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Casciano F, Zauli E, Busin M, Caruso L, AlMesfer S, Al-Swailem S, Zauli G, Yu AC. State of the Art of Pharmacological Activators of p53 in Ocular Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3593. [PMID: 37509256 PMCID: PMC10377487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of p53 in the regulation of a vast array of cellular functions has been the subject of extensive research. The biological activity of p53 is not strictly limited to cell cycle arrest but also includes the regulation of homeostasis, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence. Thus, mutations in the p53 gene with loss of function represent one of the major mechanisms for cancer development. As expected, due to its key role, p53 is expressed throughout the human body including the eye. Specifically, altered p53 signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of conjunctival and corneal tumors, retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma, and intraocular melanoma. As non-selective cancer chemotherapies as well as ionizing radiation can be associated with either poor efficacy or dose-limiting toxicities in the eye, reconstitution of the p53 signaling pathway currently represents an attractive target for cancer therapy. The present review discusses the role of p53 in the pathogenesis of these ocular tumors and outlines the various pharmacological activators of p53 that are currently under investigation for the treatment of ocular malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Busin
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedali Privati Forlì "Villa Igea", 47122 Forlì, Italy
- Istituto Internazionale per la Ricerca e Formazione in Oftalmologia (IRFO), 47122 Forlì, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Saleh AlMesfer
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Swailem
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angeli Christy Yu
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedali Privati Forlì "Villa Igea", 47122 Forlì, Italy
- Istituto Internazionale per la Ricerca e Formazione in Oftalmologia (IRFO), 47122 Forlì, Italy
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2
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Chiu FY, Kvadas RM, Mheidly Z, Shahbandi A, Jackson JG. Could senescence phenotypes strike the balance to promote tumor dormancy? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:143-160. [PMID: 36735097 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
After treatment and surgery, patient tumors can initially respond followed by a rapid relapse, or respond well and seemingly be cured, but then recur years or decades later. The state of surviving cancer cells during the long, undetected period is termed dormancy. By definition, the dormant tumor cells do not proliferate to create a mass that is detectable or symptomatic, but also never die. An intrinsic state and microenvironment that are inhospitable to the tumor would bias toward cell death and complete eradication, while conditions that favor the tumor would enable growth and relapse. In neither case would clinical dormancy be observed. Normal cells and tumor cells can enter a state of cellular senescence after stress such as that caused by cancer therapy. Senescence is characterized by a stable cell cycle arrest mediated by chromatin modifications that cause gene expression changes and a secretory phenotype involving many cytokines and chemokines. Senescent cell phenotypes have been shown to be both tumor promoting and tumor suppressive. The balance of these opposing forces presents an attractive model to explain tumor dormancy: phenotypes of stable arrest and immune suppression could promote survival, while reversible epigenetic programs combined with cytokines and growth factors that promote angiogenesis, survival, and proliferation could initiate the emergence from dormancy. In this review, we examine the phenotypes that have been characterized in different normal and cancer cells made senescent by various stresses and how these might explain the characteristics of tumor dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yen Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Raegan M Kvadas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Zeinab Mheidly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ashkan Shahbandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - James G Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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3
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Sun X, Klingbeil O, Lu B, Wu C, Ballon C, Ouyang M, Wu XS, Jin Y, Hwangbo Y, Huang YH, Somerville TDD, Chang K, Park J, Chung T, Lyons SK, Shi J, Vogel H, Schulder M, Vakoc CR, Mills AA. BRD8 maintains glioblastoma by epigenetic reprogramming of the p53 network. Nature 2023; 613:195-202. [PMID: 36544023 PMCID: PMC10189659 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the tumour suppressive function of p53 (encoded by TP53) is paramount for cancer development in humans. However, p53 remains unmutated in the majority of cases of glioblastoma (GBM)-the most common and deadly adult brain malignancy1,2. Thus, how p53-mediated tumour suppression is countered in TP53 wild-type (TP53WT) GBM is unknown. Here we describe a GBM-specific epigenetic mechanism in which the chromatin regulator bromodomain-containing protein 8 (BRD8) maintains H2AZ occupancy at p53 target loci through the EP400 histone acetyltransferase complex. This mechanism causes a repressive chromatin state that prevents transactivation by p53 and sustains proliferation. Notably, targeting the bromodomain of BRD8 displaces H2AZ, enhances chromatin accessibility and engages p53 transactivation. This in turn enforces cell cycle arrest and tumour suppression in TP53WT GBM. In line with these findings, BRD8 is highly expressed with H2AZ in proliferating single cells of patient-derived GBM, and is inversely correlated with CDKN1A, a canonical p53 target that encodes p21 (refs. 3,4). This work identifies BRD8 as a selective epigenetic vulnerability for a malignancy for which treatment has not improved for decades. Moreover, targeting the bromodomain of BRD8 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with TP53WT GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Sun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Olaf Klingbeil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Caizhi Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Ballon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Meng Ouyang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoli S Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Genetics Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ying Jin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Yon Hwangbo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Han Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Chang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Taemoon Chung
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Scott K Lyons
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Schulder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | | | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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4
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Lodi G, Gentili V, Casciano F, Romani A, Zauli G, Secchiero P, Zauli E, Simioni C, Beltrami S, Fernandez M, Rizzo R, Voltan R. Cell cycle block by p53 activation reduces SARS-CoV-2 release in infected alveolar basal epithelial A549-hACE2 cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1018761. [PMID: 36582523 PMCID: PMC9792496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1018761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV viruses have been shown to downregulate cellular events that control antiviral defenses. They adopt several strategies to silence p53, key molecule for cell homeostasis and immune control, indicating that p53 has a central role in controlling their proliferation in the host. Specific actions are the stabilization of its inhibitor, MDM2, and the interference with its transcriptional activity. The aim of our work was to evaluate a new approach against SARS-CoV-2 by using MDM2 inhibitors to raise p53 levels and activate p53-dependent pathways, therefore leading to cell cycle inhibition. Experimental setting was performed in the alveolar basal epithelial cell line A549-hACE2, expressing high level of ACE2 receptor, to allow virus entry, as well as p53 wild-type. Cells were treated with several concentrations of Nutlin-3 or RG-7112, two known MDM2 inhibitors, for the instauration of a cell cycle block steady-state condition before and during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and for the evaluation of p53 activation and impact on virus release and related innate immune events. The results indicated an efficient cell cycle block with inhibition of the virion release and a significant inhibition of IL-6, NF-kB and IFN-λ expression. These data suggest that p53 is an efficient target for new therapies against the virus and that MDM2 inhibitors deserve to be further investigated in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Lodi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy,Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Romani
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Beltrami
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mercedes Fernandez
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy,*Correspondence: Roberta Rizzo, ; Rebecca Voltan,
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy,*Correspondence: Roberta Rizzo, ; Rebecca Voltan,
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5
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An HG, Shin S, Lee B, Kwon Y, Kwon TU, Kwon YJ, Chun YJ. Induction of synergistic apoptosis by tetramethoxystilbene and nutlin-3a in human cervical cancer cells. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:591-600. [PMID: 36277372 PMCID: PMC9532473 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
2,4,3',5'-Tetramethoxystilbene (TMS) is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1B1 to block the conversion from estradiol to 4-OH-estradiol. Several studies suggested that TMS may act as a potent anti-cancer agent for hormone-related cancer including cervical cancer. Nutlin-3a is a cis-imidazoline analog that interferes with the interaction between mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and the tumor suppressor p53. The purpose of the study was to compare the cytotoxic effect of TMS and nutlin-3a treatment individually and in combination in HeLa cells. To assess the potential synergistic effects between TMS and nutlin-3a, low concentrations of TMS and nutlin-3a were simultaneously treated in HeLa cells. Based on cell viability, apoptosis assays, and the increase in cleaved caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, it was demonstrated that the combination with TMS and nutlin-3a exerts a synergistic effect on cancer cell death. Isobologram analysis of HeLa cells noted synergism between TMS and nutlin-3a. The combined treatment increased the expression of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factors such as Bax and Bak, and decreased the expression of the XIAP. In addition, combination treatment significantly enhanced the translocation of AIF to the nucleus in HeLa cells. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the combination of TMS and nutlin-3a induces synergistic apoptosis in HeLa cells, suggesting the possibility that this combination can be applied as a novel therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyu An
