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Guo H, Zhang C, Shen YK, Zhang JD, Yang FY, Liang F, Wang W, Liu YT, Wang GZ, Zhou GB. PD-L2 mediates tobacco smoking-induced recruitment of regulatory T cells via the RGMB/NFκB/CCL20 cascade. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:56. [PMID: 39042313 PMCID: PMC11266262 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), a ligand for the receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), has an identity of 34% with its twin ligand PD-L1 and exhibits higher binding affinity with PD-1 than PD-L1. However, the role of PD-L2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression, especially tobacco-induced cancer progression, has not been fully understood. Here, we found that PD-L2 promoted tumor growth in murine models with recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In patients with NSCLC, PD-L2 expression level in tumor samples was higher than in counterpart normal controls and was positively associated with patients' response to anti-PD-1 treatment. Mechanismly, PD-L2 bound its receptor Repulsive guidance molecule B (RGMB) on cancer cells and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB), leading to increased production of chemokine CCL20, which recruited Tregs and contributed to NSCLC progression. Consistently, knockdown of RGMB or NFκB p65 inhibited PD-L2-induced CCL20 production, and silencing of PD-L2 repressed Treg recruitment by NSCLC cells. Furthermore, cigarette smoke and carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) upregulated PD-L2 in lung epithelial cells via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated transcription activation, whose deficiency markedly suppressed BaP-induced PD-L2 upregulation. These results suggest that PD-L2 mediates tobacco-induced recruitment of Tregs via the RGMB/NFκB/CCL20 cascade, and targeting this pathway might have therapeutic potentials in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, Hebei Province, 056005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yu-Ke Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated with Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030032, China
| | - Fu-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Fan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yu-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Mann JE, Smith JD, Kulkarni A, Foltin SK, Scheftz EB, Murray IR, Gensterblum-Miller E, Brummel CV, Bhangale A, Hoesli RC, Brenner JC. Genome-wide open reading frame profiling identifies fibroblast growth factor signaling as a driver of PD-L1 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2023; 146:106562. [PMID: 37666053 PMCID: PMC11308298 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are associated with significant treatment-related morbidity and poor disease-free and disease-specific survival, especially in the recurrent and metastatic (R/M HNSCC) setting. Inhibition of the programmed death-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint is accepted as a first-line treatment strategy for R/M HNSCC and has expanded into the neoadjuvant, definitive, and adjuvant settings. To understand cellular signals modulating the PD-L1 in HNSCC, we profiled a HNSCC cell-line with a genome-wide open reading frame (ORF) library of 17,000 individual constructs (14,000 unique genes). We identified 335 ORFs enriched in PD-L1high cells and independently validated five of these ORFs (FGF6, IL17A, CD300C, KLR1C and NFKBIA) as drivers of PD-L1 upregulation. We showed that exogenous FGF ligand is sufficient to induce PD-L1 expression in multiple HNSCC cell lines and human immature dendritic cells. Accordingly, overexpression of FGFR1, FGFR3 or the FGFR3 S249C and D786N mutants common to HNSCC tumors also induced PD-L1 overexpression on tumor cells. Small molecule inhibition of FGF signaling abrogated PD-L1 upregulation in these models and also blocked "classical" IFNγ-regulated PD-L1 expression in a STAT1-independent manner. Finally, we found that FGF specifically upregulated a glycosylated form of PD-L1 in our study, and exogenous FGF led to concomitant upregulation of glycosyltransferases that may stabilize PD-L1 on the surface of HNSCC cells. Taken together, our study supports a potential role for FGF/FGFR pathway signaling as a mechanism driving immune escape and rationalizes further exploration of novel combination therapies to improve clinical responses to PD-1/PD-L1 axis inhibition in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Mann
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 41809, USA
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Susan K Foltin
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erin B Scheftz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Isabel R Murray
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gensterblum-Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 41809, USA
| | - Collin V Brummel
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Apurva Bhangale
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca C Hoesli
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 41809, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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3
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Palumbo C, Benvenuto M, Focaccetti C, Albonici L, Cifaldi L, Rufini A, Nardozi D, Angiolini V, Bei A, Masuelli L, Bei R. Recent findings on the impact of ErbB receptors status on prognosis and therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1066021. [PMID: 36817764 PMCID: PMC9932042 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1066021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer type, has often an aggressive course and is poorly responsive to current therapeutic approaches, so that 5-year survival rates for patients diagnosed with advanced disease is lower than 50%. The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) has emerged as an established oncogene in HNSCC. Indeed, although HNSCCs are a heterogeneous group of cancers which differ for histological, molecular and clinical features, EGFR is overexpressed or mutated in a percentage of cases up to about 90%. Moreover, aberrant expression of the other members of the ErbB receptor family, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4, has also been reported in variable proportions of HNSCCs. Therefore, an increased expression/activity of one or multiple ErbB receptors is found in the vast majority of patients with HNSCC. While aberrant ErbB signaling has long been known to play a critical role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, metastatization and resistance to therapy, more recent evidence has revealed its impact on other features of cancer cells' biology, such as the ability to evade antitumor immunity. In this paper we will review recent findings on how ErbB receptors expression and activity, including that associated with non-canonical signaling mechanisms, impacts on prognosis and therapy of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Palumbo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Benvenuto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy,Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Focaccetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Albonici
