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Ning J, Sala M, Reina J, Kalagiri R, Hunter T, McCullough BS. Histidine Phosphorylation: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7975. [PMID: 39063217 PMCID: PMC11277029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphohistidine (pHis) is a reversible protein post-translational modification (PTM) that is currently poorly understood. The P-N bond in pHis is heat and acid-sensitive, making it more challenging to study than the canonical phosphoamino acids pSer, pThr, and pTyr. As advancements in the development of tools to study pHis have been made, the roles of pHis in cells are slowly being revealed. To date, a handful of enzymes responsible for controlling this modification have been identified, including the histidine kinases NME1 and NME2, as well as the phosphohistidine phosphatases PHPT1, LHPP, and PGAM5. These tools have also identified the substrates of these enzymes, granting new insights into previously unknown regulatory mechanisms. Here, we discuss the cellular function of pHis and how it is regulated on known pHis-containing proteins, as well as cellular mechanisms that regulate the activity of the pHis kinases and phosphatases themselves. We further discuss the role of the pHis kinases and phosphatases as potential tumor promoters or suppressors. Finally, we give an overview of various tools and methods currently used to study pHis biology. Given their breadth of functions, unraveling the role of pHis in mammalian systems promises radical new insights into existing and unexplored areas of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ning
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (B.S.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brandon S. McCullough
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.S.); (J.R.); (R.K.); (T.H.)
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Ge C, Chen Z, Sun H, Sun P, Zhao J, Wu Y, Xu J, Zhou M, Luan M. Visually evaluating drug efficacy in living cells using COF-based fluorescent nanoprobe via CHA amplified detection of miRNA and simultaneous apoptosis imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1302:342502. [PMID: 38580409 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Cancer is a highly fatal disease which is close relative of miRNA aberrant expression and apoptosis disorders. Elucidation of the therapeutic efficacy through investigating the changes in miRNA and apoptosis holds immense importance in advancing the development of miRNA-based precision therapy. However, it remains a challenge as how to visually evaluate the efficacy during protocol optimization of miRNA-based anticancer drugs at the cellular level. Therefore, exploring effective and noninvasive methods for real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy in living cells is of great significance. RESULTS Herein, we reported a novel fluorescent nanoprobe COF-H1/H2-Peptide for visually evaluating drug efficacy in living cells through amplified imaging of low-abundant miRNA-221 with catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) circle amplification, as well as simultaneous caspase-3 imaging. With strong stability and good biocompatibility, this newly fabricated amplified nanoprobe showed high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of miRNA-221 and caspase-3, and the limit of detection (LOD) of miRNA-221 was as low as 2.79 pM. The fluorescent imaging results showed that this amplified nanoprobe could not only detect caspase-3 in living cells, but also effectively detect low levels of miRNA-221 with increasing anticancer drug concentration and treatment time. The smart nanoprobe had effective performance for optimizing miRNA-based drug treatment schedules by dual-color fluorescence imaging. SIGNIFICANCE This nanoprobe combined CHA amplified detection of intracellular miRNA-221 and synchronous apoptosis imaging, with excellent sensitivity for the detection of cellular low-level miRNA, enabling the realization of real-time assessment of the efficacy of miRNA-based therapy in living cells. This work presents a promising approach for revealing the regulatory mechanisms between miRNAs and apoptosis in cancer occurrence, development, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Ge
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Heming Sun
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Ping Sun
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Jiayin Zhao
- Textile Industrial Products Testing Center of Nanjing Customs District, Wuxi, 214101, PR China
| | - Yanjuan Wu
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China.
| | - Mingming Luan
- Institute for Functional Biomolecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, PR China.
