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Bancet A, Frem R, Jeanneret F, Mularoni A, Bazelle P, Roelants C, Delcros JG, Guichou JF, Pillet C, Coste I, Renno T, Battail C, Cochet C, Lomberget T, Filhol O, Krimm I. Cancer selective cell death induction by a bivalent CK2 inhibitor targeting the ATP site and the allosteric αD pocket. iScience 2024; 27:108903. [PMID: 38318383 PMCID: PMC10838953 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the involvement of protein kinase CK2 in cancer is well-documented, there is a need for selective CK2 inhibitors suitable for investigating CK2 specific roles in cancer-related biological pathways and further exploring its therapeutic potential. Here, we report the discovery of AB668, an outstanding selective inhibitor that binds CK2 through a bivalent mode, interacting both at the ATP site and an allosteric αD pocket unique to CK2. Using caspase activation assay, live-cell imaging, and transcriptomic analysis, we have compared the effects of this bivalent inhibitor to representative ATP-competitive inhibitors, CX-4945, and SGC-CK2-1. Our results show that in contrast to CX-4945 or SGC-CK2-1, AB668, by targeting the CK2 αD pocket, has a distinct mechanism of action regarding its anti-cancer activity, inducing apoptotic cell death in several cancer cell lines and stimulating distinct biological pathways in renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bancet
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Institut Convergence Plascan, Team « Small Molecules for Biological Targets », 69373 Lyon, France
- Kairos Discovery SAS, 36 Rue Jeanne d’Arc, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Rita Frem
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Institut Convergence Plascan, Team « Targeting Non-canonical Protein Functions in Cancer », 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Florian Jeanneret
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, Laboratoire Biosciences et Bioingénierie pour la Santé, UA 13 INSERM-CEA-UGA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Angélique Mularoni
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Institut Convergence Plascan, Team « Small Molecules for Biological Targets », 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Bazelle
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, Laboratoire Biosciences et Bioingénierie pour la Santé, UA 13 INSERM-CEA-UGA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Roelants
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1292, CEA, UMR Biosanté, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Guy Delcros
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Institut Convergence Plascan, Team « Small Molecules for Biological Targets », 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-François Guichou
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Pillet
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1292, CEA, UMR Biosanté, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Coste
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Institut Convergence Plascan, Team « Targeting Non-canonical Protein Functions in Cancer », 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Toufic Renno
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Institut Convergence Plascan, Team « Targeting Non-canonical Protein Functions in Cancer », 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Battail
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, Laboratoire Biosciences et Bioingénierie pour la Santé, UA 13 INSERM-CEA-UGA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1292, CEA, UMR Biosanté, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Lomberget
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), COSSBA Team, Faculté de Pharmacie-ISPB, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Odile Filhol
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1292, CEA, UMR Biosanté, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Krimm
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Institut Convergence Plascan, Team « Small Molecules for Biological Targets », 69373 Lyon, France
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Nakai C, Mimaki S, Matsushima K, Shinozaki E, Yamazaki K, Muro K, Yamaguchi K, Nishina T, Yuki S, Shitara K, Bando H, Suzuki Y, Akagi K, Nomura S, Fujii S, Sugiyama M, Nishida N, Mizokami M, Koh Y, Koshizaka T, Okada H, Abe Y, Ohtsu A, Yoshino T, Tsuchihara K. Regulation of MEK inhibitor selumetinib sensitivity by AKT phosphorylation in the novel BRAF L525R mutant. Int J Clin Oncol 2023; 28:654-663. [PMID: 36856908 PMCID: PMC10119053 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncogenic mutations in BRAF genes are found in approximately 5-10% of colorectal cancers. The majority of BRAF mutations are located within exons 11-15 of the catalytic kinase domains, with BRAF V600E accounting for more than 80% of the observed BRAF mutations. Sensitivity to BRAF- and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors varies depending on BRAF mutations and tumor cell types. Previously, we newly identified, BRAF L525R-mutation, in the activation segment of the kinase in colorectal cancer patient. Here, we characterized the function of the BRAF L525R mutation. METHODS HEK293 cells harboring a BRAF mutation (V600E or L525R) were first characterized and then treated with cetuximab, dabrafenib, and selumetinib. Cell viability was measured using WST-1 assay and the expression of proteins involved in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways was evaluated using western blot analysis. RESULTS The MEK inhibitor selumetinib effectively inhibited cell proliferation and ERK phosphorylation in BRAF L525R cells but not in BRAF V600E cells. Further studies revealed that AKT phosphorylation was reduced by selumetinib in BRAF L525R cells but not in BRAF V600E cells or selumetinib-resistant BRAF L525R cells. Moreover, the AKT inhibitor overcame the selumetinib resistance. CONCLUSIONS We established a model system harboring BRAF L525R using HEK293 cells. BRAF L525R constitutively activated ERK. AKT phosphorylation caused sensitivity and resistance to selumetinib. Our results suggest that a comprehensive network analysis may provide insights to identify effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Nakai
- Division of Translational Informatics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
- G&G Science Co. Ltd., 4-1-1 Misato, Matsukawamachi, Fukushima, 960-1242, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Mimaki
- Division of Translational Informatics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Koutatsu Matsushima
- G&G Science Co. Ltd., 4-1-1 Misato, Matsukawamachi, Fukushima, 960-1242, Japan
| | - Eiji Shinozaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0063, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamazaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimo-Nagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Sunto, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
| | - Kei Muro
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0063, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishina
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, 160 Minamiumemotomachi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 791-0245, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohei Shitara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hideaki Bando
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Akagi
- Division of Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Inami-machi, Kitaadachi, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Shogo Nomura
- Biostatistics Division, Center for Research and Administration and Support, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan
| | - Nao Nishida
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Koh
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Takuya Koshizaka
- G&G Science Co. Ltd., 4-1-1 Misato, Matsukawamachi, Fukushima, 960-1242, Japan
