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Porrazzo A, Cassandri M, D'Alessandro A, Morciano P, Rota R, Marampon F, Cenci G. DNA repair in tumor radioresistance: insights from fruit flies genetics. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:717-732. [PMID: 38095764 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy (RT) is a key anti-cancer treatment that involves using ionizing radiation to kill tumor cells. However, this therapy can lead to short- and long-term adverse effects due to radiation exposure of surrounding normal tissue. The type of DNA damage inflicted by radiation therapy determines its effectiveness. High levels of genotoxic damage can lead to cell cycle arrest, senescence, and cell death, but many tumors can cope with this damage by activating protective mechanisms. Intrinsic and acquired radioresistance are major causes of tumor recurrence, and understanding these mechanisms is crucial for cancer therapy. The mechanisms behind radioresistance involve processes like hypoxia response, cell proliferation, DNA repair, apoptosis inhibition, and autophagy. CONCLUSION Here we briefly review the role of genetic and epigenetic factors involved in the modulation of DNA repair and DNA damage response that promote radioresistance. In addition, leveraging our recent results on the effects of low dose rate (LDR) of ionizing radiation on Drosophila melanogaster we discuss how this model organism can be instrumental in the identification of conserved factors involved in the tumor resistance to RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Porrazzo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea D'Alessandro
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Morciano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Degli Studi dell'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
- Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), INFN, Assergi, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cenci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Wang L, Wang X, Zhu X, Zhong L, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Tang Q, Li Q, Zhang C, Wang H, Zou D. Drug resistance in ovarian cancer: from mechanism to clinical trial. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:66. [PMID: 38539161 PMCID: PMC10976737 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related death. Drug resistance is the bottleneck in ovarian cancer treatment. The increasing use of novel drugs in clinical practice poses challenges for the treatment of drug-resistant ovarian cancer. Continuing to classify drug resistance according to drug type without understanding the underlying mechanisms is unsuitable for current clinical practice. We reviewed the literature regarding various drug resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer and found that the main resistance mechanisms are as follows: abnormalities in transmembrane transport, alterations in DNA damage repair, dysregulation of cancer-associated signaling pathways, and epigenetic modifications. DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNA activity, three key classes of epigenetic modifications, constitute pivotal mechanisms of drug resistance. One drug can have multiple resistance mechanisms. Moreover, common chemotherapies and targeted drugs may have cross (overlapping) resistance mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can interfere with and thus regulate the abovementioned pathways. A subclass of miRNAs, "epi-miRNAs", can modulate epigenetic regulators to impact therapeutic responses. Thus, we also reviewed the regulatory influence of miRNAs on resistance mechanisms. Moreover, we summarized recent phase I/II clinical trials of novel drugs for ovarian cancer based on the abovementioned resistance mechanisms. A multitude of new therapies are under evaluation, and the preliminary results are encouraging. This review provides new insight into the classification of drug resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer and may facilitate in the successful treatment of resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueping Zhu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingxiu Jiang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Tang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoling Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China.
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
| | - Dongling Zou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Specialized Medical Research Center of Ovarian Cancer, Chongqing, China.
