintenance, differentiation
and pluripotency of CSCs, suggesting that targeting GPCRs on the surface of CSCs could be potential
therapeutic strategies for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zhuo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Canquan Mao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim DH, Lee HS, Mun YH, Koh S, Park JS, Lee SM, Kang NW, Lee MY, Cho CW, Kim DD, Lee JY. An overview of chondrosarcoma with a focus on nanoscale therapeutics. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
24
|
Roessner A, Smolle M, Schoeder V, Haybaeck J. [Cartilage tumors: morphology, genetics, and current aspects of target therapy]. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 41:143-152. [PMID: 32060685 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tumors are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors whose common characteristic is the formation of a chondroblastic differentiated groundsubstance by the tumor cells. The basic features of their histological classification were already developed in the 1940s and supplemented by further entities in the following decades. Only in the past 10-15 years have fundamental new insights been gained through molecular genetic analysis. So, osteochondromas are characterized by alterations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. The description of mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH 1 and 2) in chondromas and chondrosarcomas is particularly important. The mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is characterized by a fusion of the HEY1-NCOA2 genes. The molecular genetic alterations characteristic for the individual tumor entities are first of all an essential supplement for the differential diagnosis of radiologically and histologically difficult cases. They also provide the basis for the establishment of molecular target therapies for malignant chondrogenic tumors. This applies in particular to conventional chondrosarcoma, for which all approaches to chemo- and radiotherapy have proven to be ineffective. However, the use of target therapies is still in its beginnings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Roessner
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.
| | - Maria Smolle
- Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
| | - Victor Schoeder
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.,Institut für Pathologie, Neuropathologie und Molekularpathologie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich.,Diagnostik und Forschungszentrum für Molekulare BioMedizin, Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang L, Shi P, Zhao G, Xu J, Peng W, Zhang J, Zhang G, Wang X, Dong Z, Chen F, Cui H. Targeting cancer stem cell pathways for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:8. [PMID: 32296030 PMCID: PMC7005297 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 922] [Impact Index Per Article: 230.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since cancer stem cells (CSCs) were first identified in leukemia in 1994, they have been considered promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. These cells have self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential and contribute to multiple tumor malignancies, such as recurrence, metastasis, heterogeneity, multidrug resistance, and radiation resistance. The biological activities of CSCs are regulated by several pluripotent transcription factors, such as OCT4, Sox2, Nanog, KLF4, and MYC. In addition, many intracellular signaling pathways, such as Wnt, NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), Notch, Hedgehog, JAK-STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription), PI3K/AKT/mTOR (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin), TGF (transforming growth factor)/SMAD, and PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor), as well as extracellular factors, such as vascular niches, hypoxia, tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular matrix, and exosomes, have been shown to be very important regulators of CSCs. Molecules, vaccines, antibodies, and CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T cell) cells have been developed to specifically target CSCs, and some of these factors are already undergoing clinical trials. This review summarizes the characterization and identification of CSCs, depicts major factors and pathways that regulate CSC development, and discusses potential targeted therapy for CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Gaichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China.
