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Radziejewska I. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens of MUC1 - Implication in cancer development. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116619. [PMID: 38643541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of cancerous epithelial MUC1 protein is specifically altered in comparison to that which is presented by healthy cells. One of such changes is appearing tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) which are rare in normal tissues and are highly correlated with poor clinical outcomes and cancer progression. This review summarizes and describes the role of Tn, T antigens, their sialylated forms as well as fucosylated Lewis epitopes in different aspects of tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Finally, applications of MUC1 glycan epitopes as potential targets for therapeutic strategy of cancers are notified. One of the novelties of this review is presentation of TACAs as inherently connected with MUC1 mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Radziejewska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2, Białystok 15-222, Poland.
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2
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Filipsky F, Läubli H. Regulation of sialic acid metabolism in cancer. Carbohydr Res 2024; 539:109123. [PMID: 38669826 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Sialic acid, the terminal structure of cell surface glycans, has essential functions in regulating immune response, cell-to-cell communication, and cell adhesion. More importantly, an increased level of sialic acid, termed hypersialylation, has emerged as a commonly observed phenotype in cancer. Therefore, targeting sialic acid ligands (sialoglycans) and their receptors (Siglecs) may provide a new therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy. We highlight the complexity of the sialic acid metabolism and its involvement in malignant transformation within individual cancer subtypes. In this review, we focus on the dysregulation of sialylation, the intricate nature of sialic acid synthesis, and clinical perspective. We aim to provide a brief insight into the mechanism of hypersialylation and how our understanding of these processes can be leveraged for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Filipsky
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Rivera-Ramos A, Cruz-Hernández L, Talaverón R, Sánchez-Montero MT, García-Revilla J, Mulero-Acevedo M, Deierborg T, Venero JL, Sarmiento Soto M. Galectin-3 depletion tames pro-tumoural microglia and restrains cancer cells growth. Cancer Lett 2024; 591:216879. [PMID: 38636895 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifunctional protein that plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of various central nervous system diseases, including cancer. Although the involvement of Gal-3 in tumour progression, resistance to treatment and immunosuppression has long been studied in different cancer types, mainly outside the central nervous system, its elevated expression in myeloid and glial cells underscores its profound impact on the brain's immune response. In this context, microglia and infiltrating macrophages, the predominant non-cancerous cells within the tumour microenvironment, play critical roles in establishing an immunosuppressive milieu in diverse brain tumours. Through the utilisation of primary cell cultures and immortalised microglial cell lines, we have elucidated the central role of Gal-3 in promoting cancer cell migration, invasion, and an immunosuppressive microglial phenotypic activation. Furthermore, employing two distinct in vivo models encompassing primary (glioblastoma) and secondary brain tumours (breast cancer brain metastasis), our histological and transcriptomic analysis show that Gal-3 depletion triggers a robust pro-inflammatory response within the tumour microenvironment, notably based on interferon-related pathways. Interestingly, this response is prominently observed in tumour-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs), resulting in the suppression of cancer cells growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rivera-Ramos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Cruz-Hernández
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Talaverón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Teresa Sánchez-Montero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Mulero-Acevedo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - José Luis Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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4
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Onigbinde S, Peng W, Reddy A, Cho BG, Goli M, Solomon J, Adeniyi M, Nwaiwu J, Fowowe M, Daramola O, Purba W, Mechref Y. O-Glycome Profiling of Breast Cancer Cell Lines to Understand Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1458-1470. [PMID: 38483275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women and a major source of brain metastases. Despite the increasing incidence of brain metastasis from breast cancer, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Altered glycosylation is known to play a role in various diseases including cancer metastasis. However, profiling studies of O-glycans and their isomers in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) are scarce. This study analyzed the expression of O-glycans and their isomers in human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361, HTB131, and HTB22), a brain cancer cell line (CRL-1620), and a brain metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231BR) using nanoLC-MS/MS, identifying 27 O-glycan compositions. We observed significant upregulation in the expression of HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc2 and HexNAc2Hex3, whereas the expression of HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc1 was downregulated in MDA-MB-231BR compared to other cell lines. In our isomeric analysis, we observed notable alterations in the isomeric forms of the O-glycan structure HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc1 in a comparison of different cell lines. Our analysis of O-glycans and their isomers in cancer cells demonstrated that changes in their distribution can be related to the metastatic process. We believe that our investigation will contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the significance of O-glycans and their isomers in BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifdeen Onigbinde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Akhila Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Joy Solomon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Moyinoluwa Adeniyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Judith Nwaiwu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Mojibola Fowowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Oluwatosin Daramola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Waziha Purba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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Schildhauer P, Selke P, Staege MS, Harder A, Scheller C, Strauss C, Horstkorte R, Scheer M, Leisz S. Glycation Interferes with the Expression of Sialyltransferases and Leads to Increased Polysialylation in Glioblastoma Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2758. [PMID: 38067186 PMCID: PMC10706364 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor that often utilizes aerobic glycolysis for energy production (Warburg effect), resulting in increased methylglyoxal (MGO) production. MGO, a reactive dicarbonyl compound, causes protein alterations and cellular dysfunction via glycation. In this study, we investigated the effect of glycation on sialylation, a common post-translational modification implicated in cancer. Our experiments using glioma cell lines, human astrocytes (hA), and primary glioma samples revealed different gene expressions of sialyltransferases among cells, highlighting the complexity of the system. Glycation has a differential effect on sialyltransferase expression, upregulating ST8SIA4 in the LN229 and U251 cell lines and decreasing the expression in normal hA. Subsequently, polysialylation increased in the LN229 and U251 cell lines and decreased in hA. This increase in polysialylation could lead to a more aggressive phenotype due to its involvement in cancer hallmark processes such as immune evasion, resistance to apoptosis, and enhancing invasion. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying GBM aggressiveness and suggest that targeting glycation and sialylation could be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Schildhauer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Philipp Selke
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Harder
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- CURE-NF Research Group, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Scheller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Christian Strauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maximilian Scheer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sandra Leisz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (P.S.); (M.S.)
