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Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Therapeutic Agents and Novel Carriers for the Delivery of Candidate Genes in Acute Kidney Injury. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8875554. [PMID: 33381189 PMCID: PMC7748887 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8875554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by a dramatic increase in serum creatinine. Mild AKI may merely be confined to kidney damage and resolve within days; however, severe AKI commonly involves extrarenal organ dysfunction and is associated with high mortality. There is no specific pharmaceutical treatment currently available that can reverse the course of this disease. Notably, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show great promise for the management of AKI by targeting multiple pathophysiological pathways to facilitate tubular epithelial cell repair. It has been well established that the unique characteristics of MSCs make them ideal vectors for gene therapy. Thus, genetic modification has been attempted to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in the management of AKI by overexpressing trophic cytokines or facilitating MSC delivery to renal tissues. The present article provides a comprehensive review of genetic modification strategies targeted at optimizing the therapeutic potential of MSCs in AKI.
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The renal protect function of erythropoietin after release of bilateral ureteral obstruction in a rat model. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2071-2085. [PMID: 29959186 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital urinary tract obstruction is one of the most frequent malformations in fetuses or neonates, which usually causes profound impairment of renal function including reductions in both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular handling of water and solutes. Although obstruction can be released by surgical operation, the child will suffer from diuresis for sometime. It has been reported that erythropoietin (EPO) could prevent the down-regulation of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) and urinary-concentrating defects induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, whether EPO could promote the recovery of renal function and AQP2 expression after releasing of ureteral obstruction has not been reported yet. The purposes of the present study were to investigate the effects of EPO on renal function and AQP2 expression after release of bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO-R) in rats. The results showed that EPO could promote interleukin (IL) 10 (IL-10) expression; inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions; reduce the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) and plasma creatinine (CREA) and urea; and promote the recovery of water and salt handling and AQP2 expression in BUO-R rats, especially in the high dose of EPO-treated group rats. In conclusion, EPO could promote the recovery of renal function and AQP2 expression in BUO-R rats, which may partially associate with its anti-inflammation effect.
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Oso A, Williams G, Oluwatosin O, Bamgbose A, Adebayo A, Olowofeso O, Pirgozliev V, Adegbenjo A, Osho S, Alabi J, Li F, Liu H, Yao K, Xin W. Effect of dietary supplementation with arginine on haematological indices, serum chemistry, carcass yield, gut microflora, and lymphoid organs of growing turkeys. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Thilaka G, Kumar SV. A review on pharmacological use of recombinant human erythropoietin in renal and nonrenal anemia and other potential applications in clinical practice. APOLLO MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apme.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Tögel FE, Ahlstrom JD, Yang Y, Hu Z, Zhang P, Westenfelder C. Carbamylated Erythropoietin Outperforms Erythropoietin in the Treatment of AKI-on-CKD and Other AKI Models. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3394-3404. [PMID: 26984884 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015091059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) may be a beneficial tissue-protective cytokine. However, high doses of EPO are associate with adverse effects, including thrombosis, tumor growth, and hypertension. Carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) lacks both erythropoietic and vasoconstrictive actions. In this study, we compared the renoprotective, hemodynamic, and hematologic activities and survival effects of identical EPO and CEPO doses in rat models of clinically relevant AKI presentations, including ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI superimposed on CKD (5000 U/kg EPO or CEPO; three subcutaneous injections) and ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI in old versus young animals and male versus female animals (1000 U/kg EPO or CEPO; three subcutaneous injections). Compared with EPO therapy, CEPO therapy induced greater improvements in renal function and body weight in AKI on CKD animals, with smaller increases in hematocrit levels and similarly improved survival. Compared with EPO therapy in the other AKI groups, CEPO therapy induced greater improvements in protection and recovery of renal function and survival, with smaller increases in systolic BP and hematocrit levels. Overall, old or male animals had more severe loss in kidney function and higher mortality rates than young or female animals, respectively. Notably, mRNA and protein expression analyses confirmed the renal expression of the heterodimeric EPO receptor/CD131 complex, which is required for the tissue-protective effects of CEPO signaling. In conclusion, CEPO improves renal function, body and kidney weight, and survival in AKI models without raising hematocrit levels and BP as substantially as EPO. Thus, CEPO therapy may be superior to EPO in improving outcomes in common forms of clinical AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian E Tögel
