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Jin Y, Choi J, Won J, Hong Y. The Relationship between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Melatonin during Fetal Development. Molecules 2018; 23:E198. [PMID: 29346266 PMCID: PMC6017261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to clarify the interrelationship between melatonin and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during fetal development. ASD refers to a diverse range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social deficits, impaired communication, and stereotyped or repetitive behaviors. Melatonin, which is secreted by the pineal gland, has well-established neuroprotective and circadian entraining effects. During pregnancy, the hormone crosses the placenta into the fetal circulation and transmits photoperiodic information to the fetus allowing the establishment of normal sleep patterns and circadian rhythms that are essential for normal neurodevelopment. Melatonin synthesis is frequently impaired in patients with ASD. The hormone reduces oxidative stress, which is harmful to the central nervous system. Therefore, the neuroprotective and circadian entraining roles of melatonin may reduce the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Jeonghyun Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Jinyoung Won
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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Jin Y, Hur TY, Hong Y. Circadian Rhythm Disruption and Subsequent Neurological Disorders in Night-Shift Workers. J Lifestyle Med 2017; 7:45-50. [PMID: 29026723 PMCID: PMC5618733 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2017.7.2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of people in highly industrialized society are employed in night-shift work. Night-shift work interrupts the 24-hour daily cycle known as the circadian rhythm, as well as melatonin synthesis. These disruptions can make the body susceptible to oxidative stress and neural damage. In this regard, it is recommended that employees avoid long-term exposure to night-shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | | | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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3
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Oladi E, Mohamadi M, Shamspur T, Mostafavi A. Spectrofluorimetric determination of melatonin in kernels of four different Pistacia varieties after ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 132:326-329. [PMID: 24878439 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is normally consumed to regulate the body's biological cycle. However it also has therapeutic properties, such as anti-tumor, anti-aging and protects the immune system. There are some reports on the presence of melatonin in edible kernels such as walnuts, but the extraction of melatonin from pistachio kernels is reported here for the first time. For this, the methanolic extract of pistachio kernels was exposed to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis which confirmed the presence of melatonin. A fluorescence-based method was applied for the determination of melatonin in different extracts. When excited at λ=275 nm, the fluorescence emission intensity of melatonin was measured at λ=366 nm. Ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction was used for the extraction of melatonin from pistachio kernels prior to fluorimetric determination. To achieve the highest extraction recovery, the main parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as extracting solvent type and volume, temperature, sonication time and pH were evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, a linear dependence of fluorescence intensity on melatonin concentration was observed in the range of 0.0040-0.160 μg mL(-1), with a detection limit of 0.0036 μg mL(-1). This method was applied successfully for measuring and comparing the melatonin content in the kernels of four different varieties of Pistacia including Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Kalle Qouchi and Fandoghi. In addition, the results obtained were compared with those obtained using GC/MS. A good agreement was observed indicating the reliability of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Oladi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Young Research Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohamadi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Young Research Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Shamspur
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Phytochemistry Groups, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mostafavi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Phytochemistry Groups, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
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Rhee JS, Kim BM, Lee BY, Hwang UK, Lee YS, Lee JS. Cloning of circadian rhythmic pathway genes and perturbation of oscillation patterns in endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)-exposed mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 164:11-20. [PMID: 24726801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on the circadian rhythm pathway, we cloned clock and circadian rhythmic pathway-associated genes (e.g. Per2, Cry1, Cry2, and BMAL1) in the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus. The promoter region of Km-clock had 1 aryl hydrocarbon receptor element (AhRE, GTGCGTGACA) and 8 estrogen receptor (ER) half-sites, indicating that the AhRE and ER half sites would likely be associated with regulation of clock protein activity during EDCs-induced cellular stress. The Km-clock protein domains (bHLH, PAS1, PAS2) were highly conserved in five additional fish species (zebrafish, Japanese medaka, Southern platyfish, Nile tilapia, and spotted green pufferfish), suggesting that the fish clock protein may play an important role in controlling endogenous circadian rhythms. The promoter regions of Km-BMAL1, -Cry1, -Cry2, and -Per2 were found to contain several xenobiotic response elements (XREs), indicating that EDCs may be able to alter the expression of these genes. To analyze the endogenous circadian rhythm in K. marmoratus, we measured expression of Km-clock and other circadian rhythmic genes (e.g. Per2, Cry1, Cry2, and BMAL1) in different tissues, and found ubiquitous expression, although there were