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Chen Y, Qu W, Tu J, Yang L, Gui X. Prognostic impact of PTK6 expression in triple negative breast cancer. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:575. [PMID: 37932734 PMCID: PMC10629122 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PTK6 in different groups of triple negative breast cancer and its impact on prognosis. METHODS Retrospective study of a total of 209 surgical specimens of breast cancer were identified by IHC or FISH methods as triple negative,and divided into a lymph node metastasis positive (LNM +)group (n = 102) and a lymph node metastasis negative(LNM-) group (n = 107) according to the lymph node status of the surgical specimen. PTK6 expression was detected by IHC technique in all surgical specimens. PTK6 expression and clinicopathological features was explored by Chi-square test. The prognosis of different groups of patients was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and COX analysis. RESULTS The incidence of PTK6 expression in the LNM + group (78.4%) was significantly higher than in the LNM- group (28%). Clinicopathological analysis showed that PTK6 expression in the LNM + group was negatively correlated with the 5-year survival of patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that only PTK6 expression in the LNM + group was negatively correlated with OS and DFS. COX analysis also showed that PTK6 expression and N stage were independent prognostic factors for DFS in the LNM + group. No correlation was observed between HER2 and PTK6 expression in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that PTK6 promotes tumor development and was associated with poor prognosis in the LNM + group of triple negative breast cancer. Inhibition of PTK6 may be a new approach for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer patients, especially those with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanchang People's Hospital(formerly The Third Hospital of Nanchang), No.1268 Jiuzhou Street, Chaoyang New City, Nanchang City, 333000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Pathology, Nanchang People's Hospital(formerly The Third Hospital of Nanchang), No.1268 Jiuzhou Street, Chaoyang New City, Nanchang City, 333000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianhong Tu
- Department of Pathology, Nanchang People's Hospital(formerly The Third Hospital of Nanchang), No.1268 Jiuzhou Street, Chaoyang New City, Nanchang City, 333000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Nanchang People's Hospital(formerly The Third Hospital of Nanchang), No.1268 Jiuzhou Street, Chaoyang New City, Nanchang City, 333000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingxing Gui
- Department of Pathology, Nanchang People's Hospital(formerly The Third Hospital of Nanchang), No.1268 Jiuzhou Street, Chaoyang New City, Nanchang City, 333000, Jiangxi, China.
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2
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Yang Y, Kozlovskaya V, Zhang Z, Xing C, Zaharias S, Dolmat M, Qian S, Zhang J, Warram JM, Yang ES, Kharlampieva E. Poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone)- block-Poly(dimethylsiloxane)- block-Poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone) Triblock Copolymer Polymersomes for Delivery of PARP1 siRNA to Breast Cancers. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1670-1682. [PMID: 35294185 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 20% of HER2-positive breast cancers develop resistance to HER2-targeted therapies requiring the use of advanced therapies. Silencing RNA therapy may be a powerful modality for treating resistant HER2 cancers due to its high specificity and low toxicity. However, the systemic administration of siRNAs requires a safe and efficient delivery platform because of siRNA's low stability in physiological fluids, inefficient cellular uptake, immunoreactivity, and rapid clearance. We have developed theranostic polymeric vesicles to overcome these hurdles for encapsulation and delivery of small functional molecules and PARP1 siRNA for in vivo delivery to breast cancer tumors. The 100 nm polymer vesicles were assembled from biodegradable and non-ionic poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)14-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane)47-block-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)14 triblock copolymer PVPON14-PDMS47-PVPON14 using nanoprecipitation and thin-film hydration. We demonstrated that the vesicles assembled from the copolymer covalently tagged with the Cy5.5 fluorescent dye for in vivo imaging could also encapsulate the model drug with high loading efficiency (40%). The dye-loaded vesicles were accumulated in tumors after 18 h circulation in 4TR breast tumor-bearing mice via passive targeting. We found that PARP1 siRNA encapsulated into the vesicles was released intact (13%) into solution by the therapeutic ultrasound treatment as quantified by gel electrophoresis. The PARP1 siRNA-loaded polymersomes inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-361TR cells by 34% after 6 days of treatment by suppressing the NF-kB signaling pathway, unlike their scrambled siRNA-loaded counterparts. Finally, the treatment by PARP1 siRNA-loaded vesicles prolonged the survival of the mice bearing 4T1 breast cancer xenografts, with the 4-fold survival increase, unlike the untreated mice after 3 weeks following the treatment. These biodegradable, non-ionic PVPON14-PDMS47-PVPON14 polymeric nanovesicles capable of the efficient encapsulation and delivery of PARP1 siRNA to successfully knock down PARP1 in vivo can provide an advanced platform for the development of precision-targeted therapeutic carriers, which could help develop highly effective drug delivery nanovehicles for breast cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Veronika Kozlovskaya