| | - Hideki Okada
- G&G Science Co. Ltd., 4-1-1 Misato, Matsukawamachi, Fukushima, 960-1242, Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- G&G Science Co. Ltd., 4-1-1 Misato, Matsukawamachi, Fukushima, 960-1242, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohtsu
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Informatics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
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Pedicona F, Casado P, Hijazi M, Gribben JG, Rouault-Pierre K, Cutillas PR. Targeting the lysine-specific demethylase 1 rewires kinase networks and primes leukemia cells for kinase inhibitor treatment. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabl7989. [PMID: 35439021 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abl7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most tumor types either fail to respond or become resistant to kinase inhibitors, often because of compensatory prosurvival pathways in the cancer cell's broader signaling circuitry. Here, we found that intrinsic resistance to kinase inhibitors in cultured primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells may be overcome by reshaping kinase networks into topologies that confer drug sensitivity. We identified several antagonists of chromatin-modifying enzymes that sensitized AML cell lines to kinase inhibitors. Of these, we confirmed that inhibitors of the lysine-specific demethylase (LSD1; also known as KDM1A) rewired kinase signaling in AML cells in a way that increased the activity of the kinase MEK and that broadly suppressed the activity of other kinases and feedback loops. As a result, AML cell lines and about half of primary human AML samples were primed for sensitivity to the MEK inhibitor trametinib. Primary human cells with KRAS mutations and those with high MEK pathway activity were the best responders to sequential treatment with LSD1 inhibitors then trametinib, whereas those with NRAS mutations and high mTOR activity were poor responders. Overall, our study reveals the MEK pathway as a mechanism of resistance to LSD1 inhibitors in AML and shows a way to modulate kinase network circuitry to potentially overcome therapeutic resistance to kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pedicona
- Cell Signaling and Proteomics Group, Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pedro Casado
- Cell Signaling and Proteomics Group, Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Maruan Hijazi
- Cell Signaling and Proteomics Group, Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kevin Rouault-Pierre
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Cell Signaling and Proteomics Group, Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 2QR, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, UK
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Brear P, De Fusco C, Atkinson EL, Iegre J, Francis-Newton NJ, Venkitaraman AR, Hyvönen M, Spring DR. A fragment-based approach leading to the discovery of inhibitors of CK2α with a novel mechanism of action. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1420-1426. [DOI: 10.1039/d2md00161f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a novel CK2α inhibitor from a fragment-based screen with a proposed novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brear
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1GA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia De Fusco
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor L. Atkinson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Iegre
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola J. Francis-Newton
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Ashok R. Venkitaraman
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599 & DITL, IMCB, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, 138648, Singapore
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1GA, Cambridge, UK
| | - David R. Spring
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
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The ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling network: the final frontier in RAS signal transduction. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:253-267. [PMID: 33544118 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The RAF-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is aberrantly activated in a diverse set of human cancers and the RASopathy group of genetic developmental disorders. This protein kinase cascade is one of the most intensely studied cellular signaling networks and has been frequently targeted by the pharmaceutical industry, with more than 30 inhibitors either approved or under clinical evaluation. The ERK-MAPK cascade was originally depicted as a serial and linear, unidirectional pathway that relays extracellular signals, such as mitogenic stimuli, through the cytoplasm to the nucleus. However, we now appreciate that this three-tiered protein kinase cascade is a central core of a complex network with dynamic signaling inputs and outputs and autoregulatory loops. Despite our considerable advances in understanding the ERK-MAPK network, the ability of cancer cells to adapt to the inhibition of key nodes reveals a level of complexity that remains to be fully understood. In this review, we summarize important developments in our understanding of the ERK-MAPK network and identify unresolved issues for ongoing and future study.
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Cooperative Blockade of CK2 and ATM Kinases Drives Apoptosis in VHL-Deficient Renal Carcinoma Cells through ROS Overproduction. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030576. [PMID: 33540838 PMCID: PMC7867364 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the eighth leading malignancy in the world, accounting for 4% of all cancers with poor outcome when metastatic. Protein kinases are highly druggable proteins, which are often aberrantly activated in cancers. The aim of our study was to identify candidate targets for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma therapy, using chemo-genomic-based high-throughput screening. We found that the combined inhibition of the CK2 and ATM kinases in renal tumor cells and patient-derived tumor samples induces synthetic lethality. Mechanistic investigations unveil that this drug combination triggers apoptosis through HIF-2α-(Hypoxic inducible factor HIF-2α) dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, giving a new option for patient care in metastatic RCC. Abstract Kinase-targeted agents demonstrate antitumor activity in advanced metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which remains largely incurable. Integration of genomic approaches through small-molecules and genetically based high-throughput screening holds the promise of improved discovery of candidate targets for cancer therapy. The 786-O cell line represents a model for most ccRCC that have a loss of functional pVHL (von Hippel-Lindau). A multiplexed assay was used to study the cellular fitness of a panel of engineered ccRCC isogenic 786-O VHL− cell lines in response to a collection of targeted cancer therapeutics including kinase inhibitors, allowing the interrogation of over 2880 drug–gene pairs. Among diverse patterns of drug sensitivities, investigation of the mechanistic effect of one selected drug combination on tumor spheroids and ex vivo renal tumor slice cultures showed that VHL-defective ccRCC cells were more vulnerable to the combined inhibition of the CK2 and ATM kinases than wild-type VHL cells. Importantly, we found that HIF-2α acts as a key mediator that potentiates the response to combined CK2/ATM inhibition by triggering ROS-dependent apoptosis. Importantly, our findings reveal a selective killing of VHL-deficient renal carcinoma cells and provide a rationale for a mechanism-based use of combined CK2/ATM inhibitors for improved patient care in metastatic VHL-ccRCC.