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonju Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Uk Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Proto MC, Fiore D, Forte G, Cuozzo P, Ramunno A, Fattorusso C, Gazzerro P, Pascale M, Franceschelli S. Tetra-substituted pyrrole derivatives act as potent activators of p53 in melanoma cells. Invest New Drugs 2020; 38:634-649. [PMID: 31240514 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, is characterized by activating BRAF mutations. Despite the initial success of selective BRAF inhibitors, only few patients exhibited complete responses, whereas many showed disease progression. Melanoma is one of the few types of cancer in which p53 is not frequently mutated, but p53 inactivation can be indirectly achieved by a stable activation of MDM2 induced by a deletion in CDKN2A (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A) locus, encoding for p16INK4A and p14ARF, two tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we tested the efficacy of the previously synthesized tetra-substituted pyrrole derivatives, 8 g, 8 h and 8i, in melanoma cell lines, and we compared the effects of the most active of these, the 8i compound, with that exerted by Nutlin 3, a well-known inhibitor of p53-MDM2 interaction. The obtained results showed that 8i potentiates the inhibitory effect of Nutlin 3 and the combined use of 8i and Nutlin 3 triggers apoptosis and significantly impairs melanoma viability. Finally, the 8i compound reduces p53-MDM2 interaction and induces p53-HSP90 complex formation, suggesting that the observed raise in p53 transcriptional activity could be mediated by HSP90. Because the main feature of melanoma is the resistance to most chemotherapeutics, our studies suggest that the 8i tetra-substituted pyrrole derivative, restoring p53 functions and its transcriptional activities, may have potential application, at least as adjuvant, in the treatment of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Forte
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Paola Cuozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Anna Ramunno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Pascale
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
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7
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Tonnessen-Murray CA, Frey WD, Rao SG, Shahbandi A, Ungerleider NA, Olayiwola JO, Murray LB, Vinson BT, Chrisey DB, Lord CJ, Jackson JG. Chemotherapy-induced senescent cancer cells engulf other cells to enhance their survival. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3827-3844. [PMID: 31530580 PMCID: PMC6829672 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In chemotherapy-treated breast cancer, wild-type p53 preferentially induces senescence over apoptosis, resulting in a persisting cell population constituting residual disease that drives relapse and poor patient survival via the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Understanding the properties of tumor cells that allow survival after chemotherapy treatment is paramount. Using time-lapse and confocal microscopy to observe interactions of cells in treated tumors, we show here that chemotherapy-induced senescent cells frequently engulf both neighboring senescent or nonsenescent tumor cells at a remarkable frequency. Engulfed cells are processed through the lysosome and broken down, and cells that have engulfed others obtain a survival advantage. Gene expression analysis showed a marked up-regulation of conserved macrophage-like program of engulfment in chemotherapy-induced senescent cell lines and tumors. Our data suggest compelling explanations for how senescent cells persist in dormancy, how they manage the metabolically expensive process of cytokine production that drives relapse in those tumors that respond the worst, and a function for their expanded lysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley D Frey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Sonia G Rao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ashkan Shahbandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Nathan A Ungerleider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Joy O Olayiwola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lucas B Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | | | | | | | - James G Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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8
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Therapeutic Implications of p53 Status on Cancer Cell Fate Following Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and the DNA-PK Inhibitor M3814. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2457-2468. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Bazanov DR, Pervushin NV, Savitskaya VY, Anikina LV, Proskurnina MV, Lozinskaya NA, Kopeina GS. 2,4,5-Tris(alkoxyaryl)imidazoline derivatives as potent scaffold for novel p53-MDM2 interaction inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2364-2368. [PMID: 31196710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Imidazoline-based small molecule inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interaction intended for the treatment of p53 wild-type tumors are the promising structures for design of anticancer drugs. Based on fragment approach we have investigated a key role of substituents in cis-imidazoline core for biological activity of nutlin family compounds. Although the necessity of the substituents in the phenyl rings of cis-imidazoline has been shown, there are no studies in which the replacements of a halogen by other substituents have been investigated. A series of simple cis-imidazoline derivatives containing halogen, hydroxy and alkoxy-substituents were synthesized. The biological activity of the compounds was studied using assays of cytotoxicity (MTT) and p53 level. It was found that the hydroxyl-derivatives were not cytotoxic whereas the alkoxy analogues were the same or more active as halogen-substituted compounds in cell viability test. The synthesized alkoxy derivatives induced an increase of p53 level and did not promote necrotic cell death in the concentration up to 40 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil R Bazanov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay V Pervushin
- Department of Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria Yu Savitskaya
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lada V Anikina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of RAS, 1, Northern Passage, 142432 Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Marina V Proskurnina
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of RAS, 1, Northern Passage, 142432 Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia A Lozinskaya
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of RAS, 1, Northern Passage, 142432 Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Department of Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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10
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Kocik J, Machula M, Wisniewska A, Surmiak E, Holak TA, Skalniak L. Helping the Released Guardian: Drug Combinations for Supporting the Anticancer Activity of HDM2 (MDM2) Antagonists. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11071014. [PMID: 31331108 PMCID: PMC6678622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein p53, known as the “Guardian of the Genome”, plays an important role in maintaining DNA integrity, providing protection against cancer-promoting mutations. Dysfunction of p53 is observed in almost every cancer, with 50% of cases bearing loss-of-function mutations/deletions in the TP53 gene. In the remaining 50% of cases the overexpression of HDM2 (mouse double minute 2, human homolog) protein, which is a natural inhibitor of p53, is the most common way of keeping p53 inactive. Disruption of HDM2-p53 interaction with the use of HDM2 antagonists leads to the release of p53 and expression of its target genes, engaged in the induction of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence, and apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis, however, is restricted to only a handful of p53wt cells, and, generally, cancer cells treated with HDM2 antagonists are not efficiently eliminated. For this reason, HDM2 antagonists were tested in combinations with multiple other therapeutics in a search for synergy that would enhance the cancer eradication. This manuscript aims at reviewing the recent progress in developing strategies of combined cancer treatment with the use of HDM2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kocik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Machula
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Wisniewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Surmiak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tad A Holak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Skalniak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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11
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Induction of p53-mediated senescence is essential for the eventual anticancer therapeutic effect of RH1. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:815-823. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Skalniak L, Twarda-Clapa A, Neochoritis CG, Surmiak E, Machula M, Wisniewska A, Labuzek B, Ali AM, Krzanik S, Dubin G, Groves M, Dömling A, Holak TA. A fluorinated indole-based MDM2 antagonist selectively inhibits the growth of p53 wt osteosarcoma cells. FEBS J 2019; 286:1360-1374. [PMID: 30715803 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The p53 protein is engaged in the repair of DNA mutations and elimination of heavily damaged cells, providing anticancer protection. Dysregulation of p53 activity is a crucial step in carcinogenesis. This dysregulation is often caused by the overexpression of negative regulators of p53, among which MDM2 is the most prominent one. Antagonizing MDM2 with small molecules restores the activity of p53 in p53 wild-type (p53wt ) cells and thus provides positive outcomes in the treatment of p53wt cancers. Previously, we have reported the discovery of a panel of fluoro-substituted indole-based antagonists of MDM2. Here, we demonstrate the biological activity and stereoselectivity of the most active compound from this series. Both enantiomers of the esterified form of the compound, as well as its corresponding carboxylic acids, were found active in fluorescence polarization (FP) assay, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay, with Ki and KD values around 1 μm. From these four compounds, the esterified enantiomer (R)-5a was active in cells, which was evidenced by the increase of p53 levels, the induced expression of p53-target genes (CDKN1A and MDM2), the selective induction of cell cycle arrest, and selective growth inhibition of p53wt U-2 OS and SJSA-1 compared to p53del SAOS-2 cells. The analysis of the crystal structure of human MDM2 in complex with the compound (R)-6a (carboxylic acid of the active (R)-5a compound) revealed the classical three-finger binding mode. Altogether, our data demonstrate the activity of the compound and provide the structural basis for further structure optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Skalniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Ewa Surmiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Machula
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Beata Labuzek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ameena M Ali
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylwia Krzanik
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Matthew Groves
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tad A Holak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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13
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Abstract
Rapamycin inhibits cell proliferation, yet preserves (re)-proliferative potential (RPP). RPP is a potential of quiescent cells that is lost in senescent cells. mTOR drives conversion from quiescence to senescence (geroconversion). By suppressing geroconversion, rapamycin preserves RPP. Geroconversion is characterized by proliferation-like levels of phospho-S6K/S6/4E-BP1 in nonproliferating cells arrested by p16 and/or p21. mTOR-driven geroconversion is associated with cellular hyperfunction, which in turn leads to organismal aging manifested by age-related diseases.