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Hazelrig Salter Radiation Oncology Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Chuan Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Hazelrig Salter Radiation Oncology Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Steve Zaharias
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Maksim Dolmat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Shuo Qian
- Neutron Scattering Division and Second Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Jason M Warram
- The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,Departments of Otolaryngology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Hazelrig Salter Radiation Oncology Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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3
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Torres-Martinez Z, Delgado Y, Ferrer-Acosta Y, Suarez-Arroyo IJ, Joaquín-Ovalle FM, Delinois LJ, Griebenow K. Key genes and drug delivery systems to improve the efficiency of chemotherapy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:163-191. [PMID: 34142021 PMCID: PMC8208690 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can develop resistance to anticancer drugs, thereby becoming tolerant to treatment through different mechanisms. The biological mechanisms leading to the generation of anticancer treatment resistance include alterations in transmembrane proteins, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, alterations in target molecules, and genetic responses, among others. The most common anti-cancer drugs reported to develop resistance to cancer cells include cisplatin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and fluorouracil. These anticancer drugs have different mechanisms of action, and specific cancer types can be affected by different genes. The development of drug resistance is a cellular response which uses differential gene expression, to enable adaptation and survival of the cell to diverse threatening environmental agents. In this review, we briefly look at the key regulatory genes, their expression, as well as the responses and regulation of cancer cells when exposed to anticancer drugs, along with the incorporation of alternative nanocarriers as treatments to overcome anticancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zally Torres-Martinez
- Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico- Rio Piedras campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Yamixa Delgado
- Biochemistry & Pharmacology Department, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, PR 00726, USA
| | - Yancy Ferrer-Acosta
- Neuroscience Department, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA
| | | | - Freisa M Joaquín-Ovalle
- Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico- Rio Piedras campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Louis J Delinois
- Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico- Rio Piedras campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico- Rio Piedras campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
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4
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Ang HL, Yuan Y, Lai X, Tan TZ, Wang L, Huang BB, Pandey V, Huang RYJ, Lobie PE, Goh BC, Sethi G, Yap CT, Chan CW, Lee SC, Kumar AP. Putting the BRK on breast cancer: From molecular target to therapeutics. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1115-1128. [PMID: 33391524 PMCID: PMC7738883 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BReast tumor Kinase (BRK, also known as PTK6) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly expressed in breast carcinomas while having low expression in the normal mammary gland, which hints at the oncogenic nature of this kinase in breast cancer. In the past twenty-six years since the discovery of BRK, an increasing number of studies have strived to understand the cellular roles of BRK in breast cancer. Since then, BRK has been found both in vitro and in vivo to activate a multitude of oncoproteins to promote cell proliferation, metastasis, and cancer development. The compelling evidence concerning the oncogenic roles of BRK has also led, since then, to the rapid and exponential development of inhibitors against BRK. This review highlights recent advances in BRK biology in contributing to the “hallmarks of cancer”, as well as BRK's therapeutic significance. Importantly, this review consolidates all known inhibitors of BRK activity and highlights the connection between drug action and BRK-mediated effects. Despite the volume of inhibitors designed against BRK, none have progressed into clinical phase. Understanding the successes and challenges of these inhibitor developments are crucial for the future improvements of new inhibitors that can be clinically relevant.