- Organoid Transformational Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
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Wang SF, Chang YL, Liu TY, Huang KH, Fang WL, Li AFY, Yeh TS, Hung GY, Lee HC. Mitochondrial dysfunction decreases cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer cells through upregulation of integrated stress response and mitokine GDF15. FEBS J 2024; 291:1131-1150. [PMID: 37935441 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastric neoplasm is a high-mortality cancer worldwide. Chemoresistance is the obstacle against gastric cancer treatment. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed to promote malignant progression. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. The mitokine growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a significant biomarker for mitochondrial disorder and is activated by the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. The serum level of GDF15 was found to be correlated with the poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. In this study, we found that high GDF15 protein expression might increase disease recurrence in adjuvant chemotherapy-treated gastric cancer patients. Moreover, treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors, especially oligomycin (a complex V inhibitor) and salubrinal (an ISR activator), respectively, was found to upregulate GDF15 and enhance cisplatin insensitivity of human gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, it was found that the activating transcription factor 4-C/EBP homologous protein pathway has a crucial function in the heightened manifestation of GDF15. In addition, reactive oxygen species-activated general control nonderepressible 2 mediates the oligomycin-induced ISR, and upregulates GDF15. The GDF15-glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor a-like-ISR-cystine/glutamate transporter-enhanced glutathione production was found to be involved in cisplatin resistance. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction might enhance cisplatin insensitivity through GDF15 upregulation, and targeting mitokine GDF15-ISR regulation might be a strategy against cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hung Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Gastric Cancer Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Fang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Gastric Cancer Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Anna Fen-Yau Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shun Yeh
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Giun-Yi Hung
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Qiu J, Feng M, Yang G, Su D, Zhao F, Liu Y, Tao J, Luo W, Zhang T. PRKRA promotes pancreatic cancer progression by upregulating MMP1 transcription via the NF-κB pathway. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17194. [PMID: 37484321 PMCID: PMC10361375 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Pancreatic cancer (PC) is highly malignant, but the underlying mechanisms of cancer progression remain unclear. PRKRA is involved in cellular stress response, but its role in PC was unknown. Methods The expression of PRKRA between normal and tumor tissues were compared, and the prognostic value of PRKRA was evaluated. SiRNA and plasmids were applied to investigate the effects of PRKRA on PC cells. Organoids and cell lines with knockout and overexpression of PRKRA were established by CRISPR/Cas9 and lentivirus. The effects of PRKRA on PC were evaluated in vivo by cell-derived xenografts. The downstream genes of PRKRA were screened by transcriptome sequencing. The regulation of the target gene was validated by RT-qPCR, western blot, ChIP and dual luciferase reporter assay. Besides, the correlation between PRKRA and gemcitabine sensitivity was investigated by PC organoids. Results PRKRA was significantly overexpressed in PC tissues and independently associated with poor prognosis. PRKRA promoted the proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance of PC cells. The proliferation of PC organoids was decreased by PRKRA knockout. The growth and chemoresistance of xenografts were increased by PRKRA overexpression. Mechanistically, PRKRA upregulated the transcription of MMP1 via NF-κB pathway. ChIP and dual luciferase reporter assay showed that NF-κB subunit P65 could bind to the promoter of MMP1. The sensitivity of PC organoids to gemcitabine was negatively correlated with the expression of PRKRA and MMP1. Conclusions Our study indicated that the PRKRA/NF-κB/MMP1 axis promoted the progression of PC and may serve as a potential therapeutic target and prognosis marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangdong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mengyu Feng
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yueze Liu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jinxin Tao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wenhao Luo
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic Tumor, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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Tavakoli Pirzaman A, Ebrahimzadeh Pirshahid M, Babajani B, Rahmati A, Niknezhad S, Hosseinzadeh R, Taheri M, Ebrahimi-Zadeh F, Doostmohamadian S, Kazemi S. The Role of microRNAs in Regulating Cancer Cell Response to Oxaliplatin-Containing Regimens. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231206003. [PMID: 37849311 PMCID: PMC10586010 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231206003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; oxalate; platinum [2+]) is a third-generation chemotherapeutic drug with anticancer effects. Oxaliplatin has a role in the treatment of several cancers. It is one of the few drugs which can eliminate the neoplastic cells of colorectal cancer. Also, it has an influential role in breast cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and gastric cancer. Although oxaliplatin has many beneficial effects in cancer treatment, resistance to this drug is in the way to cure neoplastic cells and reduce treatment efficacy. microRNAs are a subtype of small noncoding RNAs with ∼22 nucleotides that exist among species. They have diverse roles in physiological processes, including cellular proliferation and cell death. Moreover, miRNAs have essential roles in resistance to cancer treatment and can strengthen sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and regimens. In colorectal cancer, the co-treatment of oxaliplatin with anti-miR-19a can partially reverse the oxaliplatin resistance through the upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Moreover, by preventing the spread of gastric cancer cells and downregulating glypican-3 (GPC3), MiR-4510 may modify immunosuppressive signals in the tumor microenvironment. Treatment with oxaliplatin may develop into a specialized therapeutic drug for patients with miR-4510 inhibition and glypican-3-expressing gastric cancer. Eventually, miR-122 upregulation or Wnt/β-catenin signaling suppression boosted the death of HCC cells and made them more sensitive to oxaliplatin. Herein, we have reviewed the role of microRNAs in regulating cancer cells' response to oxaliplatin, with particular attention to gastrointestinal cancers. We also discussed the role of these noncoding RNAs in the pathophysiology of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bahareh Babajani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Rahmati