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Medicine Group, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jon D Ahlstrom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and.,Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and
| | - Zhuma Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and
| | - Christof Westenfelder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and .,Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
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Pedersen L, Wogensen L, Marcussen N, Cecchi CR, Dalsgaard T, Dagnæs-Hansen F. Restoration of Haemoglobin Level Using Hydrodynamic Gene Therapy with Erythropoietin Does Not Alleviate the Disease Progression in an Anaemic Mouse Model for TGFβ1-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128367. [PMID: 26046536 PMCID: PMC4457485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin, Epo, is a 30.4 kDa glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the fetal liver and the adult kidney. Epo exerts its haematopoietic effects by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of erythrocytes with subsequent improved tissue oxygenation. Epo receptors are furthermore expressed in non-haematopoietic tissue and today, Epo is recognised as a cytokine with many pleiotropic effects. We hypothesize that hydrodynamic gene therapy with Epo can restore haemoglobin levels in anaemic transgenic mice and that this will attenuate the extracellular matrix accumulation in the kidneys. The experiment is conducted by hydrodynamic gene transfer of a plasmid encoding murine Epo in a transgenic mouse model that overexpresses TGF-β1 locally in the kidneys. This model develops anaemia due to chronic kidney disease characterised by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, deposition of mesangial matrix and mild interstitial fibrosis. A group of age matched wildtype littermates are treated accordingly. After a single hydrodynamic administration of plasmid DNA containing murine EPO gene, sustained high haemoglobin levels are observed in both transgenic and wildtype mice from 7.5 ± 0.6 mmol/L to 9.4 ± 1.2 mmol/L and 10.7 ± 0.3 mmol/L to 15.5 ± 0.5 mmol/L, respectively. We did not observe any effects in the thickness of glomerular or tubular basement membrane, on the expression of different collagen types in the kidneys or in kidney function after prolonged treatment with Epo. Thus, Epo treatment in this model of chronic kidney disease normalises haemoglobin levels but has no effect on kidney fibrosis or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Pedersen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Lise Wogensen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Trine Dalsgaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bartnicki P, Kowalczyk M, Rysz J. The influence of the pleiotropic action of erythropoietin and its derivatives on nephroprotection. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:599-605. [PMID: 23872600 PMCID: PMC3724571 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is traditionally described as a hematopoietic cytokine or growth hormone regulating proliferation, differentiation, and survival of erythroid progenitors. The use of EPO in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) was a milestone achievement in the treatment of anemia. However, EPO involves some degree of risk, which increases with increasing hemoglobin levels. A growing number of studies have assessed the renoprotective effects of EPO in acute kidney injury (AKI) or CKD. Analysis of the biological effects of erythropoietin and pathophysiology of CKD in these studies suggests that treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) may exert renoprotection by pleiotropic actions on several targets and directly or indirectly slow the progression of CKD. By reducing ischemia and oxidative stress or strengthening anti-apoptotic processes, EPO may prevent the development of interstitial fibrosis and the destruction of tubular cells. Furthermore, it could have a direct protective impact on the integrity of the interstitial capillary network through its effects on endothelial cells and promotion of vascular repair, or modulate inflammation response. Thus, it is biologically plausible to suggest that correcting anemia with ESAs could slow the progression of CKD. The aim of this article is to discuss these possible renoprotection mechanisms and provide a comprehensive overview of erythropoietin and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bartnicki
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
