1
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Sasatani M, Xi Y, Daino K, Ishikawa A, Masuda Y, Kajimura J, Piao J, Zaharieva EK, Honda H, Zhou G, Hamasaki K, Kusunoki Y, Shimura T, Kakinuma S, Shimada Y, Doi K, Ishikawa‐Fujiwara T, Sotomaru Y, Kamiya K. Rev1 overexpression accelerates N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced thymic lymphoma by increasing mutagenesis. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1808-1819. [PMID: 38572512 PMCID: PMC11145157 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rev1 has two important functions in the translesion synthesis pathway, including dCMP transferase activity, and acts as a scaffolding protein for other polymerases involved in translesion synthesis. However, the role of Rev1 in mutagenesis and tumorigenesis in vivo remains unclear. We previously generated Rev1-overexpressing (Rev1-Tg) mice and reported that they exhibited a significantly increased incidence of intestinal adenoma and thymic lymphoma (TL) after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment. In this study, we investigated mutagenesis of MNU-induced TL tumorigenesis in wild-type (WT) and Rev1-Tg mice using diverse approaches, including whole-exome sequencing (WES). In Rev1-Tg TLs, the mutation frequency was higher than that in WT TL in most cases. However, no difference in the number of nonsynonymous mutations in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) genes was observed, and mutations involved in Notch1 and MAPK signaling were similarly detected in both TLs. Mutational signature analysis of WT and Rev1-Tg TLs revealed cosine similarity with COSMIC mutational SBS5 (aging-related) and SBS11 (alkylation-related). Interestingly, the total number of mutations, but not the genotypes of WT and Rev1-Tg, was positively correlated with the relative contribution of SBS5 in individual TLs, suggesting that genetic instability could be accelerated in Rev1-Tg TLs. Finally, we demonstrated that preleukemic cells could be detected earlier in Rev1-Tg mice than in WT mice, following MNU treatment. In conclusion, Rev1 overexpression accelerates mutagenesis and increases the incidence of MNU-induced TL by shortening the latency period, which may be associated with more frequent DNA damage-induced genetic instability.
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Grants
- Network-Type Joint Usage/Research Center for Radiation Disaster Medical Science at Hiroshima University, Nagasaki University, and Fukushima Medical University
- NIFS10KOBS015 National Institute for Fusion Science Collaborative Research Program
- NIFS13KOBA028 National Institute for Fusion Science Collaborative Research Program
- NIFS20KOCA004 National Institute for Fusion Science Collaborative Research Program
- Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment (Specific Correspondence Type), a support project for the Development of Human Resources in Science and Technology conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 20710043 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS KAKENHI
- 22310037 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS KAKENHI
- 22710055 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS KAKENHI
- JPMX08S08080294 Nuclear Energy S&T and Human Resource Development Project
- Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment (Specific Correspondence Type), a support project for the Development of Human Resources in Science and Technology conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS KAKENHI
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Yang Xi
- Department of Experimental OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science CenterNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchInstitute for Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Atsuko Ishikawa
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchInstitute for Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Yuji Masuda
- Department of Experimental OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
- Department of Genome DynamicsResearch Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Department of Molecular Pharmaco‐BiologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Junko Kajimura
- Department of Experimental OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
- Biosample Research Center, Radiation Effects Research FoundationHiroshimaJapan
| | - Jinlian Piao
- Department of Experimental OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
- Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Elena Karamfilova Zaharieva
- Department of Experimental OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Guanyu Zhou
- Department of Experimental OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Kanya Hamasaki
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesRadiation Effects Research FoundationHiroshimaJapan
| | - Yoichiro Kusunoki
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesRadiation Effects Research FoundationHiroshimaJapan
| | - Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Environmental HealthNational Institute of Public HealthSaitamaJapan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects ResearchInstitute for Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | | | - Kazutaka Doi
- Department of Radiation Regulatory Science ResearchInstitute for Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | | | - Yusuke Sotomaru
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and DevelopmentHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental OncologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
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Abstract
High-fidelity DNA replication is critical for the faithful transmission of genetic information to daughter cells. Following genotoxic stress, specialized DNA damage tolerance pathways are activated to ensure replication fork progression. These pathways include translesion DNA synthesis, template switching and repriming. In this Review, we describe how DNA damage tolerance pathways impact genome stability, their connection with tumorigenesis and their effects on cancer therapy response. We discuss recent findings that single-strand DNA gap accumulation impacts chemoresponse and explore a growing body of evidence that suggests that different DNA damage tolerance factors, including translesion synthesis polymerases, template switching proteins and enzymes affecting single-stranded DNA gaps, represent useful cancer targets. We further outline how the consequences of DNA damage tolerance mechanisms could inform the discovery of new biomarkers to refine cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cybulla
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Zhu N, Zhao Y, Mi M, Lu Y, Tan Y, Fang X, Weng S, Yuan Y. REV1: A novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for various cancers. Front Genet 2022; 13:997970. [PMID: 36246647 PMCID: PMC9560673 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.997970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: REV1 is a member of the translesion synthesis DNA polymerase Y family. It is an essential player in a variety of DNA replication activities, and perform major roles in the production of both spontaneous and DNA damage-induced mutations. This study aimed to explore the role of REV1 as a prognostic biomarker and its potential function regulating the sensitivity of anti-tumor drugs in various cancers. Methods: We analyzed the impact of REV1 gene alterations on patient prognosis and the impact of different REV1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on protein structure and function using multiple online prediction servers. REV1 expression was assessed using data from Oncomine, TCGA, and TIMER database. The correlation between REV1 expression and patient prognosis was performed using the PrognoScan and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases. The IC50 values of anti-cancer drugs were downloaded from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer database and the correlation analyses between REV1 expression and each drug pathway’s IC50 value in different tumor types were conducted. Results: Progression free survival was longer in REV1 gene altered group comparing to unaltered group [Median progression free survival (PFS), 107.80 vs. 60.89 months, p value = 7.062e-3]. REV1 SNP rs183737771 (F427L) was predicted to be deleterious SNP. REV1 expression differs in different tumour types. Low REV1 expression is associated with better prognosis in colorectal disease specific survival (DSS), disease-free survival (DFS), gastric overall survival (OS), post progression survival (PPS) and ovarian (OS, PPS) cancer while high REV1 expression is associated with better prognosis in lung [OS, relapse free survival (RFS), first progession (FP), PPS] and breast (DSS, RFS) cancer. In colon adenocarcinoma and rectum adenocarcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma, low expression of REV1 may suggest resistance to drugs in certain pathways. Conversely, high expression of REV1 in acute myeloid leukemia, brain lower grade glioma, small cell lung cancer and thyroid carcinoma may indicate resistance to drugs in certain pathways. Conclusion: REV1 plays different roles in different tumor types, drug susceptibility, and related biological events. REV1 expression is significantly correlated with different prognosis in colorectal, ovarian, lung, breast, and gastric cancer. REV1 expression can be used as predictive marker for various drugs of various pathways in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mi Mi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yier Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinuo Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Weng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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REV1 promotes lung tumorigenesis by activating the Rad18/SERTAD2 axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:110. [PMID: 35115490 PMCID: PMC8814179 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
REV1 is the central member of the family of TLS polymerases, which participate in various DNA damage repair and tolerance pathways and play a significant role in maintaining genomic stability. However, the role of REV1 in tumors is rarely reported. In this study, we found that the expression of REV1 was significantly upregulated in lung cancer tissues compared with matched adjacent tissues and was associated with poor prognosis. Functional experiments demonstrated that REV1 silencing decreased the growth and proliferation capacity of lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, REV1 upregulated the expression of SERTAD2 in a Rad18-dependent manner, thereby promoting lung carcinogenesis. A novel REV1 inhibitor, JH-RE-06, suppressed lung tumorigenesis in vivo and in vitro and was shown to be safe and well tolerated. Our study confirmed that REV1 is a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for lung cancer and that JH-RE-06 may be a safe and efficient therapeutic agent for NSCLC.
