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Splichal RC, Chen K, Walton SP, Chan C. The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress on Reducing Recombinant Protein Production in Mammalian Cells. Biochem Eng J 2024; 210:109434. [PMID: 39220803 PMCID: PMC11360842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2024.109434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic recombinant protein production relies on industrial scale culture of mammalian cells to produce active proteins in quantities sufficient for clinical use. The combination of stresses from industrial cell culture environment and recombinant protein production can overwhelm the protein synthesis machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This leads to a buildup of improperly folded proteins which induces ER stress. Cells respond to ER stress by activating the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). To restore proteostasis, ER sensor proteins reduce global protein synthesis and increase chaperone protein synthesis, and if that is insufficient the proteins are degraded. If proteostasis is still not restored, apoptosis is initiated. Increasing evidence suggests crosstalk between ER proteostasis and DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways. External factors (e.g., metabolites) from the cellular environment as well as internal factors (e.g., transgene copy number) can impact genome stability. Failure to maintain genome integrity reduces cell viability and in turn protein production. This review focuses on the association between ER stress and processes that affect protein production and secretion. The processes mediated by ER stress, including inhibition of global protein translation, chaperone protein production, degradation of misfolded proteins, DNA repair, and protein secretion, impact recombinant protein production. Recombinant protein production can be reduced by ER stress through increased autophagy and protein degradation, reduced protein secretion, and reduced DDR response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Chauncey Splichal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, MI, USA
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, MI, USA
| | - S. Patrick Walton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, MI, USA
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Division of Medical Devices, Michigan State University, MI, USA
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2
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Zhang X, Li Z, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Zhang L, Miao P. ATF family members as therapeutic targets in cancer: From mechanisms to pharmacological interventions. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107355. [PMID: 39179052 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The activating transcription factor (ATF)/ cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) family represents a large group of basic zone leucine zip (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) with a variety of physiological functions, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, amino acid stress, heat stress, oxidative stress, integrated stress response (ISR) and thus inducing cell survival or apoptosis. Interestingly, ATF family has been increasingly implicated in autophagy and ferroptosis in recent years. Thus, the ATF family is important for homeostasis and its dysregulation may promote disease progression including cancer. Current therapeutic approaches to modulate the ATF family include direct modulators, upstream modulators, post-translational modifications (PTMs) modulators. This review summarizes the structural domain and the PTMs feature of the ATF/CREB family and comprehensively explores the molecular regulatory mechanisms. On this basis, their pathways affecting proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance in various types of cancer cells are sorted out and discussed. We then systematically summarize the status of the therapeutic applications of existing ATF family modulators and finally look forward to the future prospect of clinical applications in the treatment of tumors by modulating the ATF family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyao Zhang
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, Department of Cardiology, and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Zhijia Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, Department of Cardiology, and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Ziyue Yuan
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Peng Miao
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, Department of Cardiology, and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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3
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Iwanaga R, Yamamoto TM, Gomez K, Nguyen LL, Woodruff ER, Post MD, Mikeska RG, Danis E, Danhorn T, Boorgula MP, Mitra SS, Marjon NA, Bitler BG, Brubaker LW. Tumor-Intrinsic Activity of Chromobox 2 Remodels the Tumor Microenvironment in High-grade Serous Carcinoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:1919-1932. [PMID: 38984891 PMCID: PMC11298703 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Chromobox 2 (CBX2), an epigenetic reader and component of polycomb repressor complex 1, is highly expressed in >75% of high-grade serous carcinoma. Increased CBX2 expression is associated with poorer survival, whereas CBX2 knockdown leads to improved chemotherapy sensitivity. In a high-grade serous carcinoma immune-competent murine model, knockdown of CBX2 decreased tumor progression. We sought to explore the impact of modulation of CBX2 on the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), understanding that the TIME plays a critical role in disease progression and development of therapy resistance. Exploration of existing datasets demonstrated that elevated CBX2 expression significantly correlated with specific immune cell types in the TIME. RNA sequencing and pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes demonstrated immune signature enrichment. Confocal microscopy and co-culture experiments found that modulation of CBX2 leads to increased recruitment and infiltration of macrophages. Flow cytometry of macrophages cultured with CBX2-overexpressing cells showed increased M2-like macrophages and decreased phagocytosis activity. Cbx2 knockdown in the Trp53-null, Brca2-null ID8 syngeneic murine model (ID8 Trp53-/-Brca2-/-) led to decreased tumor progression compared with the control. NanoString immuno-oncology panel analysis suggested that knockdown in Cbx2 shifts immune cell composition, with an increase in macrophages. Multispectral immunohistochemistry (mIHC) further confirmed an increase in macrophage infiltration. Increased CBX2 expression leads to recruitment and polarization of protumor macrophages, and targeting CBX2 may serve to modulate the TIME to enhance the efficacy of immune therapies. SIGNIFICANCE CBX2 expression correlates with the TIME. CBX2 modulation shifts the macrophage population, potentially leading to an immunosuppressive microenvironment, highlighting CBX2 as a target to improve efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Tomomi M. Yamamoto
