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Förster I, Brockmann M, Schildgen O, Schildgen V. Microsatellite instability testing in colorectal cancer using the QiaXcel advanced platform. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:484. [PMID: 29703179 PMCID: PMC5923018 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a major predictive and diagnostic marker in several cancers including colorectal carcinomas. Diagnostic testing for microsatellites is generally performed using capillary sequencers, which requires expensive high-end equipment including expensive chemistry using fluorescent dyes labelling the PCR products of interest. In this study we have modified such a diagnostic protocol and established the microsatellite testing on the QiaXcel Advanced platform. Methods MSI testing was based on a previously established protocol describing a multiplex PCR followed by fluorescent detection of PCR products in a capillary sequencing device. Ten microsatellites were included in the new protocol: BAT25, BAT26, BAT40, D2s123, D10s197, D13s153, D17s250, D18s58, D5s346, and MycI. In this protocol the PCR was demultiplexed and established on the QiaXcel Advanced system (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Results Making use of a series of FFPE control samples with known MSI status including those with and without MSI a protocol for MSI testing was successfully established on the QiaXcel Advanced platform. Conclusions MSI testing for human colorectal cancers using the QiaXcel Advanced system could serve as an economic acceptable tool for rapid diagnostics in laboratories that do not have access to a capillary sequencing unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Förster
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke mit Sitz in Köln, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, D-51109 Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Brockmann
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke mit Sitz in Köln, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, D-51109 Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Schildgen
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke mit Sitz in Köln, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, D-51109 Köln, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Verena Schildgen
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke mit Sitz in Köln, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, D-51109 Köln, Cologne, Germany.
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Lv L, Jiang Y, Liu X, Wang B, Lv W, Zhao Y, Shi H, Hu Q, Xin H, Xu Q, Gu Z. Enhanced Antiglioblastoma Efficacy of Neovasculature and Glioma Cells Dual Targeted Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3506-3517. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Lv
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department
of Pharmacy, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Baoyan Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Huihui Shi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Joint
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Division
of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery,
Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hongliang Xin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qunwei Xu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Division
of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery,
Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Mismatch repair deficient-crypts in non-neoplastic colonic mucosa in Lynch syndrome: insights from an illustrative case. Fam Cancer 2015; 14:61-8. [PMID: 25173403 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-014-9751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mono-allelic germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes lead to Lynch syndrome (LS). Questions remain as to the timing of the inactivation of the wild-type allele in LS-associated tumorigenesis. Speculation exists that it happens after the neoplasia has been initiated. However, a recent study reported the presence of MMR-deficiency in non-neoplastic colonic crypts in LS; thus the possibility can be raised that these crypts may be tumor precursors, and as such, biallelic loss of MMR may occur prior to neoplasia. Here we report a unique case that showed findings supporting both of the two seemingly conflicting notions. The patient was a 40-year-old female with LS, MSH2 type, who underwent a segmental colectomy for an adenocarcinoma. By immunohistochemistry, the carcinoma lost MSH2/MSH6. Interestingly, there was also complete loss of MSH2/MSH6 in a distinct focus of 20 colonic crypts that were morphologically non-neoplastic, thus supporting the possibility of biallelic loss of MMR before initiation of neoplasia. However, in a separate adenoma, MMR was preserved in neoplastic glands with low grade dysplasia and lost only in glands with high grade dysplasia, i.e., MMR loss after tumor initiation. These are relevant findings with regard to the timing of MMR deficiency in LS tumorigenesis, and bring forth the possibility that varied tumorigenic pathways may exist. Additionally, we observed that the MMR-deficient non-neoplastic crypts harbored increased intraepithelial CD8-positive T-lymphocytes similar to the patient's carcinoma, providing a potential new venue for the study of the natural antitumor immune responses in LS individuals.
