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Li X, Tian S, Shi H, Ta N, Ni X, Bai C, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Shi D, Huang H, Chen L, Hu Z, Qu L, Fang Y, Bai C. The golden key to open mystery boxes of SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated thoracic tumor: focusing immunotherapy, tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulation. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:687-697. [PMID: 38347129 PMCID: PMC11101339 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated thoracic tumor is extremely invasive. This tumor with poor prognosis is easily confused with SMARCA4-deficent non-small cell lung cancer or sarcoma. Standard and efficient treatment has not been established. In this review, we summarized the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis, reviewed current and proposed innovative strategies for treatment and improving prognosis. Immunotherapy, targeting tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulator have improved the prognosis of cancer patients. We summarized clinicopathological features and immunotherapy strategies and analyzed the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with SMARCA4-UT who received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In addition, we proposed the feasibility of epigenetic regulation in the treatment of SMARCA4-UT. To our knowledge, this is the first review that aims to explore innovative strategies for targeting tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulation and identify potential benefit population for immunotherapy to improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No. 906 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Ningbo, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China.
| | - Na Ta
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Ni
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Bai
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanli Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Dongchen Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Longpei Chen
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhong Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China.
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2
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Morino S, Mashima T, Shirai F, Nagayama S, Katayama R, Seimiya H. BET protein-dependent E2F pathway activity confers bell-shaped type resistance to tankyrase inhibitors in APC-mutated colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 584:216632. [PMID: 38216082 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
WNT/β-catenin signaling is aberrantly activated in colorectal cancer (CRC) mainly by loss-of-function mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and is involved in tumor progression. Tankyrase inhibitors, which suppress WNT/β-catenin signaling, are currently in pre-clinical and clinical trials. However, the mechanisms of resistance to tankyrase inhibitors remain unclear. In this study, we established tankyrase inhibitor-resistant CRC cells, JC73-RK100, from APC-mutated patient-derived CRC cells. JC73-RK100 cells and several CRC cell lines were sensitive to tankyrase inhibitors at low concentrations but were resistant at high concentrations, showing an intrinsic/acquired bell-shaped dose response. Mechanistically, tankyrase inhibitors at high concentrations promoted BRD3/4-dependent E2F target gene transcription and over-activated cell cycle progression in these cells. BET inhibitors canceled the bell-shaped dose response to tankyrase inhibitors. Combination of tankyrase and BET inhibitors significantly suppressed tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. These observations suggest that the combination of tankyrase and BET inhibitors may be a useful therapeutic approach to overcome the resistance of a subset of CRCs to tankyrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Morino
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mashima
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Shirai
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagayama
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Surgery, Uji-Tokushukai Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Katayama
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan; Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
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Ma T, Chen Y, Yi ZG, Li YH, Bai J, Li LJ, Zhang LS. BET in hematologic tumors: Immunity, pathogenesis, clinical trials and drug combinations. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2306-2319. [PMID: 37554207 PMCID: PMC10404881 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins act as "readers" for lysine acetylation and facilitate the recruitment of transcriptional elongation complexes. BET protein is associated with transcriptional elongation of genes such as c-MYC and BCL-2, and is involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Meanwhile, BET inhibitors (BETi) have regulatory effects on immune checkpoints, immune cells, and cytokine expression. The role of BET proteins and BETi in a variety of tumors has been studied. This paper reviews the recent research progress of BET and BETi in hematologic tumors (mainly leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma) from cellular level studies, animal studies, clinical trials, drug combination, etc. BETi has a promising future in hematologic tumors, and future research directions may focus on the combination with other drugs to improve the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yi
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Li-Juan Li
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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4
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ARID1A loss induces polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell chemotaxis and promotes prostate cancer progression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7281. [PMID: 36435834 PMCID: PMC9701216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and an immunosuppressive microenvironment promote prostate cancer (PCa) progression and diminish the response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies. However, it remains unclear how and to what extent these two events are coordinated. Here, we show that ARID1A, a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, functions downstream of inflammation-induced IKKβ activation to shape the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Prostate-specific deletion of Arid1a cooperates with Pten loss to accelerate prostate tumorigenesis. We identify polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) as the major infiltrating immune cell type that causes immune evasion and reveal that neutralization of PMN-MDSCs restricts the progression of Arid1a-deficient tumors. Mechanistically, inflammatory cues activate IKKβ to phosphorylate ARID1A, leading to its degradation via β-TRCP. ARID1A downregulation in turn silences the enhancer of A20 deubiquitinase, a critical negative regulator of NF-κB signaling, and thereby unleashes CXCR2 ligand-mediated MDSC chemotaxis. Importantly, our results support the therapeutic strategy of anti-NF-κB antibody or targeting CXCR2 combined with ICB for advanced PCa. Together, our findings highlight that the IKKβ/ARID1A/NF-κB feedback axis integrates inflammation and immunosuppression to promote PCa progression.