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Finamore F, Ucciferri N, Signore G, Cecchettini A, Ceccherini E, Vitiello M, Poliseno L, Rocchiccioli S. Proteomics pipeline for phosphoenrichment and its application on a human melanoma cell model. Talanta 2020; 220:121381. [PMID: 32928406 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell signalling is tightly regulated by post-translational modification of proteins. Among them, phosphorylation is one of the most interesting and important. Identifying phosphorylation sites on proteins is challenging and requires strategies for pre-separation and enrichment of the phosphorylated species. We applied four different methods for phospho-enrichment involving TiO2 and IMAC matrix to human melanoma cell lysates of starved A375 induced for 1 h with 1% FBS. Comparison of protocol efficiency was evaluated through peptide concentration, sulphur and phosphorus content and peptide analysis by LC-MS in the collected fractions. Our results underlined that each single method is not sufficient for a comprehensive phosphoproteome analysis. In fact, each methodology permits to identify only a fraction of the phosphoproteome contained in a whole cell lysate. The selection of the most efficient protocols and a combination of two phospho-enrichment methods allowed the assessment of this workflow able to pinpoint the main actors in the phospho-proteome cascade of A375 human melanoma cells treated with Vemurafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Finamore
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Nadia Ucciferri
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy; Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, San Giuliano Terme, 56017, Italy
| | - Antonella Cecchettini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy; Dept of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pisa University, via Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Ceccherini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Marianna Vitiello
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy; Oncogenomics Unit, ISPRO, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Laura Poliseno
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy; Oncogenomics Unit, ISPRO, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
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Sürmen MG, Sürmen S, Ali A, Musharraf SG, Emekli N. Phosphoproteomic strategies in cancer research: a minireview. Analyst 2020; 145:7125-7149. [PMID: 32996481 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00915f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular processes is central to comprehend disease conditions and is also true for cancer research. Proteomic studies provide significant insight into cancer mechanisms and aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Phosphoproteome is one of the most studied complements of the whole proteome given its importance in the understanding of cellular processes such as signaling and regulations. Over the last decade, several new methods have been developed for phosphoproteome analysis. A significant amount of these efforts pertains to cancer research. The current use of powerful analytical instruments in phosphoproteomic approaches has paved the way for deeper and sensitive investigations. However, these methods and techniques need further improvements to deal with challenges posed by the complexity of samples and scarcity of phosphoproteins in the whole proteome, throughput and reproducibility. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the variety of steps used in phosphoproteomic methods applied in cancer research including the enrichment and fractionation strategies. This will allow researchers to evaluate and choose a better combination of steps for their phosphoproteome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gani Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saime Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arslan Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Nesrin Emekli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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9
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Husain K, Williamson TT, Nelson N, Ghansah T. Protein kinase 2 (CK2): a potential regulator of immune cell development and function in cancer. Immunol Med 2020; 44:159-174. [PMID: 33164702 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2020.1843267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2, formally known as casein kinase II, is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine or tyrosine kinase enzyme that regulates diverse signaling pathways responsible for cellular processes (i.e., cell proliferation and apoptosis) via interactions with over 500 known substrates. The enzyme's physiological interactions and cellular functions have been widely studied, most notably in the blood and solid malignancies. CK2 has intrinsic role in carcinogenesis as overexpression of CK2 subunits (α, α`, and β) and deregulation of its activity have been linked to various forms of cancers. CK2 also has extrinsic role in cancer stroma or in the tumor microenvironment (TME) including the immune cells. However, very few research studies have focused on extrinsic role of CK2 in regulating immune responses as a therapeutic alternative for cancer. The following review discusses CK2's regulation of key signaling events [Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α), Cyclooygenase-2 (COX-2), Extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK), Notch, Protein kinase B/AKT, Ikaros and Wnt] that can influence the development and function of immune cells in cancer. Potential clinical trials using potent CK2 inhibitors will facilitate and improve the treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Husain
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tanika T Williamson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadine Nelson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tomar Ghansah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Paulitschke V, Eichhoff O, Gerner C, Paulitschke P, Bileck A, Mohr T, Cheng PF, Leitner A, Guenova E, Saulite I, Freiberger SN, Irmisch A, Knapp B, Zila N, Chatziisaak T, Stephan J, Mangana J, Kunstfeld R, Pehamberger H, Aebersold R, Dummer R, Levesque MP. Proteomic identification of a marker signature for MAPKi resistance in melanoma. EMBO J 2019; 38:e95874. [PMID: 31267558 PMCID: PMC6669927 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) show outstanding clinical response rates in melanoma patients harbouring BRAF mutations, but resistance is common. The ability of melanoma cells to switch from melanocytic to mesenchymal phenotypes appears to be associated with therapeutic resistance. High-throughput, subcellular proteome analyses and RNAseq on two panels of primary melanoma cells that were either sensitive or resistant to MAPKi revealed that only 15 proteins were sufficient to distinguish between these phenotypes. The two proteins with the highest discriminatory power were PTRF and IGFBP7, which were both highly upregulated in the mesenchymal-resistant cells. Proteomic analysis of CRISPR/Cas-derived PTRF knockouts revealed targets involved in lysosomal activation, endocytosis, pH regulation, EMT, TGFβ signalling and cell migration and adhesion, as well as a significantly reduced invasive index and ability to form spheres in 3D culture. Overexpression of PTRF led to MAPKi resistance, increased cell adhesion and sphere formation. In addition, immunohistochemistry of patient samples showed that PTRF expression levels were a significant biomarker of poor progression-free survival, and IGFBP7 levels in patient sera were shown to be higher after relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Paulitschke
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ossia Eichhoff
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Philipp Paulitschke
- Institute of PhysicsCenter for NanoScienceLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Medicine IInstitute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ieva Saulite
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sandra N Freiberger
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Anja Irmisch
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Bernhard Knapp
- Department of StatisticsProtein Informatics GroupUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Nina Zila
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Jürgen Stephan
- Institute of PhysicsCenter for NanoScienceLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Joanna Mangana
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rainer Kunstfeld
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Zurich HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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11