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Prevalence of mismatch repair-deficient crypt foci in Lynch syndrome: a pathological study. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:598-606. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hackl C, Lang SA, Moser C, Mori A, Fichtner-Feigl S, Hellerbrand C, Dietmeier W, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Stoeltzing O. Activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer and is up-regulated upon heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibition. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:668. [PMID: 21129190 PMCID: PMC3003660 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) is involved in the complex process of cellular stress response. However, its exact role in cancer is discussed controversially because both tumor suppressive and oncogenic effects have been described. Here we followed-up on our previous observation that inhibition of Hsp90 may increase ATF3 expression and sought to determine the role of ATF3 in colon cancer. Methods Regulation of ATF3 was determined in cancer cells using signaling inhibitors and a heat-shock protein-90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Human HCT116 cancer cells were stably transfected with an ATF3-shRNA or a luciferase-shRNA expression plasmid and alterations in cell motility were assessed in migration assays. The impact of ATF3 down-regulation on cancer growth and metastasis were investigated in a subcutaneous tumor model, a model of hepatic tumor growth and in a model of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Human colon cancer tissues were analyzed for ATF3 expression. Results The results show that therapeutic Hsp90 inhibition substantially up-regulates the expression of ATF3 in various cancer cells, including colon, gastric and pancreatic cancer. This effect was evident both in vitro and in vivo. RNAi mediated knock-down of ATF3 in HCT116 colon cancer cells significantly increased cancer cell migration in vitro. Moreover, in xenogenic mouse models, ATF3 knock-down promoted subcutaneous tumor growth and hepatic metastasis, as well as peritoneal carcinomatosis. Importantly, ATF3 expression was lower in human colon cancer specimens, as compared to corresponding normal surrounding tissues, suggesting that ATF3 may represent a down-regulated tumor suppressor in colon cancer. Conclusion In conclusion, ATF3 down-regulation in colon cancer promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Considering that blocking Hsp90 induces ATF3 expression, Hsp90 inhibition may represent a valid strategy to treat metastatic colon cancer by up-regulating this anti-metastatic transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hackl
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg Medical Center, Franz-Josef Strauß Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Yang X, Zhu H, Hu Z. Dendritic cells transduced with TEM8 recombinant adenovirus prevents hepatocellular carcinoma angiogenesis and inhibits cells growth. Vaccine 2010; 28:7130-5. [PMID: 20650339 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggested that angiogenesis played a pivotal role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC), thus the therapy strategy targeting antiangiogenesis has been regarded as promising method for HCC therapy. Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) is a recently described protein that is preferentially expressed within tumor endothelium. However, the antiangiogenesis therapy of HCC based on TEM8 has not been reported. In this study, the recombinant adenovirus encoding TEM8 was constructed, and the DCs were transduced with the Ad-TEM8. In addition, the modified DCs were transferred into the BALB/c mice to determine whether DCs transduced with TEM8 could elicit a potent antitumor immunogenic response in vivo. The results demonstrated that DCs transduced with Ad-TEM8 induced specific CTLs effectively, which could secrete IFN-γ and lyse HCC. Furthermore, the modified DCs could effectively protect BALB/c mice from lethal challenges against HCC, reduce tumor growth and increase the mice life span by decreasing tumor vasculature density. These data suggest that the Ad-TEM8 modified DCs may induce antitumor immunity by disrupting tumor vasculature and may thus be used as an efficient therapy strategy to influence tumor development in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Yang
- Respiratory Department of Daping Hospital, Third Military, Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Li D, Zhou K, Wang S, Shi Z, Yang Z. Recombinant adenovirus encoding vasohibin prevents tumor angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:448-52. [PMID: 19886910 PMCID: PMC11158149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence have shown that angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in the development of tumors. Therefore anti-angiogenesis therapy represents a potentially promising approach to cancer therapy. Recently, a new inhibitor called vasohibin was discovered to operate as an intrinsic and highly specific feedback inhibitor in the process of angiogenesis. However, to date, reports on the antitumor and anti-angiogenic properties of vasohibin have been very limited. To explore the potential of vasohibin as an anti-angiogenesis therapeutic, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus encoding vasohibin. Our data showed that the recombinant adenovirus encoding vasohibin could prevent tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. Notably, angiogenesis in the tumors was prevented without any apparent side-effects. Therefore, the findings suggested that the recombinant adenovirus encoding vasohibin might be valuable as a potential strategy for antitumor angiogenesis therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