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Cifaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy,Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufini
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Nardozi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Angiolini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Bei
- Medical School, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Roberto Bei,
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Kareer R, Ahuja S, Chaudhary N, Arora R. Association of PD-L1 and p16 expression with clinicopathological parameters in oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154266. [PMID: 36516642 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High expression of PD-L1 in tumour cells is associated with a higher response rate to immune checkpoint inhibitors, which target T regulatory pathways. p16 is a surrogate marker for human papilloma virus associated cancers. The present study was conducted to evaluate PD-L1 and p16 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histologically confirmed cases of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas were evaluated for PD-L1 and p16 expression along with its correlation with grade and site of the tumour. RESULTS Out of 40 cases, 21 (52.5 %) showed positive immunoreactivity for PD-L1 while 13 (32.5 %) were positive for p16. A significant association was observed between PD-L1 and p16 expression in the oropharynx (p value= 0.035). No significant association could be established between clinicopathological parameters and PD-L1/ p16 expression or between PD-L1 and p16 in the oral cavity. CONCLUSION PD-L1 expression shows a positive association with p16 in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Immune checkpoint inhibitors against PD-L1 can be used in carcinomas with positive expression for PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Kareer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Neena Chaudhary
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Blatt S, Krüger M, Rump C, Zimmer S, Sagheb K, Künzel J. Differences in PD-L1 Expression between oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269136. [PMID: 35622885 PMCID: PMC9140279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of metastasized or recurrent oral (OSCC) and oropharyngeal (OPSCC) squamous cell carcinoma remains challenging. Targeted antibody-based therapy inter alia for PD-1 / PD-L1 axis shows promising results, but whether PD-L1 expression varies between the subentities remains unclear. The expression pattern of PD-L1 (EPR19759 antibody, Abcam, Berlin, Germany) and p16 (CINtech® Histology Kit, Ventana, Oro Valley, USA) was determined immunohistochemically and analyzed by HALO™ Image Analysis Software (Indica Lab, Albuquerque, USA). For PD-L1, combined positivity score (CPS), tumor proportion score (TPS) and histoscore, were assessed and results correlated with epidemiological data. In total, 161 patients (OSCC: n = 78, OPSCC: n = 83) were included. A mean of 43.6% (±34.0%) of the specimen showed increased PD-L1 expression that did not differ quantitatively between subentities (TPS: p = 0.159, CPS: p = 0.078), but qualitatively (histoscore: p = 0.003). In the mean follow-up period (45.6 months), contrary to age (p = 0.006) and advanced T-Status (p = 0.018), PD-L1 expression did not correlate with overall (OS, p = 0.191) and recurrence free survival (RFS: p = 0.193) in both subentities. No correlation of p16 and PD-L1 expression was found (p = 0.844). PD-L1 is differentially expressed between OSCC and OPSCC, however without influence on OS. Furthermore, p16 status was not related to PD-L1 expression. This may have implications for future (immune) therapeutical approaches for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Blatt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maximilian Krüger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Constantin Rump
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zimmer
- Institute of Pathology and Tissue Bank, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Keyvan Sagheb
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian Künzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Tissue and circulating PD-L2: moving from health and immune-mediated diseases to head and neck oncology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 175:103707. [PMID: 35569724 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the chief targets of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), namely the Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-Ligands (Ls) axis, most research has focused on PD-L1, while to date PD-L2 is still under-investigated. However, emerging data support PD-L2 relevant expression in malignancies of the head and neck area, mostly in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and salivary gland cancers (SGCs). In this context, ICIs have achieved highly heterogeneous outcomes, emphasizing an urgent need for the identification of predictive biomarkers. With the present review, we aimed at describing PD-L2 biological significance by focusing on its tissue expression, its binding to PD-1 and RGMb receptors, and its impact on physiological and anti-cancer immune response. Specifically, we reported PD-L2 expression rates and significant clinical correlates among different head and neck cancer histotypes. Finally, we described the biology of soluble PD-L2 form and its potential application as a prognostic and/or predictive circulating biomarker.