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Borgo C, Ruzzene M. Role of protein kinase CK2 in antitumor drug resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:287. [PMID: 31277672 PMCID: PMC6612148 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance represents the major reason of pharmacological treatment failure. It is supported by a broad spectrum of mechanisms, whose molecular bases have been frequently correlated to aberrant protein phosphorylation. CK2 is a constitutively active protein kinase which phosphorylates hundreds of substrates; it is expressed in all cells, but its level is commonly found higher in cancer cells, where it plays anti-apoptotic, pro-migration and pro-proliferation functions. Several evidences support a role for CK2 in processes directly responsible of drug resistance, such as drug efflux and DNA repair; moreover, CK2 intervenes in signaling pathways which are crucial to evade drug response (as PI3K/AKT/PTEN, NF-κB, β-catenin, hedgehog signaling, p53), and controls the activity of chaperone machineries fundamental in resistant cells. Interestingly, a panel of specific and effective inhibitors of CK2 is available, and several examples are known of their efficacy in resistant cells, with synergistic effect when used in combination with conventional drugs, also in vivo. Here we analyze and discuss evidences supporting the hypothesis that CK2 targeting represents a valuable strategy to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58b, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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12
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Li K, Zhou F, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Li Q, Li Z, Liu L, Wu G, Meng R. Quinalizarin, a specific CK2 inhibitor, can reduce icotinib resistance in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:437-446. [PMID: 31173177 PMCID: PMC6605624 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal activation of the downstream signaling pathways of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that are independent of EGFR, contribute to the acquisition of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The serine/threonine protein kinase casein kinase II (CK2) phosphorylates and modulates several members of the EGFR downstream signaling pathways. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of the addition of quinalizarin (a specific CK2 inhibitor) to icotinib (an EGFR-TKI) on the proliferation and apoptosis of four NSCLC cell lines and its underlying mechanisms. The human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines HCC827, A549, H1650 and H1975 were employed to represent the EGFR-TKI-sensitive EGFR (EGFR-sensitive) mutation, wild-type EGFR and the EGFR-TKI-resistant EGFR (EGFR-resistant) mutations. The cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytom-etry using the Annexin V-enhanced green fluorescent protein Apoptosis Detection kit. The level of proteins in the EGFR downstream pathway was observed using a western blot assay. The results showed that the cells with the EGFR-sensitive mutation (HCC827, EGFR E716-A750del) were more sensitive to icotinib compared with those possessing the EGFR wild-type (A549) and the EGFR-resistant mutations (H1650, EGFR E716-A750del and PTEN lost; H1975, EGFR L858R+T790M). Quinalizarin inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in the cells with the EGFR wild-type and resistant mutations, and the addition of quinalizarin to icotinib partially restored their sensitivity to icotinib. Quinalizarin and/or icotinib increased the apoptotic rates in the EGFR-TKI resistant cells, and the combination of these reduced the level of protein downstream of EGFR, including phosphorylated (p-AKT) and p-(ERK). In conclusion, quinalizarin may partially sensitize cells to icotinib by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis mediated by AKT and ERK in EGFR-TKI resistant NSCLC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Pharmacy Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Fangzheng Zhou
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qianwen Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Rui Meng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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13
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Modelling of Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways in Melanoma and Other Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040465. [PMID: 30987166 PMCID: PMC6520749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor with a strong dependence on intracellular signaling pathways. Almost half of all melanomas are driven by mutations in the v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) with BRAFV600E being the most prevalent mutation. Recently developed targeted treatment directed against mutant BRAF and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MAP2K1 (also termed MEK1) have improved overall survival of melanoma patients. However, the MAPK signaling pathway is far more complex than a single chain of consecutively activated MAPK enzymes and it contains nested-, inherent feedback mechanisms, crosstalk with other signaling pathways, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, and interacting small non-coding RNAs. A more complete understanding of this pathway is needed to better understand melanoma development and mechanisms of treatment resistance. Network reconstruction, analysis, and modelling under the systems biology paradigm have been used recently in different malignant tumors including melanoma to analyze and integrate 'omics' data, formulate mechanistic hypotheses on tumorigenesis, assess and personalize anticancer therapy, and propose new drug targets. Here we review the current knowledge of network modelling approaches in cancer with a special emphasis on melanoma.
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14
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Naoum GE, Morkos M, Kim B, Arafat W. Novel targeted therapies and immunotherapy for advanced thyroid cancers. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:51. [PMID: 29455653 PMCID: PMC5817719 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a frequently encountered endocrine malignancy. Despite the favorable prognosis of this disease, 15–20% of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cases and most anaplastic types, remain resistant to standard treatment options, including radioactive iodine (RAI). In addition, around 30% of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cases show resistance after surgery. The evolving understanding of disease-specific molecular therapeutic targets has led to the approval of two targeted therapies (Sorafenib and Lenvatinib) for RAI refractory DTC and another two drugs (Vandetanib and Cabozantinib) for MTC. These advanced therapies exert their effects by blocking the MAPK pathway, which has been widely correlated to different types of thyroid cancers. While these drugs remain reserved for thyroid cancer patients who failed all treatment options, their ability to improve patients’ overall survival remain hindered by their low efficacy and other molecular factors. Among these factors is the tumor’s ability to activate parallel proliferative signaling pathways other than the cascades blocked by these drugs, along with overexpression of some tyrosine kinase receptors (TKR). These facts urge the search for novel different treatment strategies for advanced thyroid cases beyond these drugs. Furthermore, the growing knowledge of the dynamic immune system interaction with tumor microenvironment has revolutionized the cancer immune therapy field. In this review, we aim to discuss the molecular escape mechanisms of thyroid tumors from these drugs. We also highlight novel therapeutic options targeting other pathways than MAPK, including PI3K pathway, ALK translocations and HER2/3 receptors and their clinical impact. We also aim to discuss the usage of targeted therapy in restoring thyroid tumor sensitivity to RAI, and finally turn to extensively discuss the role of immunotherapy as a potential alternative treatment option for advanced thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Naoum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer center, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Michael Morkos
- Department of Endocrinology, Rush University, 1900 W Polk St, Room 801, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Kim
- Department of Endocrinology, Thyroid Cancer Program, Rush University, Jelke Building, Room 604, 1735 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60612, UK
| | - Waleed Arafat
- Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer center, Alexandria, Egypt. .,University Of Alexandria, Clinical oncology department, Alexandria, Egypt. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK.