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Zhang M, Wang G, Ma Z, Xiong G, Wang W, Huang Z, Wan Y, Xu X, Hoyle RG, Yi C, Hou J, Liu X, Chen D, Li J, Wang C. BET inhibition triggers antitumor immunity by enhancing MHC class I expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3394-3413. [PMID: 35923111 PMCID: PMC9637808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BET inhibition has been shown to have a promising antitumor effect in multiple tumors. However, the impact of BET inhibition on antitumor immunity was still not well documented in HNSCC. In this study, we aim to assess the functional role of BET inhibition in antitumor immunity and clarify its mechanism. We show that BRD4 is highly expressed in HNSCC and inversely correlated with the infiltration of CD8+ T cells. BET inhibition potentiates CD8+ T cell-based antitumor immunity in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, BRD4 acts as a transcriptional suppressor and represses the expression of MHC class I molecules by recruiting G9a. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic depletion of BRD4 potently increases the expression of MHC class I molecules in the absence and presence of IFN-γ. Moreover, compared to PD-1 blocking antibody treatment or JQ1 treatment individually, the combination of BET inhibition with anti-PD-1 antibody treatment significantly enhances the antitumor response in HNSCC. Taken together, our data unveil a novel mechanism by which BET inhibition potentiates antitumor immunity via promoting the expression of MHC class I molecules and provides a rationale for the combination of ICBs with BET inhibitors for HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China
| | - Ganping Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhikun Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA
| | - Gan Xiong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China
| | - Zhengxian Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China
| | - Yuehan Wan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China
| | - Xiuyun Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China
| | - Rosalie G Hoyle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA
| | - Chen Yi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China
| | - Jinsong Hou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Demeng Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA; Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51055, China.
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van der Noord VE, van de Water B, Le Dévédec SE. Targeting the Heterogeneous Genomic Landscape in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer through Inhibitors of the Transcriptional Machinery. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4353. [PMID: 36139513 PMCID: PMC9496798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer defined by lack of the estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Although TNBC tumors contain a wide variety of oncogenic mutations and copy number alterations, the direct targeting of these alterations has failed to substantially improve therapeutic efficacy. This efficacy is strongly limited by interpatient and intratumor heterogeneity, and thereby a lack in uniformity of targetable drivers. Most of these genetic abnormalities eventually drive specific transcriptional programs, which may be a general underlying vulnerability. Currently, there are multiple selective inhibitors, which target the transcriptional machinery through transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13 and bromodomain extra-terminal motif (BET) proteins, including BRD4. In this review, we discuss how inhibitors of the transcriptional machinery can effectively target genetic abnormalities in TNBC, and how these abnormalities can influence sensitivity to these inhibitors. These inhibitors target the genomic landscape in TNBC by specifically suppressing MYC-driven transcription, inducing further DNA damage, improving anti-cancer immunity, and preventing drug resistance against MAPK and PI3K-targeted therapies. Because the transcriptional machinery enables transcription and propagation of multiple cancer drivers, it may be a promising target for (combination) treatment, especially of heterogeneous malignancies, including TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvia E. Le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sorrentino A, Menevse AN, Michels T, Volpin V, Durst FC, Sax J, Xydia M, Hussein A, Stamova S, Spoerl S, Heuschneider N, Muehlbauer J, Jeltsch KM, Rathinasamy A, Werner-Klein M, Breinig M, Mikietyn D, Kohler C, Poschke I, Purr S, Reidell O, Martins Freire C, Offringa R, Gebhard C, Spang R, Rehli M, Boutros M, Schmidl C, Khandelwal N, Beckhove P. Salt-inducible kinase 3 protects tumor cells from cytotoxic T-cell attack by promoting TNF-induced NF-κB activation. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004258. [PMID: 35606086 PMCID: PMC9174898 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapeutic strategies showed unprecedented results in the clinic. However, many patients do not respond to immuno-oncological treatments due to the occurrence of a plethora of immunological obstacles, including tumor intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to cytotoxic T-cell (TC) attack. Thus, a deeper understanding of these mechanisms is needed to develop successful immunotherapies. METHODS To identify novel genes that protect tumor cells from effective TC-mediated cytotoxicity, we performed a genetic screening in pancreatic cancer cells challenged with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and antigen-specific TCs. RESULTS The screening revealed 108 potential genes that protected tumor cells from TC attack. Among them, salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) was one of the strongest hits identified in the screening. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibitions of SIK3 in tumor cells dramatically increased TC-mediated cytotoxicity in several in vitro coculture models, using different sources of tumor and TCs. Consistently, adoptive TC transfer of TILs led to tumor growth inhibition of SIK3-depleted cancer cells in vivo. Mechanistic analysis revealed that SIK3 rendered tumor cells susceptible to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secreted by tumor-activated TCs. SIK3 promoted nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and inhibited caspase-8 and caspase-9 after TNF stimulation. Chromatin accessibility and transcriptome analyses showed that SIK3 knockdown profoundly impaired the expression of prosurvival genes under the TNF-NF-κB axis. TNF stimulation led to SIK3-dependent phosphorylation of the NF-κB upstream regulators inhibitory-κB kinase and NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha on the one side, and to inhibition of histone deacetylase 4 on the other side, thus sustaining NF-κB activation and nuclear stabilization. A SIK3-dependent gene signature of TNF-mediated NF-κB activation was found in a majority of pancreatic cancers where it correlated with increased cytotoxic TC activity and poor prognosis. CONCLUSION Our data reveal an abundant molecular mechanism that protects tumor cells from cytotoxic TC attack and demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of this pathway is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sorrentino
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ayse Nur Menevse
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tillmann Michels
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valentina Volpin
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Julian Sax
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Xydia
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Abir Hussein
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Slava Stamova
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Spoerl
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Heuschneider
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Muehlbauer
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Anchana Rathinasamy
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Werner-Klein
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marco Breinig
- Signalling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz-University Group 'Cell Plasticity and Epigenetic Remodeling', German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Damian Mikietyn
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kohler
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Poschke
- Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Immune Monitoring Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Purr
- Joint Immunotherapeutics Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivia Reidell
- Research Department, iOmx Therapeutics, Munich/Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Rienk Offringa
- Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhard
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spang
- Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Signalling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidl
- Junior Group 'Epigenetic Immunooncology', Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nisit Khandelwal
- Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Department, iOmx Therapeutics, Munich/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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