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Polesel J, Menegaldo A, Tirelli G, Giacomarra V, Guerrieri R, Baboci L, Casarotto M, Lupato V, Fanetti G, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Fratta E. Prognostic Significance of PD-L1 Expression In Patients With Primary Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:787864. [PMID: 34900743 PMCID: PMC8655333 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.787864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At present, the prognostic significance of programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients is still controversial. In this study, we aim to synthesize relevant studies that have assessed the prognostic value of PD-L1 in patients with primary OPSCC treated according to the current standard-of-care. Methods A systematic search of Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus was conducted to define the prognostic role of PD-L1 expression in OPSCC. All studies published before July 31, 2021 were screened. Summary hazard ratios (sHR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Results A total of 1522 OPSCC patients from 12 studies were included. PD-L1 expression in OPSCC tumor cells (TCs) was significantly associated with longer overall survival (sHR=0.63, 95% CI 0.50-0.79), and progression-free survival (sHR=0.62, 95% CI 0.49-0.79). A benefit in survival was also observed in PD-L1-positive OPSCC patients who underwent surgery (sHR=0.34, 95% CI 0.18-0.65). Finally, although PD-L1-positive expression was related to better outcomes both in HPV-negative and HPV-positive OPSCC, the difference reached the statistical significance only in the HPV-positive subgroup (sHR=0.37, 95% CI 0.19-0.73). No heterogeneity emerged between studies for all considered outcomes, with I2 ranging from 0% for progression-free survival to 11% for overall survival. Conclusions PD-L1 expression on TCs associated with improved survival in OPSCC. In particular, HPV-positive OPSCC most benefited from PD-L1 expression when compared to the PD-L1 negative counterpart. Thus, PD-L1 might represent a useful biomarker to stratify prognosis in OPSCC in addition to HPV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Anna Menegaldo
- Unit of Otolaryngology, AULSS 2 - Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Tirelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vittorio Giacomarra
- Division of Otolaryngology, General Hospital "S. Maria degli Angeli", Pordenone, Italy
| | - Roberto Guerrieri
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Lorena Baboci
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Casarotto
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Valentina Lupato
- Division of Otolaryngology, General Hospital "S. Maria degli Angeli", Pordenone, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fanetti
- Division of Radiotherapy, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fratta
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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8
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Burcher KM, Lantz JW, Gavrila E, Abreu A, Burcher JT, Faucheux AT, Xie A, Jackson C, Song AH, Hughes RT, Lycan T, Bunch PM, Furdui CM, Topaloglu U, D’Agostino RB, Zhang W, Porosnicu M. Relationship between Tumor Mutational Burden, PD-L1, Patient Characteristics, and Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225733. [PMID: 34830888 PMCID: PMC8616373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy has prompted a dramatic change in the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but the percentage of patients benefiting from treatment is limited to 20% or less. The application of precision oncology to HNSCC introduces the potential for the emergence of biomarkers that may predict a response to immunotherapy and assist with the selection of patients that may benefit from treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this retrospective study, the results of tumor mutational burden and programmed death ligand-1 measurements from HNSCC tumors were evaluated independently for their associations with demographics, risk factors, disease characteristics, survival, and response to ICI. Results of this study are expected to assist in laying the groundwork for creating a framework in which PD-L1 and TMB coexist with other variables to predict response to ICI on an individual level. Abstract Failure to predict response to immunotherapy (IO) limited its benefit in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) to 20% of patients or less. Biomarkers including tumor mutational burden (TMB) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) were evaluated as predictors of response to IO, but the results are inconsistent and with a lack of standardization of their methods. In this retrospective study, TMB and PD-L1 were measured by commercially available methodologies and were correlated to demographics, outcome, and response to PD-1 inhibitors. No correlation was found between TMB and PD-L1 levels. High TMB was associated with smoking and laryngeal primaries. PD-L1 was significantly higher in African Americans, patients with earlier stage tumors, nonsmokers, and nonethanol drinkers. Patients with high TMB fared better in univariate and multivariate survival analysis. No correlation was found between PD-L1 expression and prognosis. There was a statistically significant association between PFS and response to IO and TMB. There was no association between response to ICI and PD-L1 in this study, possibly affected by variations in the reporting method. Further studies are needed to characterize the biomarkers for IO in HNSCC, and this study supports further research into the advancement of TMB in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Burcher
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Lantz
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Elena Gavrila
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | | | | | - Andrew T. Faucheux
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Amy Xie
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Clayton Jackson
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Alexander H. Song
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ryan T. Hughes
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Thomas Lycan
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Paul M. Bunch
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Cristina M. Furdui
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Umit Topaloglu
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ralph B. D’Agostino
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Mercedes Porosnicu
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Supraclavicular lymph node recurrence after radical surgery: is epidermal growth factor receptor a predictive marker? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 51:612-620. [PMID: 34479791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the rare postoperative supraclavicular metastasis originating from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to discuss epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a potential predictive marker. Tumour specimens of OSCC patients divided into three groups were included: supraclavicular metastasis (n = 8), conventional cervical metastasis (n = 28), no metastasis (n = 48). Basic information and EGFR expression were compared among these groups and the data were analysed to identify potentially related risk factors for supraclavicular metastasis. In the supraclavicular metastasis group (n = 8), all primary tumours were T1-T2 and located in the tongue and buccal region; five of eight cases were pathologically N0. The median interval from the primary tumour resection to the development of supraclavicular metastases was 21.5 months. All related deaths (5/8) occurred within 2 years. In the supraclavicular metastasis group, EGFR expression was highest in the supraclavicular metastases, followed by cervical lymph nodes, and was lowest in the primary tumours (P = 0.39). In contrast, in the conventional metastasis group and the N0 group, EGFR expression was higher in the primary tumours than in the lymph nodes (P < 0.01). Supraclavicular metastasis of OSCC is infrequent and associated with a poor prognosis. EGFR might predict the occurrence of supraclavicular metastasis.
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10
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PD-L1 expression in anogenital and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas associated with different clinicopathological features, HPV status and prognosis: a meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228067. [PMID: 33704390 PMCID: PMC8011230 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little research has been done on clinicopathological
characteristics and human papillomavirus (HPV) status of anogenital and
oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) with a strong expression of
programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells. Therefore, we conducted this
meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a comprehensive research in
PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases up to 30 September 2020. The effect size
was hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for overall
survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), disease-free survival (DFS). The
pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI were used to assess the association
between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features along with HPV status.
Results: A total of 2003 cases (944 anogenital and 1059
oropharynx SCC patients) were included. High PD-L1 expression in anogenital SCC
cases were associated with advanced age (OR = 1.63, 95% CI:
1.04–2.58) and HPV negativity (OR = 0.47, 95% CI:
0.31–0.71). Besides, PD-L1 positive anogenital SCC cases held a
significantly declined OS (HR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.37–3.47)
and CSS (HR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.30–4.65). For oropharynx SCC,
PD-L1 was more frequent in younger and HPV positive patients (OR = 0.60,
95% CI: 0.37–0.98; OR = 3.01, 95% CI:
1.78–5.09) and PD-L1 expression was relevant to better OS and DFS (HR
= 0.76, 95% CI: 0.60–0.97; HR = 0.50, 95% CI:
0.33–0.75). Conclusions: The meta-analysis demonstrated that
in anogenital SCC, PD-L1 positivity had to do with a worse outcome, which might
attribute to advanced age, higher tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and HPV
negativity, while in oropharynx cancer, PD-L1 expression was related to better
prognosis for the reason that PD-L1 was less frequent in the aged and negative
HPV status.