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Han X, Zhao L, Lu G, Ge J, Zhao Y, Zu S, Yuan M, Liu Y, Kong F, Xiao Z, Zhao S. Improving outcomes of acute kidney injury using mouse renal progenitor cells alone or in combination with erythropoietin or suramin. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:74. [PMID: 23777889 PMCID: PMC3706945 DOI: 10.1186/scrt225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction So far, no effective therapy is available for acute kidney injury (AKI), a common and serious complication with high morbidity and mortality. Interest has recently been focused on the potential therapeutic effect of mouse adult renal progenitor cells (MRPC), erythropoietin (EPO) and suramin in the recovery of ischemia-induced AKI. The aim of the present study is to compare MRPC with MRPC/EPO or MRPC/suramin concomitantly in the treatment of a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) AKI. Methods MRPC were isolated from adult C57BL/6-gfp mice. Male C57BL/6 mice (eight-weeks old, n = 72) were used for the I/R AKI model. Serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and renal histology were detected in MRPC-, MRPC/EPO-, MRPC/suramin- and PBS-treated I/R AKI mice. E-cadherin, CD34 and GFP protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemical assay. Results MRPC exhibited characteristics consistent with renal stem cells. The features of MRPC were manifested by Pax-2, Oct-4, vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin positive, and E-cadherin negative, distinguished from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) by expression of CD34 and Sca-1. The plasticity of MRPC was shown by the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts and lipocytes in vitro. Injection of MRPC, especially MRPC/EPO and MRPC/suramin in I/R AKI mice attenuated renal damage with a decrease of the necrotic injury, peak plasma Cr and BUN. Furthermore, seven days after the injury, MRPC/EPO or MRPC/suramin formed more CD34+ and E-cadherin+ cells than MRPC alone. Conclusions These results suggest that MRPC, in particular MRPC/EPO or MRPC/suramin, promote renal repair after injury and may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Xiao L, Li Z, Xu P, Li Z, Xu J, Yang Z. The expression of EPOR in renal cortex during postnatal development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41993. [PMID: 22844537 PMCID: PMC3406037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), known for its role in erythroid differentiation, has been shown to be an important growth factor for brain and heart. EPO is synthesized by fibroblast-like cells in the renal cortex. Prompted by this anatomical relationship and its significant impact on the maturation process of brain and heart, we asked whether EPO could play a role during the development of renal cortex. The relationship between the development of renal cortex and the change of EPO receptor (EPOR), through which EPO could act as a renotropic cytokine, became interesting to us. In this study, the day of birth was recorded as postnatal day 0(P0). P7, P14, P21, P28, P35, P42 and mature mice (postnatal days>56) were used as the animal model of different developmental stages. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of EPOR in mouse renal cortex. Results showed that expression of EPOR decreased with the development of renal cortex and became stable when kidney became mature. The expression of EPOR was detected at the renal tubule of all developmental stages and a relatively higher expression was observed at P14. However, at the renal corpuscle the expression was only observed at P7 and quickly became undetectable after that. All these suggested that a translocation of EPOR from renal corpuscle to renal tubule may take place during the developmental process of renal cortex. Also, EPO may be an essential element for the maturation of renal cortex, and the requirement for EPO was changed during postnatal development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao
- College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanyong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengjuan Xu
- College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhigui Li
- College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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Hussein AAM, El-Dken ZH, Barakat N, Abol-Enein H. Renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury: possible role of aquaporins. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:308-16. [PMID: 21992594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common problem that occurs when blood flow is interrupted to the kidney in case of kidney transplantation, aortic cross-clamping and shock with subsequent resuscitation. Renal I/R injury is a complex conditions which includes the onset of an inflammatory process, which is associated with impairment of concentrating ability of the kidney and impairment of solute transport. Characteristically, renal I/R injury is associated with marked reduction in the protein expression of renal aquaporins (AQPs) mainly (AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3), and solute transporters were observed in this condition and could account for the impaired urinary concentration that observed in this condition. Recently, many agents were tested for a possible protective effect against this insult such as erythropoietin (EPO), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and α-lipoic acid which were proved to prevent downregulation of AQPs and solute transporters. The aim of this short review is to outline the potential pathophysiological role of AQPs in renal I/R injury and to put a spotlight on the modulation of renal functions impairment in renal ischaemia by new drugs that prevent downregulation of AQPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-A M Hussein