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Bhagtaney L, Dharmarajan A, Warrier S. miRNA on the Battlefield of Cancer: Significance in Cancer Stem Cells, WNT Pathway, and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:957. [PMID: 38473318 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a complex process characterized by intricate changes in organ histology, biochemistry, epigenetics, and genetics. Within this intricate landscape, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as distinct cell types possessing unique attributes that significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. The WNT signaling pathway plays a critical role in maintaining somatic stem cell pluripotency. However, in cancer, overexpression of WNT mediators enhances the activity of β-catenin, resulting in phenomena such as recurrence and unfavorable survival outcomes. Notably, CSCs exhibit heightened WNT signaling compared to bulk cancer cells, providing intriguing insights into their functional characteristics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as post-transcriptional gene expression regulators, modulate various physiological processes in numerous diseases including cancer. Upregulation or downregulation of miRNAs can affect the production of pro-oncogenic or anti-oncogenic proteins, influencing cellular processes that maintain tissue homeostasis and promote either apoptosis or differentiation, even in cancer cells. In order to understand the dysregulation of miRNAs, it is essential to examine miRNA biogenesis and any possible alterations at each step. The potential of a miRNA as a biomarker in prognosis, diagnosis, and detection is being assessed using technologies such as next-generation sequencing. Extensive research has explored miRNA expression profiles in cancer, leading to their utilization as diagnostic tools and the development of personalized and targeted cancer therapies. This review delves into the role of miRNAs in carcinogenesis in relation to the WNT signaling pathway along with their potential as druggable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Bhagtaney
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Faculty of Clinical Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Life and Physical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560065, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd., Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560065, India
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4
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Panja S, Truica MI, Yu CY, Saggurthi V, Craige MW, Whitehead K, Tuiche MV, Al-Saadi A, Vyas R, Ganesan S, Gohel S, Coffman F, Parrott JS, Quan S, Jha S, Kim I, Schaeffer E, Kothari V, Abdulkadir SA, Mitrofanova A. Mechanism-centric regulatory network identifies NME2 and MYC programs as markers of Enzalutamide resistance in CRPC. Nat Commun 2024; 15:352. [PMID: 38191557 PMCID: PMC10774320 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous response to Enzalutamide, a second-generation androgen receptor signaling inhibitor, is a central problem in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) management. Genome-wide systems investigation of mechanisms that govern Enzalutamide resistance promise to elucidate markers of heterogeneous treatment response and salvage therapies for CRPC patients. Focusing on the de novo role of MYC as a marker of Enzalutamide resistance, here we reconstruct a CRPC-specific mechanism-centric regulatory network, connecting molecular pathways with their upstream transcriptional regulatory programs. Mining this network with signatures of Enzalutamide response identifies NME2 as an upstream regulatory partner of MYC in CRPC and demonstrates that NME2-MYC increased activities can predict patients at risk of resistance to Enzalutamide, independent of co-variates. Furthermore, our experimental investigations demonstrate that targeting MYC and its partner NME2 is beneficial in Enzalutamide-resistant conditions and could provide an effective strategy for patients at risk of Enzalutamide resistance and/or for patients who failed Enzalutamide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Panja
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Mihai Ioan Truica
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Christina Y Yu
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Vamshi Saggurthi
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Michael W Craige
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Katie Whitehead
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Mayra V Tuiche
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07039, USA
| | - Aymen Al-Saadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers School of Engineering, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Riddhi Vyas
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Suril Gohel
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Frederick Coffman
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - James S Parrott
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Songhua Quan
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Shantenu Jha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers School of Engineering, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Isaac Kim
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Heaven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Edward Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vishal Kothari
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Antonina Mitrofanova