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11
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Prognostic and clinicopathological utility of PD-L2 expression in patients with digestive system cancers: A meta-analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106946. [PMID: 33182023 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Programmed death ligand-2 (PD-L2)has been detected in various cancers. However, its prognostic value in digestive system cancers (DSCs) remains unclear. Accordingly, this meta-analysis investigated the prognostic and clinicopathological utility of PD-L2 in patients with DSCs. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov., Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases for eligible studies up to April 30, 2020. The hazard ratio (HR), odds ratio (OR), and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of the outcomes were calculated. RESULTS Twenty two studies with 4886 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that PD-L2 overexpression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR 1.470, 95% CI: 1.252-1.728, p < 0.001) and worse disease-free survival (DFS) (HR1.598, 95% CI: 1.398-1.826, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that elevated PD-L2 was a significant prognostic indicator of worse OS in hepatocellular carcinoma (HR 1.703, 95% CI: 1.456-1.991, p < 0.001) and colorectal cancer (HR 3.811, 95% CI: 1.718-8.454, p = 0.001). Concerning clinicopathologic factors, PD-L2 overexpression was associated with lymphatic metastasis (OR 1.394., 95% CI: 1.101-1.764, p = 0.006), tumor metastasis (OR 1.599, 95% CI: 1.072-2.383, p = 0.021), and the histopathological stage (OR 0.704, 95% CI: 0.566-0.875, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION PD-L2 overexpression in DSCs after surgery might predict a poor prognosis, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer. Larger patient cohorts are needed to validate its prognostic role.
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12
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Deuss E, Gößwein D, Gül D, Zimmer S, Foersch S, Eger CS, Limburg I, Stauber RH, Künzel J. Growth Factor Receptor Expression in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Cancer: Her1-4 and c-Met in Conjunction with the Clinical Features and Human Papillomavirus (p16) Status. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113358. [PMID: 33202816 PMCID: PMC7697064 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Growth factor expression is a negative prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Targeted therapy has a limited effect on the treatment of advanced stages due to evolving resistance mechanisms. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of growth factor receptors in oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC) and evaluate their role in the context of the human papillomavirus status, prognosis and possible relevance for targeted therapy. Tissue microarrays of 78 primary OPSCC, 35 related lymph node metastasis, 6 distant metastasis and 9 recurrent tumors were manufactured to evaluate the expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/erbB/Her)1–4 and c-Met by immunohistochemistry. EGFR and c-Met are relevant negative prognostic factors especially in noxae-induced OPSCC. Thus, dual targeting of EGFR and c-Met could be a promising prospective target in OPSCC treatment. Frequent coexpression of assessed receptors represents a possible intrinsic resistance mechanism in targeted therapy. Abstract This study aimed to assess the distribution of growth factor receptors in oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC) and evaluate their role in the context of human papillomavirus (HPV) status, prognosis and potential relevance for targeted therapy. The protein expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her)1–4 and c-Met were retrospectively assessed using semiquantitative immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays and analyzed for correlations as well as differences in the clinicopathological criteria. Her1–4 and c-met were overexpressed compared to normal mucosa in 46%, 4%, 17%, 27% and 23%, respectively. Interestingly, most receptors were coexpressed. Her1 and c-Met were inversely correlated with p16 (p = 0.04; p = 0.02). Her2 and c-Met were associated with high tobacco consumption (p = 0.016; p = 0.04). High EGFR, Her3, Her4 and c-Met expression were associated with worse overall and disease-free survival (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, EGFR and c-Met expression showed raised hazard ratios of 2.53 (p = 0.02; 95% CI 1.24–5.18) and 2.45 (p = 0.02; 95% CI 1.13–5.35), respectively. Her4 was expressed less in distant metastases than in corresponding primary tumors and was correlated to a higher T category. EGFR and c-Met are relevant negative prognostic factors in OPSCC, independent of known clinicopathological parameters. We suggest dual targeting of EGFR and c-Met as a promising strategy for OPSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Deuss
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.G.); (D.G.); (C.S.E.); (I.L.); (R.H.S.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0-177-8482208
| | - Dorothee Gößwein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.G.); (D.G.); (C.S.E.); (I.L.); (R.H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Désirée Gül
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.G.); (D.G.); (C.S.E.); (I.L.); (R.H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Stefanie Zimmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Sebastian Foersch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Claudia S. Eger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.G.); (D.G.); (C.S.E.); (I.L.); (R.H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Ivonne Limburg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.G.); (D.G.); (C.S.E.); (I.L.); (R.H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.G.); (D.G.); (C.S.E.); (I.L.); (R.H.S.); (J.K.)
- Institute for Biotechnology, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Julian Künzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.G.); (D.G.); (C.S.E.); (I.L.); (R.H.S.); (J.K.)
