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Hentrich C, Putyrski M, Hanuschka H, Preis W, Kellmann SJ, Wich M, Cavada M, Hanselka S, Lelyveld VS, Ylera F. Engineered reversible inhibition of SpyCatcher reactivity enables rapid generation of bispecific antibodies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5939. [PMID: 39009599 PMCID: PMC11251281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The precise regulation of protein function is essential in biological systems and a key goal in chemical biology and protein engineering. Here, we describe a straightforward method to engineer functional control into the isopeptide bond-forming SpyTag/SpyCatcher protein ligation system. First, we perform a cysteine scan of the structured region of SpyCatcher. Except for two known reactive and catalytic residues, none of these mutations abolish reactivity. In a second screening step, we modify the cysteines with disulfide bond-forming small molecules. Here we identify 8 positions at which modifications strongly inhibit reactivity. This inhibition can be reversed by reducing agents. We call such a reversibly inhibitable SpyCatcher "SpyLock". Using "BiLockCatcher", a genetic fusion of wild-type SpyCatcher and SpyLock, and SpyTagged antibody fragments, we generate bispecific antibodies in a single, scalable format, facilitating the screening of a large number of antibody combinations. We demonstrate this approach by screening anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 bispecific antibodies using a cellular reporter assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateusz Putyrski
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH, Anna-Sigmund-Str. 5, 82061, Neuried, Germany
| | - Hanh Hanuschka
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH, Anna-Sigmund-Str. 5, 82061, Neuried, Germany
| | - Waldemar Preis
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH, Anna-Sigmund-Str. 5, 82061, Neuried, Germany
| | | | - Melissa Wich
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH, Anna-Sigmund-Str. 5, 82061, Neuried, Germany
| | - Manuel Cavada
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH, Anna-Sigmund-Str. 5, 82061, Neuried, Germany
| | - Sarah Hanselka
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH, Anna-Sigmund-Str. 5, 82061, Neuried, Germany
| | - Victor S Lelyveld
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco Ylera
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH, Anna-Sigmund-Str. 5, 82061, Neuried, Germany.
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Wang L, Zheng J, Tan Z, Zhang Y, Wang H. A novel bispecific peptide targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 with combined antitumor activity of T-cells derived from the patients with TSCC. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112582. [PMID: 38981226 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) are key immune checkpoints (ICs) that critically influence immunotherapy. Tumor resistance to single IC-targeting drugs has increased interest in dual-target drugs, which have shown feasibility for cancer treatment. In this study, we aimed to develop dual-target peptide drugs targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and to evaluate their efficacy compared to functional antibodies in enhancing the cytotoxicity of human T cells against tongue squamous carcinoma cell lines. Through sequence analysis and peptide truncation, we modified a pre-existing peptide named nABPD-1 targeting PD-1. Subsequently, we obtained two novel peptides named nABPD-2 and nABPD-3, with nABPD-2 showing an enhanced affinity for human PD-1 protein compared to nABPD-1. Importantly, nABPD-2 exhibited dual-targeting capability, possessing a high affinity for both PD-L1 and PD-1. Furthermore, nABPD-2 effectively promoted the cytotoxicity of human T cells against tongue squamous carcinoma cell lines, surpassing the efficacy of anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 functional antibodies alone. Considering that nABPD-2 has lower production costs and dose requirements, it can potentially be used in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Laboratory, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Junheng Zheng
- Zhuhai Taisujian Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China; Cheerland Taisujian BioPharm. Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihao Tan
- Cheerland Taisujian BioPharm. Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Laboratory, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medical Center, Shenzhen Qianhai Taikang Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Zhuhai Taisujian Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China; Cheerland Taisujian BioPharm. Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Wang L, Garg P, Chan KY, Yuan TZ, Lujan Hernandez AG, Han Z, Peterson SM, Tuscano E, Safavi C, Kwan E, Villalta M, Mathur M, Lai J, Axelrod F, Souders CA, Emery C, Sato AK. Discovery of a potent, selective, and tumor-suppressing antibody antagonist of adenosine A2A receptor. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301223. [PMID: 38837964 PMCID: PMC11152298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
New immune checkpoints are emerging in a bid to improve response rates to immunotherapeutic drugs. The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) has been proposed as a target for immunotherapeutic development due to its participation in immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment. Blockade of A2AR could restore tumor immunity and, consequently, improve patient outcomes. Here, we describe the discovery of a potent, selective, and tumor-suppressing antibody antagonist of human A2AR (hA2AR) by phage display. We constructed and screened four single-chain variable fragment (scFv) libraries-two synthetic and two immunized-against hA2AR and antagonist-stabilized hA2AR. After biopanning and ELISA screening, scFv hits were reformatted to human IgG and triaged in a series of cellular binding and functional assays to identify a lead candidate. Lead candidate TB206-001 displayed nanomolar binding of hA2AR-overexpressing HEK293 cells; cross-reactivity with mouse and cynomolgus A2AR but not human A1, A2B, or A3 receptors; functional antagonism of hA2AR in hA2AR-overexpressing HEK293 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); and tumor-suppressing activity in colon tumor-bearing HuCD34-NCG mice. Given its therapeutic properties, TB206-001 is a good candidate for incorporation into next-generation bispecific immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linya Wang
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Garg
- Gilead, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Kara Y. Chan
- Slingshot, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tom Z. Yuan
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Zhen Han
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Peterson
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Tuscano
- Sartorius, Fremont, California, United States of America
| | - Crystal Safavi
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Kwan
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mouna Villalta
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Melina Mathur
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joyce Lai
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fumiko Axelrod
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Colby A. Souders
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chloe Emery
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron K. Sato
- Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Bulaon CJI, Khorattanakulchai N, Rattanapisit K, Sun H, Pisuttinusart N, Phoolcharoen W. Development of Plant-Derived Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody Targeting PD-L1 and CTLA-4 against Mouse Colorectal Cancer. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:305-315. [PMID: 38373705 DOI: 10.1055/a-2240-7534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, with monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints, yielding promising clinical benefits. However, with the advent of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in clinical trials, developing next-generation antibodies with potentially increased efficacy is critical. Here, we aimed to generate a recombinant bispecific monoclonal antibody for dual inhibition of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 axes. The plant system was used as an alternative platform for bispecific monoclonal antibody production. Dual variable domain immunoglobulin atezolizumab × 2C8 is a plant-derived bispecific monoclonal antibody that combines both programmed cell death ligand 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 blockade into a single molecule. Dual variable domain immunoglobulin atezolizumab × 2C8 was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and the expression level was determined to be the highest after 4 days of infiltration. The size and assembly of the purified bispecific monoclonal antibody were determined, and its function was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The molecular structures of plant-produced dual variable domain immunoglobulin atezolizumab × 2C8 are as expected, and it was mostly present as a monomer. The plant-produced dual variable domain immunoglobulin atezolizumab × 2C8 showed in vitro binding to programmed cell death ligand 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 proteins. The antitumor activity of plant-produced bispecific monoclonal antibody was tested in vivo by treating humanized Balb/c mice bearing a CT26 colorectal tumor. Plant-produced dual variable domain immunoglobulin atezolizumab × 2C8 significantly inhibited tumor growth by reducing tumor volume and weight. Body weight changes indicated that the plant-produced bispecific monoclonal antibody was safe and tolerable. Overall, this proof of concept study demonstrated the viability of plants to produce functional plant-based bispecific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Joy I Bulaon
