1
|
Jama M, Tabana Y, Barakat KH. Targeting cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in breast cancer. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:353. [PMID: 38956700 PMCID: PMC11218087 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has a high mortality rate and is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Initially, BC was considered non-immunogenic, but a paradigm shift occurred with the discovery of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the BC tumor microenvironment. CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) immunotherapy has emerged as a treatment option for BC, but it has limitations, including suboptimal antitumor effects and toxicity. Research has demonstrated that anti-CTLA-4 combination therapies, such as Treg depletion, cancer vaccines, and modulation of the gut microbiome, are significantly more effective than CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mAB) monotherapy. Second-generation CTLA-4 antibodies are currently being developed to mitigate immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and augment antitumor efficacy. This review examines anti-CTLA-4 mAB in BC, both as monotherapy and in combination with other treatments, and sheds light on ongoing clinical trials, novel CTLA-4 therapeutic strategies, and potential utility of biomarkers in BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jama
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Khaled H Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu Y, Chen D, Gao Y, Xu Q, Zhou Y, Ni Z, Na M. Immunosuppressive regulatory cells in cancer immunotherapy: restrain or modulate? Hum Cell 2024; 37:931-943. [PMID: 38814516 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01083-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive regulatory cells (IRCs) play important roles in negatively regulating immune response, and are mainly divided into myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Large numbers of preclinical and clinical studies have shown that inhibition or reduction of IRCs could effectively elevate antitumor immune responses. However, several studies also reported that excessive inhibition of IRCs function is one of the main reasons causing the side effects of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, the reasonable regulation of IRCs is crucial for improving the safety and efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarised the recent research advances in the cancer immunotherapy by regulating the proportion of IRCs, and discussed the roles of IRCs in regulating tumour immune evasion and drug resistance to immunotherapies. Furthermore, we also discussed how to balance the potential opportunities and challenges of using IRCs to improve the safety of cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qinggang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Manli Na
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 210031, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin WP, Li H, Sun ZJ. T cell exhaustion initiates tertiary lymphoid structures and turbocharges cancer-immunity cycle. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105154. [PMID: 38749300 PMCID: PMC11108856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune therapies represented by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) have significantly transformed cancer treatment. However, the effectiveness of these treatments depends on the status of T cells. T cell exhaustion, characterized by diminished effector function, increased expression of co-inhibitory receptors, and clonal deletion, emerges as a hypofunctional state resulting from chronic exposure to antigens, posing an obstacle to ICB therapy. Several studies have deeply explored T cell exhaustion, providing innovative insights and correlating T cell exhaustion with tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) formation. TLS, lymphocyte aggregates formed in non-lymphoid tissues amid chronic inflammation, serve as pivotal reservoirs for anti-tumour immunity. Here, we underscore the pivotal role of T cell exhaustion as a signalling mechanism in reinvigorating anti-tumour immunity by turbocharging cancer-immunity (CI) cycle, particularly when tumour becomes unmanageable. Building upon this concept, we summarize emerging immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing the response rate to ICB therapy and improving patient prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang C, Tan H, Xu H, Ding J, Chen H, Liu X, Sun F. Pan-cancer identified ARPC1B as a promising target for tumor immunotherapy and prognostic biomarker, particularly in READ. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28005. [PMID: 38689995 PMCID: PMC11059418 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
ARPC1B encodes the protein known as actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1 B (ARPC1B), which controls actin polymerization in the human body. Although ARPC1B has been linked to several human malignancies, its function in these cancers remains unclear. TCGA, GTEx, CCLE, Xena, CellMiner, TISIDB, and molecular signature databases were used to analyze ARPC1B expression in cancers. Visualization of data was primarily achieved using R language, version 4.0. Nineteen tumors exhibited high levels of ARPC1B expression, which were associated with different tumor stages and significantly affected the prognosis of various cancers. The level of ARPC1B expression substantially connected the narrative of ARPC1B expression with several TMB cancers and showed significant changes in MSI. Additionally, tolerance to numerous anticancer medications has been linked to high ARPC1B gene expression. Using Gene Set Variation Analysis/Gene Set Enrichment Analysisanalysis and concentrating on Rectum adenocarcinoma (READ), we thoroughly examined the molecular processes of the ARPC1B gene in pan-cancer. Using WGCNA, we examined the co-expression network of READ and ARPC1B. Meanwhile, ten specimens were selected for immunohistochemical examination, which showed high expression of ARPC1B in READ. Human pan-cancer samples show higher ARPC1B expression than healthy tissues. In many malignancies, particularly READ, ARPC1B overexpression is associated with immune cell infiltration and a poor prognosis. These results imply that the molecular biomarker ARPC1B may be used to assess the prognosis and immune infiltration of patients with READ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiong Zhang
- Department of Proctology, Yubei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Yubei District, Chongqing, 401120, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, China
| | - Hao Tan
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, China
| | - Han Xu
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, China
| | - Jiaming Ding
- Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, 528400, China
| | - Huijuan Chen
- Department of Proctology, Yubei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Yubei District, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Proctology, Yubei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Yubei District, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Feng Sun
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510403, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Xu H, Du Z, Cao Q, Liu X. Advances in the study of tertiary lymphoid structures in the immunotherapy of breast cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1382701. [PMID: 38628669 PMCID: PMC11018917 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1382701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, as one of the most common malignancies in women, exhibits complex and heterogeneous pathological characteristics across different subtypes. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and HER2-positive breast cancer are two common and highly invasive subtypes within breast cancer. The stability of the breast microbiota is closely intertwined with the immune environment, and immunotherapy is a common approach for treating breast cancer.Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), recently discovered immune cell aggregates surrounding breast cancer, resemble secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and are associated with the prognosis and survival of some breast cancer patients, offering new avenues for immunotherapy. Machine learning, as a form of artificial intelligence, has increasingly been used for detecting biomarkers and constructing tumor prognosis models. This article systematically reviews the latest research progress on TLSs in breast cancer and the application of machine learning in the detection of TLSs and the study of breast cancer prognosis. The insights provided contribute valuable perspectives for further exploring the biological differences among different subtypes of breast cancer and formulating personalized treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- The First Clinical School of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Han Xu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ziwei Du
- The First Clinical School of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Cao
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Budair FM, Nomura T, Hirata M, Kabashima K. PNAd-expressing vessels characterize the dermis of CD3+ T-cell-mediated cutaneous diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 216:80-88. [PMID: 38227774 PMCID: PMC10929698 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell recruitment to skin tissues is essential for inflammation in different cutaneous diseases; however, the mechanisms by which these T cells access the skin remain unclear. High endothelial venules expressing peripheral node address in (PNAd), an L-selectin ligand, are located in secondary lymphoid organs and are responsible for increasing T-cell influx into the lymphoid tissues. They are also found in non-lymphoid tissues during inflammation. However, their presence in different common inflammatory cutaneous diseases and their correlation with T-cell infiltration remain unclear. Herein, we explored the mechanisms underlying the access of T cells to the skin by investigating the presence of PNAd-expressing vessels in different cutaneous diseases, and its correlation with T cells' presence. Skin sections of 43 patients with different diseases were subjected to immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining to examine the presence of PNAd-expressing vessels in the dermis. The correlation of the percentage of these vessels in the dermis of these patients with the severity/grade of CD3+ T-cell infiltration was assessed. PNAd-expressing vessels were commonly found in the skin of patients with different inflammatory diseases. A high percentage of these vessels in the dermis was associated with increased severity of CD3+ T-cell infiltration (P < 0.05). Additionally, CD3+ T cells were found both around the PNAd-expressing vessels and within the vessel lumen. PNAd-expressing vessels in cutaneous inflammatory diseases, characterized by CD3+ T-cell infiltration, could be a crucial entry point for T cells into the skin. Thus, selective targeting of these vessels could be beneficial in cutaneous inflammatory disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Mohammad Budair
- Department of Dermatology, King Fahd University Hospital, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Drug Development for Intractable Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cleveland AH, Fan Y. Reprogramming endothelial cells to empower cancer immunotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:126-135. [PMID: 38040601 PMCID: PMC10922198 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunity is subject to spatiotemporal regulation by leukocyte interaction with the tumor microenvironment. Growing evidence suggests an emerging role for the vasculature in tumor immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance. Beyond the conventional functions of the tumor vasculature, such as providing oxygen and nutrients to support tumor progression, we propose multiplex mechanisms for vascular regulation of tumor immunity: The immunosuppressive vascular niche locoregionally educates circulation-derived immune cells by angiocrines, aberrant endothelial metabolism induces T cell exclusion and inactivation, and topologically and biochemically abnormal vascularity forms a pathophysiological barrier that hampers lymphocyte infiltration. We postulate that genetic and metabolic reprogramming of endothelial cells may rewire the immunosuppressive vascular microenvironment to overcome immunotherapy resistance, serving as a next-generation vascular targeting strategy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail H Cleveland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ribatti D. Tertiary lymphoid structures, a historical reappraisal. Tissue Cell 2024; 86:102288. [PMID: 38101028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are accumulations of lymphoid cells within non-lymphoid organs that share the cellular compartments, spatial organization, vasculature, chemokines, and function with secondary lymphoid organs, especially lymph nodes. TLSs are organized into a separate T cell and B cell compartments which contain germinal centers with follicular dendritic cells. In most cases, TLSs contain Peripheral Node addressin (PNAD) expressing high endothelial venules (HEVs). TLSs have been described in various mouse models of inflammation and are associated with a wide range of autoimmune diseases. Other than these, TLSs have been described in chronic allograft rejection and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li H, Lin WP, Zhang ZN, Sun ZJ. Tailoring biomaterials for monitoring and evoking tertiary lymphoid structures. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:1-15. [PMID: 37739247 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in the treatment of cancer, the response rate to ICB therapy remains suboptimal. Recent studies have strongly demonstrated that intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are associated with a good prognosis and a successful clinical response to immunotherapy. However, there is still a shortage of efficient and wieldy approaches to image and induce intratumoral TLSs in vivo. Biomaterials have made great strides in overcoming the deficiencies of conventional diagnosis and therapies for cancer, and antitumor therapy has also benefited from biomaterial-based drug delivery models. In this review, we summarize the reported methods for TLS imaging and induction based on biomaterials and provide potential strategies that can further enhance the effectiveness of imaging and stimulating intratumoral TLSs to predict and promote the response rates of ICB therapies for patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we focused on the promising of biomaterials for imaging and induction of TLSs. We reviewed the applications of biomaterials in molecular imaging and immunotherapy, identified the biomaterials that may be suitable for TLS imaging and induction, and provided outlooks for further research. Accurate imaging and effective induction of TLSs are of great significance for understanding the mechanism and clinical application. We highlighted the need for multidisciplinary coordination and cooperation in this field, and proposed the possible future direction of noninvasive imaging and artificial induction of TLSs based on biomaterials. We believe that it can facilitate collaboration and galvanize a broader effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wen-Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhong-Ni Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh A, Sharma A. Lymphoid tissue inducer cells in cancer: a potential therapeutic target. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2789-2794. [PMID: 36922480 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells are dynamic in nature; these cells first acquire immune surveillance and then escape from the immune system. Hence, progressed cancer cells distribute and metastasize to other organs via blood vessels as well as from the lymphatic system. Prognosis and treatment of metastatic cancer patients remain a major challenge nowadays. Till now, lots of target -based and immune checkpoint blocker therapies are used to treat disease patients. But these therapies fail to control the dissemination and metastasis of cancer. Before designing a treatment regimen for metastatic patients, understanding the mechanism of tumor cells spreading within lymph vessels remain undetermined. Construction of lymphoid structures since embryonic to adult stage are depend upon LTi. Foundation of lymph node, payer patches and TLO is initiated and regulated through these cells in any part of the body. During tumor growth, newly developed lymph node contained MDSCs and Treg cells which inhibit the immune response and promote tumor invasion and metastasis. LTi reconstituted lymph node can be used for both early and high risk detection of cancers. High and low risk of tumor growth and invasion depend upon the location and composition of immune cells within lymph nodes. However, LTi are not reported as predictive marker in cancer till date. Recent reports in cancer indicate that LTi cells are engaged in the spreading of tumor cells into a lymphatic vessel. Through this review we are trying to brief the development and role of the LTi in immune system during homeostasis and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou Y, Gu Q, Zhu L, Zhang S, Wu H, Pu X, Jiang C, Chen J. High endothelial venule is a prognostic immune-related biomarker in patients with resected intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13513. [PMID: 37401015 PMCID: PMC10693183 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Having been reported to be a crucial prognostic factor in solid tumours, the role of high endothelial venule (HEV) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains unclear, however. The data of ICC and healthy individuals were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Meanwhile, a cutting-edge ICC high-resolution spatial transcriptome was also acquired before these data were comprehensively analysed using bioinformatics approaches. Moreover, 95 individuals with ICC who had undergone resection surgery were enrolled in this study to investigate the relationship between HEV and tumour microenvironment (TME) applying immunohistochemistry and multiple immunofluorescence techniques. The high-HEV subtype contains rich immune infiltrates including tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS), CD8+ T cells, and CD20+ B cells. Furthermore, HEV and TLS exhibited a strong relationship of spatial colocalization. Correlated with improved prognostic outcomes in ICC, the high-HEV subtype could be an independent prognostic indicator for individuals with ICC. This study revealed the association of HEV with immune function and observed a strong spatial colocalization correlation between HEV and TLS. Moreover, correlated with immunotherapeutic response, HEV could improve prognostic outcomes, which may be a potential indicator of immunotherapy pathology in ICC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryDrum Tower Clinical College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qian Gu
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Linxi Zhu
- Department of Pancreatic surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Xiaohong Pu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Chunping Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryDrum Tower Clinical College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Pancreatic surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryShounuo City Light West BlockJinan CityChina
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khanal S, Wieland A, Gunderson AJ. Mechanisms of tertiary lymphoid structure formation: cooperation between inflammation and antigenicity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267654. [PMID: 37809103 PMCID: PMC10551175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To mount an effective anti-tumor immune response capable of controlling or eliminating disease, sufficient numbers of lymphocytes must be recruited to malignant tissue and allowed to sustain their effector functions. Indeed, higher infiltration of T and B cells in tumor tissue, often referred to as "hot tumors", is prognostic for patient survival and predictive of response to immunotherapy in almost all cancer types. The organization of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in solid tumors is a unique example of a hot tumor whereby T and B lymphocytes aggregate with antigen presenting cells and high endothelial venules reflecting the cellular organization observed in lymphoid tissue. Many groups have reported that the presence of preexisting TLS in tumors is associated with a superior adaptive immune response, response to immunotherapy, and improved survivorship over those without TLS. Accordingly, there is significant interest into understanding the mechanisms of how and why TLS organize so that they can be elicited therapeutically in patients with few or no TLS. Unfortunately, the most commonly used mouse models of cancer do not spontaneously form TLS, thus significantly restricting our understanding of TLS biology. This brief review will summarize our current state of knowledge of TLS neogenesis and address the current gaps in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrijan Khanal
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Department of Otolaryngology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Andrew J. Gunderson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang YF, Qiao B, Huang YB, Wang M. ARPC1B is a novel prognostic biomarker for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma and correlates with immune infiltration. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1202524. [PMID: 37795220 PMCID: PMC10546172 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1202524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B (ARPC1B) is reported to be involved in tumorigenesis and progression. However, its role in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and prognostic significance remain unclear. Methods: Data sets from the TCGA, GTEx, GEPIA, GEO, UALCAN, and CPTAC databases were extracted and analyzed to investigate the expression difference, prognosis, and clinicopathological features of ARPC1B. Single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA), CIBERSORT, and TISCH2 analysis were used to examine the relationship between ARPC1B expression and tumor immune infiltration in KIRC. The potential function of ARPC1B in KIRC was explored by GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway analysis. The TIDE algorithm was used to predict and analyze the relationship between ARPC1B expression and response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). The expression of ARPC1B was further validated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The study showed that ARPC1B expression was an independent prognostic factor of KIRC, with high ARPC1B expression being associated with poor overall survival (OS). Enrichment of GO annotation and pathway analysis showed multiple immune-related functional pathways affected by ARPC1B such as regulation of immune effector process, inflammatory response regulation, antigen processing and presentation, asthma, autoimmune thyroid disease, graft versus host disease, intestinal immune network for IgA production, and type I diabetic mellitus. Moreover, ARPC1B expression positively correlated with infiltrating levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in KIRC. Importantly, high ARPC1B expression predicted a low response to ICB in KIRC. Conclusion: This study indicates that ARPC1B expression is an independent prognostic biomarker for OS in KIRC patients. High ARPC1B expression is closely associated with MDSCs and Tregs infiltration. These findings suggest that ARPC1B may serve as a biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in KIRC, potentially aiding in the development of novel treatment strategies to improve the survival outcomes for KIRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fei Tang
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Bing Huang
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wen Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Mao J, Li Q, Gong S. THBS1-Mediated Degradation of Collagen via the PI3K/AKT Pathway Facilitates the Metastasis and Poor Prognosis of OSCC. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13312. [PMID: 37686118 PMCID: PMC10488045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent form of malignant tumor, characterized by a persistently high incidence and mortality rate. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in the initiation, progression, and diverse biological behaviors of OSCC, facilitated by mechanisms such as providing structural support, promoting cell migration and invasion, regulating cell morphology, and modulating signal transduction. This study investigated the involvement of ECM-related genes, particularly THBS1, in the prognosis and cellular behavior of OSCC. The analysis of ECM-related gene data from OSCC samples identified 165 differentially expressed genes forming two clusters with distinct prognostic outcomes. Seventeen ECM-related genes showed a significant correlation with survival. Experimental methods were employed to demonstrate the impact of THBS1 on proliferation, migration, invasion, and ECM degradation in OSCC cells. A risk-prediction model utilizing four differentially prognostic genes demonstrated significant predictive value in overall survival. THBS1 exhibited enrichment of the PI3K/AKT pathway, indicating its potential role in modulating OSCC. In conclusion, this study observed and verified that ECM-related genes, particularly THBS1, have the potential to influence the prognosis, biological behavior, and immunotherapy of OSCC. These findings hold significant implications for enhancing survival outcomes and providing guidance for precise treatment of OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wen
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Yuxiao Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.M.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiangyao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.M.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yaxin Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.M.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Mao
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.M.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.M.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shiqiang Gong