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5
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D’Antona S, Castiglioni I, Porro D, Cava C. Consequences of exposure to pollutants on respiratory health: From genetic correlations to causal relationships. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277235. [PMID: 36395113 PMCID: PMC9671383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern society grew rapidly over the last few decades and this led to an alarming increase in air pollutants and a worsening of the human health, especially in relation to the respiratory system. Indeed, chronic respiratory diseases were the third main cause of death in 2017, with over 3 million of deaths. Furthermore, the pollution has considerable consequences both for burden medical expenses and environmental. However, the mechanisms linking pollutants to the onset of these diseases remain unclear. Thus, in this study we addressed this problem through the United Kingdom BioBank database, analyzing 170 genome-wide association studies (103 related to respiratory diseases and 67 related to pollutants). We analyzed the genetic correlations and causal relationships of these traits, leveraging the summary statistics and bioinformatics packages such as Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Latent Causal Variable. We obtained 158 significant genetic correlations and subsequently we analyzed them through the Latent Causal Variable analysis, obtaining 20 significant causal relationships. The most significant were between "Workplace full of chemicals or other fumes: Sometimes" and "Condition that has ever been diagnosed by a doctor: Asthma" and between "Workplace very dusty: Sometimes" and "Condition that has ever been diagnosed by a doctor: Emphysema or chronic bronchitis". Finally, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms independently associated with sveral pollutants to analyze the genes and pathways that could be involved in the onset of the aforementioned respiratory system disorders and that could be useful clinical target. This study highlighted how crucial are the air condition of the working environments and the type of transport used in the onset of respiratory-related morbidity. Based on that, we also suggested some interventions, in order to improve quality life and develop new and eco-friendly society and life style, such as improving indoor air circulation, the use of public transport and urban reforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore D’Antona
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Porro
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Cava
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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6
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Balint E, Unk I. Manganese Is a Strong Specific Activator of the RNA Synthetic Activity of Human Polη. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010230. [PMID: 35008656 PMCID: PMC8745064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase η (Polη) is a translesion synthesis polymerase that can bypass different DNA lesions with varying efficiency and fidelity. Its most well-known function is the error-free bypass of ultraviolet light-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. The lack of this unique ability in humans leads to the development of a cancer-predisposing disease, the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum. Human Polη can insert rNTPs during DNA synthesis, though with much lower efficiency than dNTPs, and it can even extend an RNA chain with ribonucleotides. We have previously shown that Mn2+ is a specific activator of the RNA synthetic activity of yeast Polη that increases the efficiency of the reaction by several thousand-fold over Mg2+. In this study, our goal was to investigate the metal cofactor dependence of RNA synthesis by human Polη. We found that out of the investigated metal cations, only Mn2+ supported robust RNA synthesis. Steady state kinetic analysis showed that Mn2+ activated the reaction a thousand-fold compared to Mg2+, even during DNA damage bypass opposite 8-oxoG and TT dimer. Our results revealed a two order of magnitude higher affinity of human Polη towards ribonucleotides in the presence of Mn2+ compared to Mg2+. It is noteworthy that activation occurred without lowering the base selectivity of the enzyme on undamaged templates, whereas the fidelity decreased across a TT dimer. In summary, our data strongly suggest that, like with its yeast homolog, Mn2+ is the proper metal cofactor of hPolη during RNA chain extension, and selective metal cofactor utilization contributes to switching between its DNA and RNA synthetic activities.
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7
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Genetic evaluation of the variants using MassARRAY in non-small cell lung cancer among North Indians. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11291. [PMID: 34050209 PMCID: PMC8163781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is genetically diverse and a major health burden. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of total lung cancer cases and 20% cases are Small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The present case–control association study focused on the cost effective high throughput genotyping using Agena MassARRAY matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight, mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) platform to analyze the genetic association of candidate genetic variants. We performed multiplex PCR and genotyped twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 723 samples (162 NSCLC cases and 592 healthy controls). These genetic variants were selected from literature for their association with various cancers worldwide and this is the first study from the region to examine these critically important genetic variants. With prospective case–control association study design, twelve variants from ten genes were evaluated. Amongst these six variants, TCF21 (rs12190287), ERCC1 (rs2298881, 11615), ERCC5 (rs751402), ARNTL (rs4757151), BRIP1 (rs4986764) showed significant association with NSCLC risk (p ≤ 0.003) in Jammu and Kashmir population. In-silico findings of these genetic variants showed remarkable functional roles that needs in-vitro validations. It is further anticipated that such case control studies will help us in understanding the missing heritability of non-small cell lung cancer.