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang XG, Zhu LC, Wang YJ, Li YY, Wang D. Current Advance of Therapeutic Agents in Clinical Trials Potentially Targeting Tumor Plasticity. Front Oncol 2019; 9:887. [PMID: 31552191 PMCID: PMC6746935 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor plasticity refers to tumor cell's inherent property of transforming one type of cell to different types of cells. Tumor plasticity is the main cause of tumor relapse, metastasis and drug resistance. Cancer stem cell (CSC) model embodies the trait of tumor plasticity. During carcinoma progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial role in the formation of CSCs and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) based on epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity. And the unique tumor microenvironment (TME) not only provides suitable niche for CSCs but promotes the building of CSCs and VM that nourishes tumor tissue together with neoplasm metabolism by affecting tumor plasticity. Therapeutic strategies targeting tumor plasticity are promising ways to treat malignant tumor. In this article, we discuss the recent developments of potential drug targets related to CSCs, EMT, TME, VM, and metabolic pathways and summarize drugs that target these areas in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lan-Cao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
MacDonald IJ, Lin CY, Kuo SJ, Su CM, Tang CH. An update on current and future treatment options for chondrosarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:773-786. [PMID: 31462102 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1659731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Human chondrosarcomas (CS; a malignant cartilage-forming bone tumor) respond poorly to chemotherapy and radiation treatment, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates. Expanded treatment options are urgently needed. Areas covered: This article updates our 2014 review, in which we evaluated the CS treatments available at that time and potential treatment options under investigation. Since then, advances in research findings, particularly from Chinese herbal medicines, may be bringing us closer to more effective therapies for CS. In particular, promising findings have been reported from research targeting platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Expert opinion: Few treatment options exist for CS; chemotherapy is not even an option for unresectable disease, in which 5-year survival rates are just 2%. New information about the multitude of genes and signaling pathways that encourage CS growth, invasion and metastasis are clarifying how certain signaling pathways and plant-derived active compounds, especially molecularly-targeted therapies that inhibit the PDGF receptor, interfering with these biological processes. This review summarizes discoveries from the last 5 years and discusses how these findings are fueling ongoing work into effectively dealing with the disease process and improving the treatment of CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iona J MacDonald
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College , New Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jui Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ming Su
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University , Taichung , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moussalem CK, Massaad E, Baassiri W, Akhtar Anwar M, Kobeissy F, Eid A, Darwiche N, Omeis I. Spinal sarcomas and immunity: An undervalued relationship. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:36-50. [PMID: 31254615 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas, especially spine sarcomas, are rare yet debilitating and are underestimated types of cancer. Treatment options for spine sarcomas are limited to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical intervention. Accumulating evidence suggests a complex course associated with the treatment of spine sarcomas as compared to other soft tissue sarcomas in the extremities since adjuvant therapy adds limited success to the oncological outcome. Likewise, the limitations of surgical interventions imposed by the proximity and high sensitivity of the spinal cord, leads to an increased recurrence and mortality rates associated with spine sarcomas. Finding novel treatment options to spine sarcomas as such is inevitable, necessitating a more thorough understanding of the different mechanisms of the underlying etiologies of these tumors. In this review, we discuss the most recent studies tackling the involvement of the immune system; a key player in the emergence of the different types of spine sarcomas and the promising immune-mediated targeted therapy that can be applied in these kind of rare cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charbel K Moussalem
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Elie Massaad
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Baassiri
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - M Akhtar Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Omeis
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carpenter RL, Ray H. Safety and Tolerability of Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors in Cancer. Drug Saf 2019; 42:263-279. [PMID: 30649745 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-018-0777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog pathway, for which sonic hedgehog (Shh) is the most prominent ligand, is highly conserved and is tightly associated with embryonic development in a number of species. This pathway is also tightly associated with the development of several types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and acute promyelocytic leukemia, among many others. Inactivating mutations in Patched-1 (PTCH1), leading to ligand-independent pathway activation, are frequent in several cancer types, but most prominent in BCC. This has led to the development of several compounds targeting this pathway as a cancer therapeutic. These compounds target the inducers of this pathway in Smoothened (SMO) and the GLI transcription factors, although targeting SMO has had the most success. Despite the many attempts at targeting this pathway, only three US FDA-approved drugs for cancers affect the Shh pathway. Two of these compounds, vismodegib and sonidegib, target SMO to suppress signaling from either PTCH1 or SMO mutations that lead to upregulation of the pathway. The other approved compound is arsenic trioxide, which can suppress this pathway at the level of the GLI proteins, although current evidence suggests it also has other targets. This review focuses on the safety and tolerability of these clinically approved drugs targeting the Shh pathway, along with a discussion on other Shh pathway inhibitors being developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 E. 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA. .,Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 E. 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA. .,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 535 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Haimanti Ray