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6
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Boelaars K, Goossens-Kruijssen L, Wang D, de Winde CM, Rodriguez E, Lindijer D, Springer B, van der Haar Àvila I, de Haas A, Wehry L, Boon L, Mebius RE, van Montfoort N, Wuhrer M, den Haan JMM, van Vliet SJ, van Kooyk Y. Unraveling the impact of sialic acids on the immune landscape and immunotherapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007805. [PMID: 37940346 PMCID: PMC10632901 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers. Despite the successful application of immune checkpoint blockade in a range of human cancers, immunotherapy in PDAC remains unsuccessful. PDAC is characterized by a desmoplastic, hypoxic and highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), where T-cell infiltration is often lacking (immune desert), or where T cells are located distant from the tumor islands (immune excluded). Converting the TME to an immune-inflamed state, allowing T-cell infiltration, could increase the success of immunotherapy in PDAC. METHOD In this study, we use the KPC3 subcutaneous PDAC mouse model to investigate the role of tumor-derived sialic acids in shaping the tumor immune landscape. A sialic acid deficient KPC3 line was generated by genetic knock-out of the CMAS (cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase) enzyme, a critical enzyme in the synthesis of sialic acid-containing glycans. The effect of sialic acid-deficiency on immunotherapy efficacy was assessed by treatment with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and agonistic CD40. RESULT The absence of sialic acids in KPC3 tumors resulted in increased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TME, and reduced frequencies of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the T-cell population. Importantly, CD8+ T cells were able to infiltrate the tumor islands in sialic acid-deficient tumors. These favorable alterations in the immune landscape sensitized sialic acid-deficient tumors to immunotherapy, which was ineffective in sialic acid-expressing KPC3 tumors. In addition, high expression of sialylation-related genes in human pancreatic cancer correlated with decreased CD8+ T-cell infiltration, increased presence of Tregs, and poorer survival probability. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that tumor-derived sialic acids mediate T-cell exclusion within the PDAC TME, thereby impairing immunotherapy efficacy. Targeting sialic acids represents a potential strategy to enhance T-cell infiltration and improve immunotherapy outcomes in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Boelaars
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Goossens-Kruijssen
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Di Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M de Winde
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ernesto Rodriguez
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Lindijer
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Babet Springer
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene van der Haar Àvila
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aram de Haas
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laetitia Wehry
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reina E Mebius
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wu Z, Wang Z, Wu H, Zheng N, Huang D, Huang Z, Han H, Bao J, Xu H, Zhang R, Du Z, Wu D. The pan-cancer multi-omics landscape of key genes of sialylation combined with RNA-sequencing validation. Comput Biol Med 2023; 166:107556. [PMID: 37801920 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sialylation, the process of salivary acid glycan synthesis, plays a pivotal function in tumor growth, immune escape, tumor metastasis, and resistance to drugs. However, the association between sialylation and prognosis, tumor microenvironment (TME), and treatment response in a variety of cancers remains unclear. METHODS A comprehensive survey of the expression profile, prognostic value, and genetic and epigenetic alterations of sialylation-related genes was performed in pan-cancer. Subsequently, the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm was used to compute sialylation pathway scores in pan-cancer. Correlations of sialylation pathway scores with clinical features, prognosis, and TME were evaluated using multiple algorithms. Finally, the efficacy of the sialylation pathway score in determining the effect of immunotherapy was evaluated. The expression of sialylation-related genes were verified by RNA-sequencing. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in sialylation-related genes expression between tumors and adjacent normal tissues for most cancer types. Sialylation pathway scores differed according to the type of tumor, where the poor prognosis was correlated with high sialylation pathway scores in uveal melanoma (UVM) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). In addition, sialylation pathway scores were positively associated with the ImmuneScore, StromalScore and immune-related pathways. Moreover, the level of immune cells infiltration was higher in tumors with higher sialylation pathway scores. Finally, patients with high sialylation pathway scores were more sensitive to immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Sialylation-related genes are essential in pan-cancer. The sialylation pathway score may be used as a biomarker in oncology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haodong Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zheng
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Huang
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Bao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjie Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhou Du
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dazhou Wu
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Al Saoud R, Hamrouni A, Idris A, Mousa WK, Abu Izneid T. Recent advances in the development of sialyltransferase inhibitors to control cancer metastasis: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115091. [PMID: 37421784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-associated mortalities, representing a huge health and economic burden. One of the mechanisms that enables metastasis is hypersialylation, characterized by an overabundance of sialylated glycans on the tumor surface, which leads to repulsion and detachment of cells from the original tumor. Once the tumor cells are mobilized, sialylated glycans hijack the natural killer T-cells through self-molecular mimicry and activatea downstream cascade of molecular events that result in inhibition of cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses against cancer cells, ultimately leading to immune evasion. Sialylation is mediated by a family of enzymes known as sialyltransferases (STs), which catalyse the transfer of sialic acid residue from the donor, CMP-sialic acid, onto the terminal end of an acceptor such as N-acetylgalactosamine on the cell-surface. Upregulation of STs increases tumor hypersialylation by up to 60% which is considered a distinctive hallmark of several types of cancers such as pancreatic, breast, and ovarian cancer. Therefore, inhibiting STs has emerged as a potential strategy to prevent metastasis. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the recent advances in designing novel sialyltransferase inhibitors using ligand-based drug design and high-throughput screening of natural and synthetic entities, emphasizing the most successful approaches. We analyse the limitations and challenges of designing selective, potent, and cell-permeable ST inhibitors that hindered further development of ST inhibitors into clinical trials. We conclude by analysing emerging opportunities, including advanced delivery methods which further increase the potential of these inhibitors to enrich the clinics with novel therapeutics to combat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranim Al Saoud
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar Hamrouni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adi Idris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Walaa K Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq Abu Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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9
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Li M, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Feng H, Li Y, Sang W, Zhu R, Huang R, Yan J. Integrative analysis of the ST6GALNAC family identifies GATA2-upregulated ST6GALNAC5 as an adverse prognostic biomarker promoting prostate cancer cell invasion. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:141. [PMID: 37468844 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ST6GALNAC family members function as sialyltransferases and have been implicated in cancer progression. However, their aberrant expression levels, prognostic values and specific roles in metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) remain largely unclear. METHODS Two independent public datasets (TCGA-PRAD and GSE21032), containing 648 PCa samples in total, were employed to comprehensively examine the mRNA expression changes of ST6GALNAC family members in PCa, as well as their associations with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. The dysregulation of ST6GALNAC5 was further validated in a mouse PCa model and human PCa samples from our cohort (n = 64) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and drug sensitivity analyses were performed to enrich the biological processes most related to ST6GALNAC5. Sulforhodamine B, transwell, luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to examine the PCa cell proliferation, invasion and transcriptional regulation, respectively. RESULTS Systematical investigation of six ST6GALNAC family members in public datasets revealed that ST6GALNAC5 was the only gene consistently and significantly upregulated in metastatic PCa, and ST6GALNAC5 overexpression was also positively associated with Gleason score and predicted poor prognosis in PCa patients. IHC results showed that (1) ST6GALNAC5 protein expression was increased in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and further elevated in PCa from a PbCre;PtenF/F mouse model; (2) overexpressed ST6GALNAC5 protein was confirmed in human PCa samples comparing with benign prostatic hyperplasia samples from our cohort (p < 0.001); (3) ST6GALNAC5 overexpression was significantly correlated with perineural invasion of PCa. Moreover, we first found transcription factor GATA2 positively and directly regulated ST6GALNAC5 expression at transcriptional level. ST6GALNAC5 overexpression could partially reverse GATA2-depletion-induced inhibition of PCa cell invasion. The GATA2-ST6GALNAC5 signature exhibited better prediction on the poor prognosis in PCa patients than GATA2 or ST6GALNAC5 alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that GATA2-upregulated ST6GALNAC5 might serve as an adverse prognostic biomarker promoting prostate cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Li
- Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Ma
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyi Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weicong Sang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Rujian Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruimin Huang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Zhou X, Chi K, Zhang C, Liu Q, Yang G. Sialylation: A Cloak for Tumors to Trick the Immune System in the Microenvironment. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:832. [PMID: 37372117 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), where the tumor cells incite the surrounding normal cells to create an immune suppressive environment, reduces the effectiveness of immune responses during cancer development. Sialylation, a type of glycosylation that occurs on cell surface proteins, lipids, and glycoRNAs, is known to accumulate in tumors and acts as a "cloak" to help tumor cells evade immunological surveillance. In the last few years, the role of sialylation in tumor proliferation and metastasis has become increasingly evident. With the advent of single-cell and spatial sequencing technologies, more research is being conducted to understand the effects of sialylation on immunity regulation. This review provides updated insights into recent research on the function of sialylation in tumor biology and summarizes the latest developments in sialylation-targeted tumor therapeutics, including antibody-mediated and metabolic-based sialylation inhibition, as well as interference with sialic acid-Siglec interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kaijun Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chairui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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11
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Antonelli A, Scarpa ES, Bruzzone S, Astigiano C, Piacente F, Bruschi M, Fraternale A, Di Buduo CA, Balduini A, Magnani M. Anoxia Rapidly Induces Changes in Expression of a Large and Diverse Set of Genes in Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065157. [PMID: 36982232 PMCID: PMC10049254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinusoidal endothelial cells are the predominant vascular surface of the bone marrow and constitute the functional hematopoietic niche where hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells receive cues for self-renewal, survival, and differentiation. In the bone marrow hematopoietic niche, the oxygen tension is usually very low, and this condition affects stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation and other important functions of this region. Here, we have investigated in vitro the response of endothelial cells to a marked decrease in O2 partial pressure to understand how the basal gene expression of some relevant biological factors (i.e., chemokines and interleukins) that are fundamental for the intercellular communication could change in anoxic conditions. Interestingly, mRNA levels of CXCL3, CXCL5, and IL-34 genes are upregulated after anoxia exposure but become downmodulated by sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) overexpression. Indeed, the expression levels of some other genes (such as Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)) that were not significantly affected by 8 h anoxia exposure become upregulated in the presence of SIRT6. Therefore, SIRT6 mediates also the endothelial cellular response through the modulation of selected genes in an extreme hypoxic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Antonelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cecilia Astigiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Bruschi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University in Boston, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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12
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Chang X, Obianwuna UE, Wang J, Zhang H, Qi G, Qiu K, Wu S. Glycosylated proteins with abnormal glycosylation changes are potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123855. [PMID: 36868337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cancer management relies on tumor type and stage for diagnosis and treatment, which leads to recurrence and metastasis and death in young women. Early detection of proteins in the serum aids diagnosis, progression, and clinical outcomes, possibly improving survival rate of breast cancer patients. In this review, we provided an insight into the influence of aberrant glycosylation on breast cancer development and progression. Examined literatures revealed that mechanisms underlying glycosylation moieties alteration could enhance early detection, monitoring, and therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer patients. This would serve as a guide for the development of new serum biomarkers with higher sensitivity and specificity, providing possible serological biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis, progression, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Uchechukwu Edna Obianwuna
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shugeng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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13
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Targeting galectin-driven regulatory circuits in cancer and fibrosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:295-316. [PMID: 36759557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of endogenous glycan-binding proteins that have crucial roles in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. As a group, these proteins use both extracellular and intracellular mechanisms as well as glycan-dependent and independent pathways to reprogramme the fate and function of numerous cell types. Given their multifunctional roles in both tissue fibrosis and cancer, galectins have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for these disorders. Here, we focus on the therapeutic relevance of galectins, particularly galectin 1 (GAL1), GAL3 and GAL9 to tumour progression and fibrotic diseases. We consider an array of galectin-targeted strategies, including small-molecule carbohydrate inhibitors, natural polysaccharides and their derivatives, peptides, peptidomimetics and biological agents (notably, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and truncated galectins) and discuss their mechanisms of action, selectivity and therapeutic potential in preclinical models of fibrosis and cancer. We also review the results of clinical trials that aim to evaluate the efficacy of galectin inhibitors in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cancer. The rapid pace of glycobiology research, combined with the acute need for drugs to alleviate fibrotic inflammation and overcome resistance to anticancer therapies, will accelerate the translation of anti-galectin therapeutics into clinical practice.