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5
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Belfiore L, Saunders DN, Ranson M, Thurecht KJ, Storm G, Vine KL. Towards clinical translation of ligand-functionalized liposomes in targeted cancer therapy: Challenges and opportunities. J Control Release 2018; 277:1-13. [PMID: 29501721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic resistance to targeted anticancer therapies remains a significant clinical problem, with intratumoral heterogeneity playing a key role. In this context, improving the therapeutic outcome through simultaneous targeting of multiple tumor cell subtypes within a heterogeneous tumor is a promising approach. Liposomes have emerged as useful drug carriers that can reduce systemic toxicity and increase drug delivery to the tumor site. While clinically used liposomal drug formulations show marked therapeutic advantages over free drug formulations, ligand-functionalized liposomes that can target multiple tumor cell subtypes may further improve the therapeutic efficacy by facilitating drug delivery to a broader population of tumor cells making up the heterogeneous tumor tissue. Ligand-directed liposomes enable the so-called active targeting of cell receptors via surface-attached ligands that direct drug uptake into tumor cells or tumor-associated stromal cells, and so can increase the selectivity of drug delivery. Despite promising preclinical results demonstrating improved targeting and anti-tumor effects of ligand-directed liposomes, there has been limited translation of this approach to the clinic. Key challenges for translation include the lack of established methods to scale up production and comprehensively characterize ligand-functionalized liposome formulations, as well as the inadequate recapitulation of in vivo tumors in the preclinical models currently used to evaluate their performance. Herein, we discuss the utility of recent ligand-directed liposome approaches, with a focus on dual-ligand liposomes, for the treatment of solid tumors and examine the drawbacks limiting their progression to clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Belfiore
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Darren N Saunders
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CG, The Netherlands
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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6
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Jiang Y, Du F, Chen F, Qin N, Jiang Z, Zhou J, Jiang T, Pu Z, Cheng Y, Chen J, Dai J, Ma H, Jin G, Hu Z, Yu H, Shen H. Potentially functional variants in lncRNAs are associated with breast cancer risk in a Chinese population. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2048-2057. [PMID: 28398609 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in the development of breast cancer. Genetic variants in lncRNAs may be involved in their abnormal expressions and associated with cancer risk. In the present study, we performed RNA sequencing on five paired breast cancer tumor and adjacent non-cancerous tissues to obtain differentially expressed lncRNAs. We systematically selected potential regulatory variants of these lncRNAs and investigated the associations between these variants and breast cancer susceptibility in 1486 breast cancer cases and 1519 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population. Eleven lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between breast cancer tumor and normal tissues (false discovery rate (FDR) ≤0.05 and fold-change ≥2), including two known lncRNAs HOTAIR and UCA1. We subsequently genotyped 20 variants located on these lncRNAs and identified two variants (rs11471161 in AC104135.3 and rs3751232 in RP11-1060J15.4) associated with breast cancer risk. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the variant allele of rs11471161 was significantly associated with a decreased breast cancer risk (additive model: OR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.74-0.94, P = 0.004), while the variant allele of rs3751232 showed an increased risk of breast cancer (additive model: OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.02-1.40, P = 0.027). Further co-expression analysis indicated that AC104135.3 associated with ERBB2, which promotes the development and progression of breast cancer through overexpression. Together, these results suggest that genetic variants rs11471161 and rs3751232 in AC104135.3, and RP11-1060J15.4, respectively, may influence the susceptibility to breast cancer in the Chinese population. Further functional evaluations and larger studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangzhi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhening Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Wang Y, Fan S, Lu J, Zhang Z, Wu D, Wu Z, Zheng Y. GLUL Promotes Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2018-2025. [PMID: 27791265 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. Here, we found higher expression of GLUL in the breast cancer patients was associated with larger tumor size and higher level of HER2 expression. In addition, GLUL was heterogeneously expressed in various breast cancer cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of GLUL in SK-BR-3 cells were obviously higher than that in the other types of breast cancer cells. Results showed GLUL knockdown in SK-BR-3 cells could significantly decrease the proliferation ability. Furthermore, GLUL knockdown markedly inhibited the p38 MAPK and ERK1/ERK2 signaling pathways in SK-BR-3 cells. Thus, GLUL may represent a novel target for selectively inhibiting p38 MAPK and ERK1/ERK2 signaling pathways and the proliferation potential of breast cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2018-2025, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Affiliated First People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Shaohua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Zifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yuanlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