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 E. 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang H, Wei Q, Tsushima H, Puviindran V, Tang YJ, Pathmanapan S, Poon R, Ramu E, Al-Jazrawe M, Wunder J, Alman BA. Intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis in enchondroma and chondrosarcoma. JCI Insight 2019; 5:127232. [PMID: 31039139 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enchondroma and chondrosarcoma are the most common benign and malignant cartilaginous neoplasms. Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are present in the majority of these tumors. We performed RNA-seq analysis on chondrocytes from Col2a1Cre;Idh1LSL/+ animals and found that genes implied in cholesterol synthesis pathway were significantly upregulated in the mutant chondrocytes. We examined the phenotypic effect of inhibiting intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis on enchondroma formation by conditionally deleting SCAP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein), a protein activating intracellular cholesterol synthesis, in IDH1 mutant mice. We found fewer enchondromas in animals lacking SCAP. Furthermore, in chondrosarcomas, pharmacological inhibition of intracellular cholesterol synthesis significantly reduced chondrosarcoma cell viability in vitro and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, these data suggest that intracellular cholesterol synthesis is a potential therapeutic target for enchondromas and chondrosarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and.,Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qingxia Wei
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Vijitha Puviindran
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuning J Tang
- Department of Cell Biology and.,Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sinthu Pathmanapan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond Poon
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Ramu
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mushriq Al-Jazrawe
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay Wunder
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Department of Cell Biology and.,Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rey V, Menendez ST, Estupiñan O, Rodriguez A, Santos L, Tornin J, Martinez-Cruzado L, Castillo D, Ordoñez GR, Costilla S, Alvarez-Fernandez C, Astudillo A, Braña A, Rodriguez R. New Chondrosarcoma Cell Lines with Preserved Stem Cell Properties to Study the Genomic Drift During In Vitro/In Vivo Growth. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040455. [PMID: 30987403 PMCID: PMC6518242 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For the cancer genomics era, there is a need for clinically annotated close-to-patient cell lines suitable to investigate altered pathways and serve as high-throughput drug-screening platforms. This is particularly important for drug-resistant tumors like chondrosarcoma which has few models available. Here we established and characterized new cell lines derived from two secondary (CDS06 and CDS11) and one dedifferentiated (CDS-17) chondrosarcomas as well as another line derived from a CDS-17-generated xenograft (T-CDS17). These lines displayed cancer stem cell-related and invasive features and were able to initiate subcutaneous and/or orthotopic animal models. Different mutations in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1), Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2), and Tumor Supressor P53 (TP53) and deletion of Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) were detected both in cell lines and tumor samples. In addition, other mutations in TP53 and the amplification of Mouse Double Minute 2 homolog (MDM2) arose during cell culture in CDS17 cells. Whole exome sequencing analysis of CDS17, T-CDS17, and matched patient samples confirmed that cell lines kept the most relevant mutations of the tumor, uncovered new mutations and revealed structural variants that emerged during in vitro/in vivo growth. Altogether, this work expanded the panel of clinically and genetically-annotated chondrosarcoma lines amenable for in vivo studies and cancer stem cell (CSC) characterization. Moreover, it provided clues of the genetic drift of chondrosarcoma cells during the adaptation to grow conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rey
- University Central Hospital of Asturias-Health and Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Sofia T Menendez
- University Central Hospital of Asturias-Health and Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
- CIBER in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oscar Estupiñan
- University Central Hospital of Asturias-Health and Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
- CIBER in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aida Rodriguez
- University Central Hospital of Asturias-Health and Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Laura Santos
- University Central Hospital of Asturias-Health and Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Juan Tornin
- University Central Hospital of Asturias-Health and Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Lucia Martinez-Cruzado
- University Central Hospital of Asturias-Health and Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - David Castillo
- Disease Research and Medicine (DREAMgenics) S.L., 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo R Ordoñez
- Disease Research and Medicine (DREAMgenics) S.L., 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Serafin Costilla
- Department of Radiology of the Servicio de Radiología of the University Central Hospital of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Carlos Alvarez-Fernandez
- Department of Medical Oncology of the Servicio de Radiología of the University Central Hospital of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Department of Pathology of the Servicio de Radiología of the University Central Hospital of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Braña
- Department of Traumatology of the University Central Hospital of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Rene Rodriguez
- University Central Hospital of Asturias-Health and Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