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.M.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bravo AI, Aris M, Panouillot M, Porto M, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Teillaud JL, Barrio MM, Mordoh J. HEV-associated dendritic cells are observed in metastatic tumor-draining lymph nodes of cutaneous melanoma patients with longer distant metastasis-free survival after adjuvant immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231734. [PMID: 37691949 PMCID: PMC10485604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tissue biomarkers that aid in identifying cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients who will benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy are of crucial interest. Metastatic tumor-draining lymph nodes (mTDLN) are the first encounter site between the metastatic CM cells and an organized immune structure. Therefore, their study may reveal mechanisms that could influence patients´ outcomes. Methods Twenty-nine stage-III CM patients enrolled in clinical trials to study the vaccine VACCIMEL were included in this retrospective study. After radical mTDLN dissection, patients were treated with VACCIMEL (n=22) or IFNα-2b (n=6), unless rapid progression (n=1). Distant Metastasis-Free Survival (DMFS) was selected as an end-point. Two cohorts of patients were selected: one with a good outcome (GO) (n=17; median DMFS 130.0 months), and another with a bad outcome (BO) (n=12; median DMFS 8.5 months). We analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence the expression of relevant biomarkers to tumor-cell biology and immune cells and structures in mTDLN, both in the tumor and peritumoral areas. Results In BO patients, highly replicating Ki-67+ tumor cells, low tumor HLA-I expression and abundant FoxP3+ lymphocytes were found (p=0.037; p=0.056 and p=0.021). In GO patients, the most favorable biomarkers for prolonged DMFS were the abundance of peri- and intra-tumoral CD11c+ cells (p=0.0002 and p=0.001), peri-tumoral DC-LAMP+ dendritic cells (DCs) (p=0.001), and PNAd+ High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) (p=0.004). Most strikingly, we describe in GO patients a peculiar, heterogeneous structure that we named FAPS (Favoring Antigen-Presenting Structure), a triad composed of DC, HEV and CD62L+ naïve lymphocytes, whose postulated role would be to favor tumor antigen (Ag) priming of incoming naïve lymphocytes. We also found in GO patients a preferential tumor infiltration of CD8+ and CD20+ lymphocytes (p=0.004 and p=0.027), as well as peritumoral CD20+ aggregates, with no CD21+ follicular dendritic cells detected (p=0.023). Heterogeneous infiltration with CD64+CD68-CD163-, CD64+CD68+CD163- and CD64+CD68+CD163+ macrophages were observed in both cohorts. Discussion The analysis of mTDLN in GO and BO patients revealed marked differences. This work highlights the importance of analyzing resected mTDLN from CM patients and suggests a correlation between tumor and immune characteristics that may be associated with a spontaneous or vaccine-induced long DMFS. These results should be confirmed in prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Inés Bravo
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
- Unidad de Inmunopatología, Hospital HIGA Eva Perón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Aris
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
| | - Marylou Panouillot
- Sorbonne University, Faculty of Medicine, UMRS 1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Inserm U.1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - Martina Porto
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Sorbonne University, Faculty of Medicine, UMRS 1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Inserm U.1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Teillaud
- Sorbonne University, Faculty of Medicine, UMRS 1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Inserm U.1135, Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
- Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - María Marcela Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
| | - José Mordoh
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ueyama A, Nogami W, Nashiki K, Haruna M, Miwa H, Hagiwara M, Nagira M, Wada H, Nagira Y. Immunotherapy Targeting CCR8+ Regulatory T Cells Induces Antitumor Effects via Dramatic Changes to the Intratumor CD8+ T Cell Profile. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:673-682. [PMID: 37350632 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the formation of a tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironment. CCR8 is reportedly selectively expressed in tumor Tregs, and an anti-CCR8 Ab can exert potent antitumor effects by eliminating intratumor Tregs in murine tumor models. In this study, we analyzed changes to intratumor immunity after anti-CCR8 Ab administration, especially in CD8+ T cells, which are involved in cancer cell killing, using the CT26 colorectal carcinoma mouse model. Immunophenotyping of tumor-infiltrating cells by mass cytometry after Ab administration on day 5 of tumor inoculation revealed that CD8+ T cell subsets were dramatically altered in the CCR8 Ab-treated group, with an increase in naive cells and nonexhausted effector cells and a decrease in exhausted cells with high expression levels of TOX. These results were corroborated with flow cytometry analysis. Delayed administration of the anti-CCR8 Ab on day 9 or 12, when the amount of CCR8+ Tregs and CD8+ T cell exhaustion were more progressed, also resulted in a decrease in exhausted CD8+ T cells, leading to tumor regression. Finally, we confirmed that high CCR8+ Treg infiltration was associated with high TOX expression in CD8+ T cells in human cancer patients. In conclusion, administration of an anti-CCR8 Ab can dramatically alter the activation and exhaustion state of intratumor CD8+ T cells, resulting in strong antitumor effects. In cancer patients with an advanced tumor-immunosuppressive environment, CD8+ T cell exhaustion has progressed along with CCR8+ Treg induction. Therefore, targeted depletion of CCR8+ Tregs is expected to be effective in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azumi Ueyama
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Wataru Nogami
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kunitaka Nashiki
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Miya Haruna
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaki Hagiwara
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Morio Nagira
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagira
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lax BM, Palmeri JR, Lutz EA, Sheen A, Stinson JA, Duhamel L, Santollani L, Kennedy A, Rothschilds AM, Spranger S, Sansom DM, Wittrup KD. Both intratumoral regulatory T cell depletion and CTLA-4 antagonism are required for maximum efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300895120. [PMID: 37487077 PMCID: PMC10400942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300895120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have successfully elicited durable tumor regression in the clinic; however, long-term benefit is limited to a subset of patients for select cancer indications. The incomplete understanding of their mechanism of action has hindered efforts at improvement, with conflicting hypotheses proposing either antagonism of the CTLA-4:B7 axis or Fc effector-mediated regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion governing efficacy. Here, we report the engineering of a nonantagonistic CTLA-4 binding domain (b1s1e2) that depletes intratumoral Tregs as an Fc fusion. Comparison of b1s1e2-Fc to 9d9, an antagonistic anti-CTLA-4 antibody, allowed for interrogation of the separate contributions of CTLA-4 antagonism and Treg depletion to efficacy. Despite equivalent levels of intratumoral Treg depletion, 9d9 achieved more long-term cures than b1s1e2-Fc in MC38 tumors, demonstrating that CTLA-4 antagonism provided additional survival benefit. Consistent with prior reports that CTLA-4 antagonism enhances priming, treatment with 9d9, but not b1s1e2-Fc, increased the percentage of activated T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node (tdLN). Treg depletion with either construct was restricted to the tumor due to insufficient surface CTLA-4 expression on Tregs in other compartments. Through intratumoral administration of diphtheria toxin in Foxp3-DTR mice, we show that depletion of both intratumoral and nodal Tregs provided even greater survival benefit than 9d9, consistent with Treg-driven restraint of priming in the tdLN. Our data demonstrate that anti-CTLA-4 therapies require both CTLA-4 antagonism and intratumoral Treg depletion for maximum efficacy-but that potential future therapies also capable of depleting nodal Tregs could show efficacy in the absence of CTLA-4 antagonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Lax
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Joseph R Palmeri
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Emi A Lutz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Allison Sheen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jordan A Stinson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Lauren Duhamel
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Luciano Santollani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne M Rothschilds
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Stefani Spranger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vella G, Hua Y, Bergers G. High endothelial venules in cancer: Regulation, function, and therapeutic implication. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:527-545. [PMID: 36827979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The lack of sufficient intratumoral CD8+ T lymphocytes is a significant obstacle to effective immunotherapy in cancer. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are organ-specific and specialized postcapillary venules uniquely poised to facilitate the transmigration of lymphocytes to lymph nodes (LNs) and other secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). HEVs can also form in human and murine cancer (tumor HEVs [TU-HEVs]) and contribute to the generation of diffuse T cell-enriched aggregates or tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), which are commonly associated with a good prognosis. Thus, therapeutic induction of TU-HEVs may provide attractive avenues to induce and sustain the efficacy of immunotherapies by overcoming the major restriction of T cell exclusion from the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we provide current insight into the commonalities and discrepancies of HEV formation and regulation in LNs and tumors and discuss the specific function and significance of TU-HEVs in eliciting, predicting, and aiding anti-tumoral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerlanda Vella
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yichao Hua
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Q, Wu S. Tertiary lymphoid structures are critical for cancer prognosis and therapeutic response. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1063711. [PMID: 36713409 PMCID: PMC9875059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphocyte aggregates that form at sites of chronic inflammation, including cancers, in non-lymphoid tissues. Although the formation of TLSs is similar to that of secondary lymphoid organs, the pathogenic factors leading to TLS formation in cancerous tissues and the mechanisms underlying the role of these structures in the intra-tumoral adaptive antitumor immune response are not fully understood. The presence of TLSs may impact patient prognosis and treatment outcomes. This review examines the current understanding of TLSs in cancers, including their composition and formation as well as their potential to predict prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. We also summarize strategies to induce TLS formation for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mark J, Fisher DT, Kim M, Emmons T, Khan ANMN, Alqassim E, Singel K, Mistarz A, Lugade A, Zhan H, Yu H, Segal B, Lele S, Frederick P, Kozbor D, Skitzki J, Odunsi K. Carboplatin enhances lymphocyte-endothelial interactions to promote CD8 + T cell trafficking into the ovarian tumor microenvironment. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 168:92-99. [PMID: 36410228 PMCID: PMC11236086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Standard chemotherapy agents, including carboplatin, have known immunogenic properties. We sought to determine how carboplatin may influence lymphocyte trafficking to tumor sites. METHODS Murine models of ovarian cancer were utilized to examine lymphocyte trafficking with common clinically used agents including carboplatin, anti-PD-1 antibody, or anti-VEGFR-2 antibody. Adhesion interactions of lymphocytes with tumor vasculature were measured using intravital microscopy, lymphocyte homing with immunohistochemistry, and treatment groups followed for overall survival. RESULTS Carboplatin chemotherapy profoundly alters the tumor microenvironment to promote lymphocyte adhesive interactions with tumor vasculature and resultant improvement in lymphocyte trafficking. The measured results seen with carboplatin in the tumor microenvironment were superior to anti-PD-1 treatment or anti-VEGFR-2 which may have contributed to increased overall survival in carboplatin treated groups. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest a role for chemotherapeutic agents to broadly influence anti-tumor immune responses beyond the induction of immunogenic tumor cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaron Mark
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Dan T Fisher
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States; Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Tiffany Emmons
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - A N M Nazmul Khan
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Emad Alqassim
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Kelly Singel
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Anna Mistarz
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Amit Lugade
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Haiying Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Brahm Segal
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Shashikant Lele
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Peter Frederick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Danuta Kozbor
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Joseph Skitzki
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States; Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States.