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Su Y, Zhang X, Liang Y, Sun J, Lu C, Huang Z. Integrated analysis of single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune microenvironment in the development of intestinal-type gastric cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166849. [PMID: 37591405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal-type gastric cancer (IGC) is the most frequent type of gastric cancer in high-incidence populations. The early stages of IGC growth successively include nonatrophic gastritis (NAG), chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM). However, the mechanisms of IGC development through these stages remain unclear. For this study, single-cell RNA-seq data related to IGC were downloaded from the GEO database, and immune cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) were annotated using R software. Changes in the proportion of immune cells and altered cell-to-cell interactions were explored at different disease stages using R software, with a focus on plasma cells. Additionally, IGC samples from the TCGA database were used for immune cell infiltration analysis, and a Cox proportional risk regression model was constructed to identify possible prognostic genes. The results indicated that for precancerous lesions, interactions between immune cells were mainly dominated by chemokines to stimulate the infiltration and activation of immune cells. In tumors, intercellular movement of upregulated molecules and amplified signals were associated with the tumor necrosis factor family and immunosuppression to escape immune surveillance and promote tumor growth. Regarding prognostic analysis, IGLC3, IGLV1-44, IGKV1-16, IGHV3-21, IGLV1-51, and IGLV3-19 were found to be novel biomarkers for IGC. Our analysis of the IGC single-cell atlas together with bulk transcriptome data contributes to understanding TME heterogeneity at the molecular level during IGC development and provides insights for elucidating the mechanism of IGC and discovering novel targets for precise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Su
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Youcheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chengyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
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6
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Liang N, Li C, Zhang N, Xu Q, Zou S, Zhang M, Si S, Zeng L. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220610. [PMID: 37250840 PMCID: PMC10224620 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is a frequent malignant tumor worldwide. NM23 plays an important role in pathological processes, including in the occurrence and development of tumors. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells (BGC-823) on growth and metastases of BGC-823 abdominal cancer xenografts in nude mice. BGC-823 cells were transfected with an adenovirus vector for NM23 (NM23-OE), transfected with an empty vector (NC), or were not transfected (Ctrl). Eighteen female BALB/c-nu mice were randomly divided into three groups (six per group) according to the type of BGC-823 cells administered by intraperitoneal injection. After 2 weeks, necropsies of mice were performed, abdominal circumferences were measured, and abdominal cavities were searched by ultrasound. In order to observe the xenografts in nude mice, there were gross macroscopic observations and microscopic observations. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis and western blot of NM23 were also performed. Green fluorescence in the NM23-OE and NC cells indicated successful transfection. The multiplicity of infection is 80%. A comparison of the three groups of mice indicated the NM23-OE group had positive conditions (abdominal circumferences: 81.83 ± 2.40 mm), but the other groups had negative conditions and enlarged abdomens (NC: 90.83 ± 2.32 mm; Ctrl: 92.67 ± 2.07 mm). Ultrasound observations confirmed large tumors in the NC and Ctrl groups, but did not find in the NM23-OE group. There were no obvious ascites in the NM23-OE group, but the cytological examination of ascites exfoliation in NC and Ctrl groups indicated that there were large and deep-stained gastric carcinoma cells. Tumor expression of NM23 was greater in the NM23-OE group than in the NC and Ctrl groups (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, transfection of BCG-823 cells with NM23 rather than an empty vector (NC) or no vector (Ctrl) led to reduced growth and metastases of abdominal cancer xenografts in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Chunming Li
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Neng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Shengnan Zou
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Shuyao Si
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
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Wu F, Ma H, Wang X, Wei H, Zhang W, Zhang Y. The histidine phosphatase LHPP: an emerging player in cancer. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1140-1152. [PMID: 35239447 PMCID: PMC9103355 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2044148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers continue to have high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Therefore, cancer control remains the main public health goal. Growing research evidence suggests that phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (LHPP) plays an important role in inhibiting tumor cell progression. It has been reported in the literature that LHPP is expressed at low levels in tumor tissues and cells and that patients with low LHPP expression have a poorer prognosis. Functional studies have shown that LHPP can inhibit tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis by affecting different target genes. In addition, researchers have used iDPP nanoparticles to deliver LHPP plasmids to treat tumors, demonstrating the great potential of LHPP plasmids for cancer therapy. In our review, we highlight the biological functions and important downstream target genes of LHPP in tumors, providing a theoretical basis for the treatment of human cancers. Although not thoroughly studied in terms of tumor mechanisms, LHPP still represents a promising and effective anticancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hanwei Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Third Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