- CIBER in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
State of the art of Smo antagonists for cancer therapy: advances in the target receptor and new ligand structures. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:617-638. [PMID: 30912670 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the Hedgehog signaling pathway has been associated with cancer, it has emerged as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. The main target among the key Hedgehog proteins is the GPCR-like Smo receptor. Therefore, some Smo antagonists that have entered clinical trials, including the US FDA-approved drugs vismodegib and sonidegib, to treat basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. However, early resistance of these drugs has spawned the need to understand the molecular bases of this phenomena. We therefore reviewed details about Smo receptor structures and the best Smo antagonist chemical structures. In addition, we discussed strategies that should be considered to develop new, safer generations of Smo antagonists that avoid current clinical limitations.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ali SA, Niu B, Cheah KSE, Alman B. Unique and overlapping GLI1 and GLI2 transcriptional targets in neoplastic chondrocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211333. [PMID: 30695055 PMCID: PMC6350985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in chondrocytes is sufficient to cause formation of enchondroma-like lesions which can progress to chondrosarcoma. To elucidate potential underlying mechanisms, we identified GLI1 and GLI2 target genes in human chondrosarcoma. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing and microarray data, in silico analyses were conducted to identify and characterize unique and overlapping GLI1 and GLI2 binding regions in neoplastic chondrocytes. After overlaying microarray data from human chondrosarcoma, 204 upregulated and 106 downregulated genes were identified as Hh-responsive Gli binding targets. After overlaying published Gli ChIP-on-chip data from mouse, 48 genes were identified as potential direct downstream targets of Hedgehog signaling with shared GLI binding regions in evolutionarily conserved DNA elements. Among these was BMP2, pointing to potential cross-talk between TGF beta signaling and Hh signaling. Our identification of potential target genes that are unique and common to GLI1 and GLI2 in neoplastic chondrocytes contributes to elucidating potential pathways through which Hh signaling impacts cartilage tumor biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Amanda Ali
- Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin Alman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
ADAMTSL4, a Secreted Glycoprotein, Is a Novel Immune-Related Biomarker for Primary Glioblastoma Multiforme. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:1802620. [PMID: 30728876 PMCID: PMC6341252 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1802620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Researches on immunotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO grade IV) have increased exponentially in recent years. As a targeted therapy, a series of biomarkers have been identified in local tumor tissue, while circulating marker which could be detected in the body fluids is still lacking. ADAMTSL4, a secreted glycoprotein, was earlier found to play a critical role in a prognostic signature for primary GBM (pGBM). We aimed to investigate the role of ADAMTSL4 at transcriptome level and its relationship with clinical practice in pGBM. Methods A cohort of 88 pGBM patients with RNA-seq data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) was analyzed, and 168 pGBM patients from TCGA were included as validation. Several bioinformatic methods and predictive tools were applied to investigate the ADAMTSL4-associated immune microenvironment status. Results We found that ADAMTSL4 was enriched in GBM (WHO grade IV), especially for those with IDH1/2 wild-type and MGMT unmethylated groups. According to the TCGA classification scheme, ADAMTSL4 can act as a potential marker for subtypes with poorer prognosis. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that ADAMTSL4 was significantly correlated to the immune-related processes in GBM (WHO grade IV), especially representing the infiltration of immune cells and complicated tumor microenvironment. Clinically, high expression of ADAMTSL4 was an independent indicator for poor prognosis. Conclusion The expression of ADAMTSL4 is closely related to the clinicopathologic characteristics of pGBM. Meanwhile, it may play a critical role in immune-related processes. As a secreted glycoprotein, ADAMTSL4 is a promising circulating biomarker for pGBM, deserving further investigations.
Collapse
|
35
|
MLN4924, a Protein Neddylation Inhibitor, Suppresses the Growth of Human Chondrosarcoma through Inhibiting Cell Proliferation and Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010072. [PMID: 30586948 PMCID: PMC6337205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma, a heterogeneous malignant bone tumor, commonly produces cartilage matrix, which generally has no response to conventional therapies. Studies have reported that MLN4924, a NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, achieves antitumor effects against numerous malignancies. In this study, the suppressive effects of MLN4924 on human chondrosarcoma cell lines were investigated using in vitro and in vivo assays, which involved measuring cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycles, molecule-associated cell cycles, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Our results demonstrated that MLN4924 significantly suppressed cell viability, exhibited cytotoxicity, and stimulated apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 in chondrosarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, MLN4924 significantly inhibited cell proliferation by diminishing the phosphorylation of histone H3 to cause G2/M cell cycle arrest. In addition, MLN4924 activated ER stress–related apoptosis by upregulating the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), enhancing the expression of GRP78 and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP, an inducer of endoplasmic ER stress–related apoptosis) and activating the cleavage of caspase-4. Moreover, MLN4924 considerably inhibited the growth of chondrosarcoma tumors in a xenograft mouse model. Finally, MLN4924-mediated antichondrosarcoma properties can be accompanied by the stimulation of ER stress–related apoptosis, implying that targeting neddylation by MLN4924 is a novel therapeutic strategy for treating chondrosarcoma.