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States; Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States; University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Current and Future Promises of Combination Radiation and Immunotherapy for Genitourinary Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010127. [PMID: 36612124 PMCID: PMC9818005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As the indications for the use of immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancies expand, its role in combination with standard or conventional therapies has become the subject of contemporary studies. Radiotherapy has multiple immunomodulating effects on anti-tumor immune response, which highlights potential synergistic role with immunotherapy agents. We sought to review the body of published data studying the combination of immunotherapy and radiotherapy as well as the rationale for combination therapy. Trial information and primary articles were obtained using the following terms "immunotherapy", "radiotherapy", "prostate cancer", and "bladder cancer." All articles and trials were screened to ensure they included combination radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The effects of radiation on the immune system, including both immunogenic and immunosuppressive effects, have been reported. There is a potential for combinatorial or synergistic effects between radiation therapy and immunotherapy in treating bladder and prostate cancers. However, results from ongoing and future clinical trials are needed to best integrate immunotherapy into current standard of care treatments for GU cancers.
Collapse
|
22
|
Milutinovic S, Abe J, Jones E, Kelch I, Smart K, Lauder SN, Somerville M, Ware C, Godkin A, Stein JV, Bogle G, Gallimore A. Three-dimensional Imaging Reveals Immune-driven Tumor-associated High Endothelial Venules as a Key Correlate of Tumor Rejection Following Depletion of Regulatory T Cells. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1641-1656. [PMID: 36704666 PMCID: PMC7614106 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEV) are specialized post capillary venules that recruit naïve T cells and B cells into secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) such as lymph nodes (LN). Expansion of HEV networks in SLOs occurs following immune activation to support development of an effective immune response. In this study, we used a carcinogen-induced model of fibrosarcoma to examine HEV remodeling after depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg). We used light sheet fluorescence microscopy imaging to visualize entire HEV networks, subsequently applying computational tools to enable topological mapping and extraction of numerical descriptors of the networks. While these analyses revealed profound cancer- and immune-driven alterations to HEV networks within LNs, these changes did not identify successful responses to treatment. The presence of HEV networks within tumors did however clearly distinguish responders from nonresponders. Finally, we show that a successful treatment response is dependent on coupling tumor-associated HEV (TA-HEV) development to T-cell activation implying that T-cell activation acts as the trigger for development of TA-HEVs which subsequently serve to amplify the immune response by facilitating extravasation of T cells into the tumor mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Milutinovic
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Abe
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emma Jones
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Inken Kelch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Smart
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah N. Lauder
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Somerville
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Ware
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gib Bogle
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hua Y, Vella G, Rambow F, Allen E, Antoranz Martinez A, Duhamel M, Takeda A, Jalkanen S, Junius S, Smeets A, Nittner D, Dimmeler S, Hehlgans T, Liston A, Bosisio FM, Floris G, Laoui D, Hollmén M, Lambrechts D, Merchiers P, Marine JC, Schlenner S, Bergers G. Cancer immunotherapies transition endothelial cells into HEVs that generate TCF1 + T lymphocyte niches through a feed-forward loop. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:1600-1618.e10. [PMID: 36423635 PMCID: PMC9899876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The lack of T cell infiltrates is a major obstacle to effective immunotherapy in cancer. Conversely, the formation of tumor-associated tertiary-lymphoid-like structures (TA-TLLSs), which are the local site of humoral and cellular immune responses against cancers, is associated with good prognosis, and they have recently been detected in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-responding patients. However, how these lymphoid aggregates develop remains poorly understood. By employing single-cell transcriptomics, endothelial fate mapping, and functional multiplex immune profiling, we demonstrate that antiangiogenic immune-modulating therapies evoke transdifferentiation of postcapillary venules into inflamed high-endothelial venules (HEVs) via lymphotoxin/lymphotoxin beta receptor (LT/LTβR) signaling. In turn, tumor HEVs boost intratumoral lymphocyte influx and foster permissive lymphocyte niches for PD1- and PD1+TCF1+ CD8 T cell progenitors that differentiate into GrzB+PD1+ CD8 T effector cells. Tumor-HEVs require continuous CD8 and NK cell-derived signals revealing that tumor HEV maintenance is actively sculpted by the adaptive immune system through a feed-forward loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Hua
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerlanda Vella
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Rambow
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Applied Computational Cancer Research, Institute for AI in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Asier Antoranz Martinez
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research and Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Duhamel
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Akira Takeda
- MediCity, Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity, Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Steffie Junius
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Smeets
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Nittner
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Department of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Liston
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Maria Bosisio
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research and Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research and Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology and Cancer Immunotherapy, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity, Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan Schlenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
CHEN J, CHEN J, WANG L. Tertiary lymphoid structures as unique constructions associated with the organization, education, and function of tumor-infiltrating immunocytes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:812-822. [PMID: 36226536 PMCID: PMC9561406 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are formations at sites with persistent inflammatory stimulation, including tumors. These ectopic lymphoid organs mainly consist of chemo-attracting B cells, T cells, and supporting dendritic cells (DCs). Mature TLSs exhibit functional organization for the optimal development and collaboration of adaptive immune response, delivering an augmented effect on the tumor microenvironment (TME). The description of the positive correlation between TLSs and tumor prognosis is reliable only under a certain condition involving the localization and maturation of TLSs. Emerging evidence suggests that underlying mechanisms of the anti-tumor effect of TLSs pave the way for novel immunotherapies. Several approaches have been developed to take advantage of intratumoral TLSs, either by combining it with therapeutic agents or by inducing the neogenesis of TLSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing CHEN
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310009, China,Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China
| | - Jian CHEN
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310009, China,Jian CHEN,
| | - Lie WANG
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou311121, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Lie WANG,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chryplewicz A, Scotton J, Tichet M, Zomer A, Shchors K, Joyce JA, Homicsko K, Hanahan D. Cancer cell autophagy, reprogrammed macrophages, and remodeled vasculature in glioblastoma triggers tumor immunity. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:1111-1127.e9. [PMID: 36113478 PMCID: PMC9580613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is poorly responsive to therapy and invariably lethal. One conceivable strategy to circumvent this intractability is to co-target distinctive mechanistic components of the disease, aiming to concomitantly disrupt multiple capabilities required for tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. We assessed this concept by combining vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibitors that remodel the tumor vasculature with the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine, which enhances autophagy in GBM cancer cells and unexpectedly reprograms immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages via inhibition of histamine receptor signaling to become immunostimulatory. While neither drug is efficacious as monotherapy, the combination of imipramine with VEGF pathway inhibitors orchestrates the infiltration and activation of CD8 and CD4 T cells, producing significant therapeutic benefit in several GBM mouse models. Inclusion up front of immune-checkpoint blockade with anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in eventually relapsing tumors markedly extends survival benefit. The results illustrate the potential of mechanism-guided therapeutic co-targeting of disparate biological vulnerabilities in the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chryplewicz
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Translational Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Scotton
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Tichet
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Translational Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland; Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anoek Zomer
- Agora Translational Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland; Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ksenya Shchors