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14
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Kruk L, Braun A, Cosset E, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Galectin functions in cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1052959. [PMID: 36873388 PMCID: PMC9981828 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1052959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that regulate many cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence indicates that galectins influence many steps of cancer development by inducing the recruitment of immune cells to the inflammatory sites and modulating the effector function of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Recent studies described that different isoforms of galectins can induce platelet adhesion, aggregation, and granule release through the interaction with platelet-specific glycoproteins and integrins. Patients with cancer and/or deep-venous thrombosis have increased levels of galectins in the vasculature, suggesting that these proteins could be important contributors to cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of galectins in inflammatory and thrombotic events, influencing tumor progression and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of anti-cancer therapies targeting galectins in the pathological context of cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Cosset
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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15
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Bouchalova P, Bouchal P. Current methods for studying metastatic potential of tumor cells. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:394. [PMID: 36494720 PMCID: PMC9733110 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasiveness significantly contribute to desirable physiological processes, such as wound healing or embryogenesis, as well as to serious pathological processes such as the spread of cancer cells to form tumor metastasis. The availability of appropriate methods for studying these processes is essential for understanding the molecular basis of cancer metastasis and for identifying suitable therapeutic targets for anti-metastatic treatment. This review summarizes the current status of these methods: In vitro methods for studying cell migration involve two-dimensional (2D) assays (wound-healing/scratch assay), and methods based on chemotaxis (the Dunn chamber). The analysis of both cell migration and invasiveness in vitro require more complex systems based on the Boyden chamber principle (Transwell migration/invasive test, xCELLigence system), or microfluidic devices with three-dimensional (3D) microscopy visualization. 3D culture techniques are rapidly becoming routine and involve multicellular spheroid invasion assays or array chip-based, spherical approaches, multi-layer/multi-zone culture, or organoid non-spherical models, including multi-organ microfluidic chips. The in vivo methods are mostly based on mice, allowing genetically engineered mice models and transplant models (syngeneic mice, cell line-derived xenografts and patient-derived xenografts including humanized mice models). These methods currently represent a solid basis for the state-of-the art research that is focused on understanding metastatic fundamentals as well as the development of targeted anti-metastatic therapies, and stratified treatment in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Bouchalova
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bouchal
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Nag S, Mandal A, Joshi A, Jain N, Srivastava RS, Singh S, Khattri A. Sialyltransferases and Neuraminidases: Potential Targets for Cancer Treatment. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10040114. [PMID: 36547200 PMCID: PMC9777960 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers are the leading cause of death, causing around 10 million deaths annually by 2020. The most common cancers are those affecting the breast, lungs, colon, and rectum. However, it has been noted that cancer metastasis is more lethal than just cancer incidence and accounts for more than 90% of cancer deaths. Thus, early detection and prevention of cancer metastasis have the capability to save millions of lives. Finding novel biomarkers and targets for screening, determination of prognosis, targeted therapies, etc., are ways of doing so. In this review, we propose various sialyltransferases and neuraminidases as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of the most common cancers, along with a few rare ones, on the basis of existing experimental and in silico data. This compilation of available cancer studies aiming at sialyltransferases and neuraminidases will serve as a guide for scientists and researchers working on possible targets for various cancers and will also provide data about the existing drugs which inhibit the action of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagorika Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhimanyu Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Aryaman Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ravi Shanker Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Career Institute of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Lucknow 226020, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arun Khattri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-70-6811-1755
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17
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Huang J, Huang J, Zhang G. Insights into the Role of Sialylation in Cancer Metastasis, Immunity, and Therapeutic Opportunity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235840. [PMID: 36497322 PMCID: PMC9737300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation is an enzymatic process that covalently attaches sialic acids to glycoproteins and glycolipids and terminates them by creating sialic acid-containing glycans (sialoglycans). Sialoglycans, usually located in the outmost layers of cells, play crucial biological roles, notably in tumor transformation, growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. Thus, a deeper comprehension of sialylation in cancer will help to facilitate the development of innovative cancer therapies. Cancer sialylation-related articles have consistently increased over the last four years. The primary subjects of these studies are sialylation, cancer, immunotherapy, and metastasis. Tumor cells activate endothelial cells and metastasize to distant organs in part by the interactions of abnormally sialylated integrins with selectins. Furthermore, cancer sialylation masks tumor antigenic epitopes and induces an immunosuppressive environment, allowing cancer cells to escape immune monitoring. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes develop different recognition epitopes for glycosylated and nonglycosylated peptides. Therefore, targeting tumor-derived sialoglycans is a promising approach to cancer treatments for limiting the dissemination of tumor cells, revealing immunogenic tumor antigens, and boosting anti-cancer immunity. Exploring the exact tumor sialoglycans may facilitate the identification of new glycan targets, paving the way for the development of customized cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jianming Huang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guonan Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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Aberrant Sialylation in Cancer: Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174248. [PMID: 36077781 PMCID: PMC9454432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of every eukaryotic cell is coated in a thick layer of glycans that acts as a key interface with the extracellular environment. Cancer cells have a different ‘glycan coat’ to healthy cells and aberrant glycosylation is a universal feature of cancer cells linked to all of the cancer hallmarks. This means glycans hold huge potential for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. One key change in tumour glycosylation is increased sialylation, both on N-glycans and O-glycans, which leads to a dense forest of sialylated structures covering the cell surface. This hypersialylation has far-reaching consequences for cancer cells, and sialylated glycans are fundamental in tumour growth, metastasis, immune evasion and drug resistance. The development of strategies to inhibit aberrant sialylation in cancer represents an important opportunity to develop new therapeutics. Here, I summarise recent advances to target aberrant sialylation in cancer, including the development of sialyltransferase inhibitors and strategies to inhibit Siglecs and Selectins, and discuss opportunities for the future.