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14
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Skalniak L, Kocik J, Polak J, Skalniak A, Rak M, Wolnicka-Glubisz A, Holak TA. Prolonged Idasanutlin (RG7388) Treatment Leads to the Generation of p53-Mutated Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110396. [PMID: 30352966 PMCID: PMC6266412 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein p53 protects the organism against carcinogenic events by the induction of cell cycle arrest and DNA repair program upon DNA damage. Virtually all cancers inactivate p53 either by mutations/deletions of the TP53 gene or by boosting negative regulation of p53 activity. The overexpression of MDM2 protein is one of the most common mechanisms utilized by p53wt cancers to keep p53 inactive. Inhibition of MDM2 action by its antagonists has proved its anticancer potential in vitro and is now tested in clinical trials. However, the prolonged treatment of p53wt cells with MDM2 antagonists leads to the development of secondary resistance, as shown first for Nutlin-3a, and later for three other small molecules. In the present study, we show that secondary resistance occurs also after treatment of p53wt cells with idasanutlin (RG7388, RO5503781), which is the only MDM2 antagonist that has passed phase II and entered phase III clinical trials, so far. Idasanutlin strongly activates p53, as evidenced by the induction of p21 expression and potent cell cycle arrest in all the three cell lines tested, i.e., MCF-7, U-2 OS, and SJSA-1. Notably, apoptosis was induced only in SJSA-1 cells, while MCF-7 and U-2 OS cells were able to restore the proliferation upon the removal of idasanutlin. Moreover, idasanutlin-treated U-2 OS cells could be cultured for long time periods in the presence of the drug. This prolonged treatment led to the generation of p53-mutated resistant cell populations. This resistance was generated de novo, as evidenced by the utilization of monoclonal U-2 OS subpopulations. Thus, although idasanutlin presents much improved activities compared to its precursor, it displays the similar weaknesses, which are limited elimination of cancer cells and the generation of p53-mutated drug-resistant subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Skalniak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Justyna Kocik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Justyna Polak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Skalniak
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 17, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Monika Rak
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Wolnicka-Glubisz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Tad A Holak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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15
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Shen X, Li M, Mao Z, Yu W. Loss of circadian protein TIMELESS accelerates the progression of cellular senescence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2784-2791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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PRDM1 silences stem cell-related genes and inhibits proliferation of human colon tumor organoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5066-E5075. [PMID: 29760071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802902115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM1 is a tumor suppressor that plays an important role in B and T cell lymphomas. Our previous studies demonstrated that PRDM1β is a p53-response gene in human colorectal cancer cells. However, the function of PRDM1β in colorectal cancer cells and colon tumor organoids is not clear. Here we show that PRDM1β is a p53-response gene in human colon organoids and that low PRDM1 expression predicts poor survival in colon cancer patients. We engineered PRDM1 knockouts and overexpression clones in RKO cells and characterized the PRDM1-dependent transcript landscapes, revealing that both the α and β transcript isoforms repress MYC-response genes and stem cell-related genes. Finally, we show that forced expression of PRDM1 in human colon cancer organoids prevents the formation and growth of colon tumor organoids in vitro. These results suggest that p53 may exert tumor-suppressive effects in part through a PRDM1-dependent silencing of stem cell genes, depleting the size of the normal intestinal stem cell compartment in response to DNA damage.
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17
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Zhou Y, Perez RE, Duan L, Maki CG. DZNep represses Bcl-2 expression and modulates apoptosis sensitivity in response to Nutlin-3a. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:465-474. [PMID: 29394130 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1433500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 antagonists stabilize and activate wild-type p53, and histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitors reduce methylation on histone lysines and arginines. Both MDM2 antagonists and HMT inhibitors are being developed as cancer therapeutics. Wild-type p53 expressing HCT116 colon cancer cells were resistant to apoptosis in response to the MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3a. However, co-treatment with the HMT inhibitor DZNep sensitized the cells to Nutlin-3a-induced apoptosis. This sensitization resulted from reduced activity of the Bcl-2 gene promoter and a reduction in Bcl-2 mRNA and protein. Surprisingly, DZNep reduced Bcl-2 expression in other colon cancer cell lines (RKO, SW48, and LoVo) but failed to sensitize them to Nutlin-3a. We found these cell lines express elevated levels of Bcl-2 or other Bcl-2-family proteins, including Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and Bcl-w. Knockdown of Mcl-1 and/or treatment with specific or pan Bcl-2-family inhibitors (BH3 mimetics) sensitized RKO, SW48, and LoVo cells to apoptosis by Nutlin-3a. The results demonstrate 1) DZNep represses the Bcl-2 gene promoter and affects apoptosis sensitivity by reducing Bcl-2 protein expression, and 2) elevated expression of pro-survival Bcl-2 family members protects colon cancer cells from Nutlin-3a-induced apoptosis. Targeting Bcl-2 proteins via DZNep or BH3 mimetics could increase the therapeutic potential of MDM2-antagonists like Nutlin-3a in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalu Zhou
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL
| | - Ricardo E Perez
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL
| | - Lei Duan
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL
| | - Carl G Maki
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL
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18
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Fitzwalter BE, Towers CG, Sullivan KD, Andrysik Z, Hoh M, Ludwig M, O'Prey J, Ryan KM, Espinosa JM, Morgan MJ, Thorburn A. Autophagy Inhibition Mediates Apoptosis Sensitization in Cancer Therapy by Relieving FOXO3a Turnover. Dev Cell 2018; 44:555-565.e3. [PMID: 29533771 PMCID: PMC5866042 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is intimately linked with cell death and allows cells to evade apoptosis. This has prompted clinical trials to combine autophagy inhibitors with other drugs with the aim of increasing the likelihood of cancer cells dying. However, the molecular basis for such effects is unknown. Here, we describe a transcriptional mechanism that connects autophagy to apoptosis. The autophagy-regulating transcription factor, FOXO3a, is itself turned over by basal autophagy creating a potential feedback loop. Increased FOXO3a upon autophagy inhibition stimulates transcription of the pro-apoptotic BBC3/PUMA gene to cause apoptosis sensitization. This mechanism explains how autophagy inhibition can sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy drugs and allows an autophagy inhibitor to change the action of an MDM2-targeted drug from growth inhibition to apoptosis, reducing tumor burden in vivo. Thus, a link between two processes mediated via a single transcription factor binding site in the genome can be leveraged to improve anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent E Fitzwalter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8303, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Room L18-6105, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christina G Towers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8303, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Room L18-6105, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8303, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Room L18-6105, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zdenek Andrysik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8303, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Room L18-6105, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maria Hoh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8303, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Room L18-6105, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8303, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Room L18-6105, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jim O'Prey
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8303, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Room L18-6105, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael J Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8303, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Room L18-6105, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8303, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Room L18-6105, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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19
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Davaadelger B, Perez RE, Zhou Y, Duan L, Gitelis S, Maki CG. The IGF-1R/AKT pathway has opposing effects on Nutlin-3a-induced apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:895-903. [PMID: 28696156 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1345397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutlin-3a is a small molecule MDM2 antagonist and potent activator of wild-type p53. Nutlin-3a disrupts MDM2 binding to p53, thus increasing p53 levels and allowing p53 to inhibit proliferation or induce cell death. Factors that control sensitivity to Nutlin-3a-induced apoptosis are incompletely understood. In this study we isolated cisplatin-resistant clones from MHM cells, an MDM2-amplified and p53 wild-type osteosarcoma cell line. Cisplatin resistance in these clones resulted in part from heightened activation of the IGF-1R/AKT pathway. Interestingly, these cisplatin resistant clones showed hyper-sensitivity to Nutlin-3a induced apoptosis. Increased Nutlin-3a sensitivity was associated with reduced authophagy flux and a greater increase in p53 levels in response to Nutlin-3a treatment. IGF-1R and AKT inhibitors further increased apoptosis by Nutlin-3a in parental MHM cells and the cisplatin-resistant clones, confirming IGF-1R/AKT signaling promotes apoptosis resistance. However, IGF-1R and AKT inhibitors also reduced p53 accumulation in Nutlin-3a treated cells and increased autophagy flux, which we showed can promote apoptosis resistance. We conclude the IGF-1R/AKT pathway has opposing effects on Nutlin-3a-induced apoptosis. First, it can inhibit apoptosis, consistent with its well-established role as a survival-signaling pathway. Second, it can enhance Nutlin-3a induced apoptosis through a combination of maintaining p53 levels and inhibiting pro-survival autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batzaya Davaadelger
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Ricardo E Perez
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Yalu Zhou
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Lei Duan
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Steven Gitelis
- b Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Carl G Maki
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
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20
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Crosstalk and the evolvability of intracellular communication. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16009. [PMID: 28691706 PMCID: PMC5508131 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan signalling networks are complex, with extensive crosstalk between pathways. It is unclear what pressures drove the evolution of this architecture. We explore the hypothesis that crosstalk allows different cell types, each expressing a specific subset of signalling proteins, to activate different outputs when faced with the same inputs, responding differently to the same environment. We find that the pressure to generate diversity leads to the evolution of networks with extensive crosstalk. Using available data, we find that human tissues exhibit higher levels of diversity between cell types than networks with random expression patterns or networks with no crosstalk. We also find that crosstalk and differential expression can influence drug activity: no protein has the same impact on two tissues when inhibited. In addition to providing a possible explanation for the evolution of crosstalk, our work indicates that consideration of cellular context will likely be crucial for targeting signalling networks. The evolutionary rationale behind the extensive crosstalk between Metazoan signalling pathways remains elusive. Here the authors provide evidence that crosstalk in the human signalling network evolves as a means to allow efficient diversification of cellular responses to the same signals between different cell types.