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8
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Targeting BRK-Positive Breast Cancers with Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2016; 77:175-186. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Huber MC, Mall R, Braselmann H, Feuchtinger A, Molatore S, Lindner K, Walch A, Gross E, Schmitt M, Falkenberg N, Aubele M. uPAR enhances malignant potential of triple-negative breast cancer by directly interacting with uPA and IGF1R. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:615. [PMID: 27502396 PMCID: PMC4977758 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to lack of a targeted therapy for the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, it is important to explore this aggressive breast cancer type in more detail and to establish novel therapeutic approaches. TNBC is defined negative for the protein expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). One prominent feature of this cancer type is the frequent overexpression of major components of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system (uPAS) including uPA, its receptor uPAR and the inhibitor PAI-1, which may be valuable as therapeutic targets. METHODS Direct interactions of uPAR with interactors were demonstrated by immunoprecipitations and proximity ligation assays. For stable knockdowns of target proteins, lentiviral vectors were used and the effects were analysed by immunoblottings and using in vitro cell viability, migration and invasion assays. Immunohistochemical and statistical analyses of biomarkers and clinical parameters were conducted in a TNBC cohort (n = 174). RESULTS Direct tumour-promoting interactions of uPAR with uPA and the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R) were shown in TNBC cells and these interactions were significantly reduced (p = 0.001) when uPAR was downregulated. The combined knockdown of uPAR and uPA or IGF1R additively and significantly reduced cell viability, migration and invasion of the model cell lines. In TNBC tissue, the complexes formed by uPAR with uPA or with IGF1R significantly correlated with the histological grade (p = 0.0019) as well as with cathepsin B and D (p ≤ 0.0001) that are implicated in cell invasion and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Our outcomes show that not only overexpressed biomarkers promote tumourigenesis, but rather their interactions further potentiate tumour progression. This study emphasises the potential of combined approaches targeting uPAR and its interactors with regard to an improved therapy of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Huber
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Mall
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Braselmann
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit of Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Molatore
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lindner
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit of Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Gross
- Tumor Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Natalie Falkenberg
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Aubele
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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10
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Falkenberg N, Anastasov N, Schaub A, Radulovic V, Schmitt M, Magdolen V, Aubele M. Secreted uPAR isoform 2 (uPAR7b) is a novel direct target of miR-221. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8103-14. [PMID: 25797271 PMCID: PMC4480738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-221/-222 and components of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system (uPAS) are associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in breast cancer, including the triple-negative subtype (TNBC). Modification of components of uPAS and involved miRNAs may contribute to targeted therapy for breast cancer patients. miR-221−/−222-overexpressing or miR-221-depleted cells were employed for qRT-PCR and Western blots to show associations of uPAR with miR-221/-222. To substantiate direct targeting of miR-221/-222 within 3′ UTR of the uPAR isoform 2, in silico analysesand in vitro assays were conducted. Significant associations between miR-221 and uPAR isoform 2 expressions were observed at the mRNA and protein levels in breast cancer cells representing TNBC. For the first time, the uPAR isoform 2 was demonstrated as direct target for miR-221/-222. Inhibition of miR-221 reduced uPAR protein expression and expression of the tumor cell invasion markers vimentin and RHOC. These results demonstrate a direct and positive regulation of the secreted uPAR isoform 2 by miR-221, increasing its protein expression, a prerequisite for malignancy, while the other uPAR isoforms (1, 3 and 4) are indirectly regulated through miR-10b and miR-221/-222. By targeting uPAR isoforms and/or miRNA-221/-222, the diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer, in particular in TNBC, could be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Falkenberg
- Institute of Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nataša Anastasov
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annalisa Schaub
- Institute of Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vanja Radulovic
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Michaela Aubele
- Institute of Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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11