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15
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Rabalski AJ, Gyenis L, Litchfield DW. Molecular Pathways: Emergence of Protein Kinase CK2 (CSNK2) as a Potential Target to Inhibit Survival and DNA Damage Response and Repair Pathways in Cancer Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 22:2840-7. [PMID: 27306791 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (designated CSNK2) is a constitutively active protein kinase with a vast repertoire of putative substrates that has been implicated in several human cancers, including cancer of the breast, lung, colon, and prostate, as well as hematologic malignancies. On the basis of these observations, CSNK2 has emerged as a candidate for targeted therapy, with two CSNK2 inhibitors in ongoing clinical trials. CX-4945 is a bioavailable small-molecule ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting its active site, and CIGB-300 is a cell-permeable cyclic peptide that prevents phosphorylation of the E7 protein of HPV16 by CSNK2. In preclinical models, either of these inhibitors exhibit antitumor efficacy. Furthermore, in combinations with chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin or gemcitabine, either CX-4945 or CIGB-300 promote synergistic induction of apoptosis. While CSNK2 is a regulatory participant in many processes related to cancer, its potential to modulate caspase action may be particularly pertinent to its emergence as a therapeutic target. Because the substrate recognition motifs for CSNK2 and caspases are remarkably similar, CSNK2 can block the cleavage of many caspase substrates through the phosphorylation of sites adjacent to cleavage sites. Phosphoproteomic strategies have also revealed previously underappreciated roles for CSNK2 in the phosphorylation of several key constituents of DNA damage and DNA repair pathways. Going forward, applications of proteomic strategies to interrogate responses to CSNK2 inhibitors are expected to reveal signatures for CSNK2 inhibition and molecular insights to guide new strategies to interfere with its potential to inhibit caspase action or enhance the susceptibility of cancer cells to DNA damage. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 2840-7. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rabalski
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laszlo Gyenis
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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van der Hiel B, Haanen JB, Stokkel MP, Peeper DS, Jimenez CR, Beijnen JH, van de Wiel BA, Boellaard R, van den Eertwegh AJ. Vemurafenib plus cobimetinib in unresectable stage IIIc or stage IV melanoma: response monitoring and resistance prediction with positron emission tomography and tumor characteristics (REPOSIT): study protocol of a phase II, open-label, multicenter study. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:649. [PMID: 28915798 PMCID: PMC5603097 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with BRAFV600 mutated unresectable stage IIIc or metastatic melanoma, molecular targeted therapy with combined BRAF/MEK-inhibitor vemurafenib plus cobimetinib has shown a significantly improved progression-free survival and overall survival compared to treatment with vemurafenib alone. Nevertheless, the majority of BRAFV600 mutation-positive melanoma patients will eventually develop resistance to treatment. Molecular imaging with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET has been used to monitor response to vemurafenib in some BRAFV600 mutated metastatic melanoma patients, showing a rapid decline of 18F-FDG uptake within 2 weeks following treatment. Furthermore, preliminary results suggest that metabolic alterations might predict the development of resistance to treatment. 18F-Fluoro-3'-deoxy-3'L-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT), a PET-tracer visualizing proliferation, might be more suitable to predict response or resistance to therapy than 18F-FDG. METHODS This phase II, open-label, multicenter study evaluates whether metabolic response to treatment with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib in the first 7 weeks as assessed by 18F-FDG/18F-FLT PET can predict progression-free survival and whether early changes in 18F-FDG/18F-FLT can be used for early detection of treatment response compared to standard response assessment with RECISTv1.1 ceCT at 7 weeks. Ninety patients with BRAFV600E/K mutated unresectable stage IIIc/IV melanoma will be included. Prior to and during treatment all patients will undergo 18F-FDG PET/CT and in 25 patients additional 18F-FLT PET/CT is performed. Histopathological tumor characterization is assessed in a subset of 40 patients to unravel mechanisms of resistance. Furthermore, in all patients, blood samples are taken for pharmacokinetic analysis of vemurafenib/cobimetinib. Outcomes are correlated with PET/CT-imaging and therapy response. DISCUSSION The results of this study will help in linking PET measured metabolic alterations induced by targeted therapy of BRAFV600 mutated melanoma to molecular changes within the tumor. We will be able to correlate both 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT PET to outcome and decide on the best modality to predict long-term remissions to combined BRAF/MEK-inhibitors. Results coming from this study may help in identifying responders from non-responders early after the initiation of therapy and reveal early development of resistance to vemurafenib/cobimetinib. Furthermore, we believe that the results can be fundamental for further optimizing individual patient treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02414750. Registered 10 April 2015, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernies van der Hiel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, PO Box 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B.A.G. Haanen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel P.M. Stokkel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, PO Box 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel S. Peeper
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R. Jimenez
- Oncoproteomics Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H. Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A. van de Wiel
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - REPOSIT study group
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, PO Box 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncoproteomics Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Ünal EB, Uhlitz F, Blüthgen N. A compendium of ERK targets. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2607-2615. [PMID: 28675784 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The RAF-MEK-ERK cascade is one of the most studied signaling pathways as it controls many vital cellular programs. There has been an immense amount of effort to determine ERK target proteins involved in regulating these programs. Classical biochemical and genetic approaches have elicited hundreds of direct ERK substrates, and with the advent of phospho-proteomic technologies, numerous studies have expanded the number of ERK target proteins. Here, we compile a comprehensive ERK target phospho-site archive, in which we gathered information from various research studies, and we provide this archive as an online database to form a searchable compendium of ERK targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim B Ünal
