1
|
Hu W, Song A, Zheng H. Substrate binding plasticity revealed by Cryo-EM structures of SLC26A2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3616. [PMID: 38684689 PMCID: PMC11059360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SLC26A2 is a vital solute carrier responsible for transporting essential nutritional ions, including sulfate, within the human body. Pathogenic mutations within SLC26A2 give rise to a spectrum of human diseases, ranging from lethal to mild symptoms. The molecular details regarding the versatile substrate-transporter interactions and the impact of pathogenic mutations on SLC26A2 transporter function remain unclear. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy, we determine three high-resolution structures of SLC26A2 in complexes with different substrates. These structures unveil valuable insights, including the distinct features of the homodimer assembly, the dynamic nature of substrate binding, and the potential ramifications of pathogenic mutations. This structural-functional information regarding SLC26A2 will advance our understanding of cellular sulfate transport mechanisms and provide foundations for future therapeutic development against various human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, US
| | - Alex Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, US
| | - Hongjin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, US.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Zhu L, Ying S, Liao X, Zheng J, Liu Z, Gao J, Niu M, Xu X, Zhou Z, Xu H, Wu J. Increased RNA editing sites revealed as potential novel biomarkers for diagnosis in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Autoimmun 2023; 138:103035. [PMID: 37216868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptome-wide aberrant RNA editing has been shown to contribute to autoimmune diseases, but its extent and significance in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) are currently poorly understood. METHODS We systematically characterized the global pattern and clinical relevance of RNA editing in pSS by performing large-scale RNA sequencing of minor salivary gland tissues obtained from 439 pSS patients and 130 non-pSS or healthy controls. FINDINGS Compared with controls, pSS patients displayed increased global RNA-editing levels, which were significantly correlated and clinically relevant to various immune features in pSS. The elevated editing levels were likely explained by significantly increased expression of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) p150 in pSS, which was associated with disease features. In addition, genome-wide differential RNA editing (DRE) analysis between pSS and non-pSS showed that most (249/284) DRE sites were hyper-edited in pSS, especially the top 10 DRE sites dominated by hyper-edited sites and assigned to nine unique genes involved in the inflammatory response or immune system. Interestingly, among all DRE sites, six RNA editing sites were only detected in pSS and resided in three unique genes (NLRC5, IKZF3 and JAK3). Furthermore, these six specific DRE sites with significant clinical relevance in pSS showed a strong capacity to distinguish between pSS and non-pSS, reflecting powerful diagnostic efficacy and accuracy. CONCLUSION These findings reveal the potential role of RNA editing in contributing to the risk of pSS and further highlight the important prognostic value and diagnostic potential of RNA editing in pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxiao Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Senhong Ying
- Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liao
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianxia Gao
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Niu
- Ningbo Health Gene Technologies Co, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Zihao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huji Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Corsello SM, Nagari RT, Spangler RD, Rossen J, Kocak M, Bryan JG, Humeidi R, Peck D, Wu X, Tang AA, Wang VM, Bender SA, Lemire E, Narayan R, Montgomery P, Ben-David U, Garvie CW, Chen Y, Rees MG, Lyons NJ, McFarland JM, Wong BT, Wang L, Dumont N, O'Hearn PJ, Stefan E, Doench JG, Harrington CN, Greulich H, Meyerson M, Vazquez F, Subramanian A, Roth JA, Bittker JA, Boehm JS, Mader CC, Tsherniak A, Golub TR. Discovering the anti-cancer potential of non-oncology drugs by systematic viability profiling. NATURE CANCER 2020; 1:235-248. [PMID: 32613204 PMCID: PMC7328899 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-019-0018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer uses of non-oncology drugs have occasionally been found, but such discoveries have been serendipitous. We sought to create a public resource containing the growth inhibitory activity of 4,518 drugs tested across 578 human cancer cell lines. We used PRISM, a molecular barcoding method, to screen drugs against cell lines in pools. An unexpectedly large number of non-oncology drugs selectively inhibited subsets of cancer cell lines in a manner predictable from the cell lines' molecular features. Our findings include compounds that killed by inducing PDE3A-SLFN12 complex formation; vanadium-containing compounds whose killing depended on the sulfate transporter SLC26A2; the alcohol dependence drug disulfiram, which killed cells with low expression of metallothioneins; and the anti-inflammatory drug tepoxalin, which killed via the multi-drug resistance protein ABCB1. The PRISM drug repurposing resource (https://depmap.org/repurposing) is a starting point to develop new oncology therapeutics, and more rarely, for potential direct clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Corsello
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jordan Rossen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mustafa Kocak