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Karina Gomez
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Lily L. Nguyen
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Elizabeth R. Woodruff
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Miriam D. Post
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Railey G. Mikeska
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Etienne Danis
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Meher P. Boorgula
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Siddhartha S. Mitra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Nicole A. Marjon
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Lindsay W. Brubaker
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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Wadgaonkar P, Wang Z, Chen F. Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses and epigenetic alterations in arsenic carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123565. [PMID: 38373625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known human carcinogen whose environmental exposure via drinking water, food, and air impacts millions of people across the globe. Various mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis have been identified, ranging from damage caused by excessive production of free radicals and epigenetic alterations to the generation of cancer stem cells. A growing body of evidence supports the critical involvement of the endoplasmic stress-activated unfolded protein response (UPR) in promoting as well as suppressing cancer development/progression. Various in vitro and in vivo models have also demonstrated that arsenic induces the UPR via activation of the PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6 proteins. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of arsenic-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and the role of each UPR pathway in the various cancer types with a focus on the epigenetic regulation and function of the ATF6 protein. The importance of UPR in arsenic carcinogenesis and cancer stem cells is a relatively new area of research that requires additional investigations via various omics-based and computational tools. These approaches will provide interesting insights into the mechanisms of arsenic-induced cancers for prospective target identification and development of novel anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Wadgaonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Lauterbur Drive, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Lauterbur Drive, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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Yuan S, She D, Jiang S, Deng N, Peng J, Ma L. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and therapeutic strategies in metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Mol Med 2024; 30:40. [PMID: 38509524 PMCID: PMC10956371 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), due to genetic determinants and extrinsic environmental factors, leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). As ER stress ensues, the unfolded protein response (UPR), comprising three signaling pathways-inositol-requiring enzyme 1, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, and activating transcription factor 6 promptly activates to enhance the ER's protein-folding capacity and restore ER homeostasis. However, prolonged ER stress levels propels the UPR towards cellular demise and the subsequent inflammatory cascade, contributing to the development of human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and diabetes. Notably, increased expression of all three UPR signaling pathways has been observed in these pathologies, and reduction in signaling molecule expression correlates with decreased proliferation of disease-associated target cells. Consequently, therapeutic strategies targeting ER stress-related interventions have attracted significant research interest. In this review, we elucidate the critical role of ER stress in cancer, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases, offering novel therapeutic approaches for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan She
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangming Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Crump LS, Floyd JL, Kuo LW, Post MD, Bickerdike M, O'Neill K, Sompel K, Jordan KR, Corr BR, Marjon N, Woodruff ER, Richer JK, Bitler BG. Targeting Tryptophan Catabolism in Ovarian Cancer to Attenuate Macrophage Infiltration and PD-L1 Expression. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:822-833. [PMID: 38451784 PMCID: PMC10946310 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) of the fallopian tube, ovary, and peritoneum is the most common type of ovarian cancer and is predicted to be immunogenic because the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes conveys a better prognosis. However, the efficacy of immunotherapies has been limited because of the immune-suppressed tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor metabolism and immune-suppressive metabolites directly affect immune cell function through the depletion of nutrients and activation of immune-suppressive transcriptional programs. Tryptophan (TRP) catabolism is a contributor to HGSC disease progression. Two structurally distinct rate-limiting TRP catabolizing enzymes, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2), evolved separately to catabolize TRP. IDO1/TDO2 are aberrantly expressed in carcinomas and metabolize TRP into the immune-suppressive metabolite kynurenine (KYN), which can engage the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to drive immunosuppressive transcriptional programs. To date, IDO inhibitors tested in clinical trials have had