| | - Hangzhi Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,CONTACT Youcheng Zhang Department of General Surgery, Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030Gansu, China
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Bacolod MD, Fisher PB, Barany F. Multi-CpG linear regression models to accurately predict paclitaxel and docetaxel activity in cancer cell lines. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 158:233-292. [PMID: 36990534 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule-targeting paclitaxel (PTX) and docetaxel (DTX) are widely used chemotherapeutic agents. However, the dysregulation of apoptotic processes, microtubule-binding proteins, and multi-drug resistance efflux and influx proteins can alter the efficacy of taxane drugs. In this review, we have created multi-CpG linear regression models to predict the activities of PTX and DTX drugs through the integration of publicly available pharmacological and genome-wide molecular profiling datasets generated using hundreds of cancer cell lines of diverse tissue of origin. Our findings indicate that linear regression models based on CpG methylation levels can predict PTX and DTX activities (log-fold change in viability relative to DMSO) with high precision. For example, a 287-CpG model predicts PTX activity at R2 of 0.985 among 399 cell lines. Just as precise (R2=0.996) is a 342-CpG model for predicting DTX activity in 390 cell lines. However, our predictive models, which employ a combination of mRNA expression and mutation as input variables, are less accurate compared to the CpG-based models. While a 290 mRNA/mutation model was able to predict PTX activity with R2 of 0.830 (for 546 cell lines), a 236 mRNA/mutation model could calculate DTX activity at R2 of 0.751 (for 531 cell lines). The CpG-based models restricted to lung cancer cell lines were also highly predictive (R2≥0.980) for PTX (74 CpGs, 88 cell lines) and DTX (58 CpGs, 83 cell lines). The underlying molecular biology behind taxane activity/resistance is evident in these models. Indeed, many of the genes represented in PTX or DTX CpG-based models have functionalities related to apoptosis (e.g., ACIN1, TP73, TNFRSF10B, DNASE1, DFFB, CREB1, BNIP3), and mitosis/microtubules (e.g., MAD1L1, ANAPC2, EML4, PARP3, CCT6A, JAKMIP1). Also represented are genes involved in epigenetic regulation (HDAC4, DNMT3B, and histone demethylases KDM4B, KDM4C, KDM2B, and KDM7A), and those that have never been previously linked to taxane activity (DIP2C, PTPRN2, TTC23, SHANK2). In summary, it is possible to accurately predict taxane activity in cell lines based entirely on methylation at multiple CpG sites.
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Qi Y, Wei J, Zhang X. Requirement of transcription factor NME2 for the maintenance of the stemness of gastric cancer stem-like cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:924. [PMID: 34628473 PMCID: PMC8502175 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which can self-renew and produce heterogeneous cancer cells, are the key factors during tumorigenesis. Transcription factors take essential effects on CSCs. However, the role of transcription factors in regulating the stemness of gastric cancer stem-like cells has not been well explored. In this investigation, it was found that transcription factor NME2 (NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2) was upregulated in gastric cancer stem-like cells that sorted from the solid tumors of patients with gastric cancer and gastric cancer cell lines. NME2 could preserve the stemness of gastric cancer stem-like cells via suppressing their apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo data revealed that NME2 was crucial for maintaining the stemness of gastric cancer stem cells by enhancing the expression of anti-apoptosis genes. Consequently, our data contributed a new perspective to the relationship between transcription factor and the stemness maintenance of gastric cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Qi
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wei
- Chengdu No.7 Ba Yi School, Chengdu, 610036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Dong Y, Han H, Li Y, Guo L. [Roles of Histidine Kinases and Histidine Phosphatases in Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2021; 24:646-652. [PMID: 34455734 PMCID: PMC8503980 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2021.102.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
蛋白磷酸化修饰是最常见、最重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式。磷酸化修饰在细胞的增殖、分化、发育和代谢等生物学过程中发挥了重要的调控功能,与肿瘤的发生和发展也密切相关。蛋白激酶和磷酸酶对蛋白磷酸化修饰具有普遍的开/关调控作用。真核生物的蛋白磷酸化主要发生在丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸残基,他们在肿瘤发生和发展中的作用已经得到了广泛的研究。但关于组氨酸磷酸化的研究受限于质谱分析和富集技术的发展研究较少。近年来,随着相关技术的快速发展和新的组氨酸磷酸酶的发现,使得研究人员越来越多关注到组氨酸磷酸化在肿瘤中的作用。因此,本文旨在对组氨酸磷酸化调控相关的组氨酸激酶和组氨酸磷酸酶在肿瘤中的作用作一综述。
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, precision Medicine Center, The Shanxi Provincial People' s Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Huimin Han
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, precision Medicine Center, The Shanxi Provincial People' s Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, precision Medicine Center, The Shanxi Provincial People' s Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, precision Medicine Center, The Shanxi Provincial People' s Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