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Agora Translational Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland; Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Krisztian Homicsko
- Agora Translational Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland; Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Translational Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland; Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne/Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yaping W, Zhe W, Zhuling C, Ruolei L, Pengyu F, Lili G, Cheng J, Bo Z, Liuyin L, Guangdong H, Yaoling W, Niuniu H, Rui L. The soldiers needed to be awakened: Tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Front Genet 2022; 13:988703. [PMID: 36246629 PMCID: PMC9558824 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.988703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are a key component. Different types of TIICs play distinct roles. CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells could secrete soluble factors to hinder tumor cell growth, whereas regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) release inhibitory factors to promote tumor growth and progression. In the meantime, a growing body of evidence illustrates that the balance between pro- and anti-tumor responses of TIICs is associated with the prognosis in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, in order to boost anti-tumor response and improve the clinical outcome of tumor patients, a variety of anti-tumor strategies for targeting TIICs based on their respective functions have been developed and obtained good treatment benefits, including mainly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), adoptive cell therapies (ACT), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and various monoclonal antibodies. In recent years, the tumor-specific features of immune cells are further investigated by various methods, such as using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and the results indicate that these cells have diverse phenotypes in different types of tumors and emerge inconsistent therapeutic responses. Hence, we concluded the recent advances in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including functions, prognostic values, and various immunotherapy strategies for each immune cell in different tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yaping
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Zhe
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chu Zhuling
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ruolei
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Pengyu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guo Lili
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhang Bo
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liu Liuyin
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hou Guangdong
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Yaoling
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou Niuniu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
| | - Ling Rui
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rodriguez AB, Parriott G, Engelhard VH. Tumor necrosis factor receptor regulation of peripheral node addressin biosynthetic components in tumor endothelial cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1009306. [PMID: 36189308 PMCID: PMC9520236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1009306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures are ectopic lymphoid aggregates that have considerable morphological, cellular, and molecular similarity to secondary lymphoid organs, particularly lymph nodes. Tumor vessels expressing peripheral node addressin (PNAd) are hallmark features of these structures. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that PNAd is displayed on intratumoral vasculature of murine tumors, and its expression is controlled by the engagement of lymphotoxin-α3, secreted by effector CD8 T cells, with tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) on tumor endothelial cells (TEC). The goals of the present work were: 1) to identify differences in expression of genes encoding the scaffolding proteins and glycosyl transferases associated with PNAd biosynthesis in TEC and lymph node blood endothelial cells (LN BEC); and 2) to determine which of these PNAd associated components are regulated by TNFR signaling. We found that the same genes encoding scaffolding proteins and glycosyl transferases were upregulated in PNAd+ LN BEC and PNAd+ TEC relative to their PNAdneg counterparts. The lower level of PNAd expression on TEC vs LN BEC was associated with relatively lower expression of these genes, particularly the carbohydrate sulfotransferase Chst4. Loss of PNAd on TEC in the absence of TNFR signaling was associated with lack of upregulation of these same genes. A small subset of PNAd+ TEC remaining in the absence of TNFR signaling showed normal upregulation of a subset of these genes, but reduced upregulation of genes encoding the scaffolding proteins podocalyxin and nepmucin, and carbohydrate sulfotransferase Chst2. Lastly, we found that checkpoint immunotherapy augmented both the fraction of TEC expressing PNAd and their surface level of this ligand. This work points to strong similarities in the regulation of PNAd expression on TEC by TNFR signaling and on LN BEC by lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling, and provides a platform for the development of novel strategies that manipulate PNAd expression on tumor vasculature as an element of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor H. Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Victor H. Engelhard,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang G. Regulatory T-cells-related signature for identifying a prognostic subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma with an exhausted tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975762. [PMID: 36189226 PMCID: PMC9521506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-Cells (Tregs) are important in the progression of hepatocellular cancer (HCC). The goal of this work was to look into Tregs-related genes and develop a Tregs-related prognostic model. We used the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to look for Tregs-related genes in the TCGA, ICGC, and GSE14520 cohorts and then used the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to find Tregs-related subpopulations. The LASSO-Cox regression approach was used to determine Tregs-related genes, which were then condensed into a risk score. A total of 153 overlapping genes among the three cohorts were considered Tregs-related genes. Based on these genes, two Tregs-associated clusters that varied in both prognostic and biological characteristics were identified. When compared with Cluster 1, Cluster 2 was a TME-exhausted HCC subpopulation with substantial immune cell infiltration but a poor prognosis. Five Tregs-related genes including HMOX1, MMP9, CTSC, SDC3, and TNFRSF11B were finally used to construct a prognostic model, which could accurately predict the prognosis of HCC patients in the three datasets. Patients in the high-risk scores group with bad survival outcomes were replete with immune/inflammatory responses, but exhausted T cells and elevated PD-1 and PD-L1 expression. The results of qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) analysis in clinical tissue samples confirmed the above findings. Moreover, the signature also accurately predicted anti-PD-L1 antibody responses in the IMvigor210 dataset. Finally, HMOX1, MMP9, and TNFRSF11B were expressed differently in Hep3B and Huh7 cells after being treated with a PD1/PD-L1 inhibitor. In conclusion, our study uncovered a Tregs-related prognostic model that could identify TME- exhausted subpopulations and revealed that PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors could alter the expression levels of HMOX1, MMP9, and TNFRSF11B in Hep3B and Huh7 cells, which might help us better understand Tregs infiltration and develop personalized immunotherapy treatments for HCC patients.
Collapse
|
29
|
Su X, Sun T, Li M, Xia Y, Li M, Wang D, Lu F, Ye J, Ji C. Lkb1 aggravates diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by promoting the function of Treg cells and immune escape. Lab Invest 2022; 20:378. [PMID: 35986288 PMCID: PMC9392310 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) induce immune responses and may contribute to immune escape in tumors. Accumulation of Tregs in tumors represents a critical barrier to anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy. However, conflicting results describing the role of Tregs in lymphoma warrant further investigation. The precise features and mechanisms underlying the alteration in Tregs in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are not well understood yet. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism underlying the observed alterations in Tregs in DLBCL and examined the effect of Lkb1 expression on the immunosuppressive function of human Tregs. Methods Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to analyze the proportion of Tregs and effector Tregs in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes of patients with DLBCL and control group. In vitro culture assays were used to analyze the immunosuppressive function of Tregs in the two groups. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze the differentially expressed genes in the two groups, and the transcription level and protein expression of Lkb1 in the two groups were detected using RT-PCR and WES microprotein technology. Lentiviral vectors were constructed to explore the functional changes of Tregs with stable upregulation and downregulation of Lkb1. Finally, a humanized murine lymphoma model was established to study the function of Lkb1 in Tregs in the pathogenesis of DLBCL. Results The number of Tregs was found to be dramatically increased in peripheral blood and tumor tissue in DLBCL patients compared with that in healthy controls, and decreased after treatment. Tregs from DLBCL patients exhibited multiple enhanced functions, including increased inhibition of CD8+cytotoxic T cells (CTL) against tumor cells, enhanced suppression of CD8+CTL secretion of granular enzyme, and suppression of CD8+CTL degranulation. Lkb1 was found to be upregulated in Tregs of DLBCL patients. Furthermore, Lkb1 contributes to Treg immunosuppressive function in DLBCL by regulating the mevalonate pathway. Finally, deletion of Lkb1 in Tregs suppressed tumor growth and promoted anti-tumor immunity in a DLBCL murine model. Conclusions These findings confirmed that Lkb1-regulated Tregs are critical for immune escape in DLBCL, which emphasizes that Lkb1 is a potential target for the immunotherapy of DLBCL. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03588-0.