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Nuttapat Pisuttinusart
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Klein C, Brinkmann U, Reichert JM, Kontermann RE. The present and future of bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:301-319. [PMID: 38448606 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable novel mechanisms of action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. Consequently, development of these molecules has garnered substantial interest in the past decade and, as of the end of 2023, 14 bsAbs have been approved: 11 for the treatment of cancer and 3 for non-oncology indications. bsAbs are available in different formats, address different targets and mediate anticancer function via different molecular mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of bsAbs for cancer therapy. We focus on bsAbs that are approved or in clinical development, including bsAb-mediated dual modulators of signalling pathways, tumour-targeted receptor agonists, bsAb-drug conjugates, bispecific T cell, natural killer cell and innate immune cell engagers, and bispecific checkpoint inhibitors and co-stimulators. Finally, we provide an outlook into next-generation bsAbs in earlier stages of development, including trispecifics, bsAb prodrugs, bsAbs that induce degradation of tumour targets and bsAbs acting as cytokine mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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6
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Xi X, Zhao W. Anti-Tumor Potential of Post-Translational Modifications of PD-1. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2119-2132. [PMID: 38534752 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a vital immune checkpoint molecule. The location, stability, and protein-protein interaction of PD-1 are significantly influenced by post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins. The biological information of PD-1, including its gene and protein structures and the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, was briefly reviewed in this review. Additionally, recent research on PD-1 post-translational modification, including the study of ubiquitination, glycosylation, phosphorylation, and palmitoylation, was summarized, and research strategies for PD-1 PTM drugs were concluded. At present, only a part of PD-1/PD-L1 treated patients (35-45%) are benefited from immunotherapies, and novel strategies targeting PTM of PD-1/PD-L1 may be important for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 non-responders (poor responders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wuli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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7
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Kiem D, Ocker M, Greil R, Neureiter D, Melchardt T. Enhancing anti-CD274 (PD-L1) targeting through combinatorial immunotherapy with bispecific antibodies and fusion proteins: from preclinical to phase II clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:229-242. [PMID: 38354028 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2319317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitors have achieved great success in the treatment of many different types of cancer. Programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274) is a major immunosuppressive immune checkpoint and a target for several already approved monoclonal antibodies. Despite this, novel strategies are under development, as the overall response remains low. AREAS COVERED In this review, an overview of the current biomarkers for response to PD-L1 inhibitor treatment is given, followed by a discussion of potential novel biomarkers, including tumor mutational burden and circulating tumor DNA. Combinatorial immunotherapy is a potential novel strategy to increase the response to PD-L1 inhibitor treatment and currently, several interesting bispecific antibodies as well as bispecific fusion proteins are undergoing early clinical investigation. We focus on substances targeting PD-L1 and a secondary target, and a secondary immunomodulatory target like CTLA-4, TIGIT, or CD47. EXPERT OPINION Overall, the presented studies show anti-tumor activity of these combinatorial immunotherapeutic approaches. However, still relatively low response rates suggest a need for better biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kiem
- III Medical Department, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Campus, Charité Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- EO Translational Insights Consulting GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Tacalyx GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Greil
- III Medical Department, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, University Hospital Salzburg (SALK), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Melchardt
- III Medical Department, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Albu DI, Wolf BJ, Qin Y, Wang X, Daniel Ulumben A, Su M, Li V, Ding E, Angel Gonzalo J, Kong J, Jadhav R, Kuklin N, Visintin A, Gong B, Schuetz TJ. A bispecific anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 antibody induces PD-1 cleavage and provides enhanced anti-tumor activity. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2316945. [PMID: 38379869 PMCID: PMC10877993 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2316945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial strategies, such as targeting different immune checkpoint receptors, hold promise to increase the breadth and duration of the response to cancer therapy. Here we describe the preclinical evaluation of CTX-8371, a protein construct which combines PD-1 and PD-L1 targeting in one bispecific, tetravalent antibody. CTX-8371 matched or surpassed the activity of anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 benchmark antibodies in several in vitro T cell activation assays and outperformed clinically approved benchmarks in the subcutaneous MC38 colon and the B16F10 lung metastasis mouse tumor models. Investigation into the mechanism of action revealed that CTX-8371 co-engagement of PD-1 and PD-L1 induced the proteolytic cleavage and loss of cell surface PD-1, which is a novel and non-redundant mechanism that adds to the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis blockade. The combination of CTX-8371 and an agonistic anti-CD137 antibody further increased the anti-tumor efficacy with long-lasting curative therapeutic effect. In summary, CTX-8371 is a novel checkpoint inhibitor that might provide greater clinical benefit compared to current anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies, especially when combined with agents with orthogonal mechanisms of action, such as agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Qin
- Compass Therapeutics Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mei Su
- Compass Therapeutics Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Li
- Compass Therapeutics Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Kong
- Compass Therapeutics Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bing Gong
- Compass Therapeutics Inc, Boston, MA, USA