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8
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Shilkin ES, Boldinova EO, Stolyarenko AD, Goncharova RI, Chuprov-Netochin RN, Smal MP, Makarova AV. Translesion DNA Synthesis and Reinitiation of DNA Synthesis in Chemotherapy Resistance. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:869-882. [PMID: 33045948 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920080039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many chemotherapy drugs block tumor cell division by damaging DNA. DNA polymerases eta (Pol η), iota (Pol ι), kappa (Pol κ), REV1 of the Y-family and zeta (Pol ζ) of the B-family efficiently incorporate nucleotides opposite a number of DNA lesions during translesion DNA synthesis. Primase-polymerase PrimPol and the Pol α-primase complex reinitiate DNA synthesis downstream of the damaged sites using their DNA primase activity. These enzymes can decrease the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs, contribute to the survival of tumor cells and to the progression of malignant diseases. DNA polymerases are promising targets for increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy, and mutations and polymorphisms in some DNA polymerases can serve as additional prognostic markers in a number of oncological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shilkin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - E O Boldinova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A D Stolyarenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - R I Goncharova
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - R N Chuprov-Netochin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - M P Smal
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus.
| | - A V Makarova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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9
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Shilkin ES, Boldinova EO, Stolyarenko AD, Goncharova RI, Chuprov-Netochin RN, Khairullin RF, Smal MP, Makarova AV. Translesion DNA Synthesis and Carcinogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:425-435. [PMID: 32569550 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tens of thousands of DNA lesions are formed in mammalian cells each day. DNA translesion synthesis is the main mechanism of cell defense against unrepaired DNA lesions. DNA polymerases iota (Pol ι), eta (Pol η), kappa (Pol κ), and zeta (Pol ζ) have active sites that are less stringent toward the DNA template structure and efficiently incorporate nucleotides opposite DNA lesions. However, these polymerases display low accuracy of DNA synthesis and can introduce mutations in genomic DNA. Impaired functioning of these enzymes can lead to an increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shilkin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - E O Boldinova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A D Stolyarenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - R I Goncharova
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - R N Chuprov-Netochin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - R F Khairullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - M P Smal
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus.
| | - A V Makarova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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10
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Kondratick CM, Washington MT, Spies M. Making Choices: DNA Replication Fork Recovery Mechanisms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 113:27-37. [PMID: 33967572 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is laden with obstacles that slow, stall, collapse, and break DNA replication forks. At each obstacle, there is a decision to be made whether to bypass the lesion, repair or restart the damaged fork, or to protect stalled forks from further demise. Each "decision" draws upon multitude of proteins participating in various mechanisms that allow repair and restart of replication forks. Specific functions for many of these proteins have been described and an understanding of how they come together in supporting replication forks is starting to emerge. Many questions, however, remain regarding selection of the mechanisms that enable faithful genome duplication and how "normal" intermediates in these mechanisms are sometimes funneled into "rogue" processes that destabilize the genome and lead to cancer, cell death, and emergence of chemotherapeutic resistance. In this review we will discuss molecular mechanisms of DNA damage bypass and replication fork protection and repair. We will specifically focus on the key players that define which mechanism is employed including: PCNA and its control by posttranslational modifications, translesion synthesis DNA polymerases, molecular motors that catalyze reversal of stalled replication forks, proteins that antagonize fork reversal and protect reversed forks from nucleolytic degradation, and the machinery of homologous recombination that helps to reestablish broken forks. We will also discuss risks to genome integrity inherent in each of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Kondratick
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - M Todd Washington
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Maria Spies
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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11
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Gallo D, Brown GW. Post-replication repair: Rad5/HLTF regulation, activity on undamaged templates, and relationship to cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:301-332. [PMID: 31429594 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1651817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic post-replication repair (PRR) pathway allows completion of DNA replication when replication forks encounter lesions on the DNA template and are mediated by post-translational ubiquitination of the DNA sliding clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Monoubiquitinated PCNA recruits translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases to replicate past DNA lesions in an error-prone manner while addition of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains signals for error-free template switching to the sister chromatid. Central to both branches is the E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase Rad5/helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF). Mutations in PRR pathway components lead to genomic rearrangements, cancer predisposition, and cancer progression. Recent studies have challenged the notion that the PRR pathway is involved only in DNA lesion tolerance and have shed new light on its roles in cancer progression. Molecular details of Rad5/HLTF recruitment and function at replication forks have emerged. Mounting evidence indicates that PRR is required during lesion-less replication stress, leading to TLS polymerase activity on undamaged templates. Analysis of PRR mutation status in human cancers and PRR function in cancer models indicates that down regulation of PRR activity is a viable strategy to inhibit cancer cell growth and reduce chemoresistance. Here, we review these findings, discuss how they change our views of current PRR models, and look forward to targeting the PRR pathway in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Grant W Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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12
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Structures of REV1 UBM2 Domain Complex with Ubiquitin and with a Small-Molecule that Inhibits the REV1 UBM2–Ubiquitin Interaction. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2857-2872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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13
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Cui G, Botuyan MV, Mer G. Structural Basis for the Interaction of Mutasome Assembly Factor REV1 with Ubiquitin. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2042-2050. [PMID: 29778604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
REV1 is an evolutionarily conserved translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase and an assembly factor key for the recruitment of other TLS polymerases to DNA damage sites. REV1-mediated recognition of ubiquitin in the proliferative cell nuclear antigen is thought to be the trigger for TLS activation. Here we report the solution NMR structure of a 108-residue fragment of human REV1 encompassing the two putative ubiquitin-binding motifs UBM1 and UBM2 in complex with ubiquitin. While in mammals UBM1 and UBM2 are both required for optimal association of REV1 with replication factories after DNA damage, we show that only REV1 UBM2 binds ubiquitin. Structure-guided mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae further highlights the importance of UBM2 for REV1-mediated mutagenesis and DNA damage tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Botuyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Georges Mer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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14