Collapse
|
30
|
Vaghjiani RG, Skitzki JJ. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures as Mediators of Immunotherapy Response. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153748. [PMID: 35954412 PMCID: PMC9367241 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are anatomic entities that are similar to, but distinct from, secondary lymphoid structures (e.g., lymph nodes) that allow for a host’s own immune system to respond in a more targeted and efficacious way. TLS are increasingly recognized as markers of prognosis in cancer patients and are now being implicated as direct mediators of immunotherapy efficacy. The inherent properties of TLS, as well as their cellular constituents, are being elucidated across tumor types, with commonalities becoming more apparent. Given the importance of TLS in a patient’s response to malignancy, the ability to induce TLS promises to be an advantageous therapeutic avenue and already appears feasible in preclinical models. Abstract Since its first application in the treatment of cancer during the 1800s, immunotherapy has more recently become the leading edge of novel treatment strategies. Even though the efficacy of these agents can at times be predicted by more traditional metrics and biomarkers, often patient responses are variable. TLS are distinct immunologic structures that have been identified on pathologic review of various malignancies and are emerging as important determinants of patient outcome. Their presence, location, composition, and maturity are critically important in a host’s response to malignancy. Because of their unique immunogenic niche, they are also prime candidates, not only to predict and measure the efficacy of immunotherapy agents, but also to be potentially inducible gatekeepers to increase therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we review the mechanistic underpinnings of TLS formation, the data on its relationship to various malignancies, and the emerging evidence for the role of TLS in immunotherapy function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj G. Vaghjiani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Joseph J. Skitzki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vats K, Kruglov O, Sahoo B, Soman V, Zhang J, Shurin GV, Chandran UR, Skums P, Shurin MR, Zelikovsky A, Storkus WJ, Bunimovich YL. Sensory nerves impede the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures and development of protective anti-melanoma immune responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1141-1154. [PMID: 35834791 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neurons comprise a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The role of the autonomic innervation in cancer has been firmly established. However, the effect of the afferent (sensory) neurons on tumor progression remains unclear. Utilizing surgical and chemical skin sensory denervation methods, we showed that afferent neurons supported the growth of melanoma tumors in vivo and demonstrated that sensory innervation limited the activation of effective anti-tumor immune responses. Specifically, sensory ablation led to improved leukocyte recruitment into tumors, with decreased presence of lymphoid and myeloid immunosuppressive cells and increased activation of T-effector cells within the TME. Cutaneous sensory nerves hindered maturation of intratumoral high endothelial venules (HEVs) and limited formation of mature tertiary lymphoid-like structures containing organized clusters of CD4+ T cells and B cells. Denervation further increased T-cell clonality and expanded the B-cell repertoire in the TME. Importantly, CD8a depletion prevented denervation-dependent anti-tumor effects. Finally, we observed that gene signatures of inflammation and the content of neuron-associated transcripts inversely correlated in human primary cutaneous melanomas, with the latter representing a negative prognostic marker of patient overall survival. Our results suggest that tumor-associated sensory neurons negatively regulate the development of protective anti-tumor immune responses within the TME, thereby defining a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the melanoma setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleg Kruglov
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Bikram Sahoo
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Jiying Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Galina V Shurin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Pavel Skums
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael R Shurin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rossi A, Belmonte B, Carnevale S, Liotti A, De Rosa V, Jaillon S, Piconese S, Tripodo C. Stromal and Immune Cell Dynamics in Tumor Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:933113. [PMID: 35874810 PMCID: PMC9304551 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.933113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid organs that have been observed in chronic inflammatory conditions including cancer, where they are thought to exert a positive effect on prognosis. Both immune and non-immune cells participate in the genesis of TLS by establishing complex cross-talks requiring both soluble factors and cell-to-cell contact. Several immune cell types, including T follicular helper cells (Tfh), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid cells, may accumulate in TLS, possibly promoting or inhibiting their development. In this manuscript, we propose to review the available evidence regarding specific aspects of the TLS formation in solid cancers, including 1) the role of stromal cell composition and architecture in the recruitment of specific immune subpopulations and the formation of immune cell aggregates; 2) the contribution of the myeloid compartment (macrophages and neutrophils) to the development of antibody responses and the TLS formation; 3) the immunological and metabolic mechanisms dictating recruitment, expansion and plasticity of Tregs into T follicular regulatory cells, which are potentially sensitive to immunotherapeutic strategies directed to costimulatory receptors or checkpoint molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Liotti
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastien Jaillon
- RCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Unità di Neuroimmunologia, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Silvia Piconese,
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Histopathology Unit, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sawada J, Hiraoka N, Qi R, Jiang L, Fournier-Goss AE, Yoshida M, Kawashima H, Komatsu M. Molecular Signature of Tumor-Associated High Endothelial Venules That Can Predict Breast Cancer Survival. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:468-481. [PMID: 35201289 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEV) are specialized post-capillary venules that recruit naïve lymphocytes to lymph nodes. HEVs are essential for the development of adaptive immunity. HEVs can also develop in tumors where they are thought to be important for recruiting naïve T cells and B cells into the tumors and locally enhancing antitumor immunity by supporting the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures. Herein, we used comparative transcriptome analysis of human breast cancer to investigate genes differentially expressed between tumor-associated HEVs and the rest of the tumor vasculature. Tumor vessels highly expressing HEV-upregulated genes, such as the homeobox gene MEOX2 and the tetraspanin gene TSPAN7, were associated with extensive infiltration of T and B cells and the occurrence of tertiary lymphoid structures, which is known to predict therapeutic responses to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, high transcript counts of these genes in clinical tumor specimens were associated with a significant survival benefit in advanced breast cancer. The molecular signature of HEVs identified herein may be useful for guiding immunotherapies and provides a new direction for investigating tumor-associated HEVs and their clinical significance. See related Spotlight by Gallimore, p. 371.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Sawada
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital/Division of Molecular Pathology, Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rongsu Qi
- Department of Health Informatics, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Lu Jiang
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley E Fournier-Goss
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital/Division of Molecular Pathology, Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masanobu Komatsu
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Asrir A, Tardiveau C, Coudert J, Laffont R, Blanchard L, Bellard E, Veerman K, Bettini S, Lafouresse F, Vina E, Tarroux D, Roy S, Girault I, Molinaro I, Martins F, Scoazec JY, Ortega N, Robert C, Girard JP. Tumor-associated high endothelial venules mediate lymphocyte entry into tumors and predict response to PD-1 plus CTLA-4 combination immunotherapy. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:318-334.e9. [PMID: 35120598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of lymphocytes into tumors is critical for anti-tumor immunity and efficacious immunotherapy. We show in murine models that tumor-associated high endothelial venules (TA-HEVs) are major sites of lymphocyte entry into tumors at baseline and upon treatment with anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). TA-HEV endothelial cells (TA-HECs) derive from post-capillary venules, co-express MECA-79+ HEV sialomucins and E/P-selectins, and are associated with homing and infiltration into tumors of various T cell subsets. Intravital microscopy further shows that TA-HEVs are the main sites of lymphocyte arrest and extravasation into ICB-treated tumors. Increasing TA-HEC frequency and maturation increases the proportion of tumor-infiltrating stem-like CD8+ T cells, and ameliorates ICB efficacy. Analysis of tumor biopsies from 93 patients with metastatic melanoma reveals that TA-HEVs are predictive of better response and survival upon treatment with anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 combination. These studies provide critical insights into the mechanisms governing lymphocyte trafficking in cancer immunity and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assia Asrir
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Tardiveau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Coudert
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Robin Laffont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucas Blanchard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Bellard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Krystle Veerman
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Bettini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Fanny Lafouresse
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Estefania Vina
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Dorian Tarroux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Severine Roy
- Department of Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Girault
- Department of Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Irma Molinaro
- Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédéric Martins
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, I2MC, UMR1048, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France; Plateforme Genome et Transcriptome, GeT, Genopole Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France; AMMICa, CNRS-UAR 3655 and INSERM-US23, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Ortega
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Robert
- Department of Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pires A, Burnell S, Gallimore A. Exploiting ECM remodelling to promote immune-mediated tumour destruction. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 74:32-38. [PMID: 34627015 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a significant breakthrough in cancer treatment mainly due to the ability to harness the activities of cancer-specific T cells. Despite this, most cancers remain resistant to T cell attack. Many reasons have been proposed to explain this, ranging from a lack of antigenicity through to the immunosuppressive effects of the tumour microenvironment. In this review, we examine the relationship between the immune system and a key component of the tumour microenvironment, namely the extracellular matrix (ECM). Specifically, we explore the reciprocal effects of immune cells and the tumour ECM and how the processes underpinning this relationship act to either promote or restrain tumour progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pires
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Burnell