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19
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Mohammed NBB, Antonopoulos A, Dell A, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. The pleiotropic role of galectin-3 in melanoma progression: Unraveling the enigma. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 157:157-193. [PMID: 36725108 PMCID: PMC9895887 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer with poor outcomes associated with distant metastasis. Intrinsic properties of melanoma cells alongside the crosstalk between melanoma cells and surrounding microenvironment determine the tumor behavior. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a ß-galactoside-binding lectin, has emerged as a major effector in cancer progression, including melanoma behavior. Data from melanoma models and patient studies reveal that Gal-3 expression is dysregulated, both intracellularly and extracellularly, throughout the stages of melanoma progression. This review summarizes the most recent data and hypotheses on Gal-3 and its tumor-modulating functions, highlighting its role in driving melanoma growth, invasion, and metastatic colonization. It also provides insight into potential Gal-3-targeted strategies for melanoma diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan B B Mohammed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
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20
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Wang D, Shi Y, Huang H, Zhao Q, He Y, Su W. A 16-gene signature associated with homologous recombination deficiency for prognosis prediction in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:882-896. [PMID: 35950033 PMCID: PMC9096232 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) commonly occurs in breast cancer, which is the second cause of cancer death in women with a high rate of relapse and poor outcomes. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer. Thus, we aim to develop a prognostic signature based on HRD expecting to help improve outcomes in TNBC. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)–TNBC cohort was divided into the training set and the testing set randomly. Sixteen genes were filtered from the prognostic HRD-associated genes to establish a prognostic model in the training set. Patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the median value of the risk score. Prognosis analysis showed that the high-risk group was associated with a worse prognosis in the training set, the testing set, the entire TCGA–TNBC cohort, and the METABRIC–TNBC cohort. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve showed that our model had very good accuracy in the prediction of 1–5-year overall survival in the TCGA–TNBC cohort. Besides, a comparison of the area under curve value and C-index between our model and four published models showed that our model had the best predictive efficiency compared to other models. Subsequently, a nomogram was established. Finally, our finding also indicated that our model was associated with immunoregulation in TNBC and had the potential to be the target for TNBC treatment. Therefore, our findings not only provided a new strategy in the personalized prognosis management of TNBC but also offered new insight into precision treatment in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daodu Wang
- Oncology Center, Shanwei Yihui Fund Hospital (Shanwei Second People’s Hospital) , Shanwei, 516600 , China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Shanwei Yihui Fund Hospital (Shanwei Second People’s Hospital) , Shanwei , 516600 , China
| | - Hanyang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanwei Yihui Fund Hospital (Shanwei Second People’s Hospital) , Shanwei , 516600 , China
| | - Qijiong Zhao
- Oncology Center, Shanwei Yihui Fund Hospital (Shanwei Second People’s Hospital) , Shanwei, 516600 , China
| | - Yongyue He
- Oncology Center, Shanwei Yihui Fund Hospital (Shanwei Second People’s Hospital) , Shanwei, 516600 , China
| | - Wenzhi Su
- Oncology Center, Shanwei Yihui Fund Hospital (Shanwei Second People’s Hospital) , Shanwei, 516600 , China
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21
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Rao TC, Beggs RR, Ankenbauer KE, Hwang J, Ma VPY, Salaita K, Bellis SL, Mattheyses AL. ST6Gal-I-mediated sialylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor modulates cell mechanics and enhances invasion. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101726. [PMID: 35157848 PMCID: PMC8956946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity within the glycocalyx influences cell adhesion mechanics and signaling. However, the role of specific glycosylation subtypes in influencing cell mechanics via alterations of receptor function remains unexplored. It has been shown that the addition of sialic acid to terminal glycans impacts growth, development, and cancer progression. In addition, the sialyltransferase ST6Gal-I promotes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity, and we have shown EGFR is an 'allosteric mechano-organizer' of integrin tension. Here, we investigated the impact of ST6Gal-I on cell mechanics. Using DNA-based tension gauge tether probes of variable thresholds, we found that high ST6Gal-I activity promotes increased integrin forces and spreading in Cos-7 and OVCAR3, OVCAR5, and OV4 cancer cells. Further, employing inhibitors and function-blocking antibodies against β1, β3, and β5 integrins and ST6Gal-I targets EGFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor, and Fas cell surface death receptor, we validated that the observed phenotypes are EGFR-specific. We found that while tension, contractility, and adhesion are extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway-dependent, spreading, proliferation, and invasion are phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt serine/threonine kinase dependent. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, we also show that high ST6Gal-I activity leads to sustained EGFR membrane retention, making it a key regulator of cell mechanics. Our findings suggest a novel sialylation-dependent mechanism orchestrating cellular mechanics and enhancing cell motility via EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Reena R Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine E Ankenbauer
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jihye Hwang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan L Bellis
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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22
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Wang L. A Novel Glycosyltransferase-Related Gene Signature for Overall Survival Prediction in Patients with Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2022; 14:10337-10350. [PMID: 34992448 PMCID: PMC8717217 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s332945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is a highly malignant epithelial tumor. Recently, it has been reported the role of glycosyltransferases (GTs) in various cancers. However, the prognostic value of GTs-related genes in ovarian cancer remained largely unknown. Methods RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data and corresponding clinical characteristics of patients with ovarian cancer were extracted from the public database of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). We constructed the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model to explore a multigene signature comprising GTs-related genes in the TCGA and GTEx cohort. Patients with ovarian cancer in International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database were applied for further validation. We also performed functional analysis on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of high-risk and low-risk groups in the TCGA cohort. Additionally, the immune status between the two risk groups was assessed, respectively. Results Our results showed that 64 GTs-related genes were differentially expressed between tumor tissues and normal tissues in the TCGA and GTEx cohort. A prognostic model of 15 candidate genes was constructed, which classified patients into high- and low-risk groups. Compared with low-risk patients, high-risk patients had an obvious worse overall survival (OS) (P < 0.0001 in the TCGA and GTEx cohort and P = 0.042 in the ICGC cohort). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the risk score was an independent factor for OS of ovarian cancer. Functional analysis indicated that these DEGs were also enriched in immune-related pathways, and the immune status was significantly different between the two risk groups in TCGA cohort. Conclusion In conclusion, a novel GTs-related gene signature may be used for the prognosis of ovarian cancer. Targeting GTs-related gene can act as a therapeutic alternative for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, People's Republic of China
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Hugonnet M, Singh P, Haas Q, von Gunten S. The Distinct Roles of Sialyltransferases in Cancer Biology and Onco-Immunology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:799861. [PMID: 34975914 PMCID: PMC8718907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.799861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a key feature of malignant transformation. Hypersialylation, the enhanced expression of sialic acid-terminated glycoconjugates on the cell surface, has been linked to immune evasion and metastatic spread, eventually by interaction with sialoglycan-binding lectins, including Siglecs and selectins. The biosynthesis of tumor-associated sialoglycans involves sialyltransferases, which are differentially expressed in cancer cells. In this review article, we provide an overview of the twenty human sialyltransferases and their roles in cancer biology and immunity. A better understanding of the individual contribution of select sialyltransferases to the tumor sialome may lead to more personalized strategies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Hugonnet
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine (BCPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pushpita Singh
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Haas
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine (BCPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Glycation Interferes with the Expression of Sialyltransferases in Meningiomas. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123298. [PMID: 34943806 PMCID: PMC8699175 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common non-malignant intracranial tumors and prefer, like most tumors, anaerobic glycolysis for energy production (Warburg effect). This anaerobic glycolysis leads to an increased synthesis of the metabolite methylglyoxal (MGO) or glyoxal (GO), which is known to react with amino groups of proteins. This reaction is called glycation, thereby building advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In this study, we investigated the influence of glycation on sialylation in two meningioma cell lines, representing the WHO grade I (BEN-MEN-1) and the WHO grade III (IOMM-Lee). In the benign meningioma cell line, glycation led to differences in expression of sialyltransferases (ST3GAL1/2/3/5/6, ST6GAL1/2, ST6GALNAC2/6, and ST8SIA1/2), which are known to play a role in tumor progression. We could show that glycation of BEN-MEN-1 cells led to decreased expression of ST3Gal5. This resulted in decreased synthesis of the ganglioside GM3, the product of ST3Gal5. In the malignant meningioma cell line, we observed changes in expression of sialyltransferases (ST3GAL1/2/3, ST6GALNAC5, and ST8SIA1) after glycation, which correlates with less aggressive behavior.