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Shokat Niknezhad
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Rezvan Hosseinzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Taheri
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ebrahimi-Zadeh
- Student Research Committee, school of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Science, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Širvinskas D, Steponaitis G, Stakaitis R, Tamašauskas A, Vaitkienė P, Skiriutė D. Antisense lncRNA CHROMR is linked to glioma patient survival. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1101953. [PMID: 36950523 PMCID: PMC10025505 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Natural non-coding antisense transcripts (ncNATs) are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) transcribed from the opposite strand of a separate protein coding or non-coding gene. As such, ncNATs can increase overlapping mRNA (and the coded protein) levels by stabilizing mRNA, absorbing inhibitory miRNAs and protecting the mRNA from degradation, or conversely decrease mRNA (or protein) levels by directing the mRNA towards degradation or inhibiting protein translation. Recently, growing numbers of ncNATs were shown to be dysregulated in cancerous cells, however, actual impact of ncNATs on cancer progression remains largely unknown. We therefore investigated gene expression levels of natural antisense lncRNA CHROMR (Cholesterol Induced Regulator of Metabolism RNA) and its sense protein coding gene PRKRA (Protein Activator of Interferon Induced Protein Kinase EIF2AK2) in gliomas. Next, we checked CHROMR effect on the survival of glioma patients. Methods: We performed RNA-seq on post-surgical tumor samples from 26 glioma patients, and normal brain tissue. Gene expression in TPM values were extracted for CHROMR and PRKRA genes. These data were validated using the TCGA and GTEx gene expression databases. Results: The gene expression level of ncNAT lncRNA CHROMR in glioma tissue was significantly higher compared to healthy brain tissue, while the expression of its sense counterpart protein coding PRKRA mRNA did not differ between glioma and healthy samples. Survival analysis showed lower survival rates in patients with low mRNA PRKRA/lncRNA CHROMR gene expression ratio compared to high ratio showing a link between lncRNA CHROMR and glioma patient survival prognosis. Conclusion: Here we show that elevated levels of lncRNA CHROMR (i.e., low ratio of mRNA PRKRA/lncRNA CHROMR) is associated with poor prognosis for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovydas Širvinskas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Steponaitis
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurooncology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rytis Stakaitis
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurooncology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arimantas Tamašauskas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurooncology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulina Vaitkienė
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Paulina Vaitkienė,
| | - Daina Skiriutė
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurooncology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kurnit KC, Frumovitz M. Primary mucinous ovarian cancer: options for surgery and chemotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2022; 32:ijgc-2022-003806. [PMID: 36229081 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2022-003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mucinous ovarian cancer is a rare type of epithelial ovarian cancer. In this comprehensive review we discuss management recommendations for the treatment of mucinous ovarian cancer. Although most tumors are stage I at diagnosis, 15-20% are advanced stage at diagnosis. Traditionally, patients with primary mucinous ovarian cancer have been treated similarly to those with the more common serous ovarian cancer. However, recent studies have shown that mucinous ovarian cancer is very different from other types of epithelial ovarian cancer. Primary mucinous ovarian cancer is less likely to spread to lymph nodes or the upper abdomen and more likely to affect younger women, who may desire fertility-sparing therapies. Surgical management of mucinous ovarian cancer mirrors surgical management of other types of epithelial ovarian cancer and includes a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and total hysterectomy. When staging is indicated, it should include pelvic washing, omentectomy, and peritoneal biopsies; lymph node evaluation should be considered in patients with infiltrative tumors. The appendix should be routinely evaluated intra-operatively, but an appendectomy may be omitted if the appendix appears grossly normal. Fertility preservation can be considered in patients with gross disease confined to one ovary and a normal-appearing contralateral ovary. Patients with recurrent platinum-sensitive disease whose disease distribution suggests a high likelihood of complete gross resection may be candidates for secondary debulking. Primary mucinous ovarian cancer seems to be resistant to standard platinum-and-taxane regimens used frequently for other types of ovarian cancer. Gastrointestinal cancer regimens are another option; these include 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, or capecitabine and oxaliplatin. Data on heated intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for mucinous ovarian cancer are scarce, but HIPEC may be worth considering. For patients with recurrence or progression on first-line chemotherapy, we advocate enrollment in a clinical trial if one is available. For this reason, it may be beneficial to perform molecular testing in all patients with recurrent or progressive mucinous ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Kurnit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Frumovitz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Wei L, Wang W, Yao J, Cui Z, Xu Z, Ding H, Wu X, Wang D, Luo J, Ke ZJ. PACT promotes the metastasis of basal-like breast cancer through Rac1 SUMOylation and activation. Oncogene 2022; 41:4282-4294. [PMID: 35974143 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) are triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), which is associated with high malignancy, high rate of recurrence and distant metastasis, and poor prognosis among all types of breast cancer. However, there are currently no effective therapies for BLBC. Furthermore, chemoresistance limits the therapeutic options for BLBC treatment. In this study, we screen out protein activator of the interferon-induced protein kinase (PACT) as an essential gene in BLBC metastasis. We find that high PACT expression level was associated with poor prognosis among BLBC patients. In vivo and in vitro investigations indicated that PACT could regulate BLBC metastasis by interacting with SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 to stimulate the SUMOylation and thus consequently the activation of Rac1. BLBC patients receiving chemotherapy presents poorer prognosis with PACT high expression, and PACT disruption sensitizes experimental mammary tumor metastases to chemotherapy, thus providing insights to consider PACT as a potential therapeutic target to overcome acquired chemoresistance in BLBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wei
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Wantao Wang
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Junxia Yao
- Department of Pathology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Gongyuan Road, Shanghai, 201700, PR China
| | - Zhengyu Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, PR China
| | - Zihang Xu
- Department of Internal Classic of Medicine, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hanqing Ding
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Deheng Wang
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Zun-Ji Ke
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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9
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Hu YM, Ran R, Yang C, Liu SM. The diagnostic and prognostic implications of PRKRA expression in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:34. [PMID: 35729579 PMCID: PMC9211784 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than half of total HCC patients in developing countries. Currently, HBV-related HCC diagnosis and prognosis still lack specific biomarkers. Here, we investigated if PRKRA expression in peripheral blood could be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis/prognosis of HBV-related HCC. Methods The expression of PRKRA in HBV-related HCC was firstly analyzed using TCGA and GEO databases. The results were confirmed in a validation cohort including 152 blood samples from 77 healthy controls and 75 HCC patients, 60 of which were infected with HBV. The potential diagnostic and prognostic values of PRKRA were also evaluated by the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) and Kaplan–Meier method, respectively. Results PRKRA was significantly upregulated in HCC patients, especially in those with HBV infections. In addition, the combination of PRKRA expression in peripheral blood with serum AFP and CEA levels displayed a better diagnostic performance (AUROC = 0.908, 95% CI 0.844–0.972; p < 0.001). Notably, when serum AFP is less than 200 ng/mL, PRKRA expression demonstrated better diagnostic capability. Furthermore, PRKRA expression levels were associated with expression of EIF2AK2 and inflammatory cytokine genes. Conclusions Triple combination testing of blood PRKRA expression, serum AFP and CEA levels could be a noninvasive strategy for diagnosis; and the elevation of PRKRA expression could predicate poor prognosis for HBV-related HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13027-022-00430-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Ruoxi Ran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Program of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Chaoqi Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Program of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Song-Mei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Program of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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10
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Dong Y, Jiang X, Chen F, Wang D, Zhang Z. Inhibiting the aberrant PACT-p53 axis activation ameliorates spinal cord ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108745. [PMID: 35421805 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord ischaemia-reperfusion injury (SCII) induces multiple molecular and cellular changes, resulting in dyskinesia. Recently, it is reported that the p53 network plays a vital role in SCII. However, the roles of the PACT/PRKRA (interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A)-p53 axis in SCII are still unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the roles of the PACT-p53 axis in SCII. A Sprague-Dawley rat model of SCII was established by subjecting rats to a 14-min occlusion of the aortic arch. The Tarlov criteria, Western blotting, double immunofluorescence staining, haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay were performed after SCII. Here, spinal cord ischaemia-reperfusion (SCI) caused hindlimb motor functional deficits as assessed by the Tarlov criteria. The protein expression of PACT was substantially upregulated at 48 h after SCII. Increased PACT fluorescence was mainly localized to neurons. Si-PACT pretreatment improved hindlimb motor function, ameliorated histological changes, and attenuated cell apoptosis after SCII. Si-PACT pretreatment reduced the protein expression of PACT, p53, Caspase-8 and IL-1β and the number of double-labelled PACT and p53. Taken together, inhibiting the aberrant PACT-p53 axis activation by si-PACT pretreatment ameliorates SCI-induced neuroapoptosis and neuroinflammation in rats. Silencing PACT expression is promising new therapeutic strategy for SCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjingbei Street 155#, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjingbei Street 155#, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjingbei Street 155#, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjingbei Street 155#, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zaili Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjingbei Street 155#, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China.