Collapse
|
36
|
Pietrobono S, Stecca B. Targeting the Oncoprotein Smoothened by Small Molecules: Focus on Novel Acylguanidine Derivatives as Potent Smoothened Inhibitors. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120272. [PMID: 30558232 PMCID: PMC6316656 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog-GLI (HH) signaling was originally identified as a critical morphogenetic pathway in embryonic development. Since its discovery, a multitude of studies have reported that HH signaling also plays key roles in a variety of cancer types and in maintaining tumor-initiating cells. Smoothened (SMO) is the main transducer of HH signaling, and in the last few years, it has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for anticancer therapy. Although vismodegib and sonidegib have demonstrated effectiveness for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), their clinical use has been hampered by severe side effects, low selectivity against cancer stem cells, and the onset of mutation-driven drug resistance. Moreover, SMO antagonists are not effective in cancers where HH activation is due to mutations of pathway components downstream of SMO, or in the case of noncanonical, SMO-independent activation of the GLI transcription factors, the final mediators of HH signaling. Here, we review the current and rapidly expanding field of SMO small-molecule inhibitors in experimental and clinical settings, focusing on a class of acylguanidine derivatives. We also discuss various aspects of SMO, including mechanisms of resistance to SMO antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pietrobono
- Tumor Cell Biology Unit⁻Core Research Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Barbara Stecca
- Tumor Cell Biology Unit⁻Core Research Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), 50139 Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas constitute a heterogeneous group of primary bone cancers characterized by hyaline cartilaginous neoplastic tissue. They are the second most common primary bone malignancy. The vast majority of chondrosarcomas are conventional chondrosarcomas, and most conventional chondrosarcomas are low- to intermediate-grade tumors (grade 1 or 2) which have indolent clinical behavior and low metastatic potential. Recurrence augurs a poor prognosis, as conventional chondrosarcomas are both radiation and chemotherapy resistant. Recent discoveries in the biology, genetics, and epigenetics of conventional chondrosarcomas have significantly advanced our understanding of the pathobiology of these tumors and offer insight into potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren A Chow
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
van Maldegem A, Conley AP, Rutkowski P, Patel SR, Lugowska I, Desar IME, Bovée JVMG, Gelderblom H. Outcome of First-Line Systemic Treatment for Unresectable Conventional, Dedifferentiated, Mesenchymal, and Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma. Oncologist 2018; 24:110-116. [PMID: 30082492 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondrosarcoma is a heterogeneous group of primary bone sarcoma with an excellent overall survival after local therapy. However, the small percentage of patients who have no surgical treatment options have a very poor prognosis. We retrospectively collected data from these patients in four sarcoma centers and compared the progression-free survival (PFS) for the different treatment regimens used for the four chondrosarcoma subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients diagnosed with unresectable chondrosarcoma in all four major sarcoma centers were included, and data on first-line systemic therapy were retrospectively collected for analysis. RESULTS A total of 112 patients were enrolled in this retrospective analysis: 50 conventional, 25 mesenchymal, 34 dedifferentiated, and 3 clear cell chondrosarcoma patients. In conventional chondrosarcoma patients, the longest mean PFS (6.7 months) was found in the group treated with antihormonal therapy. Patients diagnosed with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma were all treated with multidrug chemotherapy, and the mean PFS was 6.7 months. Doxorubicin monotherapy seems to have an unexplained better PFS than doxorubicin-based combination therapy in patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (5.5 vs. 2.8 months, respectively; p = .275). CONCLUSION Prospective studies need to be conducted based on preclinical work to develop a uniform regimen to treat advanced chondrosarcoma patients according to the diagnosed subtype and improve survival. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Currently, there are no uniform treatment lines for advanced chondrosarcoma patients, which results in a very diverse group of treatment regimens being used. In this study, the data of 112 patients was collected. It was concluded that some treatment regimens seem to have a better progression-free survival compared with others, and that these results also differ between the chondrosarcoma subtypes. Prospective studies need to be conducted based on preclinical work to develop a uniform regimen to treat advanced chondrosarcoma patients according to the diagnosed histological subtype to improve their survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek van Maldegem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony P Conley
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shreyaskumar R Patel