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Rhomberg LR, Baetcke K, Blancato J, Bus J, Cohen S, Conolly R, Dixit R, Doe J, Ekelman K, Fenner-Crisp P, Harvey P, Hattis D, Jacobs A, Jacobson-Kram D, Lewandowski T, Liteplo R, Pelkonen O, Rice J, Somers D, Turturro A, West W, Olin S. Issues in the Design and Interpretation of Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies in Rodents: Approaches to Dose Selection. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 37:729-837. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440701524949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Eiber M, van Oers JMM, Zwarthoff EC, van der Kwast TH, Ulrich O, Helpap B, Stoerkel S, Blaszyk H, Cheville J, Sauter G, Wild PJ, Stoehr R, Hofstaedter F, Hartmann A. Low frequency of molecular changes and tumor recurrence in inverted papillomas of the urinary tract. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:938-46. [PMID: 17527084 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000249448.13466.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Inverted papilloma (IP) of the urinary tract can be difficult to distinguish from noninvasive urothelial carcinoma with prominent inverted growth pattern (invNIUC). Ancillary markers may help to resolve such cases and clarify the reported malignant potential of some IPs. METHODS Eighty-nine urothelial lesions initially diagnosed as IP were reviewed by 4 experienced urologic pathologists and studied immunohistochemically (Ki67, p53, CK20, MSH2, MLH1, and MSH6). Mutations of the FGFR3 gene, deletions (loss of heterozygosity) of 9p, 9q, and 17p, microsatellite instability, and elevated microsatellite instability at selected tetranucleotides were also analyzed. RESULTS Considerable interobserver variability in histopathologic diagnoses was noticed. Only 62 (69.7%) initial diagnoses were confirmed by the review pathologists whereas 23 tumors (25.8%) were redefined as invNIUC. Molecular analyses revealed infrequent alterations in IPs, including microsatellite instability (1.8%), elevated microsatellite instability at selected tetranucleotides (13.2%), FGFR3 mutations (9.8%), 9p deletions (3.9%), 9q deletions (13.2%), 17p deletions (5.1%), nuclear p53 accumulation (18.9%), and aberrant immunostaining for MSH2 (5.8%), MLH1 (11.8%), and MSH6 (3.8%). IP and invNIUC differed in FGFR3 mutations and Ki-67 labeling index (P<0.001 each), and 9q loss of heterozygosity (P=0.03). There were fewer recurrences in IP (5.4%) compared with invNIUC (40.9%; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS IP is a benign lesion that lacks specific genetic alterations found in exophytic noninvasive papillary urothelial tumors. These lesions could be reactive in nature, perhaps secondary to chronic inflammation or a neoplastic process that lack specific genetic alterations. Nevertheless given the clinical and molecular data of this study a conservative clinical approach is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eiber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Danjoux M, Guimbaud R, Al Saati T, Meggetto F, Carrère N, Portier G, Delsol G, Selves J. Contribution of microdissection for the detection of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2006; 37:361-8. [PMID: 16613332 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The determination ofmicrosatellite instability (MSI) is an important step in the identification of familial colorectal cancer such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. It could also be of interest in the therapeutic management of sporadic cancer. International criteria for the determination of MSI have been published, recommending the use of microdissection. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of contaminant normal DNA in tumor samples for MSI assessment in colorectal cancer using a microdissection technique. We performed a comparative analysis of the microsatellite status between total DNA (DNA extracted from whole tumor samples) and microdissected DNA in 3 different regions from 23 cases of colorectal cancer. Six microsatellites were amplified using fluorescent polymerase chain reaction. We analyzed 9 cases with MSI and 14 cases without instability, with similar results between total DNA and microdissected DNA. Moreover, within a same tumor, the MSI phenotype was observed regardless of the region analyzed. Thus, this work shows the reproducibility of the MSI phenotype throughout a tumor. However, we observed a regional heterogeneity of the MSI profile, consisting of variations in the number and the size of unstable alleles within different regions. This result reflects the genetic heterogeneity of colorectal cancer with MSI. In the 14 cases without instability, we observed an increase of more than 60% in the loss of heterozygosity detection rate after microdissection. Thus, this work confirms the contribution of microdissection for loss of heterozygosity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Danjoux