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Gu S, Hu Z, Ngamcherdtrakul W, Castro DJ, Morry J, Reda MM, Gray JW, Yantasee W. Therapeutic siRNA for drug-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:14727-41. [PMID: 26894975 PMCID: PMC4924747 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HER2 is overexpressed in about 20% of breast cancers and contributes to poor prognosis. Unfortunately, a large fraction of patients have primary or acquired resistance to the HER2-targeted therapy trastuzumab, thus a multi-drug combination is utilized in the clinic, putting significant burden on patients. We systematically identified an optimal HER2 siRNA from 76 potential sequences and demonstrated its utility in overcoming intrinsic and acquired resistance to trastuzumab and lapatinib in 18 HER2-positive cancer cell lines. We provided evidence that the drug-resistant cancer maintains dependence on HER2 for survival. Importantly, cell lines did not readily develop resistance following extended treatment with HER2 siRNA. Using our recently developed nanoparticle platform, systemic delivery of HER2 siRNA to trastuzumab-resistant tumors resulted in significant growth inhibition. Moreover, the optimal HER2 siRNA could also silence an exon 16 skipped HER2 splice variant reported to be highly oncogenic and linked to trastuzumab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenda Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Zhi Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Worapol Ngamcherdtrakul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - David J. Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Jingga Morry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Moataz M. Reda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Joe W. Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Wassana Yantasee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
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12
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Falkenberg N, Höfig I, Rosemann M, Szumielewski J, Richter S, Schorpp K, Hadian K, Aubele M, Atkinson MJ, Anastasov N. Three-dimensional microtissues essentially contribute to preclinical validations of therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Cancer Med 2016; 5:703-10. [PMID: 26763588 PMCID: PMC4831289 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3D microtissues using T47D and JIMT‐1 cells were generated to analyze tissue‐like response of breast cancer cells after combined human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐targeted treatment and radiation. Following lentiviral knockdown of HER2, we compared growth rate alterations using 2D monolayers, 3D microtissues, and mouse xenografts. Additionally, to model combined therapeutic strategies, we treated HER2‐depleted T47D cells and 3D microtissues using trastuzumab (anti‐HER2 antibody) in combination with irradiation. Comparison of HER2 knockdown with corresponding controls revealed growth impairment due to HER2 knockdown in T47D 2D monolayers, 3D microtissues, and xenografts (after 2, 12, and ≥40 days, respectively). In contrast, HER2 knockdown was less effective in inhibiting growth of trastuzumab‐resistant JIMT‐1 cells in vitro and in vivo. Combined administration of trastuzumab and radiation treatment was also analyzed using T47D 3D microtissues. Administration of both, radiation (5 Gy) and trastuzumab, significantly enhanced the growth inhibiting effect in 3D microtissues. To improve the predictive power of potential drugs—as single agents or in combination—here, we show that regarding tumor growth analyses, 3D microtissues are highly comparable to outcomes derived from xenografts. Considering increased limitations for animal experiments on the one hand and strong need of novel drugs on the other hand, it is indispensable to include highly reproducible 3D microtissue platform in preclinical analyses to validate more accurately the capacity of future drug‐combined radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Falkenberg
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ines Höfig
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rosemann
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Justine Szumielewski
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Richter
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kenji Schorpp
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Aubele
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Radiation Biology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Nataša Anastasov
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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13
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PTK6/BRK is expressed in the normal mammary gland and activated at the plasma membrane in breast tumors. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6038-48. [PMID: 25153721 PMCID: PMC4171611 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6/BRK) is overexpressed in the majority of human breast tumors and breast tumor cell lines. It is also expressed in normal epithelial linings of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and prostate. To date, expression of PTK6 has not been extensively examined in the normal human mammary gland. We detected PTK6 mRNA and protein expression in the immortalized normal MCF-10A human mammary gland epithelial cell line, and examined PTK6 expression and activation in a normal human breast tissue microarray, as well as in human breast tumors. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residue 342 in the PTK6 activation loop corresponds with its activation. Similar to findings in the prostate, we detect nuclear and cytoplasmic PTK6 in normal mammary gland epithelial cells, but no phosphorylation of tyrosine residue 342. However, in human breast tumors, striking PTK6 expression and phosphorylation of tyrosine 342 is observed at the plasma membrane. PTK6 is expressed in the normal human mammary gland, but does not appear to be active and may have kinase-independent functions that are distinct from its cancer promoting activities at the membrane. Understanding consequences of PTK6 activation at the plasma membrane may have implications for developing novel targeted therapies against this kinase.