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid aggregates, termed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), are formed in numerous cancer types, and, with few exceptions, their presence is associated with superior prognosis and response to immunotherapy. In spite of their presumed importance, the triggers that lead to TLS formation in cancer tissue and the contribution of these structures to intratumoral immune responses remain incompletely understood. Here, we discuss the present knowledge on TLSs in cancer, focusing on (i) the drivers of TLS formation, (ii) the function and contribution of TLSs to the antitumor immune response, and (iii) the potential of TLSs as therapeutic targets in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniela S Thommen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu J, Wang X, Deng Y, Yu X, Wang H, Li Z. Research Progress on the Role of Regulatory T Cell in Tumor Microenvironment in the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:766248. [PMID: 34868991 PMCID: PMC8636122 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.766248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem comprised of cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. Analysis of the composition of TME is essential to assess the prognosis of patients with breast cancer (BC) and the efficacy of different regimes. Treg plays a crucial role in the microenvironment of breast cancer subtypes, and its function contributes to the development and progression of BC by suppressing anti-tumor immunity directly or indirectly through multiple mechanisms. In addition, conventional treatments, such as anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and neo-therapies, such as immune-checkpoint blockades, have a significant impact on the absence of Tregs in BC TME, thus gaining additional anti-tumor effect to some extent. Strikingly, Treg in BC TME revealed the predicted efficacy of some therapeutic strategies. All these results suggest that we can manipulate the abundance of Treg to achieve the ultimate effect of both conventional and novel treatments. In this review, we discuss new insights into the characteristics of Treg in BC TME, the impact of different regiments on Treg, and the possibilities of Treg as a predictive marker of efficacy for certain treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Park HS, Kim YM, Kim S, Lee WS, Kong SJ, Yang H, Kang B, Cheon J, Shin SJ, Kim C, Chon HJ. High endothelial venule is a surrogate biomarker for T-cell inflamed tumor microenvironment and prognosis in gastric cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003353. [PMID: 34670828 PMCID: PMC8529985 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High endothelial venule (HEV) is a specialized vasculature for lymphocyte trafficking. While HEVs are frequently observed within gastric cancer (GC), the vascular–immune interaction between HEV and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has not been well elucidated. In this study, we aimed to unveil the potential value of HEVs as a surrogate marker for T-cell inflamed immune microenvironment in GC using a large number of prospectively collected surgical specimens of GC. Methods We included 460 patients with GC who underwent surgical resection. Nanostring PanCancer immune profiling was performed to evaluate the immunological phenotype of GCs. HEV density and three distinct patterns of TILs (Crohn-like lymphoid reaction, peritumoral lymphoid reaction, and intratumoral lymphoid reaction) were analyzed for their relationship and evaluated as prognostic factors for relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Results HEV-high GC revealed increased infiltration by immune cell subsets, including dendritic cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and CD4+ helper T cells. In addition, HEV-high GC demonstrated increased immune-modulating chemokines, type I or II interferon pathway, and immune checkpoints, all of which indicate the inflamed tumor microenvironment (TME). All three distinct patterns of TILs were associated with HEV density. In survival analysis, patients with HEV-high GC displayed significantly longer RFS and OS than those with HEV-low GC (p<0.001 for RFS, p<0.001 for OS). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that HEV was the most significant immunological prognostic factor for RFS (patients with high HEV compared with those with low HEV; HR 0.412, 95% CI 0.241 to 0.705, p=0.001) and OS (HR 0.547, 95% CI 0.329 to 0.909, p=0.02) after adjustment for age, stage, and TIL. Conclusion HEV is the most significant immunological prognosticator for RFS and OS in resected GC, indicating inflamed TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Soon Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Yoo Min Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Sewha Kim
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - So Jung Kong
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hannah Yang
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Beodeul Kang
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jaekyung Cheon
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Chan Kim
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kogame T, Kabashima K, Egawa G. Putative Immunological Functions of Inducible Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Context of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733484. [PMID: 34512668 PMCID: PMC8426509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunity is orchestrated in various lymphoid organs, including bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes in humans. However, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is evolutionally known to be emerged in the oldest vertebrates as an immunological tissue for acquired immunity, much earlier than the advent of lymph nodes which appeared in endotherms. Furthermore, the lymphocytes which developed in MALT are known to circulate within the limited anatomical areas. Thus, MALT is comprehended as not the structure but the immune network dedicated to local immunity. As for the skin, skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) was previously postulated; however, its existence has not been proven. Our group recently showed that aggregations of dendritic cells, M2 macrophages, and high endothelial venules (HEVs) are essential components to activate effector T cells in the murine contact hypersensitivity model and termed it as inducible SALT (iSALT) since it was a transient entity that serves for acquired immunity of the skin. Furthermore, in various human skin diseases, we reported that the ectopic formation of lymphoid follicles that immunohistochemically analogous to MALT and regarded them as human counterparts of iSALT. These data raised the possibility that SALT can exist as an inducible form, namely iSALT, which shares the biological significance of MALT. In this article, we revisit the evolution of immunological organs and the related components among vertebrates to discuss the conserved functions of MALT. Furthermore, we also discuss the putative characteristics and functions of iSALT in the context of the MALT concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kogame
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Early engagement of the lymphatic system by solid tumors in peripheral, nonlymphoid tissues is a clinical hallmark of cancer and often forecasts poor prognosis. The significance of lymph node metastasis for distant spread, however, has been questioned by large-scale lymph node dissection trials and the likely prevalence of direct hematogenous metastasis. Still, an emerging appreciation for the immunological role of the tumor-draining lymph node has renewed interest in its basic biology, role in metastatic progression, antitumor immunity, and patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the early mechanisms through which tumors engage lymphatic transport and condition tumor-draining lymph nodes, the significance of these changes for both metastasis and immunity, and potential implications of the tumor-draining lymph node for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haley du Bois
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Taylor A. Heim
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Amanda W. Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mustapha R, Ng K, Monypenny J, Ng T. Insights Into Unveiling a Potential Role of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Metastasis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:661516. [PMID: 34568423 PMCID: PMC8455920 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.661516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) develop in non-lymphatic tissue in chronic inflammation and cancer. TLS can mature to lymph node (LN) like structures with germinal centers and associated vasculature. TLS neogenesis in cancer is highly varied and tissue dependent. The role of TLS in adaptive antitumor immunity is of great interest. However, data also show that TLS can play a role in cancer metastasis. The importance of lymphatics in cancer distant metastasis is clear yet the precise detail of how various immunosurveillance mechanisms interplay within TLS and/or draining LN is still under investigation. As part of the tumor lymphatics, TLS vasculature can provide alternative routes for the establishment of the pre-metastatic niche and cancer dissemination. The nature of the cytokine and chemokine signature at the heart of TLS induction can be key in determining the success of antitumor immunity or in promoting cancer invasiveness. Understanding the biochemical and biomechanical factors underlying TLS formation and the resulting impact on the primary tumor will be key in deciphering cancer metastasis and in the development of the next generation of cancer immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Mustapha
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK King’s Health Partners Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenrick Ng
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Monypenny
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK King’s Health Partners Centre, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK City of London Centre, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vella G, Guelfi S, Bergers G. High Endothelial Venules: A Vascular Perspective on Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:736670. [PMID: 34484246 PMCID: PMC8416033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.736670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized postcapillary venules composed of cuboidal blood endothelial cells that express high levels of sulfated sialomucins to bind L-Selectin/CD62L on lymphocytes, thereby facilitating their transmigration from the blood into the lymph nodes (LN) and other secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). HEVs have also been identified in human and murine tumors in predominantly CD3+T cell-enriched areas with fewer CD20+B-cell aggregates that are reminiscent of tertiary lymphoid-like structures (TLS). While HEV/TLS areas in human tumors are predominantly associated with increased survival, tumoral HEVs (TU-HEV) in mice have shown to foster lymphocyte-enriched immune centers and boost an immune response combined with different immunotherapies. Here, we discuss the current insight into TU-HEV formation, function, and regulation in tumors and elaborate on the functional implication, opportunities, and challenges of TU-HEV formation for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerlanda Vella
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-Center for Cancer Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Guelfi
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-Center for Cancer Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance, Department of Oncology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-Center for Cancer Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang N, Zhang G, Wang D, Liu H, Zhang Y, Ayarick VA, Han X, Lv Y, Wang Y. The relationship of the tertiary lymphoid structures with the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and its prognostic value in gastric cancer. Arch Med Sci 2021; 20:255-266. [PMID: 38414448 PMCID: PMC10895974 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/140622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction To explore the relationship between the tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and their distribution characteristics as well as the prognostic value in gastric cancer (GC). Material and methods The TLSs and four subtypes of TILs were assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The presence of MECA-79 positive high endothelial venules (HEVs) identified among the ectopic lymphocyte aggregation area in the GC tissue was defined as valid TLSs. The number of labeled TILs was observed in 5 fields of the most positive cells in the tumor center, invasive edge and within the TLSs, at a field of vision ×40. Results The TLS distribution was significantly higher in the tumor invasive edge than the tumor center (p < 0.001). Similarly, the infiltrating density of CD8+ T cells and GrB+ T cells was statistically significantly higher in the tumor infiltrating edge than the tumor center. The total number of TILs and FOXP3+ T cells showed a contrary distribution. There was a positive correlation of the density of TLSs and TILs with both the location and the immune phenotype. A higher frequency of TILs and TLSs is often associated with favorable clinicopathologic parameters. Higher numbers of peri-TLSs (p = 0.007), peri-CD8+ (p = 0.019) and peri-GrB+TILs (p = 0.032) were significantly correlated with the favorable overall survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that the densities of TILs (p = 0.019) and TLSs (p = 0.037) were independent prognostic predictor for GC patients. Conclusions We provide evidence that TLSs were positively associated with lymphocyte infiltration in GC. Thus, the formation of TLSs predicts advantageous immune system function and can be considered as a novel biomarker to stratify the overall survival risk of untreated GC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhang
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Depu Wang
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Department of Science and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Vivian Adiila Ayarick
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xuan Han
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yili Wang
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kang W, Feng Z, Luo J, He Z, Liu J, Wu J, Rong P. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword Role in Antitumor Immunity and Potential Therapeutic Induction Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689270. [PMID: 34394083 PMCID: PMC8358404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a vital role in cancer development and dramatically determines the efficacy of immunotherapy. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) within the TME are well recognized and consist of T cell-rich areas containing dendritic cells (DCs) and B cell-rich areas containing germinal centers (GCs). Accumulating research has indicated that there is a close association between tumor-associated TLSs and favorable clinical outcomes in most types of cancers, though a minority of studies have reported an association between TLSs and a poor prognosis. Overall, the double-edged sword role of TLSs in the TME and potential mechanisms need to be further investigated, which will provide novel therapeutic perspectives for antitumor immunoregulation. In this review, we focus on discussing the main functions of TLSs in the TME and recent advances in the therapeutic manipulation of TLSs through multiple strategies to enhance local antitumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Kang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhichao Feng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianwei Luo