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France
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Rübben A, Kempf W, Kadin ME, Zimmermann DR, Burg G. Multilineage progression of genetically unstable tumor subclones in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:472-83. [PMID: 15265011 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular analysis of solid malignant tumors has suggested multilineage progression of genetically unstable subclones during early stages of tumorigenesis as a common mechanism of tumor cell evolution. We have investigated whether multilineage progression is a feature of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). To identify individual tumor cell subclones, we determined the pattern of mutations within microsatellite DNA obtained from multiple histomorphologically confined tumor cell nests of mycosis fungoides (MF) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) lesions. Tumor cells were isolated by laser microdissection, and allelotypes were determined at microsatellite markers D6S260, D9S162, D9S171, D10S215, TP53.PCR15, and D18S65. Nine cases of MF and one patient with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) originating from LyP were analyzed at 277 different microdissected areas obtained from 31 individual lesions. Three specimens of cutaneous lichen planus microdissected at 26 areas served as the control tissue. Microsatellite instability in microdissected tissue [MSI(md-tissue)] was detected in tumor tissues of all CTCL patients. One hundred and fifty-seven of 469 analyzed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications contained mutated microsatellite alleles (34%). In lichen planus, MSI(md-tissue) was seen in only four of 76 PCR products (5%) (P < 0.0001). The distribution of allelotypes in tumor cells from different disease stages was consistent with multilineage progression in five MF cases, as well as in the LyP/ALCL patient. Our results suggest that CTCL may evolve by multilineage progression and that tumor subclones in MF can be detected in early disease stages by mutation analysis of microsatellite DNA obtained from multiple microdissected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Rübben
- Department of Dermatology, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Lüttges J, Beyser K, Pust S, Paulus A, Rüschoff J, Klöppel G. Pancreatic mucinous noncystic (colloid) carcinomas and intraductal papillary mucinous carcinomas are usually microsatellite stable. Mod Pathol 2003; 16:537-42. [PMID: 12808058 DOI: 10.1097/01.mp.0000072748.65178.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic mucinous noncystic (colloid) carcinomas (MNCC) differ from the usual ductal adenocarcinomas in their mucin expression profile and share with many extrapancreatic mucinous carcinomas the expression of MUC2. Because mucinous carcinomas are frequently associated with mutations of the DNA mismatch repair genes, causing them to exhibit the so-called mutator phenotype, we decided to investigate whether MNCCs of the pancreas are characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI). Twelve carcinomas with a mucinous phenotype (8 mucinous noncystic carcinomas, 3 intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinomas with an invasive muconodular component, and 1 ductal adenocarcinoma with an extensive mucinous noncystic component) and 11 ductal adenocarcinomas were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to the mismatch repair gene products hMLH1, hMSH2, and hMSH6. For MSI analysis, DNA was isolated from microdissected tissue, and five primary microsatellites (BAT 25, BAT 26, D5S346, D17S250, and D2S123) were analyzed. MSI was diagnosed in case a novel allele was found, compared with the normal tissue. The criterion for LOH was a 75% signal reduction. All carcinomas tested exhibited nuclear expression of mismatch repair gene products, except for one MNCC that also showed MSI at the molecular level. The data suggest that pancreatic carcinomas with a mucinous phenotype (MUC2+/MUC1-) do not appear to normally exhibit mutations in the mismatch repair genes and therefore differ in their carcinogenesis from those in other organs.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Base Pair Mismatch
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carrier Proteins
- Child
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Microdissection
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Middle Aged
- Mucins/metabolism
- MutL Protein Homolog 1
- MutS Homolog 2 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Lüttges
- Department of Pathology, University of Kiel, Germany.
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