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14
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Peng M, Ball-Kell SM, Tyner AL. Protein tyrosine kinase 6 promotes ERBB2-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in the mouse. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1848. [PMID: 26247733 PMCID: PMC4558503 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) expression, activation, and amplification of the PTK6 gene have been reported in ERBB2/HER2-positive mammary gland cancers. To explore contributions of PTK6 to mammary gland tumorigenesis promoted by activated ERBB2, we crossed Ptk6−/− mice with the mouse mammary tumor virus-ERBB2 transgenic mouse line expressing activated ERBB2 and characterized tumor development and progression. ERBB2-induced tumorigenesis was significantly delayed and diminished in mice lacking PTK6. PTK6 expression was induced in the mammary glands of ERBB2 transgenic mice before tumor development and correlated with activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and increased proliferation. Disruption of PTK6 impaired STAT3 activation and proliferation. Phosphorylation of the PTK6 substrates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1; p130CAS) was decreased in Ptk6−/− mammary gland tumors. Reduced numbers of metastases were detected in the lungs of Ptk6−/− mice expressing activated ERBB2, compared with wild-type ERBB2 transgenic mice. PTK6 activation was detected at the edges of ERBB2-positive tumors. These data support roles for PTK6 in both ERBB2-induced mammary gland tumor initiation and metastasis, and identify STAT3, FAK, and BCAR1 as physiologically relevant PTK6 substrates in breast cancer. Including PTK6 inhibitors as part of a treatment regimen could have distinct benefits in ERBB2/HER2-positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S M Ball-Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A L Tyner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Park SH, Ito K, Olcott W, Katsyv I, Halstead-Nussloch G, Irie HY. PTK6 inhibition promotes apoptosis of Lapatinib-resistant Her2(+) breast cancer cells by inducing Bim. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:86. [PMID: 26084280 PMCID: PMC4496943 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly expressed in Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2+ (Her2+) breast cancers. Overexpression of PTK6 enhances anchorage-independent survival, proliferation, and migration of breast cancer cells. We hypothesized that PTK6 inhibition is an effective strategy to inhibit growth and survival of Her2+ breast cancer cells, including those that are relatively resistant to Lapatinib, a targeted therapy for Her2+ breast cancer, either intrinsically or acquired after continuous drug exposure. Methods To determine the effects of PTK6 inhibition on Lapatinib-resistant Her2+ breast cancer cell lines (UACC893R1 and MDA-MB-453), we used short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) vectors to downregulate PTK6 expression. We determined the effects of PTK6 downregulation on growth and survival in vitro and in vivo, as well as the mechanisms responsible for these effects. Results Lapatinib treatment of “sensitive” Her2+ cells induces apoptotic cell death and enhances transcript and protein levels of Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member. In contrast, treatment of relatively “resistant” Her2+ cells fails to induce Bim or enhance levels of cleaved, poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Downregulation of PTK6 expression in these “resistant” cells enhances Bim expression, resulting in apoptotic cell death. PTK6 downregulation impairs growth of these cells in in vitro 3-D MatrigelTM cultures, and also inhibits growth of Her2+ primary tumor xenografts. Bim expression is critical for apoptosis induced by PTK6 downregulation, as co-expression of Bim shRNA rescued these cells from PTK6 shRNA-induced death. The regulation of Bim by PTK6 is not via changes in Erk/MAPK or Akt signaling, two pathways known to regulate Bim expression. Rather, PTK6 downregulation activates p38, and pharmacological inhibition of p38 activity prevents PTK6 shRNA-induced Bim expression and partially rescues cells from apoptosis. Conclusions PTK6 downregulation induces apoptosis of Lapatinib-resistant Her2+ breast cancer cells by enhancing Bim expression via p38 activation. As Bim expression is a critical biomarker for response to many targeted therapies, PTK6 inhibition may offer a therapeutic approach to treating patients with Her2 targeted therapy-resistant breast cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0594-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Park
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Koichi Ito
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - William Olcott
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Igor Katsyv
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gwyneth Halstead-Nussloch
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Hanna Y Irie