- Integrative Research Institute Life Sciences & Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Uhlitz
- Integrative Research Institute Life Sciences & Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Blüthgen
- Integrative Research Institute Life Sciences & Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
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18
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Chua MMJ, Ortega CE, Sheikh A, Lee M, Abdul-Rassoul H, Hartshorn KL, Dominguez I. CK2 in Cancer: Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Target. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E18. [PMID: 28134850 PMCID: PMC5374422 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 genes are overexpressed in many human cancers, and most often overexpression is associated with worse prognosis. Site-specific expression in mice leads to cancer development (e.g., breast, lymphoma) indicating the oncogenic nature of CK2. CK2 is involved in many key aspects of cancer including inhibition of apoptosis, modulation of signaling pathways, DNA damage response, and cell cycle regulation. A number of CK2 inhibitors are now available and have been shown to have activity against various cancers in vitro and in pre-clinical models. Some of these inhibitors are now undergoing exploration in clinical trials as well. In this review, we will examine some of the major cancers in which CK2 inhibition has promise based on in vitro and pre-clinical studies, the proposed cellular and signaling mechanisms of anti-cancer activity by CK2 inhibitors, and the current or recent clinical trials using CK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M J Chua
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Charina E Ortega
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Ayesha Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Migi Lee
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Hussein Abdul-Rassoul
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Isabel Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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19
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Contribution of classical end-joining to PTEN inactivation in p53-mediated glioblastoma formation and drug-resistant survival. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14013. [PMID: 28094268 PMCID: PMC5247582 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair gene defects are found in virtually all human glioblastomas, but the genetic evidence for a direct role remains lacking. Here we demonstrate that combined inactivation of the XRCC4 non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair gene and p53 efficiently induces brain tumours with hallmark characteristics of human proneural/classical glioblastoma. The murine tumours exhibit PTEN loss of function instigated by reduced PTEN mRNA, and increased phosphorylated inactivation and stability as a consequence of aberrantly elevated CK2 provoked by p53 ablation and irrevocably deregulated by NHEJ inactivation. This results in DNA damage-resistant cytoplasmic PTEN and CK2 expression, and the attenuation of DNA repair genes. CK2 inhibition restores PTEN nuclear distribution and DNA repair activities and impairs tumour but not normal cell survival. These observations demonstrate that NHEJ contributes to p53-mediated glioblastoma suppression, and reveal a crucial role for PTEN in the early DNA damage signalling cascade, the inhibition of which promotes tumorigenicity and drug-resistant survival. We know that defects in DNA repair genes are associated with cancer development. Here the authors eliminate XRCC4, a non-homologous end-joining protein, and p53 in the developing brain and find that this causes glioblastoma development as a consequence of reduced PTEN function.
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20
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Casado P, Hijazi M, Britton D, Cutillas PR. Impact of phosphoproteomics in the translation of kinase-targeted therapies. Proteomics 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Casado
- Cell Signalling and Proteomics Group; Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; UK
| | - Maruan Hijazi
- Cell Signalling and Proteomics Group; Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; UK
| | - David Britton
- Cell Signalling and Proteomics Group; Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; UK
| | - Pedro R. Cutillas
- Cell Signalling and Proteomics Group; Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; UK
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21
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Brear P, De Fusco C, Hadje Georgiou K, Francis-Newton NJ, Stubbs CJ, Sore HF, Venkitaraman AR, Abell C, Spring DR, Hyvönen M. Specific inhibition of CK2α from an anchor outside the active site. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6839-6845. [PMID: 28451126 PMCID: PMC5355960 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of selective inhibitors of protein kinases is challenging because of the significant conservation of the ATP binding site. Here, we describe a new mechanism by which the protein kinase CK2α can be selectively inhibited using features outside the ATP site. We have identified a new binding site for small molecules on CK2α adjacent to the ATP site and behind the αD loop, termed the αD pocket. An elaborated fragment anchored in this site has been linked with a low affinity fragment binding in the ATP site, creating a novel and selective inhibitor (CAM4066) that binds CK2α with a Kd of 320 nM and shows significantly improved selectivity compared to other CK2α inhibitors. CAM4066 shows target engagement in several cell lines and similar potency to clinical trial candidate CX4945. Our data demonstrate that targeting a poorly conserved, cryptic pocket allows inhibition of CK2α via a novel mechanism, enabling the development of a new generation of selective CK2α inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brear
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road , Cambridge CB2 1GA , UK .
| | - Claudia De Fusco
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Kathy Hadje Georgiou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Nicola J Francis-Newton
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit , University of Cambridge , Hutchison/MRC Research Centre , Hills Road , Cambridge CB2 0XZ , UK
| | - Christopher J Stubbs
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road , Cambridge CB2 1GA , UK .
| | - Hannah F Sore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Ashok R Venkitaraman
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit , University of Cambridge , Hutchison/MRC Research Centre , Hills Road , Cambridge CB2 0XZ , UK
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road , Cambridge CB2 1GA , UK .