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Batur S, Kain ZE, Gozen ED, Kepil N, Aydin O, Comunoglu N. Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Prognosis. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2632010X20964846. [PMID: 33241207 PMCID: PMC7672728 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x20964846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim We aimed to show the immunohistochemical expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Materials and methods The study includes 52 laryngeal SCC cases that underwent surgical resection. Immunohistochemical staining of PD-L1 (Clone 22C3) was applied to the sections obtained from paraffin blocks. Combined Positive Score (CPS) was evaluated as described in manuals. Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) was assessed by the percentage of positive tumor cells which were designated as positive if ⩾1% of the tumor cells showed membranous staining. Results There were 35 cases (67.3%) having CPS < 1 and 17 cases (32.7%) having CPS ⩾ 1. There was no relationship between CPS, TPS, and the clinicopathological data. Conclusion Further studies with a large number of advanced-stage cases are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Batur
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ecem Kain
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Deniz Gozen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuray Kepil
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ovgu Aydin
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nil Comunoglu
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Succaria F, Kvistborg P, Stein JE, Engle EL, McMiller TL, Rooper LM, Thompson E, Berger AE, van den Brekel M, Zuur CL, Haanen J, Topalian SL, Taube JM. Characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment in human papillomavirus-positive and -negative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1227-1237. [PMID: 33125511 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) respond to anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapies. Tumor PD-L1 expression and human papillomavirus (HPV) status have been proposed as biomarkers to identify patients likely to benefit from these treatments. We aimed to understand the potential immune effects of HPV in HNSCC and to characterize additional potentially targetable immune-regulatory pathways in primary, treatment-naïve tumors. CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, FoxP3, PD-1, PD-L2, LAG-3, IDO-1, and GITR cell densities were determined in 27 HNSCC specimens. IHC for PD-L1 assessed percentage of positive tumor cells and immune cells separately or as a combined positive score (CPS), and whether PD-L1 was expressed in an adaptive or constitutive pattern (i.e., PD-L1+ tumor cells juxtaposed to TILs or in the absence of TILs, respectively). HPV testing with p16 IHC was confirmed by HPV genotyping. When compared to HPV(-) tumors (n = 14), HPV+ tumors (n = 13) contained significantly higher densities of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and PD-1+ cells (P < 0.02), and there was a trend towards increased density of FoxP3 + cells. PD-L1 expression patterns did not vary by tumor viral status, suggesting possible heterogeneous mechanisms driving constitutive vs adaptive PD-L1 expression patterns in HNSCC. IDO-1 expression was abundant (> 500 IDO-1+ cells/mm2 in 17/27 specimens) and was found on tumor cells as well as immune cells in 12/27 (44%) cases (range 5-80% tumor cells+). Notably, the studied markers varied on a per-patient basis and were not always related to the degree of T cell infiltration. These findings may inform therapeutic co-targeting strategies and raise consideration for a personalized treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Succaria
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie E Stein
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Engle
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tracee L McMiller
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Rooper
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thompson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan E Berger
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - John Haanen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne L Topalian
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janis M Taube
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Solinas C, Aiello M, Rozali E, Lambertini M, Willard-Gallo K, Migliori E. Programmed cell death-ligand 2: A neglected but important target in the immune response to cancer? Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100811. [PMID: 32622310 PMCID: PMC7332529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) is one of the two ligands of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor, an inhibitory protein mainly expressed on activated immune cells that is targeted in the clinic, with successful and remarkable results. The PD-1/PD-Ls axis was shown to be one of the most relevant immunosuppressive pathways in the immune microenvironment, and blocking this interaction gave rise to an impressive clinical benefit in a broad variety of solid and hematological malignancies. Although PD-L2 has been historically considered a minor ligand, it binds to PD-1 with a two- to six-fold higher affinity as compared to PD-L1. PD-L2 can be expressed by immune, stromal, or tumor cells. The aims of this narrative review are to summarize PD-L2 biology in the physiological responses of the immune system and its role, expression, and clinical significance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Solinas
- Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Regional Hospital of Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Marco Aiello
- Medical Oncology Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico San Marco, Catania, Italy
| | - Esdy Rozali
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matteo Lambertini
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino and University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Migliori
- Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Wuerdemann N, Gültekin SE, Pütz K, Wittekindt C, Huebbers CU, Sharma SJ, Eckel H, Schubotz AB, Gattenlöhner S, Büttner R, Speel EJ, Klussmann JP, Wagner S, Quaas A. PD-L1 Expression and a High Tumor Infiltrate of CD8+ Lymphocytes Predict Outcome in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cells Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155228. [PMID: 32718057 PMCID: PMC7432501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related (+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) differs from HPV-negative (–) OPSCC. HPV-related immune-escape-mechanism could be responsible for the development and progression of HPV+ tumors and an immunophenotype different from HPV– OPSCC is expected. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its prognostic relevance in relation to CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I expression in OPSCC. We quantified PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (TC) and macrophages and MHC I expression in association to CD8+ TILs by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray derived from 171 HPV+/-OPSCC. HPV-status was determined by p16INK4a immunohistochemistry/HPV-DNA detection. Presence of CD8+ TILs, PD-L1 expression on TC, and a more frequent loss of MHC I in HPV+ compared to HPV- OPSCC was detected. A high amount of CD8+ TILs in the whole cohort and in HPV+ OPSCC and PD-L1 expression on TC in HPV- OPSCC was associated with favorable overall survival. There was a trend for an improved outcome according to PD-L1 expression (macrophages) in HPV+ OPSCC without reaching statistical significance. CD8+ TILs and PD-L1-expression have prognostic impact in OPSCC and might present useful biomarkers for predicting clinical outcome and personalized therapy concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Wuerdemann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikstrasse 33, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.W.); (S.J.S.); (A.B.S.); (S.W.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.U.H.); (H.E.); (J.P.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Sibel E. Gültekin
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Biskek Caddesi, Emek, University of Gazi, Ankara 06510, Turkey;
| | - Katharina Pütz
- Institute of Pathology, Kerpener Strasse 62, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (K.P.); (R.B.); (A.Q.)