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
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Abstract
Traditionally, erythropoietin (EPO) is described as a hematopoietic cytokine, regulating proliferation and differentiation and survival of the erythroid progenitors. The recent finding of new sites of EPO production and the wide spread distribution of EPO receptors (EPO-R) on endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, renal cells as well as the central and peripheral nervous system raised the possibility that EPO may exert pleiotropic actions on several targets. Indeed studies (mainly preclinical) have documented protective, non-hematopoietic, abilities of EPO in a variety of tissue. However, the data obtained from clinical studies are more skeptical about these properties. This article provides a comprehensive overview of EPO and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Eliopoulos N, Zhao J, Forner K, Birman E, Young YK, Bouchentouf M. Erythropoietin gene-enhanced marrow mesenchymal stromal cells decrease cisplatin-induced kidney injury and improve survival of allogeneic mice. Mol Ther 2011; 19:2072-83. [PMID: 21847101 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising for regenerative medicine applications, such as for renoprotection and repair in acute kidney injury (AKI). Erythropoietin (Epo) can also exert cytoprotective effects on various tissues including the kidney. We hypothesized that MSCs gene-enhanced to secrete Epo may produce a significant beneficial effect in AKI. Mouse Epo-secreting MSCs were generated, tested in vitro, and then implanted by intraperitoneal injection in allogeneic mice previously administered cisplatin to induce AKI. Epo-MSCs significantly improved survival of implanted mice as compared to controls (67% survival versus 33% with Vehicle only). Also, Epo-MSCs led to significantly better kidney function as shown by lower levels of blood urea nitrogen (72 ± 9.5 mg/dl versus 131 ± 9.20 mg/dl) and creatinine (74 ± 17 µmol/l versus 148±19.4 µmol/l). Recipient mice also showed significantly decreased amylase and alanine aminotransferase blood concentrations. Kidney sections revealed significantly less apoptotic cells and more proliferating cells. Furthermore, PCR revealed the presence of implanted cells in recipient kidneys, with Epo-MSCs leading to significantly increased expression of Epo and of phosphorylated-Akt (Ser473) (P-Akt) in these kidneys. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that Epo gene-enhanced MSCs exert significant tissue protective effects in allogeneic mice with AKI, and supports the potential use of gene-enhanced cells as universal donors in acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Eliopoulos
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, McGill University, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Hussein AEAM, Shokeir AA, Sarhan ME, El-Menabawy FR, Abd-Elmoneim HA, El-Nashar EM, Barakat NM. Effects of combined erythropoietin and epidermal growth factor on renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury: a randomized experimental controlled study. BJU Int 2011; 107:323-328. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Wang Y, Yao M, Zhou C, Dong D, Jiang Y, Wei G, Cui X. Erythropoietin promotes spinal cord-derived neural progenitor cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle. Neuroscience 2010; 167:750-7. [PMID: 20167254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) regulates the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells by binding to its specific transmembrane receptor (EPOR). The presence of EPO and its receptor in the CNS suggests a different function for EPO other than erythropoiesis. The purpose of the present study was to examine EPOR expression and the role of EPO in the proliferation of neonatal spinal cord-derived neural progenitor cells. The effect of EPO on cell cycle progression was also examined, as well as the signaling cascades involved in this process. Our results showed that EPOR was present in the neural progenitor cells and EPO significantly enhanced their proliferation. Cell cycle analysis of EPO-treated neural progenitor cells indicated a reduced percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase, whereas the cell proliferation index (S phase plus G2/M phase) was increased. EPO also increased the proportion of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells. With respect to the cell cycle signaling, we examined the cyclin-dependent kinases D1, D2 and E, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21cip1, p27kip1 and p57kip2. No significant differences were observed in the expression of these transcripts after EPO administration. Interestingly, the anti-apoptotic factors, mcl-1 and bcl-2 were significantly increased twofold. Moreover, these specific effects of EPO were eliminated by incubation of the progenitor cells with anti-EPO neutralizing antibody. Those observations suggested that EPO may play a role in normal spinal cord development by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Hei Long Jiang Province, PR China.