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordan G Bryan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ranad Humeidi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Peck
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew A Tang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vickie M Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Evan Lemire
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rajiv Narayan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Uri Ben-David
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Yejia Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bang T Wong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- 10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Dumont
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick J O'Hearn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Relay Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Stefan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Meyerson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joshua A Bittker
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse S Boehm
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher C Mader
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Flatiron Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Todd R Golub
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corsello SM, Nagari RT, Spangler RD, Rossen J, Kocak M, Bryan JG, Humeidi R, Peck D, Wu X, Tang AA, Wang VM, Bender SA, Lemire E, Narayan R, Montgomery P, Ben-David U, Garvie CW, Chen Y, Rees MG, Lyons NJ, McFarland JM, Wong BT, Wang L, Dumont N, O'Hearn PJ, Stefan E, Doench JG, Harrington CN, Greulich H, Meyerson M, Vazquez F, Subramanian A, Roth JA, Bittker JA, Boehm JS, Mader CC, Tsherniak A, Golub TR. Discovering the anti-cancer potential of non-oncology drugs by systematic viability profiling. NATURE CANCER 2020. [PMID: 32613204 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20564034.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cancer uses of non-oncology drugs have occasionally been found, but such discoveries have been serendipitous. We sought to create a public resource containing the growth inhibitory activity of 4,518 drugs tested across 578 human cancer cell lines. We used PRISM, a molecular barcoding method, to screen drugs against cell lines in pools. An unexpectedly large number of non-oncology drugs selectively inhibited subsets of cancer cell lines in a manner predictable from the cell lines' molecular features. Our findings include compounds that killed by inducing PDE3A-SLFN12 complex formation; vanadium-containing compounds whose killing depended on the sulfate transporter SLC26A2; the alcohol dependence drug disulfiram, which killed cells with low expression of metallothioneins; and the anti-inflammatory drug tepoxalin, which killed via the multi-drug resistance protein ABCB1. The PRISM drug repurposing resource (https://depmap.org/repurposing) is a starting point to develop new oncology therapeutics, and more rarely, for potential direct clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Corsello
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jordan Rossen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mustafa Kocak
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordan G Bryan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ranad Humeidi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Peck
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew A Tang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vickie M Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Evan Lemire
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rajiv Narayan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Uri Ben-David
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Yejia Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bang T Wong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- 10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Dumont
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick J O'Hearn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Relay Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Stefan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Meyerson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joshua A Bittker
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse S Boehm
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher C Mader
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Flatiron Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Todd R Golub
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
TRAIL Mediated Signaling in Breast Cancer: Awakening Guardian Angel to Induce Apoptosis and Overcome Drug Resistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1152:243-252. [PMID: 31456187 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing technologies have allowed us to characterize highly heterogeneous molecular landscape of breast cancer with unprecedented details. Tremendous breakthroughs have been made in unraveling contributory role of signaling pathways in breast cancer development and progression. It is becoming progressively more understandable that deregulation of spatio-temporally controlled pathways underlie development of resistance against different drugs. TRAIL mediated signaling has attracted considerable appreciation because of its characteristically unique ability to target cancer cells while leaving normal cells intact. Discovery of TRAIL was considered as a paradigm shift in molecular oncology because of its conspicuous ability to selectively target cancer cells. There was an exponential growth in the number of high-quality reports which highlighted cancer targeting ability of TRAIL and scientists worked on the development of TRAIL-based therapeutics and death receptor targeting agonistic antibodies to treat cancer. However, later studies challenged simplistic view related to tumor targeting ability of TRAIL. Detailed