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Geng Q, Jiao P. Anti-PD-L1-Based Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Co-Inhibitory and Co-Stimulatory Molecules for Cancer Immunotherapy. Molecules 2024; 29:454. [PMID: 38257366 PMCID: PMC10819708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting PD-L1 via monospecific antibodies has shown durable clinical benefits and long-term remissions where patients exhibit no clinical cancer signs for many years after treatment. However, the durable clinical benefits and long-term remissions by anti-PD-L1 monotherapy have been limited to a small fraction of patients with certain cancer types. Targeting PD-L1 via bispecific antibodies (referred to as anti-PD-L1-based bsAbs) which can simultaneously bind to both co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory molecules may increase the durable antitumor responses in patients who would not benefit from PD-L1 monotherapy. A growing number of anti-PD-L1-based bsAbs have been developed to fight against this deadly disease. This review summarizes recent advances of anti-PD-L1-based bsAbs for cancer immunotherapy in patents and literatures, and discusses their anti-tumor efficacies in vitro and in vivo. Over 50 anti-PD-L1-based bsAbs targeting both co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory molecules have been investigated in biological testing or in clinical trials since 2017. At least eleven proteins, such as CTLA-4, LAG-3, PD-1, PD-L2, TIM-3, TIGIT, CD28, CD27, OX40, CD137, and ICOS, are involved in these investigations. Twenty-two anti-PD-L1-based bsAbs are being evaluated to treat various advanced cancers in clinical trials, wherein the indications include NSCLC, SNSCLC, SCLC, PDA, MBNHL, SCCHN, UC, EC, TNBC, CC, and some other malignancies. The released data from clinical trials indicated that most of the anti-PD-L1-based bsAbs were well-tolerated and showed promising antitumor efficacy in patients with advanced solid tumors. However, since the approved and investigational bsAbs have shown much more significant adverse reactions compared to PD-L1 monospecific antibodies, anti-PD-L1-based bsAbs may be further optimized via molecular structure modification to avoid or reduce these adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Geng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Peifu Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
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Tong Q, Wu Z. Curcumin inhibits colon cancer malignant progression and promotes T cell killing by regulating miR-206 expression. Clin Anat 2024; 37:2-11. [PMID: 37191314 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a great threat to human health. Curcumin, as a traditional Chinese medicine extract with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects, can affect the development of diverse human diseases including cancer. The aim of this research was to probe the mechanism by which curcumin regulates colon cancer progression. Colon cancer cells were processed with graded concentrations of curcumin. The proliferation and apoptosis of the treated cells were determined by MTT, colony formation assay and flow cytometry. Expression of signaling pathway-related proteins and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was measured by western blotting. The effect of curcumin on tumor cell growth was verified through T cell-mediated killing and ELISA assays. The relationship between target gene expression and the survival rate of colon cancer patients was analyzed by a survival curve. Curcumin treatment restrained proliferation and accelerated apoptosis of colon cancer cells. It elevated miR-206 expression, which in turn affected colon cancer cell function. miR-206 enhanced colon cancer cell apoptosis and inhibited PD-L1 expression; thus, curcumin enhanced the killing effect of T cells on tumor cells by suppressing PD-L1 through inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Patients with high expression of miR-206 had better survival rates than those with low expression. Curcumin can regulate miR-206 expression and inhibit the malignant behavior of colon cancer cells and enhance T cell killing through the JAK/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jinhua Guangfu Hospital, Jinhua City, China
| | - Zhangqiang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jinhua Guangfu Hospital, Jinhua City, China
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11
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Chen J, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zang L, Yin D, Tan S. Hyperoside Inhibits RNF8-mediated Nuclear Translocation of β-catenin to Repress PD-L1 Expression and Prostate Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:464-476. [PMID: 38305391 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206289246240110044931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperoside is a flavonol glycoside isolated from Hypericum perforatum L. that has inhibitory effects on cancer cells; however, its effects on prostate cancer (PCa) remain unclear. Therefore, we studied the anti-PCa effects of hyperoside and its underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. AIM This study aimed to explore the mechanism of hyperoside in anti-PCa. METHODS 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-Thiazolyl)-2,5-Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT), transwell, and flow cytometry assays were used to detect PCa cell growth, invasion, and cell apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to analyze the antitumor mechanism of hyperoside. RESULTS Hyperoside inhibited PCa cell growth, invasion, and cell cycle and induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, RING finger protein 8 (RNF8), an E3 ligase that assembles K63 polyubiquitination chains, was predicted to be a direct target of hyperoside and was downregulated by hyperoside. Downregulation of RNF8 by hyperoside impeded the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and disrupted the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which reduced the expression of the target genes c-myc, cyclin D1, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Decreased PD-L1 levels contributed to induced immunity in Jurkat cells in vitro. Finally, in vivo studies demonstrated that hyperoside significantly reduced tumor size, inhibited PD-L1 and RNF8 expression, and induced apoptosis in tumor tissues of a subcutaneous mouse model. CONCLUSION Hyperoside exerts its anti-PCa effect by reducing RNF8 protein, inhibiting nuclear translocation of β-catenin, and disrupting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, in turn reducing the expression of PD-L1 and improving Jurkat cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Long Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Song Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
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12
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Khosla AA, Jatwani K, Singh R, Reddy A, Jaiyesimi I, Desai A. Bispecific Antibodies in Lung Cancer: A State-of-the-Art Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1461. [PMID: 37895932 PMCID: PMC10609957 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have emerged as a promising class of therapeutics in the field of oncology, offering an innovative approach to target cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. These antibodies are designed to bind two different antigens, enabling them to bridge immune cells with cancer cells, resulting in enhanced tumor cell killing and improved treatment responses. This review article summarizes the current landscape of bispecific antibodies in lung cancer, including their mechanisms of action, clinical development, and potential applications in other solid tumor malignancies. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities associated with their use in the clinic are discussed, along with future directions for research and development in this exciting area of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atulya Aman Khosla
- Division of Internal Medicine, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA;
| | - Karan Jatwani
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rohit Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Aswanth Reddy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mercy Clinic, Fort Smith, AR 72903, USA
| | - Ishmael Jaiyesimi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Aakash Desai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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13
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Hao L, Li S, Hu X. New insights into T-cell exhaustion in liver cancer: from mechanism to therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:12543-12560. [PMID: 37423958 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies. T-cell exhaustion is associated with immunosuppression of tumor and chronic infection. Although immunotherapies that enhance the immune response by targeting programmed cell death-1(PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been applied to malignancies, these treatments have shown limited response rates. This suggested that additional inhibitory receptors (IRs) also contributed to T-cell exhaustion and tumor prognosis. Exhausted T-cells (Tex) in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) are usually in a dysfunctional state of exhaustion, such as impaired activity and proliferative ability, increased apoptosis rate, and reduced production of effector cytokines. Tex cells participate in the negative regulation of tumor immunity mainly through IRs on the cell surface, changes in cytokines and immunomodulatory cell types, causing tumor immune escape. However, T-cell exhaustion is not irreversible and targeted immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can effectively reverse the exhaustion of T-cells and restore the anti-tumor immune response. Therefore, the research on the mechanism of T-cell exhaustion in liver cancer, aimed at maintaining or restoring the effector function of Tex cells, might provide a new method for the treatment of liver cancer. In this review, we summarized the basic characteristics of Tex cells (such as IRs and cytokines), discussed the mechanisms associated with T-cell exhaustion, and specifically discussed how these exhaustion characteristics were acquired and shaped by key factors within TME. Then new insights into the molecular mechanism of T-cell exhaustion suggested a potential way to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, namely to restore the effector function of Tex cells. In addition, we also reviewed the research progress of T-cell exhaustion in recent years and provided suggestions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Hao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghao Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Travelli C, Colombo G, Aliotta M, Fagiani F, Fava N, De Sanctis R, Grolla AA, Garcia JGN, Clemente N, Portararo P, Costanza M, Condorelli F, Colombo MP, Sangaletti S, Genazzani AA. Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT) neutralization counteracts T cell immune evasion in breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007010. [PMID: 37880182 PMCID: PMC10603332 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a key intracellular enzyme that participates in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) homeostasis as well as a released cytokine (eNAMPT) that is elevated in inflammatory conditions and in cancer. In patients with breast cancer, circulating eNAMPT is elevated and its plasma levels correlate with prognosis and staging. In light of this, we investigated the contribution of eNAMPT in triple negative mammary carcinoma progression by investigating the effect of its neutralization via a specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (C269). METHODS We used female BALB/c mice injected with 4T1 clone 5 cells and female C57BL6 injected with EO771 cells, evaluating tumoral size, spleen weight and number of metastases. We injected two times a week the anti-eNAMPT neutralizing antibody and we sacrificed the mice after 28 days. Harvested tumors were analyzed by histopathology, flow cytometry, western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and RNA sequencing to define tumor characteristics (isolating tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and tumoral cells) and to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the observed phenotype. Moreover, we dissected the functional relationship between T cells and tumoral cells using three-dimensional (3D) co-cultures. RESULTS The neutralization of eNAMPT with C269 led to decreased tumor size and reduced number of lung metastases. RNA sequencing and functional assays showed that eNAMPT controlled T-cell response via the programmed death-ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) axis and its neutralization led to a restoration of antitumoral immune responses. In particular, eNAMPT neutralization was able to activate CD8+IFNγ+GrzB+ T cells, reducing the immunosuppressive phenotype of T regulatory cells. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate for the first time eNAMPT as a novel immunotherapeutic target for triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Travelli
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Aliotta
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fagiani
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Natalia Fava
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rita De Sanctis
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ambra A Grolla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nausicaa Clemente
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Paola Portararo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Costanza
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Condorelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Paolo Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabina Sangaletti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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15
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Hu R, Jahan MS, Tang L. ExoPD-L1: an assistant for tumor progression and potential diagnostic marker. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1194180. [PMID: 37736550 PMCID: PMC10509558 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1194180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and function of immune cells are often inhibited by the binding of programmed cell-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to programmed cell-death 1 (PD-1). So far, many studies have shown that this combination poses significant difficulties for cancer treatment. Fortunately, PD-L1/PD-1 blocking therapy has achieved satisfactory results. Exosomes are tiny extracellular vesicle particles with a diameter of 40~160 nm, formed by cells through endocytosis. The exosomes are a natural shelter for many molecules and an important medium for information transmission. The contents of exosomes are composed of DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids etc. They are crucial to antigen presentation, tumor invasion, cell differentiation and migration. In addition to being present on the surface of tumor cells or in soluble form, PD-L1 is carried into the extracellular environment by tumor derived exosomes (TEX). At this time, the exosomes serve as a medium for communication between tumor cells and other cells or tissues and organs. In this review, we will cover the immunosuppressive role of exosomal PD-L1 (ExoPD-L1), ExoPD-L1 regulatory factors and emerging approaches for quantifying and detecting ExoPD-L1. More importantly, we will discuss how targeted ExoPD-L1 and combination therapy can be used to treat cancer more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Md Shoykot Jahan
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Reinstating immunogenicity using bispecific anti-checkpoint/agent inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114621. [PMID: 37004328 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) resistance demands for acquisition of novel strategies in order to broaden the therapeutic repertoire of advanced cancers. Bispecific antibodies can be utilized as an emerging therapeutic paradigm and a step forward in cancer immunotherapy. Synchronous inhibition of programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) or cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), or with other agents can expand antibody selectivity and improve therapeutic window through tightening cell-to-cell bridge (a process called immunological synapse) within tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). There is evidence of higher potency of this co-targeting approach over combined single-agent monoclonal antibodies in reinvigorating anti-tumor immune responses, retarding tumor growth, and improving patient survival. In fact, immunological synapses formed by interactions of such bispecific agents with TIME cells directly mediate cytotoxicity against tumor cells, and durable anti-tumor immune responses are predictable after application of such agents. Besides, lower adverse events are reported for bispecific antibodies compared with individual checkpoint inhibitors. These are all indicative of the importance of exploiting novel bispecific approach as a replacement for conventional combo checkpoint inhibitor therapy particularly for tumors with immunosuppressive or cold immunity. Study in this area is still continued, and in the future more will be known about the importance of this bispecific approach in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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17
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Jacquot P, Muñoz-Garcia J, Fleury M, Cochonneau D, Gaussin R, Enouf E, Roze C, Ollivier E, Cinier M, Heymann D. Engineering of a Bispecific Nanofitin with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitory Activity Conditioned by the Cross-Arm Binding to EGFR and PDL1. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040636. [PMID: 37189383 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-education of the tumor microenvironment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has provided the most significant advancement in cancer management, with impressive efficacy and durable response reported. However, low response rates and a high frequency of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) remain associated with ICI therapies. The latter can be linked to their high affinity and avidity for their target that fosters on-target/off-tumor binding and subsequent breaking of immune self-tolerance in normal tissues. Many multispecific protein formats have been proposed to increase the tumor cell’s selectivity of ICI therapies. In this study, we explored the engineering of a bispecific Nanofitin by the fusion of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) Nanofitin modules. While lowering the affinity of the Nanofitin modules for their respective target, the fusion enables the simultaneous engagement of EGFR and PDL1, which translates into a selective binding to tumor cells co-expressing EGFR and PDL1 only. We demonstrated that affinity-attenuated bispecific Nanofitin could elicit PDL1 blockade exclusively in an EGFR-directed manner. Overall, the data collected highlight the potential of this approach to enhance the selectivity and safety of PDL1 checkpoint inhibition.