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Goldfarb M, Rosenberger C, Ahuva S, Rosen S, Heyman SN. A Role for Erythropoietin in the Attenuation of Radiocontrast-Induced Acute Renal Failure in Rats. Ren Fail 2009; 28:345-50. [PMID: 16771251 DOI: 10.1080/08860220600591420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) remains an important iatrogenic cause of acute renal failure in high-risk patients, despite the development of safer contrast media, the improvement of hydration protocols, and the introduction of additional preventive strategies. Erythropoietin (EPO) pretreatment may confer protection against acute renal failure through the induction of stress response genes. METHODS The effect of EPO has been evaluated in a rat model of CIN, induced by iothalamate, following the inhibition of nitric oxide- and prostaglandin-synthesis with indomethacin and N(omega) nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Twenty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to saline (CTR) or EPO injections (3000 U/kg and 600 U/kg, 24 and 2 h before the induction of CIN, respectively). RESULTS The decline in creatinine clearance in CTR animals from 0.38 +/- 0.03 to 0.28 +/- 0.03 mL/min/100 g (p < 0.005), was prevented by EPO pretreatment (from 0.34 +/- 0.02 to 0.32 +/- 0.03 mL/min/100 g, NS). The extent of medullary thick ascending limb- and S3-tubular damage in the outer medulla, however, was comparable in the two experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS EPO pretreatment prevents renal dysfunction in a rat model of CIN. Further experimental and clinical studies are required to confirm these preliminary conclusions regarding a potential protective potency of EPO against CIN.
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Physiological basis for the use of erythropoietin in critically ill patients at risk for acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2009; 14:621-6. [PMID: 19005302 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0b013e328317ee82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently occurs in critically ill patients and is an independent risk factor for poor outcome. The prevention of kidney injury in intensive care remains a great challenge as specific nephroprotective therapies are still lacking. The present review summarizes recent evidence for the use of erythropoietin as a promising candidate to provide protection from AKI. RECENT FINDINGS Beyond the known hematopoietic actions of erythropoietin, a number of preclinical studies demonstrated that erythropoietin possesses pleiotropic, organ-protecting properties. Preconditional and postconditional erythropoietin treatment was shown to protect from ischemic, toxic and septic AKI. Despite heterogeneities in study design and dose, erythropoietin consistently ameliorated renal injury. The mechanisms of protection remain largely unclear but may involve reduction of apoptosis, induction of cellular proliferation and tissue repair as well as mobilization of stem cells. SUMMARY Animal studies revealed a physiological basis for the use of erythropoietin in AKI, which may be clinically applicable to prevent AKI in critically ill patients, but clinical studies are still lacking.
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Gluhovschi G, Gluhovschi C, Bob F, Velciov S, Trandafirescu V, Petrica L, Bozdog G. Multiorgan-protective actions of blockers of the renin-angiotensin system, statins and erythropoietin: common pleiotropic effects in reno-, cardio- and neuroprotection. Acta Clin Belg 2008; 63:152-69. [PMID: 18714846 DOI: 10.1179/acb.2008.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Renal diseases induce nephroprotective measures that may affect the heart, brain and other organs. In addition, many cardiovascular and neurological diseases are accompanied by renal lesions. For these reasons, multiorgan-protective measures, including cardio-, reno- and neuro-protective measures, are necessary to treat these diseases. The drugs used in nephrology are often pleiotropic. Although they usually address a single organ or tissue, many of them have complex actions that may provide multiorgan-protection. The present paper aims to review 3 classes of drugs that are commonly prescribed in nephrological practice: statins, RAS blockers (such as ACEIs and ARBs) and erythropoietin (EPO). This paper highlights the renoprotective actions, as well as those that are protective of the heart, brain and other organs, of these drugs at the cellular and molecular level. Their protective actions are attributable to their main effects and pleiotropic effects. The protective pleiotropic actions of these drugs may be exerted on multiple organs, making them multiorgan-protective. Another objective is to analyse the shared multiorgan-protective pleiotropic effects of RAS blockers (ACEIs and ARBs), statins and erythropoietin. This will allow for the practical association of the main renoprotective drugs with multiorgan protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gluhovschi
- Nephrology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, Timisoara, Romania.