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11
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Zhuang J, Wan H, Zhang X. Electrochemical detection of miRNA-100 in the sera of gastric cancer patients based on DSN-assisted amplification. Talanta 2021; 225:121981. [PMID: 33592729 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignant digestive tract tumor that leads to high mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis of GC is very important for adequate treatment. However, a rapid, specific and sensitive method for the detection of GC is currently not available. Here, a biosensor CPs/AuNP-AuE, the gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-modified Au electrode (AuE) which was coupled with DNA capture probes (CPs), was developed to detect the content of miR-100 in the sera of GC patients. The results showed that AuNPs were uniformly deposited on the surface of AuE. AuNPs enhanced the electrical conductivity and improved the effective area of AuE. CPs were successfully assembled on AuNP-AuE that could be digested by duplex-specific nuclease (DSN) from the miR-100/CPs complex on the electrode, improving the sensitivity of the biosensor by recycling miR-100. The data revealed that the biosensor was highly specific for the detection of miR-100, which had the ability to distinguish one base-pair mistake in miR-100. The detection of the biosensor for miR-100 ranged from 100 aM to 10 pM and the limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 100 aM. The detection results of 100 human sera samples using this biosensor indicated that the cutoff for the detection of gastric cancer was 5 fM. Therefore the biosensor developed in our study served as a rapid, specific and sensitive strategy for the detection of gastric cancer in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haitao Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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12
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Kumar S, Singh SK, Rana B, Rana A. The regulatory function of mixed lineage kinase 3 in tumor and host immunity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 219:107704. [PMID: 33045253 PMCID: PMC7887016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are the second most sought-after G-protein coupled receptors as drug targets because of their overexpression, mutations, and dysregulated catalytic activities in various pathological conditions. Till 2019, 48 protein kinase inhibitors have received FDA approval for the treatment of multiple illnesses, of which the majority of them are indicated for different malignancies. One of the attractive sub-group of protein kinases that has attracted attention for drug development is the family members of MAPKs that are recognized to play significant roles in different cancers. Several inhibitors have been developed against various MAPK members; however, none of them as monotherapy has shown sustainable efficacy. One of the MAPK members, called Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3), has attracted considerable attention due to its role in inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases; however, its role in cancer is an emerging area that needs more investigation. Recent advances have shown that MLK3 plays a role in cancer cell survival, migration, drug resistance, cell death, and tumor immunity. This review describes how MLK3 regulates different MAPK pathways, cancer cell growth and survival, apoptosis, and host's immunity. We also discuss how MLK3 inhibitors can potentially be used along with immunotherapy for different malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Basabi Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA; University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA; University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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13
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Ma Z, Li R, Hu R, Deng X, Xu Y, Zheng W, Yi J, Wang Y, Chen C. Brucella abortus BspJ Is a Nucleomodulin That Inhibits Macrophage Apoptosis and Promotes Intracellular Survival of Brucella. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:599205. [PMID: 33281799 PMCID: PMC7688787 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, a variety of Brucella effector proteins have been found to mediate host cell secretion, autophagy, inflammation, and other signal pathways, but nuclear effector proteins have not yet been reported. We identified the first Brucella nucleomodulin, BspJ, and we screened out the BspJ interaction host proteins NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NME2) and creatine kinase B (CKB) through yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays. These proteins are related to the host cell energy synthesis, metabolism, and apoptosis pathways. Brucella nucleomodulin BspJ will decrease the expression level of NME2 and CKB. In addition, BspJ gene deletion strains promoted the apoptosis of macrophages and reduced the intracellular survival of Brucella in host cells. In short, we found nucleomodulin BspJ may directly or indirectly regulate host cell apoptosis through the interaction with NME2 and CKB by mediating energy metabolism pathways in response to the intracellular circulation of Brucella infection, but the mechanism needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Deng
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yimei Xu
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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14