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21
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Kucab JE, Hollstein M, Arlt VM, Phillips DH. Nutlin-3a selects for cells harbouring TP53 mutations. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:877-887. [PMID: 27813088 PMCID: PMC5215675 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TP53 mutations occur in half of all human tumours. Mutagen-induced or spontaneous TP53 mutagenesis can be studied in vitro using the human TP53 knock-in (Hupki) mouse embryo fibroblast (HUF) immortalisation assay (HIMA). TP53 mutations arise in up to 30% of mutagen-treated, immortalised HUFs; however, mutants are not identified until TP53 sequence analysis following immortalisation (2-5 months) and much effort is expended maintaining TP53-WT cultures. In order to improve the selectivity of the HIMA for HUFs harbouring TP53 mutations, we explored the use of Nutlin-3a, an MDM2 inhibitor that leads to stabilisation and activation of wild-type (WT) p53. First, we treated previously established immortal HUF lines carrying WT or mutated TP53 with Nutlin-3a to examine the effect on cell growth and p53 activation. Nutlin-3a induced the p53 pathway in TP53-WT HUFs and inhibited cell growth, whereas most TP53-mutated HUFs were resistant to Nutlin-3a. We then assessed whether Nutlin-3a treatment could discriminate between TP53-WT and TP53-mutated cells during the HIMA (n = 72 cultures). As immortal clones emerged from senescent cultures, each was treated with 10 µM Nutlin-3a for 5 days and observed for sensitivity or resistance. TP53 was subsequently sequenced from all immortalised clones. We found that all Nutlin-3a-resistant clones harboured TP53 mutations, which were diverse in position and functional impact, while all but one of the Nutlin-3a-sensitive clones were TP53-WT. These data suggest that including a Nutlin-3a counter-screen significantly improves the specificity and efficiency of the HIMA, whereby TP53-mutated clones are selected prior to sequencing and TP53-WT clones can be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E. Kucab
- King's College London, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC‐PHE Centre for Environment & HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Monica Hollstein
- German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Division of Genetic Alterations in CarcinogenesisHeidelbergGermany
- University of Leeds, Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- King's College London, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC‐PHE Centre for Environment & HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David H. Phillips
- King's College London, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC‐PHE Centre for Environment & HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
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22
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Activation of p53/miR-34a Tumor Suppressor Axis by Chinese Herbal Formula JP-1 in A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5989681. [PMID: 28074102 PMCID: PMC5203917 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5989681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide; the most common pathologic type is lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). In spite of the recent progress in targeted therapy, most LADC patients eventually expired due to the inevitable recurrence and drug resistance. New complementary agent with evidence-based molecular mechanism is urgently needed. MiR-34a is an important p53 downstream tumor suppressor, which regulates apoptosis, cell-cycle, EMT (epithelial mesenchymal transition), and so forth. Its expression is deficient in many types of cancers including LADC. Here, we show that a Chinese herbal formula JP-1 activates p53/miR-34a axis in A549 human LADC cells (p53 wild-type). Treatment with JP-1 induces p53 and its downstream p21 and BAX proteins as well as the miR-34a, resulting in growth inhibition, colony formation reduction, migration repression, and apoptosis induction. Accordingly, the decreases of miR-34a downstream targets such as CDK6, SIRT1, c-Myc, survivin, Snail, and AXL were observed. Moreover, JP-1 activates AMPKα and reduces mTOR activity, implying its inhibitory effect on the energy-sensitive protein synthesis and cell proliferation signaling. Our results show that JP-1 activates p53/miR-34a tumor suppressor axis and decreases proteins related to proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and metastasis, suggesting its potential as a complementary medicine for LADC treatment.
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23
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Liu H, Li J, Zhou Y, Hu Q, Zeng Y, Mohammadreza MM. Human papillomavirus as a favorable prognostic factor in a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: A meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2016; 89:710-725. [PMID: 27575972 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemical and biological studies have proposed that human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily high-risk HPV16/18, is an etiological factor for a subset of head and neck (HN) cancers. On that premise, we systematically reviewed relevant articles and improved the understanding of HPV-related cancers. This article comprehensively described the characteristics of HPV-associated HN tumors according to demography, histopathology, molecular biology, and prognosis. Meta-analyses were conducted to combine the studies that reported the association between HPV status and these variables using Rev Man 5.0. The pooled results showed that HPV-positive tumors were not only poorly differentiated (OR = 2.77, 95% CI: 2.3-3.32) and smaller (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.75-2.8) but were also strongly associated with oropharynx (OR = 5.8, 95% CI: 4.01-8.38) and node involvement (OR = 2.77, 95% CI: 2.3-3.32). HPV-related tumors showed significantly more p16 overexpression (OR = 34.55, 95% CI: 20.91-57.09) and less TP53 mutations (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.18-0.41) than HPV-negative tumors. The patients with HPV-positive cancers had different clinical behaviors, such as a reduced risks of death (HR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.29-0.36). This study supported the view point that HPV is a favorable indicator of prognosis and that HPV-related HN tumors are distinct from traditional tumors. This etiological relationship could impact future strategies of diagnosis, prevention, therapy, and prognosis for this subset of patients. J. Med. Virol. 89:710-725, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liu
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis & Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Hubei, China
| | - Yubai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Mohammadzad Mehryar Mohammadreza
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis & Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Hubei, China
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24
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Adriaens C, Standaert L, Barra J, Latil M, Verfaillie A, Kalev P, Boeckx B, Wijnhoven PWG, Radaelli E, Vermi W, Leucci E, Lapouge G, Beck B, van den Oord J, Nakagawa S, Hirose T, Sablina AA, Lambrechts D, Aerts S, Blanpain C, Marine JC. p53 induces formation of NEAT1 lncRNA-containing paraspeckles that modulate replication stress response and chemosensitivity. Nat Med 2016; 22:861-8. [PMID: 27376578 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In a search for mediators of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway, which induces pleiotropic and often antagonistic cellular responses, we identified the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) NEAT1. NEAT1 is an essential architectural component of paraspeckle nuclear bodies, whose pathophysiological relevance remains unclear. Activation of p53, pharmacologically or by oncogene-induced replication stress, stimulated the formation of paraspeckles in mouse and human cells. Silencing Neat1 expression in mice, which prevents paraspeckle formation, sensitized preneoplastic cells to DNA-damage-induced cell death and impaired skin tumorigenesis. We provide mechanistic evidence that NEAT1 promotes ATR signaling in response to replication stress and is thereby engaged in a negative feedback loop that attenuates oncogene-dependent activation of p53. NEAT1 targeting in established human cancer cell lines induced synthetic lethality with genotoxic chemotherapeutics, including PARP inhibitors, and nongenotoxic activation of p53. This study establishes a key genetic link between NEAT1 paraspeckles, p53 biology and tumorigenesis and identifies NEAT1 as a promising target to enhance sensitivity of cancer cells to both chemotherapy and p53 reactivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Adriaens
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Standaert
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Barra
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Latil
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Annelien Verfaillie
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Kalev
- Laboratory for Mechanisms of Cell Transformation, Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Mechanisms of Cell Transformation, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul W G Wijnhoven
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Mouse Histopathology Core Facility, Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - William Vermi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eleonora Leucci
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Lapouge
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Beck
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Joost van den Oord
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, KU Leuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- RNA Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Anna A Sablina
- Laboratory for Mechanisms of Cell Transformation, Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Mechanisms of Cell Transformation, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stein Aerts
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Bruxelles, Belgium
- WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Wang H, Cai S, Bailey BJ, Reza Saadatzadeh M, Ding J, Tonsing-Carter E, Georgiadis TM, Zachary Gunter T, Long EC, Minto RE, Gordon KR, Sen SE, Cai W, Eitel JA, Waning DL, Bringman LR, Wells CD, Murray ME, Sarkaria JN, Gelbert LM, Jones DR, Cohen-Gadol AA, Mayo LD, Shannon HE, Pollok KE. Combination therapy in a xenograft model of glioblastoma: enhancement of the antitumor activity of temozolomide by an MDM2 antagonist. J Neurosurg 2016; 126:446-459. [PMID: 27177180 DOI: 10.3171/2016.1.jns152513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Improvement in treatment outcome for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) requires a multifaceted approach due to dysregulation of numerous signaling pathways. The murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein may fulfill this requirement because it is involved in the regulation of growth, survival, and invasion. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of modulating MDM2 function in combination with front-line temozolomide (TMZ) therapy in GBM. METHODS The combination of TMZ with the MDM2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor nutlin3a was evaluated for effects on cell growth, p53 pathway activation, expression of DNA repair proteins, and invasive properties. In vivo efficacy was assessed in xenograft models of human GBM. RESULTS In combination, TMZ/nutlin3a was additive to synergistic in decreasing growth of wild-type p53 GBM cells. Pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated that inhibition of cell growth following exposure to TMZ/nutlin3a correlated with: 1) activation of the p53 pathway, 2) downregulation of DNA repair proteins, 3) persistence of DNA damage, and 4) decreased invasion. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that nutlin3a was detected in human intracranial tumor xenografts. To assess therapeutic potential, efficacy studies were conducted in a xenograft model of intracranial GBM by using GBM cells derived from a recurrent wild-type p53 GBM that is highly TMZ resistant (GBM10). Three 5-day cycles of TMZ/nutlin3a resulted in a significant increase in the survival of mice with GBM10 intracranial tumors compared with single-agent therapy. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of MDM2/p53-associated signaling pathways is a novel approach for decreasing TMZ resistance in GBM. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study in a humanized intracranial patient-derived xenograft model to demonstrate the efficacy of combining front-line TMZ therapy and an inhibitor of MDM2 protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - Shanbao Cai
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China; and
| | - Barbara J Bailey
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - M Reza Saadatzadeh
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Jixin Ding
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Eva Tonsing-Carter
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | - Taxiarchis M Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - T Zachary Gunter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Eric C Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Robert E Minto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Kevin R Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Stephanie E Sen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Wenjing Cai
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - Jacob A Eitel
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David L Waning
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
| | - Lauren R Bringman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Clark D Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Mary E Murray
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lawrence M Gelbert
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | | | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Lindsey D Mayo
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Indiana University Simon Cancer Center
| | - Harlan E Shannon
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
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26
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Chen J. The Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptotic Functions of p53 in Tumor Initiation and Progression. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:a026104. [PMID: 26931810 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P53 is a transcription factor highly inducible by many stress signals such as DNA damage, oncogene activation, and nutrient deprivation. Cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis are the most prominent outcomes of p53 activation. Many studies showed that p53 cell-cycle and apoptosis functions are important for preventing tumor development. p53 also regulates many cellular processes including metabolism, antioxidant response, and DNA repair. Emerging evidence suggests that these noncanonical p53 activities may also have potent antitumor effects within certain context. This review focuses on the cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis functions of p53, their roles in tumor suppression, and the regulation of cell fate decision after p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Chen
- Molecular Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612
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27
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Puszynski K, Gandolfi A, d'Onofrio A. The pharmacodynamics of the p53-Mdm2 targeting drug Nutlin: the role of gene-switching noise. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003991. [PMID: 25504419 PMCID: PMC4263360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we investigate, by means of a computational stochastic model, how tumor cells with wild-type p53 gene respond to the drug Nutlin, an agent that interferes with the Mdm2-mediated p53 regulation. In particular, we show how the stochastic gene-switching controlled by p53 can explain experimental dose-response curves, i.e., the observed inter-cell variability of the cell viability under Nutlin action. The proposed model describes in some detail the regulation network of p53, including the negative feedback loop mediated by Mdm2 and the positive loop mediated by PTEN, as well as the reversible inhibition of Mdm2 caused by Nutlin binding. The fate of the individual cell is assumed to be decided by the rising of nuclear-phosphorylated p53 over a certain threshold. We also performed in silico experiments to evaluate the dose-response curve after a single drug dose delivered in mice, or after its fractionated administration. Our results suggest that dose-splitting may be ineffective at low doses and effective at high doses. This complex behavior can be due to the interplay among the existence of a threshold on the p53 level for its cell activity, the nonlinearity of the relationship between the bolus dose and the peak of active p53, and the relatively fast elimination of the drug. P53 is an antitumor gene regulating vital cellular functions such as repair of DNA damage, cellular suicide, and cell proliferation: in many tumors p53 is lowly expressed and/or mutated. Drugs targeting the biomolecular network of p53 are becoming important. The network includes the key proteins Mdm2 and PTEN, whose production is regulated by p53, and which, in turn, enact positive and negative feedbacks on p53. Drug Nutlin, inhibiting the p53 inhibitor Mdm2, might be important for tumors where p53 is underproduced but unmutated. We investigate the cellular mechanism of action of Nutlin. The basic concept of our mathematical model is that the experimentally observed cell-to-cell variability of Nutlin efficacy is caused by the randomness of gene activation/deactivation of Mdmd2 and PTEN. Indeed, the abundance/scarceness of p53 regulates the probability that the relative genes are active or inactive. The model reproduced the experimental cell-specific response to different doses of Nutlin (dose-response curves) in some types of tumor cells. Much clinical research focus on 'metronomic' drug delivery regimens, where instead of giving large doses with long intervals, smaller doses are frequently delivered. In our simulations, dose-splitting of Nutlin produced a response generally worse than the response to a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Puszynski
- Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Automatic Control, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Alberto Gandolfi
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "A. Ruberti" - CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto d'Onofrio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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28
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Laine A, Westermarck J. Molecular pathways: harnessing E2F1 regulation for prosenescence therapy in p53-defective cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3644-50. [PMID: 24788101 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of terminal proliferation arrest, senescence, is important for in vivo tumor-suppressive function of p53. Moreover, p53-mutant cells are highly resistant to senescence induction by either oncogenic signaling during cellular transformation or in response to different therapies. Senescence resistance in p53-mutant cells has been attributed mostly to inhibition of the checkpoint function of p53 in response to senescence-inducing stress signals. Here, we review very recent evidence that offers an alternative explanation for senescence resistance in p53-defective cancer cells: p21-mediated E2F1 expression. We discuss the potential relevance of these findings for senescence-inducing therapies and highlight cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and mechanisms downstream of retinoblastoma protein (RB) as prospective prosenescence therapeutic targets. In particular, we discuss recent findings indicating an important role for the E2F1-CIP2A feedback loop in causing senescence resistance in p53-compromised cancer cells. We further propose that targeting of the E2F1-CIP2A feedback loop could provide a prosenescence therapeutic approach that is effective in both p53-deficient and RB-deficient cancer cells, which together constitute the great majority of all cancer cells. Diagnostic evaluation of the described senescence resistance mechanisms in human tumors might also be informative for patient stratification for already existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Laine
- Authors' Affiliations: Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University; and
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Authors' Affiliations: Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University; and Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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29
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Roh JL, Kim EH, Park HB, Park JY. The Hsp90 inhibitor 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin increases cisplatin antitumor activity by inducing p53-mediated apoptosis in head and neck cancer. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e956. [PMID: 24336076 PMCID: PMC3877559 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is often inactivated in head and neck cancer (HNC) through TP53 mutations or overexpression of mouse double minute 2 or mouse double minute X. Restoration of p53 function by counteracting these p53 repressors is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. The present study assessed the ability of a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor, 17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), to induce apoptosis in HNC by restoring p53 function. The effect of 17AAG, alone or in combination with Nutlin-3a or cisplatin, was assessed in HNC cells using growth and apoptosis, immunoblotting, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and preclinical tumor xenograft models. 17AAG activated and stabilized p53 in HNC cells bearing wild-type TP53 by disrupting the p53–MDMX interaction. 17AAG upregulated p21 and proapoptotic gene expression, and promoted apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Growth inhibition by 17AAG was highest in tumor cells with MDMX overexpression. The apoptotic response was blocked by inhibition of p53 expression, demonstrating that the effect of 17AAG depended on p53 and MDMX. 17AAG synergized in vitro with Nutlin-3a and in vitro and in vivo with cisplatin to induce p53-mediated apoptosis. 17AAG effectively induced p53-mediated apoptosis in HNC cells through MDMX inhibition and increased the antitumor activity of cisplatin synergistically, suggesting a promising strategy for treating HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Roh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - E H Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H B Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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30