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22
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Kim JY, Welsh EA, Fang B, Bai Y, Kinose F, Eschrich SA, Koomen JM, Haura EB. Phosphoproteomics Reveals MAPK Inhibitors Enhance MET- and EGFR-Driven AKT Signaling in KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1019-1029. [PMID: 27422710 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathway inhibition of the RAS-driven MAPK pathway using small-molecule kinase inhibitors has been a key focus for treating cancers driven by oncogenic RAS, yet significant clinical responses are lacking. Feedback reactivation of ERK driven by drug-induced RAF activity has been suggested as one of the major drug resistance mechanisms, especially in the context of oncogenic RAS. To determine whether additional adaptive resistance mechanisms may coexist, we characterized global phosphoproteomic changes after MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) treatment in KRAS-mutant A427 and A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines employing mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics. We identified 9,075 quantifiable unique phosphosites (corresponding to 3,346 unique phosphoproteins), of which 567 phosphosites were more abundant and 512 phosphosites were less abundant after MEK inhibition. Selumetinib increased phosphorylation of KSR-1, a scaffolding protein required for assembly of MAPK signaling complex, as well as altered phosphorylation of GEF-H1, a novel regulator of KSR-1 and implicated in RAS-driven MAPK activation. Moreover, selumetinib reduced inhibitory serine phosphorylation of MET at Ser985 and potentiated HGF- and EGF-induced AKT phosphorylation. These results were recapitulated by pan-RAF (LY3009120), MEK (GDC0623), and ERK (SCH772984) inhibitors, which are currently under early-phase clinical development against RAS-mutant cancers. Our results highlight the unique adaptive changes in MAPK scaffolding proteins (KSR-1, GEF-H1) and in RTK signaling, leading to enhanced PI3K-AKT signaling when the MAPK pathway is inhibited. IMPLICATIONS This study highlights the unique adaptive changes in MAPK scaffolding proteins (KSR-1, GEF-H1) and in RTK signaling, leading to enhanced PI3K/AKT signaling when the MAPK pathway is inhibited. Mol Cancer Res; 14(10); 1019-29. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Cancer Informatics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Fumi Kinose
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Steven A Eschrich
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
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23
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Zhou B, Ritt DA, Morrison DK, Der CJ, Cox AD. Protein Kinase CK2α Maintains Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Activity in a CK2α Kinase-independent Manner to Promote Resistance to Inhibitors of RAF and MEK but Not ERK in BRAF Mutant Melanoma. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17804-15. [PMID: 27226552 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.712885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a pleiotropic and constitutively active kinase that plays crucial roles in cellular proliferation and survival. Overexpression of CK2, particularly the α catalytic subunit (CK2α, CSNK2A1), has been implicated in a wide variety of cancers and is associated with poorer survival and resistance to both conventional and targeted anticancer therapies. Here, we found that CK2α protein is elevated in melanoma cell lines compared with normal human melanocytes. We then tested the involvement of CK2α in drug resistance to Food and Drug Administration-approved single agent targeted therapies for melanoma. In BRAF mutant melanoma cells, ectopic CK2α decreased sensitivity to vemurafenib (BRAF inhibitor), dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitor), and trametinib (MEK inhibitor) by a mechanism distinct from that of mutant NRAS. Conversely, knockdown of CK2α sensitized cells to inhibitor treatment. CK2α-mediated RAF-MEK kinase inhibitor resistance was tightly linked to its maintenance of ERK phosphorylation. We found that CK2α post-translationally regulates the ERK-specific phosphatase dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) in a kinase dependent-manner, decreasing its abundance. However, we unexpectedly showed, by using a kinase-inactive mutant of CK2α, that RAF-MEK inhibitor resistance did not rely on CK2α kinase catalytic function, and both wild-type and kinase-inactive CK2α maintained ERK phosphorylation upon inhibition of BRAF or MEK. That both wild-type and kinase-inactive CK2α bound equally well to the RAF-MEK-ERK scaffold kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) suggested that CK2α increases KSR facilitation of ERK phosphorylation. Accordingly, CK2α did not cause resistance to direct inhibition of ERK by the ERK1/2-selective inhibitor SCH772984. Our findings support a kinase-independent scaffolding function of CK2α that promotes resistance to RAF- and MEK-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A Ritt
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Channing J Der
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
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24
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Proteomics approaches to understanding mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor resistance in melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2016; 28:172-9. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Over the past decade, rapid advances in genomics, proteomics and functional genomics technologies that enable in-depth interrogation of cancer genomes and proteomes and high-throughput analysis of gene function have enabled characterization of the kinome 'at large' in human cancers, providing crucial insights into how members of the protein kinase superfamily are dysregulated in malignancy, the context-dependent functional role of specific kinases in cancer and how kinome remodelling modulates sensitivity to anticancer drugs. The power of these complementary approaches, and the insights gained from them, form the basis of this Analysis article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy D G Fleuren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luxi Zhang
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Cancer Division, Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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26
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Filhol O, Giacosa S, Wallez Y, Cochet C. Protein kinase CK2 in breast cancer: the CK2β regulatory subunit takes center stage in epithelial plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3305-22. [PMID: 25990538 PMCID: PMC11113558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structurally, protein kinase CK2 consists of two catalytic subunits (α and α') and two regulatory subunits (β), which play a critical role in targeting specific CK2 substrates. Compelling evidence shows the complexity of the CK2 cellular signaling network and supports the view that this enzyme is a key component of regulatory protein kinase networks that are involved in several aspects of cancer. CK2 both activates and suppresses the expression of a number of essential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and its expression and activity are upregulated in blood tumors and virtually all solid tumors. The prognostic significance of CK2α expression in association with various clinicopathological parameters highlighted this kinase as an adverse prognostic marker in breast cancer. In addition, several recent studies reported its implication in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an early step in cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we briefly overview the contribution of CK2 to several aspects of cancer and discuss how in mammary epithelial cells, the expression of its CK2β regulatory subunit plays a critical role in maintaining an epithelial phenotype through CK2-mediated control of key EMT-related transcription factors. Importantly, decreased CK2β expression in breast tumors is correlated with inefficient phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Snail1 and Foxc2, ultimately leading to EMT induction. This review highlights the pivotal role played by CK2β in the mammary epithelial phenotype and discusses how a modest alteration in its expression may be sufficient to induce dramatic effects facilitating the early steps in tumor cell dissemination through the coordinated regulation of two key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sofia Giacosa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yann Wallez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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27