| | - Claus Wittekindt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikstrasse 33, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.W.); (S.J.S.); (A.B.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Christian U. Huebbers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.U.H.); (H.E.); (J.P.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Jean-Uhrmacher-Institute for Otorhinolaryngological Research, University of Cologne, Geibelstrasse 29-31, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shachi J. Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikstrasse 33, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.W.); (S.J.S.); (A.B.S.); (S.W.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.U.H.); (H.E.); (J.P.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Eckel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.U.H.); (H.E.); (J.P.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna B. Schubotz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikstrasse 33, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.W.); (S.J.S.); (A.B.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Stefan Gattenlöhner
- Institute of Pathology, Langhansstrasse 10, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, Kerpener Strasse 62, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (K.P.); (R.B.); (A.Q.)
| | - Ernst-Jan Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastrichtthe, The Netherlands;
| | - Jens P. Klussmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.U.H.); (H.E.); (J.P.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikstrasse 33, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.W.); (S.J.S.); (A.B.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, Kerpener Strasse 62, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (K.P.); (R.B.); (A.Q.)
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17
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The different role of PD-L1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: A meta-analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 216:152768. [PMID: 31837884 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-ligands 1 (PD-L1) is a promising immune target for tumor immunotherapy. We conducted this meta-analysis to investigate association between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Electronic databases were searched for eligible studies. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) were extracted to assess the relationship between PD-L1 expression and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients. Odds ratio (OR) with 95 %CI were applied to assess the association between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features. A total of 1729 patients were identified for this meta-analysis. PD-L1 expression was higher in female patients in HNSCC (OR = 0.58, 95 %CI:0.44-0.76). In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), female(OR = 0.56, 95 %CI: 0.41-0.77)and lower grade(OR = 0.48, 95 %CI: 0.24-0.93)were associated with the higher PD-L1 level. There was no significant association between OS and PD-L1 in OSCC patients (HR = 0.89, 95 %CI: 0.37-2.14). In oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), PD-L1 was overexpressed in younger patients (OR = 0.43, 95 %CI: 0.21-0.86), higher tumor grade (OR = 2.46, 95 %CI: 1.38-4.37)and positive HPV status (OR = 2.09, 95 %CI:1.42-3.07). No significant correlation was detected between PD-L1 expression and OS in OPSCC patients (HR = 0.78, 95 %CI: 0.57-1.06). However, the higher PD-L1 expression in tumor cells indicated a better DFS of OPSCC (HR = 0.34, 95 %CI: 0.18-0.67). This meta-analysis demonstrated that PD-L1 overexpression in HNSCC associated with female patients. However, no significant difference was observed in OS or DFS, except the DFS in OPSCC.
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Jin P, Liu J, Zhou Q, Li S, Liu W, Xi S. Long-term treatment with arsenite activates HER1 and HER2 through upregulating EGF, TGFα, and HSP90 in a human uroepithelial cell line. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 36:279-284. [PMID: 31773452 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihao Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijue Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Xu B, Jungbluth AA, Frosina D, Alzumaili B, Aleynick N, Slodkowska E, Higgins K, Ho A, Morris L, Ghossein R, Katabi N. The immune microenvironment and expression of PD-L1, PD-1, PRAME and MHC I in salivary duct carcinoma. Histopathology 2019; 75:672-682. [PMID: 31237963 DOI: 10.1111/his.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive salivary malignancy that results in high mortality rates and is often resistant to chemotherapy. Anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors have led to dramatic improvements in patients with various cancers. Other immunotherapeutic approaches, e.g. cancer vaccines, have shown promising results. Cancer testis antigens, e.g. preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), are regarded as promising vaccine targets because of their tumour-specific expression pattern. METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed the immunoexpression of PD-L1, PD-1, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) and PRAME in 53 SDCs. The immunoexpression levels of PD-L1 in tumour cells (TCs) and immune cells (ICs), PD-1 in ICs, PRAME in TCs and MHC I in TCs were analysed, and were correlated with outcome. PRAME expression was seen in 83% of SDCs. No PRAME staining was present in normal salivary gland tissue. With the three established diagnostic algorithms proposed for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, the criteria being a combined positive score of ≥1, TC% ≥1%, and TC% ≥25%, 35 (66%), 17 (32%) and three cases (6%), respectively, were deemed to be positive for PD-L1. PD-1-positive ICs were seen in 35 (66%) cases. MHC I down-regulation was seen in 82% of SDCs. There was a significant correlation among PD-L1 expression in ICs, PD-1 expression in ICs, and PRAME expression in TCs. PD-L1 expression in TCs and lack of PD-1 expression in ICs were associated with decreased disease-specific survival in SDC patients. CONCLUSIONS Alterations of the tumour immune microenvironment are common in SDCs, including expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and PRAME, which opens the way to potential novel immune therapies, such as cancer vaccination and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, in these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Achim A Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denise Frosina
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bayan Alzumaili
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel Aleynick
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elzbieta Slodkowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Higgins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Ho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luc Morris