different patterns of transcript amplification during different developmental stages. In an estrogen (E2)-exposed group, Km-clock expression was down-regulated, however, a hydroxytamoxifen (TMX, nonsteroid estrogen antagonist)-exposed group showed an upregulated pattern of Km-clock expression, suggesting that the expression of Km-clock is closely associated with exposure to EDCs. In response to the exposure of bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tert-octyphenol (OP), Km-clock expression was down-regulated in the pituitary/brain, muscle, and skin in both gender types (hermaphrodite and secondary male). In juvenile K. marmoratus liver tissue, expression of Km-clock and other circadian rhythmic pathway-associated genes showed a regular oscillation pattern over a period of approximately 24h during a 12L:12D cycle. However, the circadian rhythm of BPA-exposed juvenile K. marmoratus liver tissue was perturbed over a 12L:12D period. This study will aid in our understanding of how EDCs perturb endogenous circadian rhythms, particularly in BPA-exposed fish liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, South Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Bo-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Un-Ki Hwang
- Marine Ecological Risk Assessment Center, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Incheon 400-420, South Korea
| | - Yong Sung Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
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Modeling of glycolytic wave propagation in an open spatial reactor with inhomogeneous substrate influx. Biosystems 2009; 97:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bagyan S, Mair T, Dulos E, Boissonade J, De Kepper P, Müller SC. Glycolytic oscillations and waves in an open spatial reactor: Impact of feedback regulation of phosphofructokinase. Biophys Chem 2005; 116:67-76. [PMID: 15911083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An open spatial reactor has been designed for the investigation of spatio-temporal dynamics of glycolysis. The reactor consists of a diffusive layer made of gel-fixed yeast extract which is in contact with a continuously stirred reservoir to supply this layer with substrates. The coupling between reaction and diffusion in the gel layer enables the formation of spatio-temporal patterns. Temporal oscillations of glycolysis are simply induced by feeding the yeast extract with sugar. Under properly chosen conditions, these oscillations sustain for more than 12 h. A necessary prerequisite for the generation of oscillations is that the ATP concentration in the feeding solution must be high enough to allow for negative feedback of phosphofructokinase. Otherwise, the interplay between ATP-consuming and ATP-producing reactions leads to an unfavorable low ATP/AMP ratio. The generation of travelling NADH-waves is observed in the diffusive layer, when feeding the yeast extract with substrates. Break-up of circular-shaped waves is repeatedly observed, resulting in the formation of rotating NADH-spirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satenik Bagyan
- Institute of Experimental Physic, Group of Biophysics, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Reijenga KA, van Megen YMGA, Kooi BW, Bakker BM, Snoep JL, van Verseveld HW, Westerhoff HV. Yeast glycolytic oscillations that are not controlled by a single oscillophore: a new definition of oscillophore strength. J Theor Biol 2005; 232:385-98. [PMID: 15572063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2003] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical oscillations, such as glycolytic oscillations, are often believed to be caused by a single so-called 'oscillophore'. The main characteristics of yeast glycolytic oscillations, such as frequency and amplitude, are however controlled by several enzymes. In this paper, we develop a method to quantify to which extent any enzyme determines the occurrence of oscillations. Principles extrapolated from metabolic control analysis are applied to calculate the control exerted by individual enzymes on the real and imaginary parts of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix. We propose that the control exerted by an enzyme on the real part of the smallest eigenvalue, in terms of absolute value, quantifies to which extent that enzyme contributes to the emergence of instability. Likewise the control exerted by an enzyme on the imaginary part of complex eigenvalues may serve to quantify the extent to which that enzyme contributes to the tendency of the system to oscillate. The method was applied both to a core model and to a realistic model of yeast glycolytic oscillations. Both the control over stability and the control over oscillatory tendency were distributed among several enzymes, of which glucose transport, pyruvate decarboxylase and ATP utilization were the most important. The distributions of control were different for stability and oscillatory tendency, showing that control of instability does not imply control of oscillatory tendency nor vice versa. The control coefficients summed up to 1, suggesting the existence of a new summation theorem. These results constitute proof that glycolytic oscillations in yeast are not caused by a single oscillophore and provide a new, subtle, definition for the oscillophore strength of an enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Reijenga
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, CRbCS, BioCentrum Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Patnaik PR. Oscillatory metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: an overview of mechanisms and models. Biotechnol Adv 2003; 21:183-92. [PMID: 14499128 DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(03)00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae displays steady oscillations in continuous cultures under certain conditions. Oscillatory responses are important both metabolically and in process applications. Although much information has become available, a definitive theory to explain and model these oscillations is yet to be formulated. Models of oscillatory cultivation have focussed primarily either on intracellular reactions or on transport processes coupled to substantially lumped intracellular kinetics. This review discusses the development of the models and the directions they provide for a comprehensive model of oscillatory metabolism.