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11
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Experimental models for ovarian cancer research. Exp Cell Res 2022; 416:113150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Bagaria J, Kim KO, Bagyinszky E, An SSA, Baek JH. Discriminating Potential Genetic Markers for Complete Response and Non-Complete Response Patients to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074008. [PMID: 35409691 PMCID: PMC8997875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) prior to surgery is considered standard therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Unfortunately, most patients with rectal cancer are resistant to radiotherapy. This might be a genetic cause. The role of certain rectal cancer-causing genes has not been completely elucidated. This study aims to investigate the genes responsible for locally advanced rectal cancer patients not reacting to radiotherapy. Methods: Whole exome sequencing of the DNA samples was performed on the samples. Bioinformatic analysis on the subjects was established. Individual genetic information was screened to identify differently expressed genes that more frequently appeared in non-complete response (NCR) compared to complete response (CR) patients after nCRT. All variations were verified by Sanger sequencing. Results: Genotyping information and pathway analyses of the samples indicated genes such as FLCN, CALML5, and ANTXR1 to be commonly mutated in CR group, whereas genes such as GALNTL14, CNKSR1, ACD, and CUL3 were more commonly mutated in the NCR group. Chi-square test revealed some significant variants (<0.05) such as rs3744124 (FLCN), rs28365986 (ANTXR1), rs10904516 (CALML5), rs3738952 (CUL3), rs13394 and rs2293013 (PIH1D1), rs2274531 (GPA33), rs4963048 (BRSK2), rs17883366 (IL3RA), rs2297575 (PSMD5), rs2288101 (GALNT14), and rs11954652 (DCTN4). Conclusion: Identifying an array of genes that separate NCRs from CRs would lead to finding genetic biomarkers for early detection of rectal cancer patients that are resistant to nCRT. A further investigation to validate the significance of genetic biomarkers to segregate NCRs from CRs should be performed with a larger CRC dataset. Protein expression levels, as well as transcriptomic analysis, would also help us understand the mechanism of how these genes could play a role in preventing radiation therapy to patients. This would be essential to prevent redundant radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Bagaria
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea; (J.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Kyung-Ok Kim
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea; (J.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea; (J.B.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.A.); (J.-H.B.); Tel.: +82-10-4344-9633 (S.S.A.A.); +82-10-5248-6656 (J.-H.B.)
| | - Jeong-Heum Baek
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.A.); (J.-H.B.); Tel.: +82-10-4344-9633 (S.S.A.A.); +82-10-5248-6656 (J.-H.B.)