limited efficacy, but those inhibitors did not target TDO2, and we find that HGSC cell lines and clinical outcomes are more dependent on TDO2 than IDO1. To identify inflammatory HGSC cancers with poor prognosis, we stratified patient ascites samples by IL6 status, which correlates with poor prognosis. Metabolomics revealed that IL6-high patient samples had enriched KYN. TDO2 knockdown significantly inhibited HGSC growth and TRP catabolism. The orally available dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitor, AT-0174, significantly inhibited tumor progression, reduced tumor-associated macrophages, and reduced expression of immune-suppressive proteins on immune and tumor cells. These studies demonstrate the importance of TDO2 and the therapeutic potential of AT-0174 to overcome an immune-suppressed TME. SIGNIFICANCE Developing strategies to improve response to chemotherapy is essential to extending disease-free intervals for patients with HGSC of the fallopian tube, ovary, and peritoneum. In this article, we demonstrate that targeting TRP catabolism, particularly with dual inhibition of TDO2 and IDO1, attenuates the immune-suppressive microenvironment and, when combined with chemotherapy, extends survival compared with chemotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey S. Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica L. Floyd
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Miriam D. Post
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mike Bickerdike
- Antido Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
- BioTarget Consulting, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathleen O'Neill
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kayla Sompel
- Division of Reproductive Sciences Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kimberly R. Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bradley R. Corr
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nicole Marjon
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth R. Woodruff
- Division of Reproductive Sciences Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer K. Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Bapat J, Yamamoto TM, Woodruff ER, Qamar L, Mikeska RG, Aird KM, Watson ZL, Brubaker LW, Bitler BG. CASC4/GOLM2 drives high grade serous carcinoma anoikis resistance through the recycling of EGFR. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:300-310. [PMID: 38030811 PMCID: PMC10874890 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy, and accounts for over 150,000 deaths per year worldwide. The high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) subtype accounts for almost 70% of ovarian cancers and is the deadliest. HGSC originates in the fimbria of the fallopian tube and disseminates through the peritoneal cavity. HGSC survival in peritoneal fluid requires cells to resist anoikis (anchorage-independent apoptosis). Most anoikis resistant mechanisms are dependent on microenvironment interactions with cell surface-associated proteins, such as integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We previously identified the gene CASC4 as a driver of anoikis resistance. CASC4 is predicted to be a Golgi-associated protein that may regulate protein trafficking to the plasma membrane, but CASC4 is largely uncharacterized in literature; thus, we sought to determine how CASC4 confers anoikis resistance to HGSC cells. Mining of publicly available ovarian cancer datasets (TCGA) showed that CASC4 is associated with worse overall survival and increased resistance to platinum-based chemotherapies. For experiments, we cultured three human HGSC cell lines (PEO1, CaOV3, OVCAR3), and a murine HGSC cell line, (ID8) with shRNA-mediated CASC4 knockdowns (CASC4 KD) in suspension, to recapitulate the peritoneal fluid environment in vitro. CASC4 KD significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation ability, and increased apoptosis. A Reverse Phase Protein Assay (RPPA) showed that CASC4 KD resulted in a broad re-programming of membrane-associated proteins. Specifically, CASC4 KD led to decreased protein levels of the RTK Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), an initiator of several oncogenic signaling pathways, leading us to hypothesize that CASC4 drives HGSC survival through mediating recycling and trafficking of EGFR. Indeed, loss of CASC4 led to a decrease in both EGFR membrane localization, reduced turnover of EGFR, and increased EGFR ubiquitination. Moreover, a syngeneic ID8 murine model of ovarian cancer showed that knocking down CASC4 leads to decreased tumor burden and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaidev Bapat
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lubna Qamar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Railey G Mikeska
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zachary L Watson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lindsay W Brubaker
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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8
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He J, Zhou Y, Sun L. Emerging mechanisms of the unfolded protein response in therapeutic resistance: from chemotherapy to Immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:89. [PMID: 38297380 PMCID: PMC10832166 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). As an adaptive cellular response to hostile microenvironments, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, and chemotherapeutic drugs, the UPR is activated in diverse cancer types and functions as a dynamic tumour promoter in cancer development; this role of the UPR indicates that regulation of the UPR can be utilized as a target for tumour treatment. T-cell exhaustion mainly refers to effector T cells losing their effector functions and expressing inhibitory receptors, leading to tumour immune evasion and the loss of tumour control. Emerging evidence suggests that the UPR plays a crucial role in T-cell exhaustion, immune evasion, and resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of UPR activation, the effect of the UPR on immune evasion, the emerging mechanisms of the UPR in chemotherapy and immunotherapy resistance, and agents that target the UPR for tumour therapeutics. An understanding of the role of the UPR in immune evasion and therapeutic resistance will be helpful to identify new therapeutic modalities for cancer treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang He
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Huan, China.