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Iwona Lugowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ingrid M E Desar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zeng X, Ju D. Hedgehog Signaling Pathway and Autophagy in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2279. [PMID: 30081498 PMCID: PMC6121518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway controls complex developmental processes in vertebrates. Abnormal activation of Hh pathway is responsible for tumorigenesis and maintenance of multiple cancers, and thus addressing this represents promising therapeutic opportunities. In recent years, two Hh inhibitors have been approved for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) treatment and show extraordinary clinical outcomes. Meanwhile, a series of novel agents are being developed for the treatment of several cancers, including lung cancer, leukemia, and pancreatic cancer. Unfortunately, Hh inhibition fails to show satisfactory benefits in these cancer types compared with the success stories in BCC, highlighting the need for better understanding of Hh signaling in cancer. Autophagy, a conserved biological process for cellular component elimination, plays critical roles in the initiation, progression, and drug resistance of cancer, and therefore, implied potential to be targeted. Recent evidence demonstrated that Hh signaling interplays with autophagy in multiple cancers. Importantly, modulating this crosstalk exhibited noteworthy capability to sensitize primary and drug-resistant cancer cells to Hh inhibitors, representing an emerging opportunity to reboot the efficacy of Hh inhibition in those insensitive tumors, and to tackle drug resistance challenges. This review will highlight recent advances of Hh pathway and autophagy in cancers, and focus on their crosstalk and the implied therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zeng
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mery B, Espenel S, Guy JB, Rancoule C, Vallard A, Aloy MT, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Magné N. Biological aspects of chondrosarcoma: Leaps and hurdles. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 126:32-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
41
|
Hedgehog inhibitors selectively target cell migration and adhesion of mantle cell lymphoma in bone marrow microenvironment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14350-65. [PMID: 26885608 PMCID: PMC4924720 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefits of a Hedgehog (Hh) inhibitor, LDE225 (NPV-LDE-225, Erismodegib), have been unclear in hematological cancers. Here, we report that LDE225 selectively inhibited migration and adhesion of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) to bone marrows via very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) mediated inactivation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. LDE225 treatment not only affected MCL cells, but also modulated stromal cells within the bone marrow microenvironment by decreasing their production of SDF-1, IL-6 and VCAM-1, the ligand for VLA-4. Surprisingly, LDE225 treatment alone did not suppress cell proliferation due to increased CXCR4 expression mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increased ROS/CXCR4 further stimulated autophagy formation. The combination of LDE225 with the autophagy inhibitors further enhanced MCL cell death. Our data, for the first time, revealed LDE225 selectively targets MCL cells migration and adhesion to bone marrows. The ineffectiveness of LDE225 in MCL is due to autophagy formation, which in turn increases cell viability. Inhibiting autophagy will be an effective adjuvant therapy for LDE225 in MCL, especially for advanced MCL patients with bone marrow involvement.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kumar V, Kumar V, McGuire T, Coulter DW, Sharp JG, Mahato RI. Challenges and Recent Advances in Medulloblastoma Therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:1061-1084. [PMID: 29061299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common childhood brain tumor, which occurs in the posterior fossa. MB tumors are highly heterogeneous and have diverse genetic make-ups, with differential microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles and variable prognoses. MB can be classified into four subgroups, each with different origins, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic targets. miRNA and small-molecule targeted therapies have emerged as a potential new therapeutic paradigm in MB treatment. However, the development of chemoresistance due to surviving cancer stem cells and dysregulation of miRNAs remains a challenge. Combination therapies using multiple drugs and miRNAs could be effective approaches. In this review we discuss various MB subtypes, barriers, and novel therapeutic options which may be less toxic than current standard treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Timothy McGuire
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Donald W Coulter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - John G Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prognosis of patients with unresectable or metastatic chondrosarcoma of the bone is poor. Chondrosarcomas are in general resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review discusses recent developments in the characterization of molecular pathways involved in the oncogenesis of chondrosarcoma that should be explored to improve prognosis of patients with advanced chondrosarcoma. RECENT FINDINGS The different oncogenic pathways for chondrosarcoma have become better defined. These include alterations in pathways such as isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation, hedgehog signalling, the retinoblastoma protein and p53 pathways, apoptosis and survival mechanisms, and several tyrosine kinases. These specific alterations can be employed for use in clinical interventions in advanced chondrosarcoma. SUMMARY As many different genetic alterations in chondrosarcoma have been identified, it is of the utmost importance to classify druggable targets that may improve the prognosis of chondrosarcoma patients. In recent years an increased number of trials evaluating targeted therapies are being conducted. As chondrosarcoma is an orphan disease consequently all studies are performed with small numbers of patients. The results of clinical studies so far have been largely disappointing. Therapeutic intervention studies of these new targets emerging from preclinical studies are of highest importance to improve prognosis of chondrosarcoma patients with advanced disease.