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25
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Gabius HJ, Cudic M, Diercks T, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Mayo KH, Murphy PV, Oscarson S, Roy R, Schedlbauer A, Toegel S, Romero A. What is the Sugar Code? Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100327. [PMID: 34496130 PMCID: PMC8901795 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A code is defined by the nature of the symbols, which are used to generate information‐storing combinations (e. g. oligo‐ and polymers). Like nucleic acids and proteins, oligo‐ and polysaccharides are ubiquitous, and they are a biochemical platform for establishing molecular messages. Of note, the letters of the sugar code system (third alphabet of life) excel in coding capacity by making an unsurpassed versatility for isomer (code word) formation possible by variability in anomery and linkage position of the glycosidic bond, ring size and branching. The enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis (writers) realizes this enormous potential for building a large vocabulary. It includes possibilities for dynamic editing/erasing as known from nucleic acids and proteins. Matching the glycome diversity, a large panel of sugar receptors (lectins) has developed based on more than a dozen folds. Lectins ‘read’ the glycan‐encoded information. Hydrogen/coordination bonding and ionic pairing together with stacking and C−H/π‐interactions as well as modes of spatial glycan presentation underlie the selectivity and specificity of glycan‐lectin recognition. Modular design of lectins together with glycan display and the nature of the cognate glycoconjugate account for the large number of post‐binding events. They give an entry to the glycan vocabulary its functional, often context‐dependent meaning(s), hereby building the dictionary of the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Tammo Diercks
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paul V Murphy
- CÚRAM - SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and the, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - René Roy
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 888, Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andreas Schedlbauer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Romero
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CIB Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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The Role of Glycosyltransferases in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115822. [PMID: 34070747 PMCID: PMC8198577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of cancer death in the world. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been extensively studied in malignancies due to its relevance in tumor pathogenesis and therapy. This review is focused on the dysregulation of glycosyltransferase expression in CRC and its impact in cell function and in several biological pathways associated with CRC pathogenesis, prognosis and therapeutic approaches. Glycan structures act as interface molecules between cells and their environment and in several cases facilitate molecule function. CRC tissue shows alterations in glycan structures decorating molecules, such as annexin-1, mucins, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), β1 integrin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptors, Fas (CD95), PD-L1, decorin, sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 (SORBS1), CD147 and glycosphingolipids. All of these are described as key molecules in oncogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, glycosylation in CRC can affect cell migration, cell–cell adhesion, actin polymerization, mitosis, cell membrane repair, apoptosis, cell differentiation, stemness regulation, intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, immune system regulation, T cell polarization and gut microbiota composition; all such functions are associated with the prognosis and evolution of the disease. According to these findings, multiple strategies have been evaluated to alter oligosaccharide processing and to modify glycoconjugate structures in order to control CRC progression and prevent metastasis. Additionally, immunotherapy approaches have contemplated the use of neo-antigens, generated by altered glycosylation, as targets for tumor-specific T cells or engineered CAR (Chimeric antigen receptors) T cells.
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Aberrant Sialylation in Cancer: Biomarker and Potential Target for Therapeutic Intervention? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092014. [PMID: 33921986 PMCID: PMC8122436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sialylation is a post-translational modification that consists in the addition of sialic acid to growing glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. Aberrant sialylation is an established hallmark of several types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal and lung cancers, melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hypersialylation can be the effect of increased activity of sialyltransferases and results in an excess of negatively charged sialic acid on the surface of cancer cells. Sialic acid accumulation contributes to tumor progression by several paths, including stimulation of tumor invasion and migration, and enhancing immune evasion and tumor cell survival. In this review we explore the mechanisms by which sialyltransferases promote cancer progression. In addition, we provide insights into the possible use of sialyltransferases as biomarkers for cancer and summarize findings on the development of sialyltransferase inhibitors as potential anti-cancer treatments. Abstract Sialylation is an integral part of cellular function, governing many biological processes including cellular recognition, adhesion, molecular trafficking, signal transduction and endocytosis. Sialylation is controlled by the levels and the activities of sialyltransferases on glycoproteins and lipids. Altered gene expression of these enzymes in cancer yields to cancer-specific alterations of glycoprotein sialylation. Mounting evidence indicate that hypersialylation is closely associated with cancer progression and metastatic spread, and can be of prognostic significance in human cancer. Aberrant sialylation is not only a result of cancer, but also a driver of malignant phenotype, directly impacting key processes such as tumor cell dissociation and invasion, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, angiogenesis, resistance to apoptosis, and evasion of immune destruction. In this review we provide insights on the impact of sialylation in tumor progression, and outline the possible application of sialyltransferases as cancer biomarkers. We also summarize the most promising findings on the development of sialyltransferase inhibitors as potential anti-cancer treatments.
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Roarty K, Echeverria GV. Laboratory Models for Investigating Breast Cancer Therapy Resistance and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:645698. [PMID: 33777805 PMCID: PMC7988094 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.645698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
While numerous therapies are highly efficacious in early-stage breast cancers and in particular subsets of breast cancers, therapeutic resistance and metastasis unfortunately arise in many patients. In many cases, tumors that are resistant to standard of care therapies, as well as tumors that have metastasized, are treatable but incurable with existing clinical strategies. Both therapy resistance and metastasis are multi-step processes during which tumor cells must overcome diverse environmental and selective hurdles. Mechanisms by which tumor cells achieve this are numerous and include acquisition of invasive and migratory capabilities, cell-intrinsic genetic and/or epigenetic adaptations, clonal selection, immune evasion, interactions with stromal cells, entering a state of dormancy or senescence, and maintaining self-renewal capacity. To overcome therapy resistance and metastasis in breast cancer, the ability to effectively model each of these mechanisms in the laboratory is essential. Herein we review historic and the current state-of-the-art laboratory model systems and experimental approaches used to investigate breast cancer metastasis and resistance to standard of care therapeutics. While each model system has inherent limitations, they have provided invaluable insights, many of which have translated into regimens undergoing clinical evaluation. We will discuss the limitations and advantages of a variety of model systems that have been used to investigate breast cancer metastasis and therapy resistance and outline potential strategies to improve experimental modeling to further our knowledge of these processes, which will be crucial for the continued development of effective breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roarty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gloria V Echeverria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies ST8SIA1 as a Survival-Related Sialyltransferase Gene in Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121436. [PMID: 33260650 PMCID: PMC7760851 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersialylation caused by the overexpression of sialyltransferases (STs) is a common feature in cancer that is associated with several characteristics of tumorigenesis. Thus, identifying cancer-associated STs is critical for cancer therapy. However, ST screening has been frequently conducted in cell line models. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of STs in the clinical database and identified the STs related with the survival of breast cancer patients. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data of 496 patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas Breast Invasive Carcinoma (TCGA-BRCA). Of the eight mapped STs, ST3GAL5, and ST8SIA1 met the acceptable area under the curve (AUC) criteria for overall survival (OS). Using Kaplan–Meier methods, we determined that high expression of ST8SIA1 was associated with poor 10-year OS in all patients, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and non-TNBC patients, and poor disease-free survival (DFS) rates particularly in TNBC. ST8SIA1 also had superior AUC values in terms of OS/DFS. High ST8SIA1 levels showed a higher risk for poor OS in different groups of patients and a higher risk for poor DFS particularly in TNBC. In summary, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of STs from the clinical database and identified ST8SIA1 as a crucial survival-related ST, which might be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer and TNBC patients.