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nora Katabi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Stepp WH, Farquhar D, Sheth S, Mazul A, Mamdani M, Hackman TG, Hayes DN, Zevallos JP. RNA Oncoimmune Phenotyping of HPV-Positive p16-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas by Nodal Status. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 144:967-975. [PMID: 29710215 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Clinical trials that deintensify treatment for patients with suspected human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) use p16 expression to identify HPV-mediated tumors and guide treatment. While p16 staining has a strong correlation with good outcomes, approximately 12% of p16-positive patients have recurrent disease. Biomarkers that reveal tumor-specific characteristics, such as nodal involvement, may change therapy decisions. Objective To assess whether if a tumor-specific genetic signature exists for node-negative vs node-positive HPV 16-positive/p16-positive OPSCCs. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective cohort study with randomized case selection for p16 OPSCCs undertaken at a university-based, tertiary care cancer center. Samples were collected from patients with p16-positive OPSCC. A total of 21 HPV 16/p16-positive tumors were used in this study. Main Outcomes and Measures Gene expression profiles of node-negative vs node-positive tumor samples were evaluated using a differential expression analysis approach and the sensitivity and specificity of a molecular signature was determined. Results Among the 21 patients in the study (3 women, 18 men; mean [SD] age, 54.6 [9.6] years), 6 had node-negative disease and 15 had node-positive disease. Using differential expression analysis, we found 146 genes that were significantly different in patients with node-negative disease vs those with node-positive disease, of which 15 genes were used to create a genetic signature that could distinguish node-negative-like from node-positive-like disease. The resultant molecular signature has a sensitivity of 88.2% (95% CI, 63.6%-98.5%) and specificity of 85.7% (95% CI, 42.1%-99.6%). The positive likelihood ratio of this signature was 6.1 (95% CI, 1.0-38.2) and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.1 (95% CI, 0.04-0.5). Given this population's prevalence of node-positive disease of 70.8%, the positive- and negative-predicative values for this gene signature were 93.7% (95% CI, 70.8%-98.9%) and 75.0% (95% CI, 44.1%-92.0%), respectively. In addition, we developed a gene signature using agnostic, machine learning software that identified a 40-gene profile that predicts node-negative disease from node-positive disease (area under the curve, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.63-1.00). Conclusions and Relevance Many HPV-16 and p16-positive tumors are treated as "lower-risk," but they do not have similar genetic compositions at the biological level. The identification of subgroups with unique expression patterns, such as those with nodal metastases, may guide physicians toward alternative or more aggressive therapies. In our study, unguided clustering suggested that that the larger biological characteristics of a tumor could be a better prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H Stepp
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Douglas Farquhar
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Siddharth Sheth
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Angela Mazul
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Public Health, Chapel Hill.,now at Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Mohammed Mamdani
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Trevor G Hackman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - D Neil Hayes
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill.,now at Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Jose P Zevallos
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Public Health, Chapel Hill.,now at Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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21
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Harris K, Gelberg HB, Kiupel M, Helfand SC. Immunohistochemical Features of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:826-839. [PMID: 31331247 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819859873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with invasive and metastatic behavior. It is poorly responsive to chemotherapy and radiation. Neoplastic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) portends highly malignant behavior and enhances resistance to therapy. In transitioning to a more malignant phenotype, carcinoma stem cells undergo transformation mediated by expression of proteins, endowing them with mesenchymal properties advantageous to cell survival. The goal of the current study was to identify proteins associated with EMT in FOSCC. This study documents protein expression patterns in 10 FOSCC biopsies and 3 FOSCC cell lines (SCCF1, SCCF2, SCCF3), compatible with an EMT phenotype. As markers of EMT, P-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, nuclear transcription factors Twist and Snail, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), programmed death ligand 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor D, as well as E-cadherin, were examined using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. P-cadherin, Twist, HIF-1α, and programmed death ligand 1 were commonly expressed in biopsies and cell lines. N-cadherin, classically associated with EMT, was not highly expressed, and E-cadherin was coexpressed along with proteins characteristic of EMT in all specimens. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor A by cell lines, a process regulated by HIF-1α expression, was suppressed by the small-molecule inhibitor dasatinib. These data are consistent with EMT in FOSCC and shed light on cellular changes that could contribute to the aggressive behavior of FOSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Harris
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Howard B Gelberg
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Stuart C Helfand
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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22
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Lenouvel D, González-Moles MÁ, Talbaoui A, Ramos-García P, González-Ruiz L, Ruiz-Ávila I, Gil-Montoya JA. An update of knowledge on PD-L1 in head and neck cancers: Physiologic, prognostic and therapeutic perspectives. Oral Dis 2019; 26:511-526. [PMID: 30866171 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a transmembrane protein that acts as a co-inhibitory factor in the immune response. Its receptor, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), is found on immune cells, where binding to PD-L1 can reduce the proliferation of PD-1-positive cells, inhibit their cytokine secretion and induce apoptosis. PD-L1 in immune-privileged tissue plays a crucial role in peripheral tolerance. PD-L1 can be overexpressed in various malignancies, including oral squamous cell carcinoma, where it can attenuate the host immune response to tumour cells and has been associated with a worse prognosis. Monoclonal antibody therapies targeting the PD-1:PD-L1 axis have shown initial promise, but further research is needed to identify which patients will benefit. We provide an update of knowledge on PD-L1, including its structure, function and regulation. We also review studies on the overexpression of PD-L1 in cancer, specifically oral squamous cell carcinoma, and explore its potential value as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | - Asmae Talbaoui
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Lucía González-Ruiz
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Ávila
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Antonio Gil-Montoya
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
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23
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Moratin J, Metzger K, Safaltin A, Herpel E, Hoffmann J, Freier K, Hess J, Horn D. Upregulation of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in neck node metastases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2019; 41:2484-2491. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Moratin
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Karl Metzger
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ayse Safaltin
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
- Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Kolja Freier