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Mouraret N, Marcos E, Abid S, Gary-Bobo G, Saker M, Houssaini A, Dubois-Rande JL, Boyer L, Boczkowski J, Derumeaux G, Amsellem V, Adnot S. Activation of lung p53 by Nutlin-3a prevents and reverses experimental pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2013; 127:1664-76. [PMID: 23513067 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of cellular senescence through activation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein is a new option for treating proliferative disorders. Nutlins prevent the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 (murine double minute 2), a negative p53 regulator, from interacting with p53. We hypothesized that cell senescence induced by Nutlin-3a exerted therapeutic effects in pulmonary hypertension (PH) by limiting the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS Nutlin-3a treatment of cultured human PA-SMCs resulted in cell growth arrest with the induction of senescence but not apoptosis; increased phosphorylated p53 protein levels; and expression of p53 target genes including p21, Bax, BTG2, and MDM2. Daily intraperitoneal Nutlin-3a treatment for 3 weeks dose-dependently reduced PH, right ventricular hypertrophy, and distal pulmonary artery muscularization in mice exposed to chronic hypoxia or SU5416/hypoxia. Nutlin-3a treatment also partially reversed PH in chronically hypoxic or transgenic mice overexpressing the serotonin-transporter in SMCs (SM22-5HTT+ mice). In these mouse models of PH, Nutlin-3a markedly increased senescent p21-stained PA-SMCs; lung p53, p21, and MDM2 protein levels; and p21, Bax, PUMA, BTG2, and MDM2 mRNA levels; but induced only minor changes in control mice without PH. Marked MDM2 immunostaining was seen in both mouse and human remodeled pulmonary vessels, supporting the use of Nutlins as a PH-targeted therapy. PH prevention or reversal by Nutlin-3a required lung p53 stabilization and increased p21 expression, as indicated by the absence of Nutlin-3a effects in hypoxia-exposed p53(-/-) and p21(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Nutlin-3a may hold promise as a prosenescence treatment targeting PA-SMCs in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mouraret
- Hôpital Henri Mondor, Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, Créteil, France
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31
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Fry D, Huang KS, Di Lello P, Mohr P, Müller K, So SS, Harada T, Stahl M, Vu B, Mauser H. Design of Libraries Targeting Protein-Protein Interfaces. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:726-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Zheng H, Chen L, Pledger WJ, Fang J, Chen J. p53 promotes repair of heterochromatin DNA by regulating JMJD2b and SUV39H1 expression. Oncogene 2013; 33:734-44. [PMID: 23376847 PMCID: PMC3912226 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive heterochromatin is important for maintaining chromosome stability but also delays the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSB). DSB repair in complex mammalian genomes involves a fast phase (2–6 hrs) where most of the breaks are rapidly repaired, and a slow phase (up to 24 hrs) where the remaining damages in heterochromatin are repaired. We found that p53 deficiency delays the slow phase DNA repair after ionizing irradiation. P53 deficiency prevents down regulation of histone H3K9 trimethylation at pericentric heterochromatin after DNA damage. Moreover, p53 directly induces expression of the H3 K9 demethylase JMJD2b through promoter binding. P53 activation also indirectly down regulates expression of the H3 K9 methytransferase SUV39H1. Depletion of JMJD2b or sustained expression of SUV39H1 delays the repair of heterochromatin DNA and reduces clonogenic survival after ionizing irradiation. The results suggest that by regulating JMJD2b and SUV39H1 expression, p53 not only controls transcription but also promotes heterochromatin relaxation to accelerate a rate-limiting step in the repair of complex genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zheng
- Molecular Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - L Chen
- Molecular Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - W J Pledger
- Molecular Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - J Fang
- Molecular Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - J Chen
- Molecular Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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33
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Laine A, Sihto H, Come C, Rosenfeldt MT, Zwolinska A, Niemelä M, Khanna A, Chan EK, Kähäri VM, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Sansom OJ, Evan GI, Junttila MR, Ryan KM, Marine JC, Joensuu H, Westermarck J. Senescence sensitivity of breast cancer cells is defined by positive feedback loop between CIP2A and E2F1. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:182-97. [PMID: 23306062 PMCID: PMC3572190 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Senescence induction contributes to cancer therapy responses and is crucial for p53-mediated tumor suppression. However, whether p53 inactivation actively suppresses senescence induction has been unclear. Here, we show that E2F1 overexpression, due to p53 or p21 inactivation, promotes expression of human oncoprotein CIP2A, which in turn, by inhibiting PP2A activity, increases stabilizing serine 364 phosphorylation of E2F1. Several lines of evidence show that increased activity of E2F1-CIP2A feedback renders breast cancer cells resistant to senescence induction. Importantly, mammary tumorigenesis is impaired in a CIP2A-deficient mouse model, and CIP2A-deficient tumors display markers of senescence induction. Moreover, high CIP2A expression predicts for poor prognosis in a subgroup of patients with breast cancer treated with senescence-inducing chemotherapy. Together, these results implicate the E2F1-CIP2A feedback loop as a key determinant of breast cancer cell sensitivity to senescence induction. This feedback loop also constitutes a promising prosenescence target for therapy of cancers with an inactivated p53-p21 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE It has been recently realized that most currently used chemotherapies exert their therapeutic effect at least partly by induction of terminal cell arrest, senescence. However, the mechanisms by which cell-intrinsic senescence sensitivity is determined are poorly understood. Results of this study identify the E2F1-CIP2A positive feedback loop as a key determinant of breast cancer cell sensitivity to senescence and growth arrest induction. Our data also indicate that this newly characterized interplay between 2 frequently overexpressed oncoproteins constitutes a promising prosenescence target for therapy of cancers with inactivated p53 and p21. Finally, these results may also facilitate novel stratification strategies for selection of patients to receive senescence-inducing cancer therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antinematodal Agents/pharmacology
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cellular Senescence
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Docetaxel
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- E2F1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- E2F1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Feedback, Physiological
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- HCT116 Cells
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Taxoids/pharmacology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Vinblastine/analogs & derivatives
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
- Vinorelbine
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Laine
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Sihto
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Molecular Cancer Biology program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Come
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Aleksandra Zwolinska
- Center for Human Genetics & VIB11 - Center for Biology of Disease, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB-KULeuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Minna Niemelä
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anchit Khanna
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Edward K. Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, 32610-0424 Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Owen J. Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gerard I. Evan
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94143-0502, USA
| | - Melissa R. Junttila
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94143-0502, USA
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Center for Human Genetics & VIB11 - Center for Biology of Disease, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB-KULeuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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ElSawy KM, Verma CS, Joseph TL, Lane DP, Twarock R, Caves LSD. On the interaction mechanisms of a p53 peptide and nutlin with the MDM2 and MDMX proteins: a Brownian dynamics study. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:394-404. [PMID: 23324352 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of p53 with its regulators MDM2 and MDMX plays a major role in regulating the cell cycle. Inhibition of this interaction has become an important therapeutic strategy in oncology. Although MDM2 and MDMX share a very high degree of sequence/structural similarity, the small-molecule inhibitor nutlin appears to be an efficient inhibitor only of the p53-MDM2 interaction. Here, we investigate the mechanism of interaction of nutlin with these two proteins and contrast it with that of p53 using Brownian dynamics simulations. In contrast to earlier attempts to examine the bound states of the partners, here we locate initial reaction events in these interactions by identifying the regions of space around MDM2/MDMX, where p53/nutlin experience associative encounters with prolonged residence times relative to that in bulk solution. We find that the initial interaction of p53 with MDM2 is long-lived relative to nutlin, but, unlike nutlin, it takes place at the N- and C termini of the MDM2 protein, away from the binding site, suggestive of an allosteric mechanism of action. In contrast, nutlin initially interacts with MDM2 directly at the clefts of the binding site. The interaction of nutlin with MDMX, however, is very short-lived compared with MDM2 and does not show such direct initial interactions with the binding site. Comparison of the topology of the electrostatic potentials of MDM2 and MDMX and the locations of the initial encounters with p53/nutlin in tandem with structure-based sequence alignment revealed that the origin of the diminished activity of nutlin toward MDMX relative to MDM2 may stem partly from the differing topologies of the electrostatic potentials of the two proteins. Glu25 and Lys51 residues underpin these topological differences and appear to collectively play a key role in channelling nutlin directly toward the binding site on the MDM2 surface and are absent in MDMX. The results, therefore, provide new insight into the mechanism of p53/nutlin interactions with MDM2 and MDMX and could potentially have a broader impact on anticancer drug optimization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M ElSawy
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis (YCCSA), University of York, York, UK.