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Dobie C, Skropeta D. Insights into the role of sialylation in cancer progression and metastasis. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:76-90. [PMID: 33144696 PMCID: PMC7782833 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of sialyltransferases—the enzymes responsible for the addition of sialic acid to growing glycoconjugate chains—and the resultant hypersialylation of up to 40–60% of tumour cell surfaces are established hallmarks of several cancers, including lung, breast, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancer. Hypersialylation promotes tumour metastasis by several routes, including enhancing immune evasion and tumour cell survival, and stimulating tumour invasion and migration. The critical role of enzymes that regulate sialic acid in tumour cell growth and metastasis points towards targeting sialylation as a potential new anti-metastatic cancer treatment strategy. Herein, we explore insights into the mechanisms by which hypersialylation plays a role in promoting metastasis, and explore the current state of sialyltransferase inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dobie
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health; and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health; and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Wollongong, Australia. .,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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31
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Weber J, Braun CJ, Saur D, Rad R. In vivo functional screening for systems-level integrative cancer genomics. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:573-593. [PMID: 32636489 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the genetic portraits of all major human malignancies now available, we next face the challenge of characterizing the function of mutated genes, their downstream targets, interactions and molecular networks. Moreover, poorly understood at the functional level are also non-mutated but dysregulated genomes, epigenomes or transcriptomes. Breakthroughs in manipulative mouse genetics offer new opportunities to probe the interplay of molecules, cells and systemic signals underlying disease pathogenesis in higher organisms. Herein, we review functional screening strategies in mice using genetic perturbation and chemical mutagenesis. We outline the spectrum of genetic tools that exist, such as transposons, CRISPR and RNAi and describe discoveries emerging from their use. Genome-wide or targeted screens are being used to uncover genomic and regulatory landscapes in oncogenesis, metastasis or drug resistance. Versatile screening systems support experimentation in diverse genetic and spatio-temporal settings to integrate molecular, cellular or environmental context-dependencies. We also review the combination of in vivo screening and barcoding strategies to study genetic interactions and quantitative cancer dynamics during tumour evolution. These scalable functional genomics approaches are transforming our ability to interrogate complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Weber
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian J Braun
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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32
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Girotti MR, Salatino M, Dalotto-Moreno T, Rabinovich GA. Sweetening the hallmarks of cancer: Galectins as multifunctional mediators of tumor progression. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133540. [PMID: 31873723 PMCID: PMC7041721 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hanahan and Weinberg have proposed 10 organizing principles that enable growth and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. These distinctive and complementary capabilities, defined as the "hallmarks of cancer," include the ability of tumor cells and their microenvironment to sustain proliferative signaling, evade growth suppressors, resist cell death, promote replicative immortality, induce angiogenesis, support invasion and metastasis, reprogram energy metabolism, induce genomic instability and inflammation, and trigger evasion of immune responses. These common features are hierarchically regulated through different mechanisms, including those involving glycosylation-dependent programs that influence the biological and clinical impact of each hallmark. Galectins, an evolutionarily conserved family of glycan-binding proteins, have broad influence in tumor progression by rewiring intracellular and extracellular circuits either in cancer or stromal cells, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In this review, we dissect the role of galectins in shaping cellular circuitries governing each hallmark of tumors, illustrating relevant examples and highlighting novel opportunities for treating human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Romina Girotti
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Oncología Traslacional, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Salatino
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Dalotto-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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33
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Bacci M, Lorito N, Ippolito L, Ramazzotti M, Luti S, Romagnoli S, Parri M, Bianchini F, Cappellesso F, Virga F, Gao Q, Simões BM, Marangoni E, Martin LA, Comito G, Ferracin M, Giannoni E, Mazzone M, Chiarugi P, Morandi A. Reprogramming of Amino Acid Transporters to Support Aspartate and Glutamate Dependency Sustains Endocrine Resistance in Breast Cancer. Cell Rep 2020; 28:104-118.e8. [PMID: 31269432 PMCID: PMC6616584 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy (ET) is the standard of care for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers. Despite its efficacy, ∼40% of women relapse with ET-resistant (ETR) disease. A global transcription analysis in ETR cells reveals a downregulation of the neutral and basic amino acid transporter SLC6A14 governed by enhanced miR-23b-3p expression, resulting in impaired amino acid metabolism. This altered amino acid metabolism in ETR cells is supported by the activation of autophagy and the enhanced import of acidic amino acids (aspartate and glutamate) mediated by the SLC1A2 transporter. The clinical significance of these findings is validated by multiple orthogonal approaches in a large cohort of ET-treated patients, in patient-derived xenografts, and in in vivo experiments. Targeting these amino acid metabolic dependencies resensitizes ETR cells to therapy and impairs the aggressive features of ETR cells, offering predictive biomarkers and potential targetable pathways to be exploited to combat or delay ETR in ER+ breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Nicla Lorito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Luigi Ippolito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Simone Romagnoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Matteo Parri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Federica Cappellesso
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Federico Virga
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Qiong Gao
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Bruno M Simões
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, Paris 75248, France
| | - Lesley-Ann Martin
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Giuseppina Comito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy.
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Zhao R, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li D, Huang C, Li F. In vivo Screen Identifies Zdhhc2 as a Critical Regulator of Germinal Center B Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1025. [PMID: 32587588 PMCID: PMC7297983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cell differentiation is critical for the production of affinity-matured pathogen-specific antibodies, the dysregulation of which may lead to humoral immunodeficiency or autoimmunity. The development of an in vivo screening system for factors regulating GC B cell differentiation has been a challenge. Here we describe a small-scale in vivo screening system with NP-specific B1-8hi cells and a retroviral shRNA library targeting 78 candidate genes to search for B cell-intrinsic factors that specifically regulate GC B cell differentiation. Zdhhc2, a gene encoding palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC2 and highly expressed in GC B cells, is identified as a strong positive regulator of GC B cell differentiation. B1-8hi cells transduced with Zdhhc2-shRNA are severely compromised in differentiating into GC B cells. A further analysis of in vitro differentiated B cells transduced with Zdhhc2-shRNA shows that Zdhhc2 is critical for the proliferation and the survival of B cells stimulated by CD40L, BAFF, and IL-21 and consequently impacts on their differentiation into GC B cells and post-GC B cells. These studies not only identify Zdhhc2 as a novel regulator of GC B cell differentiation but also represent a proof of concept of in vivo screen for regulators of GC B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqing Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Boston Consulting Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fubin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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35
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Yamamoto KN, Liu LL, Nakamura A, Haeno H, Michor F. Stochastic Evolution of Pancreatic Cancer Metastases During Logistic Clonal Expansion. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020; 3:1-11. [PMID: 30901235 DOI: 10.1200/cci.18.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in diagnostic and multimodal treatment approaches, most cancer deaths are still caused by metastatic spread and the subsequent growth of tumor cells in sites distant from the primary organ. So far, few quantitative studies are available that allow for the estimation of metastatic parameters and the evaluation of alternative treatment strategies. Most computational studies have focused on situations in which the tumor cell population expands exponentially over time; however, tumors may eventually be subject to resource and space limitations so that their growth patterns deviate from exponential growth to adhere to density-dependent growth models. In this study, we developed a stochastic evolutionary model of cancer progression that considers alterations in metastasis-related genes and intercellular growth competition leading to density effects described by logistic growth. Using this stochastic model, we derived analytical approximations for the time between the initiation of tumorigenesis and diagnosis, the expected number of metastatic sites, the total number of metastatic cells, the size of the primary tumor, and survival. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of drug administration and surgical resection on these quantities and predicted outcomes for different treatment regimens. Parameter values used in the analysis were estimated from data obtained from a pancreatic cancer rapid autopsy program. Our theoretical approach allows for flexible modeling of metastatic progression dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyo N Yamamoto
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,Medical College Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lin L Liu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Franziska Michor
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,The Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,The Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA
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36
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Xu G, Chen J, Wang G, Xiao J, Zhang N, Chen Y, Yu H, Wang G, Zhao Y. Resveratrol Inhibits the Tumorigenesis of Follicular Thyroid Cancer via ST6GAL2-Regulated Activation of the Hippo Signaling Pathway. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 16:124-133. [PMID: 32055676 PMCID: PMC7005482 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is a common endocrine malignancy with highly aggressive features. In this study, next-generation sequencing technology was used to identify aberrant expression of sialyltransferase (ST) family members in FTC. Aberrant high expression of alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2 (ST6GAL2) was demonstrated to promote tumorigenesis of FTC in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ST6GAL2 promoted tumorigenesis by inactivating the Hippo signaling pathway. Resveratrol is a native compound extracted from Vitis species, and many studies have confirmed its protective cardiovascular and antineoplastic effects. Here we found that resveratrol can inhibit the tumorigenesis of FTC by suppressing the expression of ST6GAL2, further activating the Hippo pathway. In summary, this study revealed the role of the ST6GAL2-Hippo signaling pathway in FTC tumorigenesis and indicated that resveratrol, a commonly found antineoplastic compound, could inhibit tumorigenesis of FTC by regulating the abovementioned pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoran Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Junzhu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Guorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Junhong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Yongfu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China