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Goel RK, Lukong KE. Tracing the footprints of the breast cancer oncogene BRK - Past till present. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:39-54. [PMID: 25999240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years have passed since the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, Breast tumor kinase (BRK) was cloned. While BRK is evolutionarily related to the Src family kinases it forms its own distinct sub-family referred here to as the BRK family kinases. The detection of BRK in over 60% of breast carcinomas two decades ago and more remarkably, its absence in the normal mammary gland attributed to its recognition as a mammary gland-specific potent oncogene and led BRK researchers on a wild chase to characterize the role of the enzyme in breast cancer. Where has this chase led us? An increasing number of studies have been focused on understanding the cellular roles of BRK in breast carcinoma and normal tissues. A majority of such studies have proposed an oncogenic function of BRK in breast cancers. Thus far, the vast evidence gathered highlights a regulatory role of BRK in critical cellular processes driving tumor formation such as cell proliferation, migration and metastasis. Functional characterization of BRK has identified several signaling proteins that work in concert with the enzyme to sustain such a malignant phenotype. As such targeting the non-receptor tyrosine kinase has been proposed as an attractive approach towards therapeutic intervention. Yet much remains to be explored about (a) the discrepant expression levels of BRK in cancer versus normal conditions, (b) the dependence on the enzymatic activity of BRK to promote oncogenesis and (c) an understanding of the normal physiological roles of the enzyme. This review outlines the advances made towards understanding the cellular and physiological roles of BRK, the mechanisms of action of the protein and its therapeutic significance, in the context of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuveera Kumar Goel
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Kiven Erique Lukong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
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17
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Nie W, Song W, Zhang W, Wang Y, Zhu A, Shao J, Guan X. miR-1470 mediates lapatinib induced p27 upregulation by targeting c-jun. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1630-9. [PMID: 25545366 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Nie
- Department of Medical Oncology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Medical Oncology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Jinling Hospital; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Aiyu Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Jiaqing Shao
- Department of Medical Oncology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Medical Oncology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology; Jinling Hospital; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
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18
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Additive impact of HER2-/PTK6-RNAi on interactions with HER3 or IGF-1R leads to reduced breast cancer progression in vivo. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:282-94. [PMID: 25241146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and the protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) are often co- and over-expressed in invasive breast cancers. At early diagnosis, only distinct groups, such as HER2-or hormone receptor-positive benefit from a targeted therapy. However, a part of these tumours develops resistance within a year of administration of the drug but the majority of the patients depends on general therapies with severe side effects. A PTK6-directed approach does not yet exist. In our present study, we successfully demonstrate, in vitro and in vivo, a significantly additive reduction of tumourigenesis of breast cancer cells simultaneously depleted of both HER2 and PTK6. In comparison with single RNAi approaches, the combined RNAi (co-RNAi) led to a stronger reduced phosphorylation of tumour-promoting proteins. Moreover, the co-RNAi additively decreased cell migration as well as two and three dimensional cell proliferation in vitro. The in vivo experiments showed an additive reduction (p < 0.00001) in the growth of xenografts due to the co-RNAi compared with HER2 or PTK6 RNAi alone. Interestingly, the complexes of HER2 or PTK6 with tumour-relevant interaction partners, such as HER3 or the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R), respectively, were also reduced in xenografts although their protein expression levels were not affected following the co-RNAi of HER2 and PTK6. Our present study reveals the potential of using combined HER2- and PTK6- knockdown as a powerful strategy for the treatment of breast cancers. Therefore, the combined inhibition of these proteins may represent an attractive tool for efficient therapy of breast cancers.