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35
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Abstract
As published recently in Cancer Cell, p53 impairs the apoptotic response to chemotherapy and clinical outcome in breast cancer. I discuss that, while treating tumors lacking wt p53, this phenomenon can be exploited to protect normal cells from chemotherapy because all normal cells have wt p53. Also, several therapeutic paradigms can be reassessed, including the role of cellular senescence in cancer therapy.
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Sullivan KD, Padilla-Just N, Henry RE, Porter CC, Kim J, Tentler JJ, Eckhardt SG, Tan AC, DeGregori J, Espinosa JM. ATM and MET kinases are synthetic lethal with nongenotoxic activation of p53. Nat Chem Biol 2012; 8:646-54. [PMID: 22660439 PMCID: PMC3430605 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor orchestrates alternative stress responses including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, but the mechanisms defining cell fate upon p53 activation are poorly understood. Several small-molecule activators of p53 have been developed, including Nutlin-3, but their therapeutic potential is limited by the fact that they induce reversible cell cycle arrest in most cancer cell types. We report here the results of a genome-wide short hairpin RNA screen for genes that are lethal in combination with p53 activation by Nutlin-3, which showed that the ATM and MET kinases govern cell fate choice upon p53 activation. Genetic or pharmacological interference with ATM or MET activity converts the cellular response from cell cycle arrest into apoptosis in diverse cancer cell types without affecting expression of key p53 target genes. ATM and MET inhibitors also enable Nutlin-3 to kill tumor spheroids. These results identify new pathways controlling the cellular response to p53 activation and aid in the design of p53-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Sullivan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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37
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van Leeuwen IMM, Rao B, Sachweh MCC, Laín S. An evaluation of small-molecule p53 activators as chemoprotectants ameliorating adverse effects of anticancer drugs in normal cells. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:1851-61. [PMID: 22517433 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of wild-type p53 has been found to protect normal cells in culture from cytotoxicity and nuclear aberrations caused by conventional cancer therapeutics. Hence, small-molecule p53 activators could have clinical benefits as chemoprotectants for cancer patients bearing p53-mutant tumors. We have evaluated 16 p53-based cyclotherapy regimes combining p53 activators tenovin-6, leptomycin B, nutlin-3 and low dose actinomycin D, with clinically utilized chemotherapeutic agents (S- and M-phase poisons), vinblastine, vinorelbine, cytosine arabinoside and gemcitabine. All the p53 activators induce reversible cell-cycle arrest in primary human fibroblasts and protect them from both S- and M-phase poisons. Furthermore, studies with p53-mutant cancer cell lines show that nutlin-3 and low dose actinomycin D do not affect the sensitivity of these cells to any of the chemotherapeutics tested. Thus, these two small molecules could be suitable choices for cyclotherapy regimes involving S- or M-phase poisons. In contrast, pre-incubation of p53-mutant cells with tenovin-6 or leptomycin B reduces the efficacy of vinca alkaloids, suggesting that these p53 activators could be effective as chemoprotectants if combined with S- but not M-phase poisons. Discrepancies were observed between the levels of protection detected immediately after treatment and following recovery in fresh medium. This highlights the need to assess both short- and long-term effects when evaluating compounds as potential chemoprotectants for cancer therapy.
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Nagai W, Okita N, Matsumoto H, Okado H, Oku M, Higami Y. Reversible induction of PARP1 degradation by p53-inducible cis-imidazoline compounds. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:15-9. [PMID: 22465010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PARP1 is an important enzyme involved in various patho-physiological phenomena such as ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which occurs when blood flow is restored after cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction and transplantation of various organs. I/R-induced PARP1 over-activation is mediated by production of reactive oxygen species and is involved in NF-κB transactivation. For these reasons, PARP1 is an attractive target for strategies to protect against I/R injury. We previously reported that an MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin3a, a cis-imidazoline compound, induces PARP1 degradation in a p53 and proteasome-dependent manner. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Nutlin3a analogs, Nutlin3b and Caylin2, on PARP1 degradation. Like Nutlin3a, Caylin2, but not Nutlin3b, induced PARP1 degradation in both 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A. This result occurred almost in parallel with p53 accumulation. Furthermore Caylin2-induced PARP1 degradation was not observed in p53 deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts or in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132. These results suggest that Caylin2 induces PARP1 degradation by the same mechanism as Nutlin3a. Finally, we showed that Nutlin3a or Caylin2 treatment induces reversible PARP1 down-regulation without an inflammatory response. For protection against I/R injury, our results support the usability of the p53 inducible cis-imidazoline compounds, Nutlin3a and its analogs, as PARP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nagai
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
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de Nigris F, Zanella L, Cacciatore F, De Chiara A, Fazioli F, Chiappetta G, Apice G, Infante T, Monaco M, Rossiello R, De Rosa G, Alberghini M, Napoli C. YY1 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis and metastasis-free survival in patients suffering osteosarcoma. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:472. [PMID: 22047406 PMCID: PMC3240836 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The polycomb transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) overexpression can be causally implicated in experimental tumor growth and metastasization. To date, there is no clinical evidence of YY1 involvement in outcome of patients with osteosarcoma. Prognosis of osteosarcoma is still severe and only few patients survive beyond five years. We performed a prospective immunohistochemistry analysis to correlate YY1 immunostaining with metastatic development and survival in a selected homogeneous group of patients with osteosarcoma. Methods We studied 41 patients suffering from osteosarcoma (stage II-IVa). Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazard regression to evaluate the correlation between YY1 expression and both metastasis development and mortality. Results YY1 protein is not usually present in normal bone; in contrast, a high number of patients (61%) showed a high score of YY1 positive cells (51-100%) and 39% had a low score (10-50% positive cells). No statistical difference was found in histology, anatomic sites, or response to chemotherapy between the two degrees of YY1 expression. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the highest score of YY1 expression was predictive of both low metastasis-free survival (HR = 4.690, 95%CI = 1.079-20.396; p = 0.039) and poor overall survival (HR = 8.353, 95%CI = 1.863-37.451 p = 0.006) regardless of the effects of covariates such as age, gender, histology and chemonecrosis. Conclusion Overexpression of YY1 in primary site of osteosarcoma is associated with the occurrence of metastasis and poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena de Nigris
- Department of General Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology and U.O.C. Immunohematology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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40
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Ladelfa MF, Toledo MF, Laiseca JE, Monte M. Interaction of p53 with tumor suppressive and oncogenic signaling pathways to control cellular reactive oxygen species production. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1749-61. [PMID: 20919943 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a crucial transcription factor with tumor suppressive properties that elicits its function through specific target genes. It constitutes a pivotal system that integrates information received by many signaling pathways and subsequently orchestrates cell fate decisions, namely, growth-arrest, senescence, or apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells can play a key role in signal transduction, being able to trigger different processes as cell death or cell proliferation. Sustained oxidative stress can induce genomic instability and collaborates with cancer development, whereas acute enhancement of high ROS levels leads to toxic oxidative cell damage and cell death. Here, it has been considered p53 broad potential contribution through its ability to regulate selected key cancer signaling pathways, where ROS participate as inductors or effectors of the final biological outcome. Further, we have discussed how p53 could play a role in preventing potentially harmful oxidative state and cell proliferation by pro-oncogenic pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and WNT/β-catenin or under hypoxia state. In addition, we have considered potential mechanisms by which p53 could collaborate with signal transduction pathways such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) that produce ROS, to stop or eliminate uncontrolled proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fátima Ladelfa
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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41
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Apontes P, Leontieva OV, Demidenko ZN, Li F, Blagosklonny MV. Exploring long-term protection of normal human fibroblasts and epithelial cells from chemotherapy in cell culture. Oncotarget 2011; 2:222-33. [PMID: 21447859 PMCID: PMC3260824 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Killing of proliferating normal cells limits chemotherapy of cancer. Several
strategies to selectively protect normal cells were previously suggested. Here
we further explored the protection of normal cells from cell cycle-specific
chemotherapeutic agents such as mitotic inhibitors (MI). We focused on a
long-term cell recovery (rather than on a short-term cell survival) after a
3-day exposure to MI (paclitaxel and nocodazole). In three normal human cell
types (RPE, NKE, WI-38t cells) but not in cancer cells with mutant p53,
pre-treatment with nutlin-3a, a non-genotoxic inducer of wt p53, caused G1
and/or G2 arrest, thus preventing lethal mitotic arrest caused by MI and
allowing normal cells to recover after removal of MI. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of
the nutrient-sensing mTOR pathway, potentiated the protective effect of
nutlin-3a in normal cells. Also, a combination of rapamycin and metformin, an
anti-diabetic drug, induced G1 and G2 arrest selectively in normal cells and
thereby protected them from MI. A combination of metformin and rapamycin also
protected normal cells in low glucose conditions, whereas in contrast it was
cytotoxic for cancer cells. Based on these data and the analysis of the
literature, we suggest that a rational combination of metformin and rapamycin
can potentiate chemotherapy with mitotic inhibitors against cancer, while
protecting normal cells, thus further increasing the therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasha Apontes
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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42
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p53: guardian of ploidy. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:315-23. [PMID: 21852209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy, often preceded by tetraploidy, is one of the hallmarks of solid tumors. Indeed, both aneuploidy and tetraploidy are oncogenic occurrences that are sufficient to drive neoplastic transformation and cancer progression. True to form, the tumor suppressor p53 obstructs propagation of these dangerous chromosomal events by either instigating irreversible cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The tumor suppressor Lats2, along with other tumor inhibitory proteins such as BRCA1/2 and BubR1, are central to p53-dependent elimination of tetraploid cells. Not surprisingly, these proteins are frequently inactivated or downregulated in tumors, synergizing with p53 inactivation to establish an atmosphere of "tolerance" for a non-diploid state.