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37
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García Caballero G, Kaltner H, Kutzner TJ, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Schmidt S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. How galectins have become multifunctional proteins. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:509-539. [PMID: 31922250 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Having identified glycans of cellular glycoconjugates as versatile molecular messages, their recognition by sugar receptors (lectins) is a fundamental mechanism within the flow of biological information. This type of molecular interplay is increasingly revealed to be involved in a wide range of (patho)physiological processes. To do so, it is a vital prerequisite that a lectin (and its expression) can develop more than a single skill, that is the general ability to bind glycans. By studying the example of vertebrate galectins as a model, a total of five relevant characteristics is disclosed: i) access to intra- and extracellular sites, ii) fine-tuned gene regulation (with evidence for co-regulation of counterreceptors) including the existence of variants due to alternative splicing or single nucleotide polymorphisms, iii) specificity to distinct glycans from the glycome with different molecular meaning, iv) binding capacity also to peptide motifs at different sites on the protein and v) diversity of modular architecture. They combine to endow these lectins with the capacity to serve as multi-purpose tools. Underscoring the arising broad-scale significance of tissue lectins, their numbers in terms of known families and group members have steadily grown by respective research that therefore unveiled a well-stocked toolbox. The generation of a network of (ga)lectins by evolutionary diversification affords the opportunity for additive/synergistic or antagonistic interplay in situ, an emerging aspect of (ga)lectin functionality. It warrants close scrutiny. The realization of the enormous potential of combinatorial permutations using the five listed features gives further efforts to understand the rules of functional glycomics/lectinomics a clear direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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38
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Integrated Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Glycomics Reveals the Association between Up-regulation of Sialylated N-glycans/Integrin and Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17361. [PMID: 31758065 PMCID: PMC6874669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer brain metastasis has been recognized as one of the central issues in breast cancer research. The elucidation of the processes and pathways that mediate this step will provide important clues for a better understanding of breast cancer metastasis. Increasing evidence suggests that aberrant glycosylation patterns greatly contribute to cell invasion and cancer metastasis. Herein, we combined next-generation RNA sequencing with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic and N-glycomic analysis from five breast cancer cell lines and one brain cancer cell line to investigate the possible mechanisms of breast cancer brain metastasis. The genes/proteins associated with cell movement were highlighted in breast cancer brain metastasis. The integrin signaling pathway and the up-regulation of α-integrin (ITGA2, ITGA3) were associated with the brain metastatic process. 12 glycogenes showed unique expression in 231BR, which could result in an increase of sialylation during brain metastasis. In agreement with the changes of glycogenes, 60 out of 63 N-glycans that were identified exhibited differential expression among cell lines. The correlation between glycogenes and glycans revealed the importance of sialylation and sialylated glycans in breast cancer brain metastasis. Highly sialylated N-glycans, which were up-regulated in brain-seeking cell line 231BR, likely play a role in brain metastasis.
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39
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Munkley J, Scott E. Targeting Aberrant Sialylation to Treat Cancer. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:medicines6040102. [PMID: 31614918 PMCID: PMC6963943 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates (known as glycans) are often aberrantly expressed or found at atypical levels in cancer. Glycans can impact all steps in tumour progression, from malignant transformation to metastasis, and have roles in all the cancer hallmarks. An increased understanding of glycans in the metastatic cascade offers exciting new therapeutic opportunities. Glycan-based targeting strategies are currently being tested in clinical trials and are a rich and untapped frontier for development. As we learn more about cancer glycobiology, new targets will continue to emerge for drug design. One key change in tumour glycosylation is the upregulation of cancer-associated sialylated glycans. Abnormal sialylation is integral to tumour growth, metastasis and immune evasion; therefore, targeting sialic acid moieties in cancer could be of high therapeutic value. Here, we summarise the changes to sialic acid biology in cancer and discuss recent advances and technologies bringing sialic-acid targeting treatments to the forefront of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Emma Scott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.
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40
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The sugar code: letters and vocabulary, writers, editors and readers and biosignificance of functional glycan-lectin pairing. Biochem J 2019; 476:2623-2655. [PMID: 31551311 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous occurrence in Nature, abundant presence at strategically important places such as the cell surface and dynamic shifts in their profile by diverse molecular switches qualifies the glycans to serve as versatile biochemical signals. However, their exceptional structural complexity often prevents one noting how simple the rules of objective-driven assembly of glycan-encoded messages are. This review is intended to provide a tutorial for a broad readership. The principles of why carbohydrates meet all demands to be the coding section of an information transfer system, and this at unsurpassed high density, are explained. Despite appearing to be a random assortment of sugars and their substitutions, seemingly subtle structural variations in glycan chains by a sophisticated enzymatic machinery have emerged to account for their specific biological meaning. Acting as 'readers' of glycan-encoded information, carbohydrate-specific receptors (lectins) are a means to turn the glycans' potential to serve as signals into a multitude of (patho)physiologically relevant responses. Once the far-reaching significance of this type of functional pairing has become clear, the various modes of spatial presentation of glycans and of carbohydrate recognition domains in lectins can be explored and rationalized. These discoveries are continuously revealing the intricacies of mutually adaptable routes to achieve essential selectivity and specificity. Equipped with these insights, readers will gain a fundamental understanding why carbohydrates form the third alphabet of life, joining the ranks of nucleotides and amino acids, and will also become aware of the importance of cellular communication via glycan-lectin recognition.
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41
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Yang L, Hong Q, Xu SG, Kuang XY, Di GH, Liu GY, Wu J, Shao ZM, Yu SJ. Downregulation of transgelin 2 promotes breast cancer metastasis by activating the reactive oxygen species/nuclear factor‑κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4045-4258. [PMID: 31485630 PMCID: PMC6797978 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgelin 2 (TAGLN2) is a cytoskeletal protein of the calponin family. Abnormal expression of TAGLN2 was observed in various types of cancer. Our previous study reported that TAGLN2 expression was reduced in lymph node-positive breast cancer patients; however, the role of TAGLN2 in breast cancer metastasis remains unknown. In the present study, the role of TAGLN2 in breast cancer metastasis was investigated in vitro and in vivo via Transwell migration, luciferase and flow cytometry assays, and a mouse xenograft model. Proteins interacting with TAGLN2 were identified via co-immunoprecipitation assays and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the signaling pathway associated with the effects of TAGLN2 was investigated. Additionally, western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to further explore the potential pathway in which TAGLN2 may be involved and the mechanism underlying its effects in breast cancer metastasis. The present study reported that TAGLN2 expression was increased by 11.4-fold in patients without distant metastasis compared with those positive for distant metastasis. Knockdown of TAGLN2 resulted in increased cell migration in vitro and promoted lung metastasis in vivo. Additionally, overexpression of TAGLN2 suppressed lung metastasis in a mouse model. Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), an important reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulator, was revealed to interact with TAGLN2. In addition, mitochondrial redistribution and PRDX1 downregulation were reported following TAGLN2 silencing, which promoted ROS production and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation in breast cancer cells. This induced the expression of metastasis-associated genes, including C-X-C chemokine receptor 4, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1 and MMP2. The present study proposed TAGLN2 to function as a tumor suppressor and that loss of TAGLN2 may promote the metastasis of breast cancer by activating the ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qi Hong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Si-Guang Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xia-Ying Kuang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Gen-Hong Di
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yu Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jiong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - San-Jian Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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42
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I-branched carbohydrates as emerging effectors of malignant progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13729-13737. [PMID: 31213534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900268116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates, termed "glycans," are ubiquitous posttranslational effectors that can tune cancer progression. Often aberrantly displayed or found at atypical levels on cancer cells, glycans can impact essentially all progressive steps, from malignant transformation to metastases formation. Glycans are structural entities that can directly bind promalignant glycan-binding proteins and help elicit optimal receptor-ligand activity of growth factor receptors, integrins, integrin ligands, lectins, and other type-1 transmembrane proteins. Because glycans play an integral role in a cancer cell's malignant activity and are frequently uniquely expressed, preclinical studies on the suitability of glycans as anticancer therapeutic targets and their promise as biomarkers of disease progression continue to intensify. While sialylation and fucosylation have predominated the focus of cancer-associated glycan modifications, the emergence of blood group I antigens (or I-branched glycans) as key cell surface moieties capable of modulating cancer virulence has reenergized investigations into the role of the glycome in malignant progression. I-branched glycans catalyzed principally by the I-branching enzyme GCNT2 are now indicated in several malignancies. In this Perspective, the putative role of GCNT2/I-branching in cancer progression is discussed, including exciting insights on how I-branches can potentially antagonize the cancer-promoting activity of β-galactose-binding galectins.