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Vanarotti M, Evison BJ, Actis ML, Inoue A, McDonald ET, Shao Y, Heath RJ, Fujii N. Small-molecules that bind to the ubiquitin-binding motif of REV1 inhibit REV1 interaction with K164-monoubiquitinated PCNA and suppress DNA damage tolerance. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2345-2353. [PMID: 29598900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REV1 protein is a mutagenic DNA damage tolerance (DDT) mediator and encodes two ubiquitin-binding motifs (i.e., UBM1 and UBM2) that are essential for the DDT function. REV1 interacts with K164-monoubiquitinated PCNA (UbPCNA) in cells upon DNA-damaging stress. By using AlphaScreen assays to detect inhibition of REV1 and UbPCNA protein interactions along with an NMR-based strategy, we identified small-molecule compounds that inhibit the REV1/UbPCNA interaction and that directly bind to REV1 UBM2. In cells, one of the compound prevented recruitment of REV1 to PCNA foci on chromatin upon cisplatin treatment, delayed removal of UV-induced cyclopyrimidine dimers from nuclei, prevented UV-induced mutation of HPRT gene, and diminished clonogenic survival of cells that were challenged by cyclophosphamide or cisplatin. This study demonstrates the potential utility of a small-molecule REV1 UBM2 inhibitor for preventing DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugendra Vanarotti
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Benjamin J Evison
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marcelo L Actis
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Akira Inoue
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ezelle T McDonald
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Youming Shao
- Protein Production Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Heath
- Protein Production Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Naoaki Fujii
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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15
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Fakouri NB, Durhuus JA, Regnell CE, Angleys M, Desler C, Hasan-Olive MM, Martín-Pardillos A, Tsaalbi-Shtylik A, Thomsen K, Lauritzen M, Bohr VA, de Wind N, Bergersen LH, Rasmussen LJ. Rev1 contributes to proper mitochondrial function via the PARP-NAD +-SIRT1-PGC1α axis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12480. [PMID: 28970491 PMCID: PMC5624938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids, which constitute the genetic material of all organisms, are continuously exposed to endogenous and exogenous damaging agents, representing a significant challenge to genome stability and genome integrity over the life of a cell or organism. Unrepaired DNA lesions, such as single- and double-stranded DNA breaks (SSBs and DSBs), and single-stranded gaps can block progression of the DNA replication fork, causing replicative stress and/or cell cycle arrest. However, translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, such as Rev1, have the ability to bypass some DNA lesions, which can circumvent the process leading to replication fork arrest and minimize replicative stress. Here, we show that Rev1-deficiency in mouse embryo fibroblasts or mouse liver tissue is associated with replicative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, Rev1-deficiency is associated with high poly(ADP) ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity, low endogenous NAD+, low expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α and low adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated kinase (AMPK) activity. We conclude that replication stress via Rev1-deficiency contributes to metabolic stress caused by compromized mitochondrial function via the PARP-NAD+-SIRT1-PGC1α axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Borhan Fakouri
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Ambæk Durhuus
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Elisabeth Regnell
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Angleys
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Kirsten Thomsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, USA
| | - Niels de Wind
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Linda Hildegard Bergersen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Sasatani M, Xi Y, Kajimura J, Kawamura T, Piao J, Masuda Y, Honda H, Kubo K, Mikamoto T, Watanabe H, Xu Y, Kawai H, Shimura T, Noda A, Hamasaki K, Kusunoki Y, Zaharieva EK, Kamiya K. Overexpression of Rev1 promotes the development of carcinogen-induced intestinal adenomas via accumulation of point mutation and suppression of apoptosis proportionally to the Rev1 expression level. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:570-578. [PMID: 28498946 PMCID: PMC5872566 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development often involves mutagenic replication of damaged DNA by the error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS) pathway. Aberrant activation of this pathway plays a role in tumorigenesis by promoting genetic mutations. Rev1 controls the function of the TLS pathway, and Rev1 expression levels are associated with DNA damage induced cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. However, it remains unclear whether deregulated Rev1 expression triggers or promotes tumorigenesis in vivo. In this study, we generated a novel Rev1-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mouse and characterized its susceptibility to tumorigenesis. Using a small intestinal tumor model induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), we found that transgenic expression of Rev1 accelerated intestinal adenoma development in proportion to the Rev1 expression level; however, overexpression of Rev1 alone did not cause spontaneous development of intestinal adenomas. In Rev1 Tg mice, MNU-induced mutagenesis was elevated, whereas apoptosis was suppressed. The effects of hREV1 expression levels on the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of MNU were confirmed in the human cancer cell line HT1080. These data indicate that dysregulation of cellular Rev1 levels leads to the accumulation of mutations and suppression of cell death, which accelerates the tumorigenic activities of DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yang Xi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.,Diabetes Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Junko Kajimura
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kawamura
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Jinlian Piao
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yuji Masuda
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.,Department of Genome Dynamics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Toxicogenomics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kei Kubo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mikamoto
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yanbin Xu
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Kawai
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6, Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan and
| | - Asao Noda
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Kanya Hamasaki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kusunoki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Elena Karamfilova Zaharieva
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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17
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18
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Piberger AL, Krüger CT, Strauch BM, Schneider B, Hartwig A. BPDE-induced genotoxicity: relationship between DNA adducts, mutagenicity in the in vitro PIG-A assay, and the transcriptional response to DNA damage in TK6 cells. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:541-551. [PMID: 28593498 PMCID: PMC5773665 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene is a known human carcinogen. As underlying mechanism, the induction of stable DNA adducts and mutations have been repeatedly demonstrated. Also, the activation of cellular stress response on the transcriptional level has been described. Nevertheless, the interrelationship between these different events is less well understood, especially at low, for human exposure relevant concentrations. Within the present study, we applied the reactive metabolite benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE) in the nanomolar, non-cytotoxic concentration range in human TK6 cells and quantified the induction and repair of stable DNA adducts at the N2-position of guanine by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Significant levels of DNA lesions were detected even at the lowest concentration of 10 nM BPDE, with a linear increase up to 50 nM. Relative repair was similar at all damage levels, reaching about 30% after 8 h and 60% after 24 h. Mutation frequencies were quantified as GPI-deficient cells by the recently established in vitro PIG-A mutagenicity assay. Again, a linear dose–response-relationship in the before-mentioned concentration range was observed, also when plotting the number of GPI-deficient cells against the number of DNA adducts. Furthermore, we explored the time- and concentration-dependent DNA damage response on the transcriptional level via a high-throughput RT-qPCR technique by quantifying the impact of BPDE on the transcription of 95 genes comprising DNA damage response, DNA repair factors, oxidative stress response, cell cycle arrest, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. As expected, BPDE activated DNA damage signaling, p53 and AP-1 dependent signaling, oxidative stress response, and apoptosis. However, in contrast to DNA adducts and mutations, the onset of the transcriptional DNA damage response was restricted to higher concentrations, indicating that its respective activations require a certain level of DNA lesions. Altogether, the results indicate that in case of BPDE, DNA lesions and mutations were correlated at all concentrations, suggesting that repair is not complete even at low levels of DNA damage. Considering the ongoing discussion on potential thresholds also for genotoxic carcinogens, the results are of major relevance, both with respect to basic research as well as to risk assessment of chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liza Piberger