mechanistic insights revealed that overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins, inactivation of pro-apoptotic proteins and downregulation of death receptors were instrumental in impairing apoptosis in cancer cells. Therefore researchers started to give attention to identification of methodologies and strategies to overcome the stumbling blocks associated with TRAIL-based therapeutics. Subsequent studies gave us a clear picture of signaling cascade of TRAIL and how deregulation of different proteins abrogated apoptosis. In this chapter we have attempted to provide an overview of the TRAIL induced signaling, list of proteins frequently deregulated and modern approaches to strategically restore apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant breast cancers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng C, Lin X, Xu X, Wang C, Zhou J, Gao B, Fan J, Lu W, Hu Y, Jie Q, Luo Z, Yang L. Suppressing UPR-dependent overactivation of FGFR3 signaling ameliorates SLC26A2-deficient chondrodysplasias. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:695-709. [PMID: 30685387 PMCID: PMC6413327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the SLC26A2 gene cause a spectrum of currently incurable human chondrodysplasias. However, genotype-phenotype relationships of SLC26A2-deficient chondrodysplasias are still perplexing and thus stunt therapeutic development. Methods To investigate the causative role of SLC26A2 deficiency in chondrodysplasias and confirm its skeleton-specific pathology, we generated and analyzed slc26a2−/− and Col2a1-Cre; slc26a2fl/fl mice. The therapeutic effect of NVP-BGJ398, an FGFR inhibitor, was tested with both explant cultures and timed pregnant females. Findings Two lethal forms of human SLC26A2-related chondrodysplasias, achondrogenesis type IB (ACG1B) and atelosteogenesis type II (AO2), are phenocopied by slc26a2−/− mice. Unexpectedly, slc26a2−/− chondrocytes are defective for collagen secretion, exhibiting intracellular retention and compromised extracellular deposition of ColII and ColIX. As a consequence, the ATF6 arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is preferentially triggered to overactivate FGFR3 signaling by inducing excessive FGFR3 in slc26a2−/− chondrocytes. Consistently, suppressing FGFR3 signaling by blocking either FGFR3 or phosphorylation of the downstream effector favors the recovery of slc26a2−/− cartilage cultures from impaired growth and unbalanced cell proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, administration of an FGFR inhibitor to pregnant females shows therapeutic effects on pathological features in slc26a2−/− newborns. Finally, we confirm the skeleton-specific lethality and pathology of global SLC26A2 deletion through analyzing the Col2a1-Cre; slc26a2fl/fl mouse line. Interpretation Our study unveils a previously unrecognized pathogenic mechanism underlying ACG1B and AO2, and supports suppression of FGFR3 signaling as a promising therapeutic approach for SLC26A2-related chondrodysplasias. Fund This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871743, 81730065 and 81772377).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xisheng Lin
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinru Zhou
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiguang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaqian Hu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Jie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou J, Lu X, Tan TZ, Chng WJ. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis inhibition sensitizes acute myeloid leukemia cell response to TRAIL and chemotherapy through potentiated induction of proapoptotic machinery. Mol Oncol 2017; 12:33-47. [PMID: 29063676 PMCID: PMC5748481 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive disease with an increasing incidence and relatively low 5‐year survival rate. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanism of leukemogenesis is poorly known, and there has been little progress in the treatment for AML. Studies have shown that X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), one of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), is highly expressed and contributes to chemoresistance in AML. Hence, a novel drug, RO6867520 (RO‐BIR2), developed by Roche targeting the BIR2 domain in XIAP to reactivate blocked apoptosis, is a promising therapy for AML. The monotherapy of RO‐BIR2 had minimal effect on most of the AML cell lines tested except U‐937. In contrast to AML cell lines, in general, RO‐BIR2 alone has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of primary AML patient samples effectively and induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. A combination of RO‐BIR2 with TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) led to highly synergistic effect on AML cell lines and AML patient samples. This combination therapy is capable of inducing apoptosis, thereby leading to an increase in specific apoptotic cell population, along with the activation of caspase 3/7. A number of apoptotic‐related proteins such as XIAP, cleavage of caspase 3, cleavage of caspase 7, and cleaved PARP were changed upon combination therapy. Combination of RO‐BIR2 with Ara‐C had similar effect as the TRAIL combination. Ara‐C combination also led to synergistic effect on AML cell lines and AML patient samples with low combination indexes (CIs). We conclude that the combination of RO‐BIR2 with either TRAIL or Ara‐C represents a potent therapeutic strategy for AML and is warranted for further clinical trials to validate the synergistic benefits in patients with AML, especially for the elderly who are abstaining from intensive chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Lu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore.,Translational Centre for Development and Research, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|