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13
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Wang F, Zhu L, Xue Q, Tang C, Tang W, Zhang N, Dai C, Chen Z. Novel lncRNA AL033381.2 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Upregulating PRKRA Expression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1125932. [PMID: 35035655 PMCID: PMC8759831 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1125932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor that is characterized by aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis, whereas the potential mechanism between oxidative stress and carcinogenic effects remains elusive. In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancers have attracted extensive attention and have been shown to be involved in oxidative stress response and carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, the roles of lncRNA AL033381.2 in regulating the development and progression of HCC still remain unclear. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the potential effects and molecular mechanisms of AL033381.2 that may be involved in oxidative stress response in HCC. Using bioinformatics analyses based on the TCGA database, we screened and identified a novel lncRNA AL033381.2 in HCC, which may be involved in oxidative stress responses. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that AL033381.2 is upregulated in HCC tissues. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we found that AL033381.2 dramatically facilitates the growth and metastasis of HCC. Mechanistically, RNA pull-down experiments, mass spectrometry, PathArray™, and RIP were used to determine that AL033381.2 binds to PRKRA and may be involved in AL033381.2-mediated oncogenic functions in HCC cells. Moreover, rescue experiments demonstrated that PRKRA overexpression rescues the abilities of HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion that were affected by AL033381.2 knockdown. Furthermore, we produced a nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery system and tested its therapeutic effects in vivo. The results showed that the in vivo growth rate of the tumors treated with the nanoparticle/AL033381.2 siRNA complexes was dramatically lower than those treated with the nanoparticle/scramble siRNA complexes. Taken together, our results suggest that the novel lncRNA AL033381.2 may be involved in oxidative stress response by targeting oxidative stress-related genes in HCC. AL033381.2 plays vital oncogenic roles in HCC progression and may be a novel therapeutic marker for HCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Wang
- Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Lirong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Chong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Weidong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Chen Dai
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
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14
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Lan H, Yuan J, Zeng D, Liu C, Guo X, Yong J, Zeng X, Xiao S. The Emerging Role of Non-coding RNAs in Drug Resistance of Ovarian Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:693259. [PMID: 34512721 PMCID: PMC8430835 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.693259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies with highest mortality rate among all gynecological malignant tumors. Advanced ovarian cancer patients can obtain a survival benefit from chemotherapy, including platinum drugs and paclitaxel. In more recent years, the administration of poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor to patients with BRCA mutations has significantly improved the progression-free survival of ovarian cancer patients. Nevertheless, primary drug resistance or the acquisition of drug resistance eventually leads to treatment failure and poor outcomes for ovarian cancer patients. The mechanism underlying drug resistance in ovarian cancer is complex and has not been fully elucidated. Interestingly, different non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs, play a critical role in the development of ovarian cancer. Accumulating evidence has indicated that ncRNAs have important regulatory roles in ovarian cancer resistance to chemotherapy reagents and targeted therapy drugs. In this review, we systematically highlight the emerging roles and the regulatory mechanisms by which ncRNAs affect ovarian cancer chemoresistance. Additionally, we suggest that ncRNAs can be considered as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as novel therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Da Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahui Yong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyang Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Gao C, Jin G, Forbes E, Mangala LS, Wang Y, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Amero P, Bayraktar E, Yan Y, Lopez-Berestein G, Broaddus RR, Sood AK, Xue F, Zhang W. Inactivating Mutations of the IK Gene Weaken Ku80/Ku70-Mediated DNA Repair and Sensitize Endometrial Cancer to Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2487. [PMID: 34065218 PMCID: PMC8160817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IK is a mitotic factor that promotes cell cycle progression. Our previous investigation of 271 endometrial cancer (EC) samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset showed IK somatic mutations were enriched in a cluster of patients with high-grade and high-stage cancers, and this group had longer survival. This study provides insight into how IK somatic mutations contribute to EC pathophysiology. We analyzed the somatic mutational landscape of IK gene in 547 EC patients using expanded TCGA dataset. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were used to identify protein interactions. In vitro and in vivo experiments were used to evaluate IK's role in EC. The patients with IK-inactivating mutations had longer survival during 10-year follow-up. Frameshift and stop-gain were common mutations and were associated with decreased IK expression. IK knockdown led to enrichment of G2/M phase cells, inactivation of DNA repair signaling mediated by heterodimerization of Ku80 and Ku70, and sensitization of EC cells to cisplatin treatment. IK/Ku80 mutations were accompanied by higher mutation rates and associated with significantly better overall survival. Inactivating mutations of IK gene and loss of IK protein expression were associated with weakened Ku80/Ku70-mediated DNA repair, increased mutation burden, and better response to chemotherapy in patients with EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (C.G.); (G.J.); (E.F.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guangxu Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (C.G.); (G.J.); (E.F.)
| | - Elizabeth Forbes
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (C.G.); (G.J.); (E.F.)
| | - Lingegowda S. Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.S.M.); (E.B.); (A.K.S.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Paola Amero
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Emine Bayraktar
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.S.M.); (E.B.); (A.K.S.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
| | - Ye Yan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Russell R. Broaddus
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.S.M.); (E.B.); (A.K.S.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (C.G.); (G.J.); (E.F.)