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher T Krüger
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bettina M Strauch
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Beatrice Schneider
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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19
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Korzhnev DM, Hadden MK. Targeting the Translesion Synthesis Pathway for the Development of Anti-Cancer Chemotherapeutics. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9321-9336. [PMID: 27362876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human cells possess tightly controlled mechanisms to rescue DNA replication following DNA damage caused by environmental and endogenous carcinogens using a set of low-fidelity translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases. These polymerases can copy over replication blocking DNA lesions while temporarily leaving them unrepaired, preventing cell death at the expense of increasing mutation rates and contributing to the onset and progression of cancer. In addition, TLS has been implicated as a major cellular mechanism promoting acquired resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy. Owing to its central role in mutagenesis and cell survival after DNA damage, inhibition of the TLS pathway has emerged as a potential target for the development of anticancer agents. This review will recap our current understanding of the structure and regulation of DNA polymerase complexes that mediate TLS and describe how this knowledge is beginning to translate into the development of small molecule TLS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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20
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Zhang X, Chen Q, Chen J, He C, Mao J, Dai Y, Yang X, Hu W, Zhu C, Chen B. Association of polymorphisms in translesion synthesis genes with prognosis of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol 2015; 113:17-23. [PMID: 26611653 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases enable cells to bypass or overcome DNA damage during DNA replication and contributes to genomic instability and cancer. Inhibition of the expression of TLS genes enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLS genes and clinical outcome of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. METHODS A total of 16 SNPs were genotyped and analyzed in 302 advanced NSCLC patients (discovery set), and the results were further validated in additional 428 NSCLC patients (validation set). RESULTS Analyses revealed significant associations of two SNPs, rs3213801 and rs3792136, with overall survival, with the lowest combined P values of 0.003 and 0.016, respectively. These effects also remained in stratification analyses by clinical variables. Furthermore, the number of risk genotypes of the two SNPs showed a cumulative effect on overall survival (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Genetic polymorphisms in the TLS genes might serve as potential predictive biomarkers of prognosis of advanced NSCLC patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jia Chen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunya He
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianlin Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuechu Dai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengchu Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baofu Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Shim HS, Wei M, Brandhorst S, Longo VD. Starvation promotes REV1 SUMOylation and p53-dependent sensitization of melanoma and breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1056-67. [PMID: 25614517 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Short-term starvation or fasting can augment cancer treatment efficacy and can be effective in delaying cancer progression in the absence of chemotherapy, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of action remain elusive. Here, we describe the role of REV1, a specialized DNA polymerase involved in DNA repair, as an important signaling node linking nutrient sensing and metabolic control to cell fate. We show that REV1 is a novel binding partner of the tumor suppressor p53 and regulates its activity. Under starvation, REV1 is modified by SUMO2/3, resulting in the relief of REV1's inhibition of p53 and enhancing p53's effects on proapoptotic gene expression and apoptosis in breast cancer and melanoma cells. Thus, fasting in part through its effect on REV1 is a promising nontoxic strategy to increase p53-dependent cell death and to enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seok Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Min Wei
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sebastian Brandhorst
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Valter D Longo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy.
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22
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Both high-fidelity replicative and low-fidelity Y-family polymerases are involved in DNA rereplication. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 35:699-715. [PMID: 25487575 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01153-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA rereplication is a major form of aberrant replication that causes genomic instabilities, such as gene amplification. However, little is known about which DNA polymerases are involved in the process. Here, we report that low-fidelity Y-family polymerases (Y-Pols), Pol η, Pol ι, Pol κ, and REV1, significantly contribute to DNA synthesis during rereplication, while the replicative polymerases, Pol δ and Pol ε, play an important role in rereplication, as expected. When rereplication was induced by depletion of geminin, these polymerases were recruited to rereplication sites in human cell lines. This finding was supported by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of the polymerases, which suppressed rereplication induced by geminin depletion. Interestingly, epistatic analysis indicated that Y-Pols collaborate in a common pathway, independently of replicative polymerases. We also provide evidence for a catalytic role for Pol η and the involvement of Pol η and Pol κ in cyclin E-induced rereplication. Collectively, our findings indicate that, unlike normal S-phase replication, rereplication induced by geminin depletion and oncogene activation requires significant contributions of both Y-Pols and replicative polymerases. These findings offer important mechanistic insights into cancer genomic instability.
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23
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Black/white disparities in lung cancer incidence and mortality mandate an evaluation of underlying biological differences. We have previously shown higher risks of lung cancer associated with prior emphysema in African American compared with white patients with lung cancer. METHODS We therefore evaluated a panel of 1440 inflammatory gene variants in a two-phase analysis (discovery and replication), added top genome-wide association studies (GWAS) lung cancer hits from white populations, and 28 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a published gene panel. The discovery set (477 self-designated African Americans cases, 366 controls matched on age, ethnicity, and gender) were from Houston, Texas. The external replication set (330 cases and 342 controls) was from the EXHALE study at Wayne State University. RESULTS In discovery, 154 inflammation SNPs were significant (p < 0.05) on univariate analysis, as was one of the gene panel SNPs (rs308738 in REV1, p = 0.0013), and three GWAS hits, rs16969968 p = 0.0014 and rs10519203 p = 0.0003 in the 15q locus and rs2736100, in the HTERT locus, p = 0.0002. One inflammation SNP, rs950286, was successfully replicated with a concordant odds ratio of 1.46 (1.14-1.87) in discovery, 1.37 (1.05-1.77) in replication, and a combined odds ratio of 1.40 (1.17-1.68). This SNP is intergenic between IRF4 and EXOC2 genes. We also constructed and validated epidemiologic and extended risk prediction models. The area under the curve (AUC) for the epidemiologic discovery model was 0.77 and 0.80 for the extended model. For the combined datasets, the AUC values were 0.75 and 0.76, respectively. CONCLUSIONS As has been reported for other cancer sites and populations, incorporating top genetic hits into risk prediction models, provides little improvement in model performance and no clinical relevance.