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Reijenga KA, Westerhoff HV, Kholodenko BN, Snoep JL. Control analysis for autonomously oscillating biochemical networks. Biophys J 2002; 82:99-108. [PMID: 11751299 PMCID: PMC1302452 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has hitherto not been possible to analyze the control of oscillatory dynamic cellular processes in other than qualitative ways. The control coefficients, used in metabolic control analyses of steady states, cannot be applied directly to dynamic systems. We here illustrate a way out of this limitation that uses Fourier transforms to convert the time domain into the stationary frequency domain, and then analyses the control of limit cycle oscillations. In addition to the already known summation theorems for frequency and amplitude, we reveal summation theorems that apply to the control of average value, waveform, and phase differences of the oscillations. The approach is made fully operational in an analysis of yeast glycolytic oscillations. It follows an experimental approach, sampling from the model output and using discrete Fourier transforms of this data set. It quantifies the control of various aspects of the oscillations by the external glucose concentration and by various internal molecular processes. We show that the control of various oscillatory properties is distributed over the system enzymes in ways that differ among those properties. The models that are described in this paper can be accessed on http://jjj.biochem.sun.ac.za.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Reijenga
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, BioCentrum Amsterdam, Faculty of Biology, Vrije Universiteit, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, EU
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10
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Effect of circadian phase on context and cued fear conditioning in C57BL/6J mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03192822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hirshberg B, Veldhuis JD, Sarlis NJ. Diurnal thyrotropin secretion in short-term profound primary hypothyroidism: does it ever persist? Thyroid 2000; 10:1101-6. [PMID: 11201856 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2000.10.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels in euthyroid humans show a definite circadian variation, which is maintained in both mild hyperthyroidism and mild hypothyroidism. Yet conflicting data exist with regard to whether this variation persists in at least some patients with severe primary hypothyroidism. We, therefore, studied the diurnal variation in serum TSH in 10 patients (age range 20 to 84 years) with a history of thyroid failure due to prior total thyroidectomy and radioiodine (RAI) ablative treatment performed for thyroid cancer after short-term discontinuation of thyroid hormone (TH) therapy. Serum TSH was measured hourly for a 24-hour period. All data were normalized by converting the TSH values to a percentage (%), designating the 11:00 hour value as 100% (baseline). The average serum TSH levels were markedly elevated in all patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the TSH % values at any time during the 24-hour period when compared with baseline. Further, cosine regression analysis showed absence of rhythmicity in TSH % values over time; notably, no patient showed a variation in TSH % values > or = 15% of baseline. In conclusion, diurnal rhythmicity in serum TSH levels was abolished in a uniform cohort of patients with short-term severe primary hypothyroidism. We speculate that the complete lack of peripheral negative feedback input to the hypothalamus or pituitary or both may override the central rhythm-sustaining influences on TSH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hirshberg
- Division of Intramural Research, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1758, USA
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Abstract
To investigate the organization of diurnal rhythmicity during gestation, the relationship between daily cycles of maternal and fetal heart rate were measured in long-term studies of healthy chronically instrumented pregnant baboons. In each of six pregnancies, hourly mean values over a 168 h time series were obtained during a 7 to 10 day interval between 135 and 160 days of gestation. Data were modeled by a least squares fit to a cosine function with a period of 24 h. Hourly mean heart rate in the fetus ranged from 161 to 172 bpm (167.9+/-0.6 bpm), and the mother from 105 to 125 bpm (107.9+/-1.4 bpm). The amplitude of the daily fluctuations were 15 to 25 bpm for the fetuses and 25 to 60 bpm for the mothers. The relation between time series data and model estimates were significant (P < 0.001) in all cases with aggregate r2 = 0.747 for fetuses and 0.737 for the mothers. On average the time of day of the peak in fetal heart rate (15:05+/-0.3 h) was about 45 min after the maternal peak (14:21+/-0.4 h). This phase delay was significant (t = 2.63, P < 0.05). There was significant (P < 0.01) diurnal periodicity for each of six parameters used to assess different aspects of fetal heart rate variability with peak variability at night (23:00 to 2:00). Thus, during the latter third of pregnancy in both the maternal and fetal baboon 24 h periodicities of heart rate are present with peak rates in the midafternoon. The daily rhythms in fetal heart rate are linked with periodicities in maternal heart rate with a phase delay in the majority of cases. The synchrony of 24 h fluctuations in rate with parameters of rate variability is consistent with diurnal input into the fetal autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
Several new molecular components of the circadian clocks of animals, fungi, and bacteria have been unveiled in the past two years. Enough parts are now identified to indicate that there is more than one way to build a biological clock, although there are parallels in the cycling molecular events among disparate groups of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Golden
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.
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Richardson VM, Santostefano MJ, Birnbaum LS. Daily cycle of bHLH-PAS proteins, Ah receptor and Arnt, in multiple tissues of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 252:225-31. [PMID: 9813174 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) shares a common PAS domain with a number of genes that exhibit a pronounced circadian rhythm. Therefore, this study examined the daily cycle of AhR and AhR nuclear translocator (Arnt) protein expression in multiple tissues of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were euthanized at 4, 7, and 11 am and 4, 7, and 11 pm after which whole tissue homogenates were made from multiple tissues. Western blot analysis showed that the daily cycle of relative AhR protein expression exhibits a similar oscillation pattern in the liver, lungs, and thymus. The daily cycle of relative Arnt protein expression exhibits a similar oscillation pattern in the liver and lungs. The apparent daily cycle of AhR and Arnt protein expression in multiple tissues was not observed within the spleen. This preliminary report is the first study to suggest that the PAS proteins, AhR and Arnt, exhibit a daily oscillation pattern within multiple target tissues which may give insight into the tissue-specific toxic and biochemical responses mediated through this dimerization pair, as well as the physiological function of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Richardson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health & Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, USA
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