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Dhanjee HH, Buslov I, Windsor IW, Raines RT, Pentelute BL, Buchwald SL. Palladium-Protein Oxidative Addition Complexes by Amine-Selective Acylation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21237-21242. [PMID: 33319995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Palladium oxidative addition complexes (OACs) are traditionally accessed by treating an aryl halide-containing substrate with a palladium(0) source. Here, a new strategy to selectively prepare stable OACs from amino groups on native proteins is presented. The approach relies on an amine-selective acylation reaction that occurs without modification of a preformed palladium(II)-aryl group. Once transferred onto a protein substrate, the palladium(II)-aryl group facilitates conjugation by undergoing reaction with a second, cysteine-containing protein. This operationally simple method is applicable to native, nonengineered enzymes as well as antibodies and is carried out in an aqueous setting and open to air. The resulting Pd-protein OACs are stable, storable reagents that retain biological activity and can be used to achieve protein-protein cross-coupling at nanomolar concentrations within hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heemal H Dhanjee
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ivan Buslov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ian W Windsor
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Hansen E, Read AF. Modifying Adaptive Therapy to Enhance Competitive Suppression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3556. [PMID: 33260773 PMCID: PMC7761372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive therapy is a promising new approach to cancer treatment. It is designed to leverage competition between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells in order to suppress resistance and maintain tumor control for longer. Prompted by encouraging results from a recent pilot clinical trial, we evaluate the design of this initial test of adaptive therapy and identify three simple modifications that should improve performance. These modifications are designed to increase competition and are easy to implement. Using the mathematical model that supported the recent adaptive therapy trial, we show that the suggested modifications further delay time to tumor progression and also increase the range of patients who can benefit from adaptive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Hansen
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew F. Read
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Levitskiy OA, Dulov DA, Bogdanov AV, Grishin YK, Nefedov SE, Magdesieva TV. Chameleonic Behavior of the α-Methylcyclopropyl Group and Its Through-Space Interactions: A Route to Stabilized Three Redox States in Diarylnitroxides. Chemistry 2020; 26:6793-6804. [PMID: 32065686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The α-methylcyclopropyl (MCP) group with conformationally dependent electronic properties is suggested as an additional structural "instrument" for stabilization of both open-shell and ionic states of diarylnitroxides, to be used as "ambipolar" redox active materials. New MCP-substituted diphenylnitroxides (fully characterized by electrochemical, spectral, and X-ray data) are the most stable nitroxides of the diaryl type known to date [τ1/2 in benzene exceeds three months (2310 h)]. The radicals are capable to reversible oxidation and reduction, yielding stable oxoammonium cations and aminoxyl anions. DFT investigation of the electronic structure and geometry of the compounds confirmed the conformational switching of the cyclopropyl orientation relative to the adjacent aromatic π system is dependent on the nitroxide's redox state. Additional through-space stabilizing interaction between the π-acceptor orbital of the NO+ moiety and the cyclopropyl "banana" bond orbital was also detected, highlighting its good hyperconjugative ability. The estimated σ(para)MCP value (-0.32) confirms its strong electron-donating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Levitskiy
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A Dulov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Bogdanov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yury K Grishin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey E Nefedov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 31, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Magdesieva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Mironova N, Vlassov V. Surveillance of Tumour Development: The Relationship Between Tumour-Associated RNAs and Ribonucleases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1019. [PMID: 31572192 PMCID: PMC6753386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour progression is accompanied by rapid cell proliferation, loss of differentiation, the reprogramming of energy metabolism, loss of adhesion, escape of immune surveillance, induction of angiogenesis, and metastasis. Both coding and regulatory RNAs expressed by tumour cells and circulating in the blood are involved in all stages of tumour progression. Among the important tumour-associated RNAs are intracellular coding RNAs that determine the routes of metabolic pathways, cell cycle control, angiogenesis, adhesion, apoptosis and pathways responsible for transformation, and intracellular and extracellular non-coding RNAs involved in regulation of the expression of their proto-oncogenic and oncosuppressing mRNAs. Considering the diversity/variability of biological functions of RNAs, it becomes evident that extracellular RNAs represent important regulators of cell-to-cell communication and intracellular cascades that maintain cell proliferation and differentiation. In connection with the elucidation of such an important role for RNA, a surge in interest in RNA-degrading enzymes has increased. Natural ribonucleases (RNases) participate in various cellular processes including miRNA biogenesis, RNA decay and degradation that has determined their principal role in the sustention of RNA homeostasis in cells. Findings were obtained on the contribution of some endogenous ribonucleases in the maintenance of normal cell RNA homeostasis, which thus prevents cell transformation. These findings directed attention to exogenous ribonucleases as tools to compensate for the malfunction of endogenous ones. Recently a number of proteins with ribonuclease activity were discovered whose intracellular function remains unknown. Thus, the comprehensive investigation of physiological roles of RNases is still required. In this review we focused on the control mechanisms of cell transformation by endogenous ribonucleases, and the possibility of replacing malfunctioning enzymes with exogenous ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Garnett ER, Lomax JE, Mohammed BM, Gailani D, Sheehan JP, Raines RT. Phenotype of ribonuclease 1 deficiency in mice. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 25:921-934. [PMID: 31053653 PMCID: PMC6633200 DOI: 10.1261/rna.070433.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological roles for extracellular RNA (eRNA) have become apparent. For example, eRNA can induce contact activation in blood via activation of the plasma proteases factor XII (FXII) and factor XI (FXI). We sought to reveal the biological role of the secretory enzyme ribonuclease 1 (RNase 1) in an organismal context by generating and analyzing RNase 1 knockout (Rnase1-/-) mice. We found that these mice are viable, healthy, and fertile, though larger than Rnase1+/+ mice. Rnase1-/- plasma contains more RNA than does the plasma of Rnase1+/+ mice. Moreover, the plasma of Rnase1-/- mice clots more rapidly than does wild-type plasma. This phenotype appeared to be due to increased levels of the active form of FXII (FXIIa) in the plasma of Rnase1-/- mice compared to Rnase1+/+ mice, and is consistent with the known effects of eRNA on FXII activation. The apparent activity of FXI in the plasma of Rnase1-/- mice was 1000-fold higher when measured in an assay triggered by a low concentration of tissue factor than in assays based on recalcification, consistent with eRNA enhancing FXI activation by thrombin. These findings suggest that one of the physiological functions of RNase 1 is to degrade eRNA in blood plasma. Loss of this function facilitates FXII and FXI activation, which could have effects on inflammation and blood coagulation. We anticipate that Rnase1-/- mice will be a useful tool for evaluating other hypotheses about the functions of RNase 1 and of eRNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Garnett
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jo E Lomax
- Graduate Program Molecular and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Bassem M Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - John P Sheehan
- Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Ressler VT, Mix KA, Raines RT. Esterification Delivers a Functional Enzyme into a Human Cell. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:599-602. [PMID: 30830748 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A major hurdle in chemical biology is the delivery of native proteins into the cytosol of mammalian cells. Herein, we report that esterification of the carboxyl groups of an enzyme with a diazo compound enables not only its passage into the cytosol but also the retention of its catalytic activity there. This scenario is demonstrated with human ribonuclease 1, which manifests ribonucleolytic activity that can be cytotoxic. After internalization, the nascent esters are hydrolyzed in situ by endogenous esterases, making the process traceless. This strategy provides unprecedented opportunities for the delivery of functional enzymes into human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie T. Ressler
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kalie A. Mix
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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