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24
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Pryor JM, Gakhar L, Washington MT. Structure and functional analysis of the BRCT domain of translesion synthesis DNA polymerase Rev1. Biochemistry 2013; 52:254-63. [PMID: 23240687 PMCID: PMC3580236 DOI: 10.1021/bi301572z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a pathway in which specialized, low-fidelity DNA polymerases are used to overcome replication blocks caused by DNA damage. The use of this pathway often results in somatic mutations that can drive carcinogenesis. Rev1 is a TLS polymerase found in all eukaryotes that plays a pivotal role in mediating DNA damage-induced mutagenesis. It possesses a BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domain that is required for its function. The rev1-1 allele encodes a mutant form of Rev1 with a G193R substitution in this domain, which reduces the level of DNA damage-induced mutagenesis. Despite its clear importance in mutagenic TLS, the role of the BRCT domain is unknown. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the yeast Rev1 BRCT domain and show that substitutions in residues constituting its phosphate-binding pocket do not affect mutagenic TLS. This suggests that the role of the Rev1 BRCT domain is not to recognize phosphate groups on protein binding partners or on DNA. We also found that residue G193 is located in a conserved turn region of the BRCT domain, and our in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that the G193R substitution may disrupt Rev1 function by destabilizing the fold of the BRCT domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Pryor
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Protein Crystallography Facility, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - M. Todd Washington
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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25
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Structural insights into the assembly of human translesion polymerase complexes. Protein Cell 2012; 3:864-74. [PMID: 23143872 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to DNA repair pathways, cells utilize translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) to bypass DNA lesions during replication. During TLS, Y-family DNA polymerase (Polη, Polκ, Polı and Rev1) inserts specific nucleotide opposite preferred DNA lesions, and then Polζ consisting of two subunits, Rev3 and Rev7, carries out primer extension. Here, we report the complex structures of Rev3-Rev7-Rev1(CTD) and Rev3-Rev7-Rev1(CTD)-Polκ(RIR). These two structures demonstrate that Rev1(CTD) contains separate binding sites for Polκ and Rev7. Our BIAcore experiments provide additional support for the notion that the interaction between Rev3 and Rev7 increases the affinity of Rev7 and Rev1. We also verified through FRET experiment that Rev1, Rev3, Rev7 and Polκ form a stable quaternary complex in vivo, thereby suggesting an efficient switching mechanism where the "inserter" polymerase can be immediately replaced by an "extender" polymerase within the same quaternary complex.
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26
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Kuang L, Kou H, Xie Z, Zhou Y, Feng X, Wang L, Wang Z. A non-catalytic function of Rev1 in translesion DNA synthesis and mutagenesis is mediated by its stable interaction with Rad5. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 12:27-37. [PMID: 23142547 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage tolerance consisting of template switching and translesion synthesis is a major cellular mechanism in response to unrepaired DNA lesions during replication. The Rev1 pathway constitutes the major mechanism of translesion synthesis and base damage-induced mutagenesis in model cell systems. Rev1 is a dCMP transferase, but additionally plays non-catalytic functions in translesion synthesis. Using the yeast model system, we attempted to gain further insights into the non-catalytic functions of Rev1. Rev1 stably interacts with Rad5 (a central component of the template switching pathway) via the C-terminal region of Rev1 and the N-terminal region of Rad5. Supporting functional significance of this interaction, both the Rev1 pathway and Rad5 are required for translesion synthesis and mutagenesis of 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine. Furthermore, disrupting the Rev1-Rad5 interaction by mutating Rev1 did not affect its dCMP transferase, but led to inactivation of the Rev1 non-catalytic function in translesion synthesis of UV-induced DNA damage. Deletion analysis revealed that the C-terminal 21-amino acid sequence of Rev1 is uniquely required for its interaction with Rad5 and is essential for its non-catalytic function. Deletion analysis additionally implicated a C-terminal region of Rev1 in its negative regulation. These results show that a non-catalytic function of Rev1 in translesion synthesis and mutagenesis is mediated by its interaction with Rad5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Kuang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Klarer AC, Stallons LJ, Burke TJ, Skaggs RL, McGregor WG. DNA polymerase eta participates in the mutagenic bypass of adducts induced by benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide in mammalian cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39596. [PMID: 22745795 PMCID: PMC3380003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Y-family DNA-polymerases have larger active sites that can accommodate bulky DNA adducts allowing them to bypass these lesions during replication. One member, polymerase eta (pol eta), is specialized for the bypass of UV-induced thymidine-thymidine dimers, correctly inserting two adenines. Loss of pol eta function is the molecular basis for xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) variant where the accumulation of mutations results in a dramatic increase in UV-induced skin cancers. Less is known about the role of pol eta in the bypass of other DNA adducts. A commonly encountered DNA adduct is that caused by benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE), the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of the environmental chemical benzo[a]pyrene. Here, treatment of pol eta-deficient fibroblasts from humans and mice with BPDE resulted in a significant decrease in Hprt gene mutations. These studies in mammalian cells support a number of in vitro reports that purified pol eta has error-prone activity on plasmids with site-directed BPDE adducts. Sequencing the Hprt gene from this work shows that the majority of mutations are G>T transversions. These data suggest that pol eta has error-prone activity when bypassing BPDE-adducts. Understanding the basis of environmental carcinogen-derived mutations may enable prevention strategies to reduce such mutations with the intent to reduce the number of environmentally relevant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden C. Klarer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - L. Jay Stallons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tom J. Burke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Skaggs
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - W. Glenn McGregor
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Wojtaszek J, Liu J, D'Souza S, Wang S, Xue Y, Walker GC, Zhou P. Multifaceted recognition of vertebrate Rev1 by translesion polymerases ζ and κ. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26400-8. [PMID: 22700975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.380998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Translesion synthesis is a fundamental biological process that enables DNA replication across lesion sites to ensure timely duplication of genetic information at the cost of replication fidelity, and it is implicated in development of cancer drug resistance after chemotherapy. The eukaryotic Y-family polymerase Rev1 is an essential scaffolding protein in translesion synthesis. Its C-terminal domain (CTD), which interacts with translesion polymerase ζ through the Rev7 subunit and with polymerases κ, ι, and η in vertebrates through the Rev1-interacting region (RIR), is absolutely required for function. We report the first solution structures of the mouse Rev1 CTD and its complex with the Pol κ RIR, revealing an atypical four-helix bundle. Using yeast two-hybrid assays, we have identified a Rev7-binding surface centered at the α2-α3 loop and N-terminal half of α3 of the Rev1 CTD. Binding of the mouse Pol κ RIR to the Rev1 CTD induces folding of the disordered RIR peptide into a three-turn α-helix, with the helix stabilized by an N-terminal cap. RIR binding also induces folding of a disordered N-terminal loop of the Rev1 CTD into a β-hairpin that projects over the shallow α1-α2 surface and creates a deep hydrophobic cavity to interact with the essential FF residues juxtaposed on the same side of the RIR helix. Our combined structural and biochemical studies reveal two distinct surfaces of the Rev1 CTD that separately mediate the assembly of extension and insertion translesion polymerase complexes and provide a molecular framework for developing novel cancer therapeutics to inhibit translesion synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wojtaszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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29