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central, South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Medical College Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Huan, China.
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central, South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China.
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9
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Van Kleunen L, Ahmadian M, Post MD, Wolsky RJ, Rickert C, Jordan K, Hu J, Richer JK, Marjon NA, Behbakht K, Sikora MJ, Bitler BG, Clauset A. The spatial structure of the tumor immune microenvironment can explain and predict patient response in high-grade serous carcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577350. [PMID: 38352574 PMCID: PMC10862769 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite ovarian cancer being the deadliest gynecological malignancy, there has been little change to therapeutic options and mortality rates over the last three decades. Recent studies indicate that the composition of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) influences patient outcomes but are limited by a lack of spatial understanding. We performed multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI) on 83 human high-grade serous carcinoma tumors - one of the largest protein-based, spatially-intact, single-cell resolution tumor datasets assembled - and used statistical and machine learning approaches to connect features of the TIME spatial organization to patient outcomes. Along with traditional clinical/immunohistochemical attributes and indicators of TIME composition, we found that several features of TIME spatial organization had significant univariate correlations and/or high relative importance in high-dimensional predictive models. The top performing predictive model for patient progression-free survival (PFS) used a combination of TIME composition and spatial features. Results demonstrate the importance of spatial structure in understanding how the TIME contributes to treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the present study provides a generalizable roadmap for spatial analyses of the TIME in ovarian cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Van Kleunen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Mansooreh Ahmadian
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Miriam D Post
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Rebecca J Wolsky
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Christian Rickert
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Kimberly Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Junxiao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Richer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Nicole A. Marjon
- Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Kian Behbakht
- Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Matthew J. Sikora
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Aaron Clauset
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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Klotz DM, Schwarz FM, Dubrovska A, Schuster K, Theis M, Krüger A, Kutz O, Link T, Wimberger P, Drukewitz S, Buchholz F, Thomale J, Kuhlmann JD. Establishment and Molecular Characterization of an In Vitro Model for PARPi-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3774. [PMID: 37568590 PMCID: PMC10417418 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Overcoming PARPi resistance is a high clinical priority. We established and characterized comparative in vitro models of acquired PARPi resistance, derived from either a BRCA1-proficient or BRCA1-deficient isogenic background by long-term exposure to olaparib. While parental cell lines already exhibited a certain level of intrinsic activity of multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins, resulting PARPi-resistant cells from both models further converted toward MDR. In both models, the PARPi-resistant phenotype was shaped by (i) cross-resistance to other PARPis (ii) impaired susceptibility toward the formation of DNA-platinum adducts upon exposure to cisplatin, which could be reverted by the drug efflux inhibitors verapamil or diphenhydramine, and (iii) reduced PARP-trapping activity. However, the signature and activity of ABC-transporter expression and the cross-resistance spectra to other chemotherapeutic drugs considerably diverged between the BRCA1-proficient vs. BRCA1-deficient models. Using dual-fluorescence co-culture experiments, we observed that PARPi-resistant cells had a competitive disadvantage over PARPi-sensitive cells in a drug-free medium. However, they rapidly gained clonal dominance under olaparib selection pressure, which could be mitigated by the MRP1 inhibitor MK-751. Conclusively, we present a well-characterized in vitro model, which could be instrumental in dissecting mechanisms of PARPi resistance from HR-proficient vs. HR-deficient background and in studying clonal dynamics of PARPi-resistant cells in response to experimental drugs, such as novel olaparib-sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin Klotz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.M.K.); (F.M.S.); (K.S.); (O.K.); (T.L.); (P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Maria Schwarz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.M.K.); (F.M.S.); (K.S.); (O.K.); (T.L.); (P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kati Schuster
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.M.K.); (F.M.S.); (K.S.); (O.K.); (T.L.); (P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Theis
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- UCC Section Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Krüger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kutz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.M.K.); (F.M.S.); (K.S.); (O.K.); (T.L.); (P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Link
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.M.K.); (F.M.S.); (K.S.); (O.K.); (T.L.); (P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.M.K.); (F.M.S.); (K.S.); (O.K.); (T.L.); (P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Drukewitz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Buchholz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- UCC Section Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Thomale
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Jan Dominik Kuhlmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.M.K.); (F.M.S.); (K.S.); (O.K.); (T.L.); (P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (M.T.); (A.K.); (S.D.); (F.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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