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Azarbarzin S, Safaralizadeh R, Khojasteh MB, Baghbanzadeh A, Baradaran B. Current perspectives on the dysregulated microRNAs in gastric cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7253-7264. [PMID: 32776162 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since gastric cancer (GC) is diagnosed at advanced stages, the survival rate is low in affected people. In this regard, investigating the mechanisms underlying GC development, are so critical. MiRNAs, which are small non coding RNAs, as a post transcriptional repressor, regulate expression of target genes by stimulating breakage or transcription suppression of their targets therefore aberrant expression of miRNAs leading to GC carcinogenesis. In the last decades, there have been various studies approving the pivotal role of miRNAs in various phases of GC development including cancer initiation, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and drug resistance. Therefore, the present review aimed at summarizing the dysregulated miRNAs which contribute to various cellular and developmental mechanisms such as, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. Moreover, it provides an overview on novel miRNAs involved in drug resistance and circular miRNAs as cancer biomarkers. Thereafter, it is hoped that the present study will shed more light on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of GC, and potential GC treatments based on miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Azarbarzin
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Banan Khojasteh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Xu T, Yu Y, Guo S, He L, Mao Z. CircPSMC3 Suppresses Migration and Invasion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via miR-182-5p/NME2 Axis. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924134. [PMID: 32386284 PMCID: PMC7238808 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CircPSMC3 has been reported to play important roles in the occurrence and development of cancer. However, the role of circPSMC3 in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Material/Methods The expression of circPSMC3 in NSCLC tissues was measured through qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction). The effect of circPSMC3 on the invasion and migration of NSCLC cell line H1299 was determined through transwell invasion assay and wound healing assay. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed for exploring the regulatory interaction between circPSMC3, miR-182-5p, and NME2. Results Compared with adjacent normal tissues, the expression of circPSMC3 in NSCLC tissues was decreased. Lower circPSMC3 expression was closely associated with lymph node metastasis and higher TNM stage in NSCLC patients. Biological function analysis suggested that circPSMC3 inhibits the invasion and migration of H1299 cells through upregulating the expression of NME2. Mechanistically, circPSMC3 sponges miR-182-5p to suppress the invasion and migration of NSCLC cells via upregulating NME2 expression. Conclusions CircPSMC3 inhibits the invasion and migration of NSCLC cells through the miR-182-5p/NME2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yejun Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhuji People's Hospital, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Shengcong Guo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhuji Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Lixiang He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhuji Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zejun Mao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhuji Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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16
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Cui X, Wang X, Zhou X, Jia J, Chen H, Zhao W. miR-106a Regulates Cell Proliferation and Autophagy by Targeting LKB1 in HPV-16-Associated Cervical Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1129-1141. [PMID: 32345599 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
miR-106a is aberrantly regulated in various tumors and plays an important role in carcinogenesis. However, the biological role and molecular mechanism by which miR-106a contributes to cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) remains elusive. In this study, we verified that miR-106a was elevated in both human papilloma virus (HPV) 16-positive CSCC tissues and cell lines. ROC curve analysis showed that miR-106a could well distinguish HPV-16-positive CSCC tissues from normal cervical squamous epithelium tissues. High expression of miR-106a was associated with malignant clinicopathologic parameters in CSCC tissues. Exogenous expression of miR-106a greatly promoted cervical cancer cell proliferation while attenuated autophagy. Furthermore, a novel target of miR-106a, liver kinase B1 (LKB1), a proven tumor suppressor in cervical cancer was verified. Here we confirmed LKB1 was negatively correlated with malignant clinicopathologic parameters in CSCC tissues. Overexpression of LKB1 neutralized the effect of miR-106a on proliferation and autophagy in cervical cancer cell lines. In addition, the role of miR-106a in cell proliferation and autophagy was via LKB1 and its downstream pathway AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin. Of note, miR-106a was upregulated by HPV-16 E7 protein. The function of HPV-16 E7 to cell proliferation was suppressed when knockdown miR-106a in HPV-16 E7-expressing cells. IMPLICATIONS: Our study highlights the tumorigenic role and regulatory mechanism of miR-106a in CSCC. miR-106a may be a potential therapeutic target in HPV-associated cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Jia
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hanxiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.
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