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Berradi H, Bertho JM, Dudoignon N, Mazur A, Grandcolas L, Baudelin C, Grison S, Voisin P, Gourmelon P, Dublineau I. Renal Anemia Induced by Chronic Ingestion of Depleted Uranium in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:397-408. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Ronco C, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, House AA. Potential interventions in sepsis-related acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3:531-44. [PMID: 18235149 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03830907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Acute kidney injury often complicates sepsis, leading to greater complexity, cost of care, and worsening prognosis. In recent years, a consensus definition of acute kidney injury has been developed, facilitating research into the pathophysiology and epidemiology of this disorder. New and emerging biomarkers to recognize kidney injury before functional abnormalities are manifest may allow early recognition and facilitate prevention or treatment. Furthermore, advances in the clinical management of sepsis may have secondary benefits with respect to renal outcomes. Existing and hybrid extracorporeal therapies are being investigated not only as means to replace lost kidney function but also to modulate the immune response to sepsis. For those who have more advanced forms of kidney injury, strategies to promote renal recovery are being sought to minimize the long-term consequences of impaired kidney function. This review provides an update on the current state of the science and a glimpse toward the future of intervention in sepsis-related acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, St. Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
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21
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Wiesener MS, Münchenhagen P, Gläser M, Sobottka BA, Knaup KX, Jozefowski K, Jürgensen JS, Roigas J, Warnecke C, Gröne HJ, Maxwell PH, Willam C, Eckardt KU. Erythropoietin gene expression in renal carcinoma is considerably more frequent than paraneoplastic polycythemia. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2434-42. [PMID: 17640059 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signalling by erythropoietin (EPO) is increasingly recognised as a relevant mechanism in tumour biology, potentially leading to enhanced proliferation, angiogenesis and therapy resistance. Paraneoplastic polycythemia by cancerous overproduction of EPO is a rare event, but most frequently seen in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The majority of clear cell RCC displays a strong activation of the transcription factor regulating EPO, the Hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF). Therefore, it is unclear why only a small minority of patients develop polycythemia. We studied 70 RCC for EPO gene and HIFalpha isoform expression. 34% of all RCC showed expression of EPO mRNA in RNase protection assays, which were almost exclusively of the clear cell type. Only 1 patient presented with polycythemia. In situ hybridisation revealed that expression of EPO was in the tumour cells. Expression of EPO mRNA was always associated with activation of HIF, which could involve HIF-1alpha and/or HIF-2alpha. The frequency of EPO gene expression in RCC is therefore much higher than the prevalence of polycythemia. Furthermore, activation of HIF appears necessary for EPO gene expression in RCC, but is clearly not the only determinant. Further to the reported expression of EPO receptors in tumour tissues, the finding of widespread expression of EPO in RCC supports the recent notion of an involvement of this system in paracrine or autocrine effects of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wiesener
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremburg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recovery of renal function after acute renal failure is an important clinical determinant of patient morbidity. Herein, the epidemiology of renal recovery after acute renal failure will be described, along with potential predictive factors and interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Renal recovery has been variably defined, most often as recovery to independence from renal replacement therapy. A recent consensus definition for acute renal failure has been published and included provisions for defining renal recovery. Renal recovery to renal replacement therapy independence occurs in the majority by hospital discharge and peaks by 90 days. All of older age, female sex, co-morbid illnesses, especially chronic kidney disease, and late initiation of renal replacement therapy or conventional intermittent renal replacement therapy