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16
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Galka-Marciniak P, Urbanek-Trzeciak M, Nawrocka P, Kozlowski P. A pan-cancer atlas of somatic mutations in miRNA biogenesis genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:601-620. [PMID: 33406242 PMCID: PMC7826265 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a well-known and intensively studied phenomenon that the levels of many miRNAs are differentiated in cancer. miRNA biogenesis and functional expression are complex processes orchestrated by many proteins cumulatively called miRNA biogenesis proteins. To characterize cancer somatic mutations in the miRNA biogenesis genes and investigate their potential impact on the levels of miRNAs, we analyzed whole-exome sequencing datasets of over 10 000 cancer/normal sample pairs deposited within the TCGA repository. We identified and characterized over 3600 somatic mutations in 29 miRNA biogenesis genes and showed that some of the genes are overmutated in specific cancers and/or have recurrent hotspot mutations (e.g. SMAD4 in PAAD, COAD and READ; DICER1 in UCEC; PRKRA in OV and LIN28B in SKCM). We identified a list of miRNAs whose level is affected by particular types of mutations in either SMAD4, SMAD2 or DICER1 and showed that hotspot mutations in the RNase domains in DICER1 not only decrease the level of 5p-miRNAs but also increase the level of 3p-miRNAs, including many well-known cancer-related miRNAs. We also showed an association of the mutations with patient survival. Eventually, we created an atlas/compendium of miRNA biogenesis alterations providing a useful resource for different aspects of biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Piotr Kozlowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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17
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Yuan XW, Yan TQ, Tong H. Effect of miR-515-5p on Proliferation and Drug Sensitivity of Retinoblastoma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:12087-12098. [PMID: 33262657 PMCID: PMC7700094 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s271165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common malignancy in children eyes. Aberrant microRNA (miR) expression is observed in many cancer cases. miR-515-5p is reported to be concerned with the course of many cancers. This study explores the role of miR-515-5p in proliferation and drug sensitivity of RB cells. Methods Human RB cell lines (WERI-RB1, SO-RB50 and Y79) and human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 were utilized in this study. Drug-resistant cells SO-RB50/VCR and SO-RB50/CBP were constructed for the following experiments. The expressions of miR-515-5p and Notch1 in RB cells were detected. Notch1 was significantly upregulated in RB cells while miR-515-5p was notably downregulated. Then, the binding relationship between miR-515-5p and Notch1 was predicted and verified. Results miR-515-5p negatively regulated Notch1 expression. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that overexpressed miR-515-5p inhibited RB cell proliferation and enhanced drug sensitivity. Functional rescue experiment suggested that miR-515-5p regulated RB cell proliferation and drug sensitivity via inhibiting Notch1 expression. Conclusion It could be concluded that overexpressed miR-515-5p suppressed proliferation and drug resistance of RB cells by targeting Notch1 expression, indicating that miR-515-5p might constitute a promising therapy target for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wen Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan People's Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province 271199, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Qin Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan People's Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province 271199, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laoshan Branch of the Affifiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, People's Republic of China
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18
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Guo C, Song C, Zhang J, Gao Y, Qi Y, Zhao Z, Yuan C. Revisiting chemoresistance in ovarian cancer: Mechanism, biomarkers, and precision medicine. Genes Dis 2020; 9:668-681. [PMID: 35782973 PMCID: PMC9243319 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the gynecological cancers, ovarian cancer is the most lethal. Its therapeutic options include a combination of chemotherapy with platinum-based compounds and cytoreductive surgery. Most ovarian cancer patients exhibit an initial response to platinum-based therapy, however, platinum resistance has led to up to 80% of this responsive cohort becoming refractory. Ovarian cancer recurrence and drug resistance to current chemotherapeutic options is a global challenge. Chemo-resistance is a complex phenomenon that involves multiple genes and signal transduction pathways. Therefore, it is important to elucidate on the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in chemo-resistance. This inform decisions regarding therapeutic management and help in the identification of novel and effective drug targets. Studies have documented the individual biomarkers of platinum-resistance in ovarian cancer that are potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of platinum resistance in ovarian cancer, novel drug targets, and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Guo
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Chaoying Song
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Yisong Gao
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Yuying Qi
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Zongyao Zhao
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
- Corresponding author. College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China.