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Yamashita T, Oda T, Sekimoto T. Translesion DNA Synthesis and Hsp90. Genes Environ 2012. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.34.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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30
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Kochenova OV, Soshkina JV, Stepchenkova EI, Inge-Vechtomov SG, Shcherbakova PV. Participation of translesion synthesis DNA polymerases in the maintenance of chromosome integrity in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:49-60. [PMID: 21568839 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791101007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We employed a genetic assay based on illegitimate hybridization of heterothallic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (the α-test) to analyze the consequences for genome stability of inactivating translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases. The α-test is the only assay that measures the frequency of different types of mutational changes (point mutations, recombination, chromosome or chromosome arm loss) and temporary changes in genetic material simultaneously. All these events are manifested as illegitimate hybridization and can be distinguished by genetic analysis of the hybrids and cytoductants. We studied the effect of Polζ, Polη, and Rev1 deficiency on the genome stability in the absence of genotoxic treatment and in UV-irradiated cells. We show that, in spite of the increased percent of accurately repaired primary lesions, chromosome fragility, rearrangements, and loss occur in the absence of Polζ and Polη. Our findings contribute to further refinement of the current models of translesion synthesis and the organization of eukaryotic replication fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Kochenova
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198, USA.
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31
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Abstract
REV1 is a Y-family polymerase that plays a central role in mutagenic translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), contributing to tumor initiation and progression. In a current model, a monoubiquitinated form of the replication accessory protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), serves as a platform to recruit REV1 to damaged sites on the DNA template. Emerging evidence indicates that posttranslational mechanisms regulate REV1 in yeast; however, the regulation of REV1 in higher eukaryotes is poorly understood. Here we show that the molecular chaperone Hsp90 is a critical regulator of REV1 in human cells. Hsp90 specifically binds REV1 in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with a specific inhibitor of Hsp90 reduces REV1 protein levels in several cell types through proteasomal degradation. This is associated with suppression of UV-induced mutagenesis. Furthermore, Hsp90 inhibition disrupts the interaction between REV1 and monoubiquitinated PCNA and suppresses UV-induced focus formation. These results indicate that Hsp90 promotes folding of REV1 into a stable and/or functional form(s) to bind to monoubiquitinated PCNA. The present findings reveal a novel role of Hsp90 in the regulation of TLS-mediated mutagenesis.
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32
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Ravichandran K, Pal A, Ravichandran R. Effect of indirubin-3-monoxime against lung cancer as evaluated by histological and transmission electron microscopic studies. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 73:1053-8. [PMID: 20169620 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the antitumor effect of indirubin-3-monoxime and its mode of action in benzo(α)pyrene [B(α)P] induced lung cancer in A/J mice. Light microscopic examination of lung sections of [B(α)P] induced lung cancer mice revealed the presence of adenocarcinoma characterized by extensive proliferation of alveolar epithelium and loss of alveolar spaces. The control lung tissue showed a normal architecture with clear alveolar spaces. Interestingly the indirubin-3-monoxime treated groups showed the reduced adenocarcinoma with appearance of alveolar spaces. Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) studies of lung sections of [B(α)P] induced lung cancer mice showed the presence of phaemorphic cells with dense granules and increased mitochondria. The lung sections of mice treated with indirubin-3-monoxime showed the presence of shrunken, fragmented, and condensed nuclei implying apoptosis. The effects were dose dependent and prominent in 10 mg/kg/5 d/week groups suggesting the therapeutic role of indirubin analogue against this deadly human malignancy. Here, our results indicate that indirubin-3-monoxime brings antitumor effect against [B(α)P] induced lung cancer by its apoptotic action in A/J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameswaran Ravichandran
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Biomonitoring and Management, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
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Abstract
There are 15 different DNA polymerases encoded in mammalian genomes, which are specialized for replication, repair or the tolerance of DNA damage. New evidence is emerging for lesion-specific and tissue-specific functions of DNA polymerases. Many point mutations that occur in cancer cells arise from the error-generating activities of DNA polymerases. However, the ability of some of these enzymes to bypass DNA damage may actually defend against chromosome instability in cells, and at least one DNA polymerase, Pol ζ, is a suppressor of spontaneous tumorigenesis. Because DNA polymerases can help cancer cells tolerate DNA damage, some of these enzymes might be viable targets for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard D. Wood
- Correspondence to: 1808 Park Road 1C, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, USA, 78957 Tel: (512) 237-9431 Fax: (512) 237-6532
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Sangrajrang S, Sato Y, Sakamoto H, Ohnami S, Khuhaprema T, Yoshida T. REV1 Genetic Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk in Thai Women. Genes Environ 2011. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.33.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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35
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Abstract
The development of cancer drug resistance is a persistent clinical problem limiting the successful treatment of disseminated malignancies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which initially chemoresponsive tumors develop therapeutic resistance remain poorly understood. Error-prone translesional DNA synthesis (TLS) is known to underlie the mutagenic effects of numerous anticancer agents, but little is known as to whether mutation induced by this process is ultimately relevant to tumor drug resistance. Here, we use a tractable mouse model of B-cell lymphoma to interrogate the role of error-prone translesional DNA synthesis in chemotherapy-induced mutation and resistance to front-line chemotherapy. We find that suppression of Rev1, an essential TLS scaffold protein and dCMP transferase, inhibits both cisplatin- and cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenesis. Additionally, by performing repeated cycles of tumor engraftment and treatment, we show that Rev1 plays a critical role in the development of acquired cyclophosphamide resistance. Thus, chemotherapy not only selects for drug-resistant tumor population but also directly promotes the TLS-mediated acquisition of resistance-causing mutations. These data provide an example of an alteration that prevents the acquisition of drug resistance in tumors in vivo. Because TLS also represents a critical mechanism of DNA synthesis in tumor cells following chemotherapy, these data suggest that TLS inhibition may have dual anticancer effects, sensitizing tumors to therapy as well as preventing the emergence of tumor chemoresistance.