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Parker R, Vella LJ, Xavier D, Amirkhani A, Parker J, Cebon J, Molloy MP. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Cell-Based Resistance to BRAF Inhibitor Therapy in Melanoma. Front Oncol 2015; 5:95. [PMID: 26029660 PMCID: PMC4432663 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of melanoma by targeted inhibition of the mutated kinase BRAF with small molecules only temporarily suppresses metastatic disease. In the face of chemical inhibition tumor plasticity, both innate and adaptive, promotes survival through the biochemical and genetic reconfiguration of cellular pathways that can engage proliferative and migratory systems. To investigate this process, high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to characterize the phosphoproteome of this transition in vitro. A simple and accurate, label-free quantitative method was used to localize and quantitate thousands of phosphorylation events. We also correlated changes in the phosphoproteome with the proteome to more accurately determine changes in the activity of regulatory kinases determined by kinase landscape profiling. The abundance of phosphopeptides with sites that function in cytoskeletal regulation, GTP/GDP exchange, protein kinase C, IGF signaling, and melanosome maturation were highly divergent after transition to a drug resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Parker
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- Cancer Immunology Group, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Heidelberg, VIC , Australia
| | - Dylan Xavier
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Ardeshir Amirkhani
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Jimmy Parker
- NHS Trust Southport and Ormskirk General Hospital , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Cancer Immunology Group, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Heidelberg, VIC , Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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28
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Stuart SA, Houel S, Lee T, Wang N, Old WM, Ahn NG. A Phosphoproteomic Comparison of B-RAFV600E and MKK1/2 Inhibitors in Melanoma Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1599-615. [PMID: 25850435 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.047233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of oncogenic B-RAF(V600E) and MKK1/2 have yielded remarkable responses in B-RAF(V600E)-positive melanoma patients. However, the efficacy of these inhibitors is limited by the inevitable onset of resistance. Despite the fact that these inhibitors target the same pathway, combination treatment with B-RAF(V600E) and MKK1/2 inhibitors has been shown to improve both response rates and progression-free survival in B-RAF(V600E) melanoma patients. To provide insight into the molecular nature of the combinatorial response, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to characterize the inhibitor-dependent phosphoproteome of human melanoma cells treated with the B-RAF(V600E) inhibitor PLX4032 (vemurafenib) or the MKK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (selumetinib). In three replicate experiments, we quantified changes at a total of 23,986 phosphosites on 4784 proteins. This included 1317 phosphosites that reproducibly decreased in response to at least one inhibitor. Phosphosites that responded to both inhibitors grouped into networks that included the nuclear pore complex, growth factor signaling, and transcriptional regulators. Although the majority of phosphosites were responsive to both inhibitors, we identified 16 sites that decreased only in response to PLX4032, suggesting rare instances where oncogenic B-RAF signaling occurs in an MKK1/2-independent manner. Only two phosphosites were identified that appeared to be uniquely responsive to AZD6244. When cells were treated with the combination of AZD6244 and PLX4032 at subsaturating concentrations (30 nm), responses at nearly all phosphosites were additive. We conclude that AZD6244 does not substantially widen the range of phosphosites inhibited by PLX4032 and that the benefit of the drug combination is best explained by their additive effects on suppressing ERK1/2 signaling. Comparison of our results to another recent ERK1/2 phosphoproteomics study revealed a surprising degree of variability in the sensitivity of phosphosites to MKK1/2 inhibitors in human cell lines, revealing unexpected cell specificity in the molecular responses to pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Lee
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Nan Wang
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | | | - Natalie G Ahn
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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29
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Pettazzoni P, Viale A, Shah P, Carugo A, Ying H, Wang H, Genovese G, Seth S, Minelli R, Green T, Huang-Hobbs E, Corti D, Sanchez N, Nezi L, Marchesini M, Kapoor A, Yao W, Francesco MED, Petrocchi A, Deem AK, Scott K, Colla S, Mills GB, Fleming JB, Heffernan TP, Jones P, Toniatti C, DePinho RA, Draetta GF. Genetic events that limit the efficacy of MEK and RTK inhibitor therapies in a mouse model of KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1091-101. [PMID: 25736685 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutated KRAS (KRAS*) is a fundamental driver in the majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). Using an inducible mouse model of KRAS*-driven PDAC, we compared KRAS* genetic extinction with pharmacologic inhibition of MEK1 in tumor spheres and in vivo. KRAS* ablation blocked proliferation and induced apoptosis, whereas MEK1 inhibition exerted cytostatic effects. Proteomic analysis evidenced that MEK1 inhibition was accompanied by a sustained activation of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway and by the activation of AXL, PDGFRa, and HER1-2 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) expressed in a large proportion of human PDAC samples analyzed. Although single inhibition of each RTK alone or plus MEK1 inhibitors was ineffective, a combination of inhibitors targeting all three coactivated RTKs and MEK1 was needed to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in both mouse and human low-passage PDAC cultures. Importantly, constitutive AKT activation, which may mimic the fraction of AKT2-amplified PDAC, was able to bypass the induction of apoptosis caused by KRAS* ablation, highlighting a potential inherent resistance mechanism that may inform the clinical application of MEK inhibitor therapy. This study suggests that combinatorial-targeted therapies for pancreatic cancer must be informed by the activation state of each putative driver in a given treatment context. In addition, our work may offer explanative and predictive power in understanding why inhibitors of EGFR signaling fail in PDAC treatment and how drug resistance mechanisms may arise in strategies to directly target KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Pettazzoni
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Andrea Viale
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Parantu Shah
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alessandro Carugo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sahil Seth
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rosalba Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tessa Green
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Emmet Huang-Hobbs
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Denise Corti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nora Sanchez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Luigi Nezi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matteo Marchesini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Avnish Kapoor
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wantong Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria E Di Francesco
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alessia Petrocchi
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Angela K Deem
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Simona Colla
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of System Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy P Heffernan
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip Jones
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlo Toniatti
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Giulio F Draetta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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