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18
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Chuprin J, Buettner H, Seedhom MO, Greiner DL, Keck JG, Ishikawa F, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology research. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:192-206. [PMID: 36635480 PMCID: PMC10593256 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment paradigm for many malignancies and is transforming the drug development landscape. Although immunotherapeutic agents have demonstrated clinical efficacy, they are associated with variable clinical responses, and substantial gaps remain in our understanding of their mechanisms of action and specific biomarkers of response. Currently, the number of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate interactions between the human immune system and tumours and enable evaluation of human-specific immunotherapies in vivo is limited. Humanized mice, a term that refers to immunodeficient mice co-engrafted with human tumours and immune components, provide several advantages for immuno-oncology research. In this Review, we discuss the benefits and challenges of the currently available humanized mice, including specific interactions between engrafted human tumours and immune components, the development and survival of human innate immune populations in these mice, and approaches to study mice engrafted with matched patient tumours and immune cells. We highlight the latest advances in the generation of humanized mouse models, with the aim of providing a guide for their application to immuno-oncology studies with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chuprin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Buettner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mina O Seedhom
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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19
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Liu Z, Zhu Y, Xie H, Zou Z. Immune-mediated hepatitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: Current updates and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1077468. [PMID: 36699050 PMCID: PMC9868416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1077468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has made remarkable achievements. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been used successfully in several types of cancer in the past decade. However, expanded indication and increased use of Immune checkpoint inhibitors have resulted in increased reports of toxicity called immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Due to the unique immunological characteristics of the liver, a hepatic immune-related adverse events has also been reported, which is usually termed Immune-mediated hepatitis (IMH). So far, it is generally considered that the mechanism of IMH induced by Immune checkpoint inhibitors is mainly the overactivation of T cells. It has been reported that the incidence of IMH ranges from 1% to 15%. Because of the lack of specific markers, a diagnosis of exclusion of IMH is critical. Although most IMH is mild and recoverable, several death cases have been reported, which has been increasingly concerned. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management and prognosis of IMH caused by Immune checkpoint inhibitors. It also discusses the controversial issues in IMH, such as the role of liver biopsy, grading criteria, risk factors, rational treatment strategies with steroids, and the timing of Immune checkpoint inhibitors rechallenging, which may provide helpful information for IMH in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zherui Liu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Xie
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zou
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhengsheng Zou,
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20
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Sun Y, Mo L, Hu X, Yu D, Xie S, Li J, Zhao Z, Fang X, Ye M, Qiu L, Tan W, Yang Y. Bispecific Aptamer-Based Recognition-then-Conjugation Strategy for PD1/PDL1 Axis Blockade and Enhanced Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21129-21138. [PMID: 36484532 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells initiate antitumor effects mainly through direct interactions with tumor cells. As a counter to this, tumor cells can put the brakes on such T-cell activity via specific linkage between programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) and its receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1). Bispecific inhibitors that enabled synchronous blockade of PD1 and PDL1, thereby releasing the brakes on T-cell antitumor activity, should significantly improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. In this work, we identified a DNA aptamer, Ap3, that could specifically recognize PDL1 on tumor cells and competed with the binding of PD1. By integrating Ap3 with an anti-PD1 aptamer, the bispecific aptamer Ap3-7c was constructed, and it showed promise for improving the T-cell immune response. We further designed a dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-labeled bispecific aptamer, D-Ap3-7c, allowing covalent conjugation of aptamers onto PD1 and PDL1 after specific cell recognition. Our in vivo studies showed that this recognition-then-conjugation strategy could induce a potent immunological effect against tumors. This work is expected to provide clues for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liuting Mo
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Die Yu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sitao Xie
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jianglin Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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21
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Chen Y, Lin W, Chen X, Liu J, Huang Y, Wang H, Teng L. PD-L1: Biological mechanism, function, and immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1060497. [PMID: 36505487 PMCID: PMC9729722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the main causes of cancer incidence rate and mortality worldwide. As the main breakthrough direction, the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors makes patients with GC have better prognosis, where PD-L1/PD-1 inhibitors in immunotherapy have good anti-tumor immune efficacy. Further understanding of the regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 in GC may bring substantial progress to the immunotherapy. In this review, we provide information on the endogenous and exogenous regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 and its biological functions combined with current clinical trials of PD-L1/PD-1 inhibitors in GC. The malignant biological phenotypes caused by PD-L1 and the corresponding clinical combined treatment scheme have been reported. Identifying the biomarkers of the potential efficacy of immunotherapy and specifying the clinical immunotherapy scheme in combination with molecular characteristics of patients may maximize clinical benefits and better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Anderson TS, Wooster AL, Piersall SL, Okpalanwaka IF, Lowe DB. Disrupting cancer angiogenesis and immune checkpoint networks for improved tumor immunity. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:981-996. [PMID: 35149179 PMCID: PMC9357867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have advanced the field of cancer immunotherapy in patients by sustaining effector immune cell activity within the tumor microenvironment. However, the approach in general is still faced with issues related to ICI response duration/resistance, treatment eligibility, and safety, which indicates a need for further refinements. As immune checkpoint upregulation is inextricably linked to cancer-induced angiogenesis, newer clinical efforts have demonstrated the feasibility of disrupting both tumor-promoting networks to mediate enhanced immune-driven protection. This review focuses on such key evidence stipulating the necessity of co-applying ICI and anti-angiogenic strategies in cancer patients, with particular interest in highlighting newer engineered antibody approaches that may provide theoretically superior multi-pronged and safe therapeutic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S Anderson
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States
| | - Amanda L Wooster
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States
| | - Savanna L Piersall
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States
| | - Izuchukwu F Okpalanwaka
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States
| | - Devin B Lowe
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States.