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Saarland University Hospital; Homburg Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Dominik Horn
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Saarland University Hospital; Homburg Germany
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24
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Jia YQ, Yang B, Wen LL, Mu WX, Wang Z, Cheng B. Prognostic value of immune checkpoint molecules in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:501-522. [PMID: 30668545 PMCID: PMC6366990 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules are important targets in cancer immunotherapy, but their association with prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer is controversial. In this meta-analysis, we searched for 12 immune checkpoint molecules in the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases and retrieved 52 studies with 7127 participants. Among the molecules included in the search, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and programmed death 1 (PD-1) met the inclusion criteria for further analysis. Higher expression of IDO was associated with poorer overall survival in head and neck cancer patients (P = 0.011), but higher expression of PD-L1 correlated with better overall survival specifically in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients (P = 0.01). In a sensitivity analysis, higher PD-L1 expression correlated with better progression-free survival (P = 0.043), and was associated with better overall survival in Caucasian subjects (P = 0.02), nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients (P = 0.015), and studies with small sample sizes (P = 0.001). PD-1 had no prognostic significance. There was no publication bias affecting the results. Thus, among the immune checkpoint molecules, IDO and PD-L1 are potential prognostic predictors in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Bo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Li-Ling Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Wen-Xin Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
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25
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Yang WF, Wong MCM, Thomson PJ, Li KY, Su YX. The prognostic role of PD-L1 expression for survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2018; 86:81-90. [PMID: 30409325 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint that is primarily located on the surface of tumor cells. PD-L1 expression detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays has been widely studied to predict survival outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) recently. We aimed to review comprehensively the prognostic role of PD-L1 expression for survival in HNSCC. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus to identify studies investigating the prognostic role of PD-L1 expression in HNSCC. All studies published before March 31, 2018 were screened. Included studies were assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. Data were extracted and overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS), disease-specific survival (DSS) were combined and presented as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the generic inverse-variance method. RESULTS Twenty-three studies with 3105 patients were analysed. The overall positive rate of PD-L1 in HNSCC was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.36-0.48). There was no significant difference between PD-L1-positive and -negative HNSCC patients in OS (HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.71-1.37; p = 0.93), DFS (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.68-1.70; p = 0.76), and DSS (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.63-1.29; p = 0.56). An improved PFS was observed in patients with positive PD-L1 expression (HR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.55-0.93; p = 0.01). In patients with low CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T cells, a poorer OS was detected in patients with positive PD-L1 expression (HR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.07-3.36; p = 0.03). Patients with HPV-positive HNSCC were associated with increased PD-L1 expression (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.50-2.64; p < 0.001). However, PD-L1 expression showed no significant benefit on OS in HPV-positive HNSCC (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.65-1.65; p = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 expression detected by IHC was not recommended to predict survival in HNSCC patients. However, the positive PD-L1 expression might predict better PFS in patients with advanced HNSCC. The combined effects of PD-L1 expression and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T cells should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Fa Yang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - May C M Wong
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Peter J Thomson
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kar-Yan Li
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yu-Xiong Su
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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26
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Lesinski GB, Nannapaneni S, Griffith CC, Patel M, Chen W, Chen Z, Ahmed R, Wieland A, Shin DM, Chen ZG, Saba NF. Interleukin-6/STAT3 Signaling is Prominent and Associated with Reduced Overall Survival in p16 Negative Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 13:304-312. [PMID: 30191505 PMCID: PMC6684688 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the hypothesis that IL-6/STAT3 signaling is of clinical relevance in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). We evaluated relationships between key components of this pathway in tumors from a unique cohort of n = 59 fully annotated, treatment-naïve patients with OPSCC. The multiplex Opal platform was utilized for immunofluorescence (IF) analysis of tissues to detect IL-6 and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), taking into consideration its nuclear versus cytoplasmic localization. Abundant staining for both IL-6 and pSTAT3 was evident in tumor-rich regions of each specimen. IL-6 correlated with cytoplasmic pSTAT3 but not nuclear or total pSTAT3 in this cohort of OPSCC tumors, regardless of p16 status (r = 0.682, p < 0.0001). There was a significant association between increased total pSTAT3, nuclear pSTAT3, cytoplasmic pSTAT3 and IL-6 in p16 negative tumors. Our data indicate STAT3 phosphorylation was a key feature in p16-negative OPSCC tumors. When IL-6 data was stratified by median expression in tumors, there was no association with overall survival. In contrast, both total and nuclear pSTAT3 were significant predictors of poor overall and disease free survival. This strong inverse relationship with overall survival was present in p16 negative tumors for both total and nuclear pSTAT3, but not in p16 positive OPSCC tumors. Together these data indicate that activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway is a marker of p16 negative tumors and relevant to OPSCC prognosis and a potential target for treatment of this more aggressive OPSCC sub-population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B. Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Sreenivas Nannapaneni
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | | | - Mihir Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Wanqi Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Dong M. Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Zhuo G. Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Nabil F. Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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