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenhu He
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhen Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Rong
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Domblides C, Rochefort J, Riffard C, Panouillot M, Lescaille G, Teillaud JL, Mateo V, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: From Basic and Clinical Knowledge to Therapeutic Manipulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698604. [PMID: 34276690 PMCID: PMC8279885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem almost unique to each patient. Most of available therapies target tumor cells according to their molecular characteristics, angiogenesis or immune cells involved in tumor immune-surveillance. Unfortunately, only a limited number of patients benefit in the long-term of these treatments that are often associated with relapses, in spite of the remarkable progress obtained with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICP). The presence of “hot” tumors is a determining parameter for selecting therapies targeting the patient immunity, even though some of them still do not respond to treatment. In human studies, an in-depth analysis of the organization and interactions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells has revealed the presence of an ectopic lymphoid organization termed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in a large number of tumors. Their marked similarity to secondary lymphoid organs has suggested that TLS are an “anti-tumor school” and an “antibody factory” to fight malignant cells. They are effectively associated with long-term survival in most solid tumors, and their presence has been recently shown to predict response to ICP inhibitors. This review discusses the relationship between TLS and the molecular characteristics of tumors and the presence of oncogenic viruses, as well as their role when targeted therapies are used. Also, we present some aspects of TLS biology in non-tumor inflammatory diseases and discuss the putative common characteristics that they share with tumor-associated TLS. A detailed overview of the different pre-clinical models available to investigate TLS function and neogenesis is also presented. Finally, new approaches aimed at a better understanding of the role and function of TLS such as the use of spheroids and organoids and of artificial intelligence algorithms, are also discussed. In conclusion, increasing our knowledge on TLS will undoubtedly improve prognostic prediction and treatment selection in cancer patients with key consequences for the next generation immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Domblides
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Juliette Rochefort
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France.,Service Odontologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Riffard
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Marylou Panouillot
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Lescaille
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France.,Service Odontologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Teillaud
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Véronique Mateo
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Johansson-Percival A, Ganss R. Therapeutic Induction of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer Through Stromal Remodeling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674375. [PMID: 34122434 PMCID: PMC8191417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the effectiveness of anti-cancer immunotherapy remains a major clinical challenge. Cytotoxic T cell infiltration is crucial for immune-mediated tumor rejection, however, the suppressive tumor microenvironment impedes their recruitment, activation, maturation and function. Nevertheless, solid tumors can harbor specialized lymph node vasculature and immune cell clusters that are organized into tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). These TLS support naïve T cell infiltration and intratumoral priming. In many human cancers, their presence is a positive prognostic factor, and importantly, predictive for responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade. Thus, therapeutic induction of TLS is an attractive concept to boost anti-cancer immunotherapy. However, our understanding of how cancer-associated TLS could be initiated is rudimentary. Exciting new reagents which induce TLS in preclinical cancer models provide mechanistic insights into the exquisite stromal orchestration of TLS formation, a process often associated with a more functional or "normalized" tumor vasculature and fueled by LIGHT/LTα/LTβ, TNFα and CC/CXC chemokine signaling. These emerging insights provide innovative opportunities to induce and shape TLS in the tumor microenvironment to improve immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Johansson-Percival
- Cancer Microenvironment Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ruth Ganss
- Cancer Microenvironment Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Filderman JN, Appleman M, Chelvanambi M, Taylor JL, Storkus WJ. STINGing the Tumor Microenvironment to Promote Therapeutic Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690105. [PMID: 34054879 PMCID: PMC8155498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), also known as ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) or tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO), represent a unique subset of lymphoid tissues noted for their architectural similarity to lymph nodes, but which conditionally form in peripheral tissues in a milieu of sustained inflammation. TLS serve as regional sites for induction and expansion of the host B and T cell repertoires via an operational paradigm involving mature dendritic cells (DC) and specialized endothelial cells (i.e. high endothelial venules; HEV) in a process directed by TLS-associated cytokines and chemokines. Recent clinical correlations have been reported for the presence of TLS within tumor biopsies with overall patient survival and responsiveness to interventional immunotherapy. Hence, therapeutic strategies to conditionally reinforce TLS formation within the tumor microenvironment (TME) via the targeting of DC, vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and local cytokine/chemokine profiles are actively being developed and tested in translational tumor models and early phase clinical trials. In this regard, a subset of agents that promote tumor vascular normalization (VN) have been observed to coordinately support the development of a pro-inflammatory TME, maturation of DC and VEC, local production of TLS-inducing cytokines and chemokines, and therapeutic TLS formation. This mini-review will focus on STING agonists, which were originally developed as anti-angiogenic agents, but which have recently been shown to be effective in promoting VN and TLS formation within the therapeutic TME. Future application of these drugs in combination immunotherapy approaches for greater therapeutic efficacy is further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Filderman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark Appleman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Manoj Chelvanambi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer L Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gago da Graça C, van Baarsen LGM, Mebius RE. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Diversity in Their Development, Composition, and Role. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:273-281. [PMID: 33397741 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node stromal cells coordinate the adaptive immune response in secondary lymphoid organs, providing both a structural matrix and soluble factors that regulate survival and migration of immune cells, ultimately promoting Ag encounter. In several inflamed tissues, resident fibroblasts can acquire lymphoid-stroma properties and drive the formation of ectopic aggregates of immune cells, named tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). Mature TLSs are functional sites for the development of adaptive responses and, consequently, when present, can have an impact in both autoimmunity and cancer conditions. In this review, we go over recent findings concerning both lymph node stromal cells and TLSs function and formation and further describe what is currently known about their role in disease, particularly their potential in tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Gago da Graça
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa G M van Baarsen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and.,Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Blanchard L, Girard JP. High endothelial venules (HEVs) in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:719-753. [PMID: 33956259 PMCID: PMC8487881 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized blood vessels mediating lymphocyte trafficking to lymph nodes (LNs) and other secondary lymphoid organs. By supporting high levels of lymphocyte extravasation from the blood, HEVs play an essential role in lymphocyte recirculation and immune surveillance for foreign invaders (bacterial and viral infections) and alterations in the body’s own cells (neoantigens in cancer). The HEV network expands during inflammation in immune-stimulated LNs and is profoundly remodeled in metastatic and tumor-draining LNs. HEV-like blood vessels expressing high levels of the HEV-specific sulfated MECA-79 antigens are induced in non-lymphoid tissues at sites of chronic inflammation in many human inflammatory and allergic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis and asthma. Such vessels are believed to contribute to the amplification and maintenance of chronic inflammation. MECA-79+ tumor-associated HEVs (TA-HEVs) are frequently found in human tumors in CD3+ T cell-rich areas or CD20+ B-cell rich tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). TA-HEVs have been proposed to play important roles in lymphocyte entry into tumors, a process essential for successful antitumor immunity and lymphocyte-mediated cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines or adoptive T cell therapy. In this review, we highlight the phenotype and function of HEVs in homeostatic, inflamed and tumor-draining lymph nodes, and those of HEV-like blood vessels in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the role and regulation of TA-HEVs in human cancer and mouse tumor models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Blanchard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hui Z, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Yang L, Yu W, An Y, Wei F, Ren X. Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals the Transcriptome and TCR Characteristics of pTregs and in vitro Expanded iTregs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619932. [PMID: 33868236 PMCID: PMC8044526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the maintenance of immune tolerance and tumor evasion. However, the relative low proportion of these cells in peripheral blood and tissues has hindered many studies. We sought to establish a rapamycin-based in vitro Treg expansion procedure in patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and perform single-cell sequencing to explore the characteristics of Treg cells. CD25+ cells enriched from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of colorectal tumor patients were cultured in X-VIVO15 medium, supplemented with 5% human AB serum, L-glutamine, rapamycin, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and Dynabeads human Treg expander for 21 days to expand Tregs. Treg cells with satisfactory phenotype and function were successfully expanded from CD4+CD25+ cells in patients with colorectal cancer. The median expansion fold was 75 (range, 20-105-fold), and >90.0% of the harvest cells were CD4+CD25+CD127dim/- cells. The ratio of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells exceeded 60%. Functional assays showed that iTregs significantly inhibited CD8+T cell proliferation in vitro. Single-cell sequencing showed that the transcriptome of pTreg (CD4+CD25+CD127dim/- cells isolated from PBMC of colorectal cancer patients) and iTreg (CD4+CD25+CD127dim/- cells expanded in vitro according to the above regimen) cells were interlaced. pTregs exhibited enhanced suppressive function, whereas iTregs exhibited increased proliferative capacity. TCR repertoire analysis indicated minimal overlap between pTregs and iTregs. Pseudo-time trajectory analysis of Tregs revealed that pTregs were a continuum composed of three main branches: activated/effector, resting and proliferative Tregs. In contrast, in vitro expanded iTregs were a mixture of proliferating and activated/effector cells. The expression of trafficking receptors was also different in pTregs and iTregs. Various chemokine receptors were upregulated in pTregs. Activated effector pTregs overexpressed the chemokine receptor CCR10, which was not expressed in iTregs. The chemokine CCL28 was overexpressed in colorectal cancer and associated with poor prognosis. CCR10 interacted with CCL28 to mediate the recruitment of Treg into tumors and accelerated tumor progression. Depletion of CCR10+Treg cells from tumor microenvironment (TME) could be used as an effective treatment strategy for colorectal cancer patients. Our data distinguished the transcriptomic characteristics of different subsets of Treg cells and revealed the context-dependent functions of different populations of Treg cells, which was crucial to the development of alternative therapeutic strategies for Treg cells in autoimmune disease and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Hui
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang An
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|