Collapse
|
44
|
Lappano R, Maggiolini M. Pharmacotherapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Oncology: Examples of Approved Therapies and Emerging Concepts. Drugs 2017; 77:951-965. [PMID: 28401445 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in numerous physio-pathological processes, including the stimulation of cancer progression. In this regard, it should be mentioned that although GPCRs may represent major pharmaceutical targets, only a few drugs acting as GPCR inhibitors are currently used in anti-tumor therapies. For instance, certain pro-malignancy effects mediated by GPCRs are actually counteracted by the use of small molecules and peptides that function as receptor antagonists or inverse agonists. Recently, humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting GPCRs have also been developed. Here, we review the current GPCR-targeted therapies for cancer treatment, summarizing the clinical studies that led to their official approval. We provide a broad overview of the mechanisms of action of the available anti-cancer drugs targeting gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, chemokine, and Smoothened receptors. In addition, we discuss the anti-tumor potential of novel non-approved molecules and antibodies able to target some of the aforementioned GPCRs in different experimental models and clinical trials. Likewise, we focus on the repurposing in cancer patients of non-oncological GPCR-based drugs, elucidating the rationale behind this approach and providing clinical evidence on their safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Genetic aberrations and molecular biology of skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2017; 34:78-90. [PMID: 28432450 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-017-0283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chordomas and chondrosarcomas are two major malignant bone neoplasms located at the skull base. These tumors are rarely metastatic, but can be locally invasive and resistant to conventional chemotherapies and radiotherapies. Accordingly, therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these tumors can be difficult. Additionally, their location at the skull base makes them problematic. Although accurate diagnosis of these tumors is important because of their distinct prognoses, distinguishing between these tumor types is difficult due to overlapping radiological and histopathological findings. However, recent accumulation of molecular and genetic studies, including extracranial location analysis, has provided us clues for accurate diagnosis. In this report, we review the genetic aberrations and molecular biology of these two tumor types. Among the abundant genetic features of these tumors, brachyury immunohistochemistry and direct sequencing of IDH1/2 are simple and useful techniques that can be used to distinguish between these tumors. Although it is still unclear why these tumors, which have such distinct genetic backgrounds, show similar histopathological findings, comparison of their genetic backgrounds could provide essential information.