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36
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Stallons LJ, McGregor WG. Translesion synthesis polymerases in the prevention and promotion of carcinogenesis. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20936171 PMCID: PMC2945679 DOI: 10.4061/2010/643857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical step in the transformation of cells to the malignant state of cancer is the induction of mutations in the DNA of cells damaged by genotoxic agents. Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) is the process by which cells copy DNA containing unrepaired damage that blocks progression of the replication fork. The DNA polymerases that catalyze TLS in mammals have been the topic of intense investigation over the last decade. DNA polymerase η (Pol η) is best understood and is active in error-free bypass of UV-induced DNA damage. The other TLS polymerases (Pol ι, Pol κ, REV1, and Pol ζ) have been studied extensively in vitro, but their in vivo role is only now being investigated using knockout mouse models of carcinogenesis. This paper will focus on the studies of mice and humans with altered expression of TLS polymerases and the effects on cancer induced by environmental agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jay Stallons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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37
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Conde F, Ontoso D, Acosta I, Gallego-Sánchez A, Bueno A, San-Segundo PA. Regulation of tolerance to DNA alkylating damage by Dot1 and Rad53 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:1038-49. [PMID: 20674515 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To maintain genomic integrity cells have to respond properly to a variety of exogenous and endogenous factors that produce genome injuries and interfere with DNA replication. DNA integrity checkpoints coordinate this response by slowing cell cycle progression to provide time for the cell to repair the damage, stabilizing replication forks and stimulating DNA repair to restore the original DNA sequence and structure. In addition, there are also mechanisms of damage tolerance, such as translesion synthesis (TLS), which are important for survival after DNA damage. TLS allows replication to continue without removing the damage, but results in a higher frequency of mutagenesis. Here, we investigate the functional contribution of the Dot1 histone methyltransferase and the Rad53 checkpoint kinase to TLS regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate that the Dot1-dependent status of H3K79 methylation modulates the resistance to the alkylating agent MMS, which depends on PCNA ubiquitylation at lysine 164. Strikingkly, either the absence of DOT1, which prevents full activation of Rad53, or the expression of an HA-tagged version of RAD53, which produces low amounts of the kinase, confer increased MMS resistance. However, the dot1Δ rad53-HA double mutant is hypersensitive to MMS and shows barely detectable amounts of activated kinase. Furthermore, moderate overexpression of RAD53 partially suppresses the MMS resistance of dot1Δ. In addition, we show that MMS-treated dot1Δ and rad53-HA cells display increased number of chromosome-associated Rev1 foci. We propose that threshold levels of Rad53 activity exquisitely modulate the tolerance to alkylating damage at least by controlling the abundance of the key TLS factor Rev1 bound to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Conde
- Instituto de Microbiología Bioquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang Z. The catalytic function of the Rev1 dCMP transferase is required in a lesion-specific manner for translesion synthesis and base damage-induced mutagenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:5036-46. [PMID: 20388628 PMCID: PMC2926598 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rev1-Polzeta pathway is believed to be the major mechanism of translesion DNA synthesis and base damage-induced mutagenesis in eukaryotes. While it is widely believed that Rev1 plays a non-catalytic function in translesion synthesis, the role of its dCMP transferase activity remains uncertain. To determine the relevance of its catalytic function in translesion synthesis, we separated the Rev1 dCMP transferase activity from its non-catalytic function in yeast. This was achieved by mutating two conserved amino acid residues in the catalytic domain of Rev1, i.e. D467A/E468A, where its catalytic function was abolished but its non-catalytic function remained intact. In this mutant strain, whereas translesion synthesis and mutagenesis of UV radiation were fully functional, those of a site-specific 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine were severely deficient. Specifically, the predominant A-->G mutations resulting from C insertion opposite the lesion were abolished. Therefore, translesion synthesis and mutagenesis of 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine require the catalytic function of the Rev1 dCMP transferase, in contrast to those of UV lesions, which only require the non-catalytic function of Rev1. These results show that the catalytic function of the Rev1 dCMP transferase is required in a lesion-specific manner for translesion synthesis and base damage-induced mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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39
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Bomar MG, D'Souza S, Bienko M, Dikic I, Walker GC, Zhou P. Unconventional ubiquitin recognition by the ubiquitin-binding motif within the Y family DNA polymerases iota and Rev1. Mol Cell 2010; 37:408-17. [PMID: 20159559 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Translesion synthesis is an essential cell survival strategy to promote replication after DNA damage. The accumulation of Y family polymerases (pol) iota and Rev1 at the stalled replication machinery is mediated by the ubiquitin-binding motifs (UBMs) of the polymerases and enhanced by PCNA monoubiquitination. We report the solution structures of the C-terminal UBM of human pol iota and its complex with ubiquitin. Distinct from other ubiquitin-binding domains, the UBM binds to the hydrophobic surface of ubiquitin centered at L8. Accordingly, mutation of L8A, but not I44A, of ubiquitin abolishes UBM binding. Human pol iota contains two functional UBMs, both contributing to replication foci formation. In contrast, only the second UBM of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rev1 binds to ubiquitin and is essential for Rev1-dependent cell survival and mutagenesis. Point mutations disrupting the UBM-ubiquitin interaction also impair the accumulation of pol iota in replication foci and Rev1-mediated DNA damage tolerance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha G Bomar
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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