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19
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Ricci F, Guffanti F, Affatato R, Brunelli L, Roberta P, Fruscio R, Perego P, Bani MR, Chiorino G, Rinaldi A, Bertoni F, Fratelli M, Damia G. Establishment of patient-derived tumor xenograft models of mucinous ovarian cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:572-580. [PMID: 32195028 PMCID: PMC7061742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucinous ovarian carcinoma (mEOC) represents a rare subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer, accounting for 3-4% of all ovarian carcinomas. The rarity of this tumor type renders both the preclinical and clinical research compelling. Very few preclinical in vitro and in vivo models exist. We here report the molecular, metabolic and pharmacological characterization of two patient derived xenografts (PDXs) from mEOC, recently obtained in our laboratory. These PDXs maintain the histological and molecular characteristics of the patient's tumors they derived from, including a wild type TP53. Gene expression analysis and metabolomics profile suggest that they differ from high grade serous/endometrioid ovarian carcinoma PDXs. The pharmacological characterization was undertaken testing the in vivo antitumor activity of both cytotoxic agents (cisplatin, paclitaxel, yondelis, oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracile) and targeted agents (bevacizumab and lapatinib). These newly established mucinous PDXs do recapitulate mEOC and will be of value in the preclinical development of possible new therapeutic strategies for this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ricci
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilan 20156, Italy
| | - Federica Guffanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilan 20156, Italy
| | - Roberta Affatato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilan 20156, Italy
| | - Laura Brunelli
- Protein and Gene Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilan 20156, Italy
| | - Pastorelli Roberta
- Protein and Gene Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilan 20156, Italy
| | - Robert Fruscio
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milan BicoccaMonza 20900, Italy
| | - Patrizia Perego
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Gerardo HospitalMonza 20900, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Bani
- Laboratory of Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastasis, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilan 20156, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo and Elvo TempiaBiella, Italy
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italianaBellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italianaBellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Maddalena Fratelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilan 20156, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilan 20156, Italy
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20
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Nasioudis D, Haggerty AF, Giuntoli RL, Burger RA, Morgan MA, Ko EM, Latif NA. Adjuvant chemotherapy is not associated with a survival benefit for patients with early stage mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 154:302-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Xu K, Zhan Y, Yuan Z, Qiu Y, Wang H, Fan G, Wang J, Li W, Cao Y, Shen X, Zhang J, Liang X, Yin P. Hypoxia Induces Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer through the HIF-1α/miR-338-5p/IL-6 Feedback Loop. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1810-1824. [PMID: 31208913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is associated with poor prognosis and therapeutic resistance in cancer patients. Accumulating evidence has shown that microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in the acquired drug resistance in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). However, the role of miRNA in hypoxia-induced CRC drug resistance remains to be elucidated. Here, we identified a hypoxia-triggered feedback loop that involves hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α)-mediated repression of miR-338-5p and confers drug resistance in CRC. In this study, the unbiased miRNA array screening revealed that miR-338-5p is downregulated in both hypoxic CRC cell lines tested. Repression of miR-338-5p was required for hypoxia-induced CRC drug resistance. Furthermore, we identified interleukin-6 (IL-6), which mediates STAT3/Bcl2 activation under hypoxic conditions, as a direct miR-338-5p target. The resulting HIF-1α/miR-338-5p/IL-6 feedback loop was necessary for drug resistance in colon cancer cell lines. Using CRC patient samples, we found miR-338-5p has a negative correlation with HIF-1α and IL-6. Finally, in a xenograft model, overexpressing miR-338-5p in CRC cells and HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 were able to enhance the sensitivity of CRC to oxaliplatin (OXA) via suppressing the HIF-1α/miR-338-5p/IL-6 feedback loop in vivo. Taken together, our results uncovered an HIF-1α/miR-338-5p/IL-6 feedback circuit that is critical in hypoxia-mediated drug resistance in CRC; targeting each member of this feedback loop could potentially reverse hypoxia-induced drug resistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yueping Zhan
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zeting Yuan
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yanyan Qiu
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Haijing Wang
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Guohua Fan
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yijun Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xian Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Peihao Yin
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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