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23
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Zheng K, Gao L, Hao J, Zou X, Hu X. An immunotherapy response prediction model derived from proliferative CD4+ T cells and antigen-presenting monocytes in ccRCC. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972227. [PMID: 36091022 PMCID: PMC9452905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have an impaired response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Few biomarkers can predict responsiveness, and there is insufficient evidence to extend them to ccRCC clinical use. To explore subtypes and signatures of immunocytes with good predictive performance for ICB outcomes in the ccRCC context, we reanalyzed two ccRCC single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets from patients receiving ICB treatment. A subtype of proliferative CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells and a subtype of antigen-presenting monocytes that have good predictive capability and are correlated with ICB outcomes were identified. These findings were corroborated in independent ccRCC ICB pretreatment bulk RNA-seq datasets. By incorporating the cluster-specific marker genes of these three immunocyte subtypes, we developed a prediction model, which reached an AUC of 93% for the CheckMate cohort (172 samples). Our study shows that the ICB response prediction model can serve as a valuable clinical decision-making tool for guiding ICB treatment of ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianchong Gao
- Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Hao, ; Xin Zou, ; Xiaoyong Hu,
| | - Xin Zou
- Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Hao, ; Xin Zou, ; Xiaoyong Hu,
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Hao, ; Xin Zou, ; Xiaoyong Hu,
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24
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Yim S, Hwang W, Han N, Lee D. Computational Discovery of Cancer Immunotherapy Targets by Intercellular CRISPR Screens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884561. [PMID: 35651625 PMCID: PMC9149307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy targets the interplay between immune and cancer cells. In particular, interactions between cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and cancer cells, such as PD-1 (PDCD1) binding PD-L1 (CD274), are crucial for cancer cell clearance. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting these interactions are effective only in a subset of patients, requiring the identification of novel immunotherapy targets. Genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screening in either cancer or immune cells has been employed to discover regulators of immune cell function. However, CRISPR screens in a single cell type complicate the identification of essential intercellular interactions. Further, pooled screening is associated with high noise levels. Herein, we propose intercellular CRISPR screens, a computational approach for the analysis of genome-wide CRISPR screens in every interacting cell type for the discovery of intercellular interactions as immunotherapeutic targets. We used two publicly available genome-wide CRISPR screening datasets obtained while triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and CTLs were interacting. We analyzed 4825 interactions between 1391 ligands and receptors on TNBC cells and CTLs to evaluate their effects on CTL function. Intercellular CRISPR screens discovered targets of approved drugs, a few of which were not identifiable in single datasets. To evaluate the method's performance, we used data for cytokines and costimulatory molecules as they constitute the majority of immunotherapeutic targets. Combining both CRISPR datasets improved the recall of discovering these genes relative to using single CRISPR datasets over two-fold. Our results indicate that intercellular CRISPR screens can suggest novel immunotherapy targets that are not obtained through individual CRISPR screens. The pipeline can be extended to other cancer and immune cell types to discover important intercellular interactions as potential immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soorin Yim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Bio-Synergy Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Woochang Hwang
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Namshik Han
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Doheon Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Bio-Synergy Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
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25
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Chen W, Huang Y, Pan W, Xu M, Chen L. Strategies for developing PD-1 inhibitors and future directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Jin S, Sun Y, Liang X, Gu X, Ning J, Xu Y, Chen S, Pan L. Emerging new therapeutic antibody derivatives for cancer treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:39. [PMID: 35132063 PMCID: PMC8821599 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies constitute a promising class of targeted anticancer agents that enhance natural immune system functions to suppress cancer cell activity and eliminate cancer cells. The successful application of IgG monoclonal antibodies has inspired the development of various types of therapeutic antibodies, such as antibody fragments, bispecific antibodies, and antibody derivatives (e.g., antibody–drug conjugates and immunocytokines). The miniaturization and multifunctionalization of antibodies are flexible and viable strategies for diagnosing or treating malignant tumors in a complex tumor environment. In this review, we summarize antibodies of various molecular types, antibody applications in cancer therapy, and details of clinical study advances. We also discuss the rationale and mechanism of action of various antibody formats, including antibody–drug conjugates, antibody–oligonucleotide conjugates, bispecific/multispecific antibodies, immunocytokines, antibody fragments, and scaffold proteins. With advances in modern biotechnology, well-designed novel antibodies are finally paving the way for successful treatments of various cancers, including precise tumor immunotherapy, in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Jin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Ning
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Precision Medicine on Tumor Therapeutics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311200, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Liqiang Pan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang Province, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
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27
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Yi M, Zheng X, Niu M, Zhu S, Ge H, Wu K. Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:28. [PMID: 35062949 PMCID: PMC8780712 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 219.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 rescue T cells from exhausted status and revive immune response against cancer cells. Based on the immense success in clinical trials, ten α-PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, sintilimab, camrelizumab, toripalimab, tislelizumab, zimberelimab, prolgolimab, and dostarlimab) and three α-PD-L1 antibodies (atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab) have been approved for various types of cancers. Nevertheless, the low response rate of α-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy remains to be resolved. For most cancer patients, PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is not the sole speed-limiting factor of antitumor immunity, and it is insufficient to motivate effective antitumor immune response by blocking PD-1/PD-L1 axis. It has been validated that some combination therapies, including α-PD-1/PD-L1 plus chemotherapy, radiotherapy, angiogenesis inhibitors, targeted therapy, other immune checkpoint inhibitors, agonists of the co-stimulatory molecule, stimulator of interferon genes agonists, fecal microbiota transplantation, epigenetic modulators, or metabolic modulators, have superior antitumor efficacies and higher response rates. Moreover, bifunctional or bispecific antibodies containing α-PD-1/PD-L1 moiety also elicited more potent antitumor activity. These combination strategies simultaneously boost multiple processes in cancer-immunity cycle, remove immunosuppressive brakes, and orchestrate an immunosupportive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarized the synergistic antitumor efficacies and mechanisms of α-PD-1/PD-L1 in combination with other therapies. Moreover, we focused on the advances of α-PD-1/PD-L1-based immunomodulatory strategies in clinical studies. Given the heterogeneity across patients and cancer types, individualized combination selection could improve the effects of α-PD-1/PD-L1-based immunomodulatory strategies and relieve treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Hong Ge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
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28