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43
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Verhaegen M, Checinska A, Riblett MB, Wang S, Soengas MS. E2F1-dependent oncogenic addiction of melanoma cells to MDM2. Oncogene 2011; 31:828-41. [PMID: 21743494 PMCID: PMC3193861 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the defining features of aggressive melanomas is their complexity. Hundreds of mutations and an ever increasing list of changes in the transcriptome and proteome distinguish normal from malignant melanocytic cells. Yet, despite this altered genetic background, a long-known attribute of melanomas is a relatively low rate of mutations in the p53 gene. However, it is unclear whether p53 is maintained in melanoma cells because it is required for their survival, or because it is functionally disabled. More pressing from a translational perspective, is to define whether there is a tumor cell-selective wiring of p53 that offers a window for therapeutic intervention. Here we provide genetic and pharmacological evidence demonstrating that p53 represents a liability to melanoma cells which they thwart by assuming an oncogenic dependency on the E3 ligase MDM2. Specifically, we used a combination of RNA interference and two structurally independent small molecule inhibitors of the p53/MDM2 interaction to assess the relative requirement of both proteins for the viability of normal melanocytes and a broad panel of melanoma cell lines. We demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that MDM2 is selectively required to blunt latent pro-senescence signals in melanoma cells. Notably, the outcome of MDM2 inactivation depends not only on the mutational status of p53, but also on its ability to signal to the transcription factor E2F1. These data support MDM2 as a drug target in melanoma cells, and identify E2F1 as a biomarker to consider when stratifying putative candidates for clinical studies of p53/MDM2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Verhaegen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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44
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Vaseva AV, Yallowitz AR, Marchenko ND, Xu S, Moll UM. Blockade of Hsp90 by 17AAG antagonizes MDMX and synergizes with Nutlin to induce p53-mediated apoptosis in solid tumors. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e156. [PMID: 21562588 PMCID: PMC3122118 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to induce p53 activation in wtp53-retaining tumors carry high potential in cancer therapy. Nutlin, a potent highly selective MDM2 inhibitor, induces non-genotoxic p53 activation. Although Nutlin shows promise in promoting cell death in hematopoietic malignancies, a major roadblock is that most solid cancers do not undergo apoptosis but merely reversible growth arrest. p53 inhibition by unopposed MDMX is one major cause for apoptosis resistance to Nutlin. The Hsp90 chaperone is ubiquitously activated in cancer cells and supports oncogenic survival pathways, many of which antagonize p53. The Hsp90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) is known to induce p53-dependent apoptosis. We show here that in multiple difficult-to-kill solid tumor cells 17AAG modulates several critical components that synergize with Nutlin-activated p53 signaling to convert Nutlin's transient cytostatic response into a cytotoxic killing response in vitro and in xenografts. Combined with Nutlin, 17AAG destabilizes MDMX, reduces MDM2, induces PUMA and inhibits oncogenic survival pathways, such as PI3K/AKT, which counteract p53 signaling at multiple levels. Mechanistically, 17AAG interferes with the repressive MDMX-p53 axis by inducing robust MDMX degradation, thereby markedly increasing p53 transcription compared with Nutlin alone. To our knowledge Nutlin+17AAG represents the first effective pharmacologic knockdown of MDMX. Our study identifies 17AAG as a promising synthetic lethal partner for a more efficient Nutlin-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Vaseva
- Graduate program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - A R Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - N D Marchenko
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - S Xu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - U M Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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45
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Lane DP, Verma C, Fang CC. The p53 inducing drug dosage may determine quiescence or senescence. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 2:748. [PMID: 21068468 PMCID: PMC3006013 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David P Lane
- p53 lab (A*STAR), #6-06 Immunos Singapore 138648. ‐star.edu.sg
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46
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Shen H, Maki CG. Pharmacologic activation of p53 by small-molecule MDM2 antagonists. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:560-8. [PMID: 21391906 PMCID: PMC3613239 DOI: 10.2174/138161211795222603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Restoring p53 activity by inhibiting the interaction between p53 and MDM2 represents an attractive approach for cancer therapy. To this end, a number of small-molecule p53-MDM2 binding inhibitors have been developed during the past several years. Nutlin-3 is a potent and selective small-molecule MDM2 antagonist that has shown considerable promise in pre-clinical studies. This review will highlight recent advances in the development of small-molecule MDM2 antagonists as potential cancer therapeutics, with special emphasis on Nutlin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W Harrison Ave, Jelke Building, room 1306
| | - Carl G. Maki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W Harrison Ave, Jelke Building, room 1306
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47
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Tseng HY, Jiang CC, Croft A, Tay KH, Thorne RF, Yang F, Liu H, Hersey P, Zhang XD. Contrasting Effects of Nutlin-3 on TRAIL- and Docetaxel-Induced Apoptosis Due to Upregulation of TRAIL-R2 and Mcl-1 in Human Melanoma Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:3363-74. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Erol A. Deciphering the intricate regulatory mechanisms for the cellular choice between cell repair, apoptosis or senescence in response to damaging signals. Cell Signal 2010; 23:1076-81. [PMID: 21144894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to various types of stress, cells can undergo significant phenotypic changes, ranging from an increased DNA repair to senescence and apoptosis. The mechanisms by which p53 manages the choice between three possible cell fates in response to damaging stress remain poorly understood. p53 is not a simple switch that determines cell fate single-handedly; but rather as a component, albeit an important one, of an intricate signal network and molecular interactions. Thus, in addition to p53, fine-tuned interactions between growth- and division-activator molecules such as TGFβ, cMyc and FOXO are important determinants of the cellular fate. The aim of the paper is to resolve the complex interactions between these molecules and to elicit clear and reasonable working mechanisms for these diverse cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Erol
- Erol Project Development House for the disorders of energy metabolism, Silivri-Istanbul, Turkey.
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49
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Pishas KI, Al-Ejeh F, Zinonos I, Kumar R, Evdokiou A, Brown MP, Callen DF, Neilsen PM. Nutlin-3a Is a Potential Therapeutic for Ewing Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:494-504. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Miller KR, Kelley K, Tuttle R, Berberich SJ. HdmX overexpression inhibits oncogene induced cellular senescence. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:3376-82. [PMID: 20724842 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.16.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible state of terminal growth arrest that requires functional p53. Acting to block tumor formation, induction of senescence has also been demonstrated to contribute to tumor clearance via the immune system following p53 reactivation. The Hdm2-antagonist, Nutlin-3a, has been shown to reactivate p53 and induce a quiescent state in various cancer cell lines, similar to the G(1) arrest observed upon RNAi targeting of Hdm2 in MCF7 breast cancer. In the present study we show that HdmX, a negative regulator of p53, impacts the senescence pathway. Specifically, overexpression of HdmX blocks Ras mediated senescence in primary human fibroblasts. The interaction of HdmX with p53 and the re-localization of HdmX to the nucleus through Hdm2 association appear to be required for this activity. Furthermore, inhibiting HdmX in prostate adenocarcinoma cells expressing wild-type p53, mutant Ras and high levels of HdmX induced cellular senescence as measured by an increase in irreversible b-galactosidase staining. Together these results suggest that HdmX overexpression may contribute to tumor formation by blocking senescence and that targeting HdmX may represent an attractive anti-cancer therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Miller
- Wright State University, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Dayton, OH, USA
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