Collapse
|
46
|
Polychronidou G, Karavasilis V, Pollack SM, Huang PH, Lee A, Jones RL. Novel therapeutic approaches in chondrosarcoma. Future Oncol 2017; 13:637-648. [PMID: 28133974 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of bones, characterized by the production of cartilage matrix. Due to lack of effective treatment for advanced disease, the clinical management of chondrosarcomas is exceptionally challenging. Current research focuses on elucidating the molecular events underlying the pathogenesis of this rare bone malignancy, with the goal of developing new molecularly targeted therapies. Signaling pathways suggested to have a role in chondrosarcoma include Hedgehog, Src, PI3k-Akt-mTOR and angiogenesis. Mutations in IDH1/2, present in more than 50% of primary conventional chondrosarcomas, make the development of IDH inhibitors a promising treatment option. The present review discusses the preclinical and early clinical data on novel targeted therapeutic approaches in chondrosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seth M Pollack
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul H Huang
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alex Lee
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robin L Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gan GN, Jimeno A. Emerging from their burrow: Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1153-66. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1216973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. It is currently stratified into four molecular variants through the advances in transcriptional profiling. They include: wingless, sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group III, and Group IV. The SHH group is characterized by constitutive activation of the SHH signaling pathway, and genetically characterized by mutations in patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) or other downstream pathway mutations. SHH inhibitors have become of great clinical interest in treating SHH-driven medulloblastoma. Many inhibitors are currently in different stages of development, some already approved for other SHH-driven cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma. In vitro and in vivo medulloblastoma studies have shown efficacy and these findings have been translated into Phase I and II clinical trials. In this review, we present an overview of SHH medulloblastoma, as well as a discussion of currently available SHH inhibitors, and the challenges associated with their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Samkari
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kumar RMR, Fuchs B. Hedgehog signaling inhibitors as anti-cancer agents in osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:784-94. [PMID: 25985215 PMCID: PMC4491684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a rare type of cancer associated with a poor clinical outcome. Even though the pathologic characteristics of OS are well established, much remains to be understood, particularly at the molecular signaling level. The molecular mechanisms of osteosarcoma progression and metastases have not yet been fully elucidated and several evolutionary signaling pathways have been found to be linked with osteosarcoma pathogenesis, especially the hedgehog signaling (Hh) pathway. The present review will outline the importance and targeting the hedgehog signaling (Hh) pathway in osteosarcoma tumor biology. Available data also suggest that aberrant Hh signaling has pro-migratory effects and leads to the development of osteoblastic osteosarcoma. Activation of Hh signaling has been observed in osteosarcoma cell lines and also in primary human osteosarcoma specimens. Emerging data suggests that interference with Hh signal transduction by inhibitors may reduce osteosarcoma cell proliferation and tumor growth thereby preventing osteosarcomagenesis. From this perspective, we outline the current state of Hh pathway inhibitors in osteosarcoma. In summary, targeting Hh signaling by inhibitors promise to increase the efficacy of osteosarcoma treatment and improve patient outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Mohan Ram Kumar
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Balgrist University Hospital, Sarcoma Center-UZH University of Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland.
| | - Bruno Fuchs
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Balgrist University Hospital, Sarcoma Center-UZH University of Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
van Maldegem AM, Bovée JV, Gelderblom H. Comprehensive analysis of published studies involving systemic treatment for chondrosarcoma of bone between 2000 and 2013. Clin Sarcoma Res 2014; 4:11. [PMID: 25126409 PMCID: PMC4131227 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients with chondrosarcoma of bone have an excellent overall survival after local therapy. However, in case of unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease the outcome is poor and limited treatment options exist. Therefore we conducted a survey of clinical phase I or II trials and retrospective studies that described systemic therapy for chondrosarcoma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, the Cochrane controlled trial register and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) abstracts a literature survey was conducted. From the identified items, data were collected by a systematic analysis. We limited our search to semi-recent studies published between 2000 and 2013 to include modern drugs, imaging techniques and disease evaluations. RESULTS A total of 31 studies were found which met the criteria: 9 phase I trials, 11 phase II and 8 retrospective studies. In these studies 855 chondrosarcoma patients were reported. The tested drugs were mostly non-cytotoxic, either alone or in combination with another non-cytotoxic agent or chemotherapy. Currently two phase I trials, one phase IB/II trial and three phase II trials are enrolling chondrosarcoma patients. CONCLUSION Because chondrosarcoma of bone is an orphan disease it is difficult to conduct clinical trials. The meagre outcome data for locally advanced or metastatic patients indicate that new treatment options are needed. For the phase I trials it is difficult to draw conclusions because of the low numbers of chondrosarcoma patients enrolled, and at different dose levels. Some phase II trials show promising results which support further research. Retrospective studies are encouraged as they could add to the limited data available. Efforts to increase the number of studies for this orphan disease are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek M van Maldegem
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Vmg Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Gelderblom
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|