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Zhao J, Jiang L, Yang H, Deng L, Meng X, Ding J, Yang S, Zhao L, Xu W, Wang X, Zhu Z, Huang H. A strategy for the efficient construction of anti-PD1-based bispecific antibodies with desired IgG-like properties. MAbs 2022; 14:2044435. [PMID: 35239451 PMCID: PMC8896178 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2044435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting PD1/PDL1 with blocking antibodies for cancer therapy has shown promising benefits in the clinic, but only approximately 20-30% of patients develop durable clinical responses to the treatment. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) that combine PD1/PDL1 blockade with the modulation of another immune checkpoint target may have greater potential to enhance immune checkpoint blockade therapy. In this study, we identified an anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody, 609A, whose heavy chain can pair with a variety of light chains from different antibodies while maintaining its PD1 binding/blocking activity. Taking advantage of this property and using a linear F(ab')2 format, we successfully produced a series of tetravalent IgG-like BsAbs that simultaneously target PD1 and other immune checkpoint targets, including PDL1 and CTLA4. The BsAbs exhibited superior bioactivities in vitro and in vivo compared to their respective parental mAbs. Importantly, the BsAbs demonstrated the desired IgG-like physicochemical properties in terms of high-level expression, ease of purification to homogeneity, good stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics. In summary, we describe a novel and flexible plug-and-play platform to engineer IgG-like BsAbs with excellent development potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangfeng Jiang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Haodong Yang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Deng
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Sixing Yang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenping Zhu
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Haomin Huang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
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29
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Zhu SD, Zhang J, Liu XJ, Zhang JH, Wei B, Wang WY, Fan YJ, Li D, Cao YX, Zhan L. NLRC5 Might Promote Endometrial Cancer Progression by Inducing PD-L1 Expression. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221112742. [PMID: 35880269 PMCID: PMC9340384 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221112742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, caspase recruitment (CARD) domain containing 5 (NLRC5) was dysregulated in endometrial cancer (EC). However, the potential regulatory mechanisms of NLRC5 in EC remained unclear. We aimed to explore whether NLRC5 could regulate the programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) in EC. We also investigated the related molecular which led to the inactivation of NLRC5 in EC. Methods: The expressions of NLRC5 and PD-L1 in endometrium tissue microarray were detected by immunohistochemistry. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to detect the expression correlation between NLRC5 and PD-L1. Immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the role of NLRC5 in PD-L1 in EC cell lines. The somatic mutation in EC patients was detected by whole-exome sequencing (WGS). Results: NLRC5 was downregulated in the endometrium of EC patients when compared to those in the normal endometrium. The level of PD-L1 in the endometrium of EC patients was higher when compared to those in the normal endometrium. There was a negative expression correlation between NLRC5 and PD-L1. NLRC5 could promote the expression of PD-L1 in EC cell lines. The mutations of ANKRD20A2, C2orf42, ADGRB3, AVPR2, GOLGA6C, and IPPK may lead to the downregulation of NLRC5 in EC patients. Conclusion: NLRC5 could inhibit the activation of PD-L1 in EC. Mutations of ANKRD20A2, C2orf42, ADGRB3, AVPR2, GOLGA6C, and IPPK may lead to the downregulation of NLRC5 in EC patients. Future study should investigate the mechanism of NLRC5 in PD-L1, as well as the mechanism of ANKRD20A2, C2orf42, ADGRB3, AVPR2, GOLGA6C, and IPPK in NLRC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ding Zhu
- 533251The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- 533251The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liu
- 533251The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hui Zhang
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wei
- 533251The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yan Wang
- 533251The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jun Fan
- 533251The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- 533251The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Xia Cao
- 36639The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhan
- 533251The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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30
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Wu Y, Yi M, Zhu S, Wang H, Wu K. Recent advances and challenges of bispecific antibodies in solid tumors. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:56. [PMID: 34922633 PMCID: PMC8684149 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made remarkable progress in the past decade. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have acquired much attention as the next generation strategy of antibody-target cancer immunotherapy, which overwhelmingly focus on T cell recruitment and dual receptors blockade. So far, BsAb drugs have been proved clinically effective and approved for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but no BsAb have been approved in solid tumors. Numerous designed BsAb drugs for solid tumors are now undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. In this review, we will introduce the formats of bispecific antibodies, and then update the latest preclinical studies and clinical trials in solid tumors of BsAbs targeting EpCAM, CEA, PMSA, ErbB family, and so on. Finally, we discuss the BsAb-related adverse effects and the alternative strategy for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Beijing Anjianxi Medicinal Technology Co., Ltd., No.2 Cuiwei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100036, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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31
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Wang Q, Bardhan K, Boussiotis VA, Patsoukis N. The PD-1 Interactome. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100758. [PMID: 34170628 PMCID: PMC10754315 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is a fine-tuned process that involves T cell receptor and costimulation signals. To prevent undue activation of T cells, inhibitory molecules including PD-1 (programmed death 1) are induced and function as brakes for T cell signaling. In a steady state, the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands PD-L1 (B7-H1, CD274) and PD-L2 (B7-DC, CD273) maintains peripheral immune tolerance. However, the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells and interaction with PD-1 on T cells dampen anti-tumor immunity. Therapeutic inhibitors of the PD-1 pathway have revolutionized tumor immunotherapy. Unfortunately, the majority of patients do not develop sustained anti-tumor responses. However, the knowledge about unique PD-1 interactions and their role in mediating PD-1 inhibitory signals is currently limited. Advances in the mechanistic understanding of the molecular and signaling integration of the PD-1 pathway could unleash the great potential in tumor immunotherapy by allowing the development of combinatorial approaches that target not only PD-1 and its ligands but also its unique downstream signal mediators. In this review, the current advances in understanding the mechanisms of extracellular and intracellular PD-1 interactions and their significance in potential future therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kankana Bardhan
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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32
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Mensali N, Dillard P, Fayzullin A, Köksal H, Gaudernack G, Kvalheim G, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. "Built-in" PD-1 blocker to rescue NK-92 activity from PD-L1-mediated tumor escape mechanisms. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21750. [PMID: 34424568 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100025r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Success of adoptive cell therapy mainly depends on the ability of immune cells to persist and function optimally in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Although present at the cancer site, immune cells become exhausted and/or inhibited, due to the presence of inhibitory receptors such as PD-L1 on malignant cells. Novel genetic strategies to manipulate the PD1/PD-L1 axis comprise (i) PD-1 reversion where the receptor intracellular domain is replaced with an activating unit, (ii) the use of anti-PD-L1 CAR or (iii) the disruption of the PD-1 gene. We here present an alternative strategy to equip therapeutic cells with a truncated PD-1 (tPD-1) to abrogate PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. We show that engagement of tPD-1 with PD-L1-positive tumor unleashes NK-92 activity in vitro. Furthermore, this binding was sufficiently strong to induce killing of targets otherwise not recognized by NK-92, thus increasing the range of targets. In vivo treatment with NK-92 tPD-1 cells led to reduced tumor growth and improved survival. Importantly, tPD-1 did not interfere with tumor recognition in PD-L1 negative conditions. Thus, tPD-1 represents a straightforward method for improving antitumor immunity and revealing new targets through PD-L1 positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mensali