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43
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Garnham R, Scott E, Livermore KE, Munkley J. ST6GAL1: A key player in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:983-989. [PMID: 31423157 PMCID: PMC6607188 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a universal feature of cancer cells and there is now overwhelming evidence that glycans can modulate pathways intrinsic to tumour cell biology. Glycans are important in all of the cancer hallmarks and there is a renewed interest in the glycomic profiling of tumours to improve early diagnosis, determine patient prognosis and identify targets for therapeutic intervention. One of the most widely occurring cancer associated changes in glycosylation is abnormal sialylation which is often accompanied by changes in sialyltransferase activity. Several sialyltransferases are implicated in cancer, but in recent years ST6 β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) has become increasingly dominant in the literature. ST6GAL1 catalyses the addition of α2,6-linked sialic acids to terminal N-glycans and can modify glycoproteins and/or glycolipids. ST6GAL1 is upregulated in numerous types of cancer (including pancreatic, prostate, breast and ovarian cancer) and can promote growth, survival and metastasis. The present review discusses ST6GAL in relation to the hallmarks of cancer, and highlights its key role in multiple mechanisms intrinsic to tumour cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garnham
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Emma Scott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Karen E Livermore
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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44
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Peixoto A, Relvas-Santos M, Azevedo R, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. Protein Glycosylation and Tumor Microenvironment Alterations Driving Cancer Hallmarks. Front Oncol 2019; 9:380. [PMID: 31157165 PMCID: PMC6530332 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have disclosed a plethora of alterations in protein glycosylation that decisively impact in all stages of disease and ultimately contribute to more aggressive cell phenotypes. The biosynthesis of cancer-associated glycans and its reflection in the glycoproteome is driven by microenvironmental cues and these events act synergistically toward disease evolution. Such intricate crosstalk provides the molecular foundations for the activation of relevant oncogenic pathways and leads to functional alterations driving invasion and disease dissemination. However, it also provides an important source of relevant glyco(neo)epitopes holding tremendous potential for clinical intervention. Therefore, we highlight the transversal nature of glycans throughout the currently accepted cancer hallmarks, with emphasis on the crosstalk between glycans and the tumor microenvironment stromal components. Focus is also set on the pressing need to include glycans and glycoconjugates in comprehensive panomics models envisaging molecular-based precision medicine capable of improving patient care. We foresee that this may provide the necessary rationale for more comprehensive studies and molecular-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Tumour and Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Relvas-Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Azevedo
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
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45
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Aya-Bonilla C, Gray ES, Manikandan J, Freeman JB, Zaenker P, Reid AL, Khattak MA, Frank MH, Millward M, Ziman M. Immunomagnetic-Enriched Subpopulations of Melanoma Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) Exhibit Distinct Transcriptome Profiles. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020157. [PMID: 30769764 PMCID: PMC6406574 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are phenotypically and molecularly heterogeneous. We profiled the gene expression of CTC subpopulations immunomagnetic-captured by targeting either the melanoma-associated marker, MCSP, or the melanoma-initiating marker, ABCB5. Firstly, the expression of a subset of melanoma genes was investigated by RT-PCR in MCSP-enriched and ABCB5-enriched CTCs isolated from a total of 59 blood draws from 39 melanoma cases. Of these, 6 MCSP- and 6 ABCB5-enriched CTC fractions were further analysed using a genome-wide gene expression microarray. The transcriptional programs of both CTC subtypes included cell survival maintenance, cell proliferation, and migration pathways. ABCB5-enriched CTCs were specifically characterised by up-regulation of genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), suggesting an invasive phenotype. These findings underscore the presence of at least two distinct melanoma CTC subpopulations with distinct transcriptional programs, which may have distinct roles in disease progression and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Aya-Bonilla
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Elin S Gray
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.
| | | | - James B Freeman
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Pauline Zaenker
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Anna L Reid
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Muhammad A Khattak
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Markus H Frank
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.
- Transplantation Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Michael Millward
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Mel Ziman
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Abstract
Experimental animal tumor models have been broadly used to evaluate anticancer drugs in the preclinical setting. They have also been widely applied for drug target discovery and validation, which usually follows four experimental strategies: first, assess the roles of putative drug targets using in vivo tumorigenicity and tumor growth kinetics assays of transplanted tumors, engineered through gain-of-function (GOF) by overexpressing transgene or knock-in (KI) or loss-of-function by gene silencing using knockdown (KD) or knockout (KO) or mutation via mutagenesis procedures; second, similarly genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM), through either germline or somatic cell procedures, are used to test the roles of potential targets in spontaneous tumorigenicity assays; third, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), which most closely resemble patient genetics and histopathology, are used in tumor inhibition assays for evaluating target-/pathway-specific inhibitors, including large and small molecules, thus assessing the drug target; and fourth, the targets can be assessed in population-based trials, mouse clinical trials (MCT), so that the validation can be generally meaningful as performed in human clinical trials. This chapter outlines the commonly used protocols in cancer drug target research: the first four sections describe four sets of different, specific pharmacology protocols used in the respective cancer modeling stages, with the last section summarizing the common protocols applicable to all four pharmacology modeling steps.
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de Ruiter JR, Wessels LFA, Jonkers J. Mouse models in the era of large human tumour sequencing studies. Open Biol 2018; 8:180080. [PMID: 30111589 PMCID: PMC6119864 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease in which cells progressively accumulate mutations disrupting their cellular processes. A fraction of these mutations drive tumourigenesis by affecting oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes, but many mutations are passengers with no clear contribution to tumour development. The advancement of DNA and RNA sequencing technologies has enabled in-depth analysis of thousands of human tumours from various tissues to perform systematic characterization of their (epi)genomes and transcriptomes in order to identify (epi)genetic changes associated with cancer. Combined with considerable progress in algorithmic development, this expansion in scale has resulted in the identification of many cancer-associated mutations, genes and pathways that are considered to be potential drivers of tumour development. However, it remains challenging to systematically identify drivers affected by complex genomic rearrangements and drivers residing in non-coding regions of the genome or in complex amplicons or deletions of copy-number driven tumours. Furthermore, functional characterization is challenging in the human context due to the lack of genetically tractable experimental model systems in which the effects of mutations can be studied in the context of their tumour microenvironment. In this respect, mouse models of human cancer provide unique opportunities for pinpointing novel driver genes and their detailed characterization. In this review, we provide an overview of approaches for complementing human studies with data from mouse models. We also discuss state-of-the-art technological developments for cancer gene discovery and validation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R de Ruiter
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L F A Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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O-linked mucin-type glycosylation in breast cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:779-788. [PMID: 29903935 PMCID: PMC6103458 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changes in mucin-type O-linked glycosylation are seen in over 90% of breast cancers where increased sialylation is often observed and a change from branched glycans to linear glycans is often seen. There are many mechanisms involved including increased/altered expression of glycosyltransferases and relocalisation to the endoplasmic reticulum of the enzymes responsible for the addition of the first sugar, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. It is now becoming clear that these changes can contribute to tumour growth and progression by modulating the micro-environment through glycan-sensing lectins expressed on immune cells, by modulating interactions with tumour surface receptors and by binding to selectins. The understanding of how changes in mucin-type O-linked glycosylation influence tumour growth and progression reveals new potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Munkley J, Elliott DJ. Hallmarks of glycosylation in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35478-89. [PMID: 27007155 PMCID: PMC5085245 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation plays a fundamental role in key pathological steps of tumour development and progression. Glycans have roles in cancer cell signalling, tumour cell dissociation and invasion, cell-matrix interactions, angiogenesis, metastasis and immune modulation. Aberrant glycosylation is often cited as a ‘hallmark of cancer’ but is notably absent from both the original hallmarks of cancer and from the next generation of emerging hallmarks. This review discusses how glycosylation is clearly an enabling characteristic that is causally associated with the acquisition of all the hallmark capabilities. Rather than aberrant glycosylation being itself a hallmark of cancer, another perspective is that glycans play a role in every recognised cancer hallmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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