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Protein tyrosine kinase 6 regulates mammary gland tumorigenesis in mouse models. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e81. [PMID: 24323291 PMCID: PMC3940860 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6, also called BRK) is an intracellular tyrosine kinase expressed in the majority of human breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines, but its expression has not been reported in normal mammary gland. To study functions of PTK6 in vivo, we generated and characterized several transgenic mouse lines with expression of human PTK6 under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat. Ectopic active PTK6 was detected in luminal epithelial cells of mature transgenic mammary glands. Lines expressing the MMTV-PTK6 transgene exhibited more than a two-fold increase in mammary gland tumor formation compared with nontransgenic control animals. PTK6 activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and active STAT3 was detected in PTK6-positive mammary gland epithelial cells. Endogenous mouse PTK6 was not detected in the normal mouse mammary gland, but it was induced in mouse mammary gland tumors of different origin, including spontaneous tumors that developed in control mice, and tumors that formed in PTK6, H-Ras, ERBB2 and PyMT transgenic models. MMTV-PTK6 and MMTV-ERBB2 transgenic mice were crossed to explore crosstalk between PTK6 and ERBB2 signaling in vivo. We found no significant increase in tumor incidence, size or metastasis in ERBB2/PTK6 double transgenic mice. Although we detected increased proliferation in ERBB2/PTK6 double transgenic tumors, an increase in apoptosis was also observed. MMTV-PTK6 clearly promotes mammary gland tumorigenesis in vivo, but its impact may be underrepresented in our transgenic models because of induction of endogenous PTK6 expression.
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20
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MiR-221/-222 differentiate prognostic groups in advanced breast cancers and influence cell invasion. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2714-23. [PMID: 24129242 PMCID: PMC3833215 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MiR-221/-222 are frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and are associated with increased malignancy. The specific modification of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression could be a promising strategy in breast cancer therapy, leading to the suppression of tumourigenic processes in tumour cells. Methods: MiR-221/-222 expressions were analysed in 86 breast cancer tissues by quantitative RT–PCR and tested for correlation with immunohistochemistry data and clinical follow-up. In vitro assays were conducted using human breast cancer cell lines with lentiviral overexpression of miR-221/-222. Results: In tumour tissues, miR-221/-222 were associated with the occurrence of distant metastases. In particular, high levels of miR-221 were revealed to have a high prognostic impact for the identification of significantly different groups with advanced tumours. MiR-221/-222 overexpression strongly increased cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Following miR-221/-222 overexpression an increased uPAR expression and cell invasion were observed. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant role for highly expressed miR-221/-222 in advanced breast cancers allowing for the identification of significantly different prognostic groups, particularly for HER2-positive and lymph-node-positive breast cancers. Considering that miR-221/-222 are strongly involved in cell invasion, these miRNAs may be promising markers for breast cancer prognosis and therapy.
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21
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Regan Anderson TM, Peacock DL, Daniel AR, Hubbard GK, Lofgren KA, Girard BJ, Schörg A, Hoogewijs D, Wenger RH, Seagroves TN, Lange CA. Breast tumor kinase (Brk/PTK6) is a mediator of hypoxia-associated breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5810-20. [PMID: 23928995 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Basal-type triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive and difficult to treat relative to luminal-type breast cancers. TNBC often express abundant Met receptors and are enriched for transcriptional targets regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which independently predict cancer relapse and increased risk of metastasis. Brk/PTK6 is a critical downstream effector of Met signaling and is required for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced cell migration. Herein, we examined the regulation of Brk by HIFs in TNBC in vitro and in vivo. Brk mRNA and protein levels are upregulated strongly in vitro by hypoxia, low glucose, and reactive oxygen species. In HIF-silenced cells, Brk expression relied upon both HIF-1α and HIF-2α, which we found to regulate BRK transcription directly. HIF-1α/2α silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells diminished xenograft growth and Brk reexpression reversed this effect. These findings were pursued in vivo by crossing WAP-Brk (FVB) transgenic mice into the MET(Mut) knockin (FVB) model. In this setting, Brk expression augmented MET(Mut)-induced mammary tumor formation and metastasis. Unexpectedly, tumors arising in either MET(Mut) or WAP-Brk × MET(Mut) mice expressed abundant levels of Sik, the mouse homolog of Brk, which conferred increased tumor formation and decreased survival. Taken together, our results identify HIF-1α/2α as novel regulators of Brk expression and suggest that Brk is a key mediator of hypoxia-induced breast cancer progression. Targeting Brk expression or activity may provide an effective means to block the progression of aggressive breast cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Female
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah M Regan Anderson
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Center for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and Institute of Physiology and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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