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Artem Fayzullin
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakan Köksal
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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33
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Unleashing the power of NK cells in anticancer immunotherapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:337-349. [PMID: 34374809 PMCID: PMC8843917 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to their physiological role in removing damaged cells, natural killer (NK) cells represent ideal candidates for cellular immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Thereby, the cytotoxicity of NK cells is regulated by signals on both, the NK cells as well as the targeted tumor cells, and the interplay and balance of these signals determine the killing capacity of NK cells. One promising avenue in cancer treatment is therefore the combination of NK cell therapy with agents that either help to increase the killing capacity of NK cells or sensitize tumor cells to an NK cell-mediated attack. In this mini-review, we present different strategies that can be explored to unleash the potential of NK cell immunotherapy. In particular, we summarize how modulation of apoptosis signaling within tumor cells can be exploited to sensitize tumor cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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34
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Elshiaty M, Schindler H, Christopoulos P. Principles and Current Clinical Landscape of Multispecific Antibodies against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5632. [PMID: 34073188 PMCID: PMC8198225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Building upon the resounding therapeutic success of monoclonal antibodies, and supported by accelerating progress in engineering methods, the field of multispecific therapeutic antibodies is growing rapidly. Over 140 different molecules are currently in clinical testing, with excellent results in recent phase 1-3 clinical trials for several of them. Multivalent bispecific IgG-modified formats predominate today, with a clear tendency for more target antigens and further increased valency in newer constructs. The strategies to augment anticancer efficacy are currently equally divided between disruption of multiple surface antigens, and additional redirection of cytotoxic T or NK lymphocytes against the tumor. Both effects complement other modern modalities, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, with which multispecifics are increasingly applied in combination or merged, for example, in the form of antibody producing CAR-T cells and oncolytics. While mainly focused on B-cell malignancies early on, the contemporary multispecific antibody sector accommodates twice as many trials against solid compared to hematologic cancers. An exciting emerging prospect is the targeting of intracellular neoantigens using T-cell receptor (TCR) fusion proteins or TCR-mimic antibody fragments. Considering the fact that introduction of PD-(L)1 inhibitors only a few years ago has already facilitated 5-year survival rates of 30-50% for per se highly lethal neoplasms, such as metastatic melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma, the upcoming enforcement of current treatments with "next-generation" immunotherapeutics, offers a justified hope for the cure of some advanced cancers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Elshiaty
- Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.E.); (H.S.)
- Translational Lung Cancer Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Schindler
- Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.E.); (H.S.)
- Translational Lung Cancer Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.E.); (H.S.)
- Translational Lung Cancer Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Hellmann MD, Bivi N, Calderon B, Shimizu T, Delafontaine B, Liu ZT, Szpurka AM, Copeland V, Hodi FS, Rottey S, Aftimos P, Piao Y, Gandhi L, Galvao VR, Leow CC, Doi T. Safety and Immunogenicity of LY3415244, a Bispecific Antibody Against TIM-3 and PD-L1, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2773-2781. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wan C, Keany MP, Dong H, Al-Alem LF, Pandya UM, Lazo S, Boehnke K, Lynch KN, Xu R, Zarrella DT, Gu S, Cejas P, Lim K, Long HW, Elias KM, Horowitz NS, Feltmate CM, Muto MG, Worley MJ, Berkowitz RS, Matulonis UA, Nucci MR, Crum CP, Rueda BR, Brown M, Liu XS, Hill SJ. Enhanced Efficacy of Simultaneous PD-1 and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 81:158-173. [PMID: 33158814 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune therapies have had limited efficacy in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), as the cellular targets and mechanism(s) of action of these agents in HGSC are unknown. Here we performed immune functional and single-cell RNA sequencing transcriptional profiling on novel HGSC organoid/immune cell co-cultures treated with a unique bispecific anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody compared with monospecific anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 controls. Comparing the functions of these agents across all immune cell types in real time identified key immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targets that have eluded currently available monospecific therapies. The bispecific antibody induced superior cellular state changes in both T and natural killer (NK) cells. It uniquely induced NK cells to transition from inert to more active and cytotoxic phenotypes, implicating NK cells as a key missing component of the current ICB-induced immune response in HGSC. It also induced a subset of CD8 T cells to transition from naïve to more active and cytotoxic progenitor-exhausted phenotypes post-treatment, revealing the small, previously uncharacterized population of CD8 T cells responding to ICB in HGSC. These state changes were driven partially through bispecific antibody-induced downregulation of the bromodomain-containing protein BRD1. Small-molecule inhibition of BRD1 induced similar state changes in vitro and demonstrated efficacy in vivo, validating the co-culture results. Our results demonstrate that state changes in both NK and a subset of T cells may be critical in inducing an effective anti-tumor immune response and suggest that immune therapies able to induce such cellular state changes, such as BRD1 inhibitors, may have increased efficacy in HGSC. SIGNIFICANCE: This study indicates that increased efficacy of immune therapies in ovarian cancer is driven by state changes of NK and small subsets of CD8 T cells into active and cytotoxic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxin Wan
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew P Keany
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Han Dong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linah F Al-Alem
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Unnati M Pandya
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suzan Lazo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karsten Boehnke
- Oncology Translational Research, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Katherine N Lynch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rui Xu
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Internal Medicine, Shaanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Dominique T Zarrella
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shengqing Gu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paloma Cejas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Klothilda Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin M Elias
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neil S Horowitz
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Colleen M Feltmate
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael G Muto
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Worley
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ross S Berkowitz
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ursula A Matulonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marisa R Nucci
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher P Crum
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bo R Rueda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaole Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Hill
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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