have been coupled with non-recovery. Analysis of the literature suggests several interventions may influence recovery. SUMMARY The prognosis is generally good for recovery after acute renal failure. Most patients will be independent of renal replacement therapy by 90 days. Additional research is necessary, however, to understand recovery rates not only to independence from renal replacement therapy, but also to complete and partial recovery. Future studies need to consider the health economic implications for survival and non-recovery. Finally, questions on the role of various interventions require characterization in randomized controlled trials to determine how they may influence renal prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Bagshaw
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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Johnson DW, Pat B, Vesey DA, Guan Z, Endre Z, Gobe GC. Delayed administration of darbepoetin or erythropoietin protects against ischemic acute renal injury and failure. Kidney Int 2006; 69:1806-13. [PMID: 16598197 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Administration of human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) at time of acute ischemic renal injury (IRI) inhibits apoptosis, enhances tubular epithelial regeneration, and promotes renal functional recovery. The present study aimed to determine whether darbepoetin-alfa (DPO) exhibits comparable renoprotection to that afforded by EPO, whether pro or antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins are involved, and whether delayed administration of EPO or DPO 6 h following IRI ameliorates renal dysfunction. The model of IRI involved bilateral renal artery occlusion for 45 min in rats (N = 4 per group), followed by reperfusion for 1-7 days. Controls were sham-operated. Rats were treated at time of ischemia or sham operation (T0), or post-treated (6 h after the onset of reperfusion, T6) with EPO (5000 IU/kg), DPO (25 mug/kg), or appropriate vehicle by intraperitoneal injection. Renal function, structure, and immunohistochemistry for Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax were analyzed. DPO or EPO at T0 significantly abrogated renal dysfunction in IRI animals (serum creatinine for IRI 0.17 +/- 0.05 mmol/l vs DPO-IRI 0.08 +/- 0.03 mmol/l vs EPO-IRI 0.04 +/- 0.01 mmol/l, P = 0.01). Delayed administration of DPO or EPO (T6) also significantly abrogated subsequent renal dysfunction (serum creatinine for IRI 0.17 +/- 0.05 mmol/l vs DPO-IRI 0.06 +/- 0.01 mmol/l vs EPO-IRI 0.03 +/- 0.03 mmol/l, P = 0.01). There was also significantly decreased tissue injury (apoptosis, P < 0.05), decreased proapoptotic Bax, and increased regenerative capacity, especially in the outer stripe of the outer medulla, with DPO or EPO at T0 or T6. These results reaffirm the potential clinical application of DPO and EPO as novel renoprotective agents for patients at risk of ischemic acute renal failure or after having sustained an ischemic renal insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Johnson
- Department of Renal Medicine, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
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Kishore BK, Isaac J, Westenfelder C. Administration of poly-D-glutamic acid induces proliferation of erythropoietin-producing peritubular cells in rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 292:F749-61. [PMID: 17018848 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00034.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), a 34-kDa glycoprotein, is produced predominantly by peritubular interstitial cells (PIC) in the renal cortex and is physiologically released when ambient oxygen pressure falls. However, the exact nature of EPO-producing cells in the kidney is not well understood. We discovered that brief administration of a low-molecular-weight synthetic peptide, poly-D-glutamic acid (PDG), induced prompt and robust expansion of EPO-producing PIC in rat kidney, without evidence of tubular cell necrosis/apoptosis or fibrotic reaction. Proliferating PIC in PDG-treated rats were noninflammatory, alpha-smooth muscle actin negative, and specifically expressed CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase), EPO mRNA, and protein. Increased numbers of EPO-positive PIC persisted even after the cessation of PDG treatment. No erythropoietic effects of EPO were detected, potentially suggesting maintained physiological control of EPO secretion in this normoxic model. We showed previously that PDG is readily filtered and is rapidly taken up and stored in lysosomes of proximal tubular cells (PTC), resulting in an apparently nonnoxious lysosomal storage condition by virtue of its nonhydrolyzable nature (Kishore BK, Maldague P, Tulkens PM, Courtoy PJ. Lab Invest 74: 1013-1023, 1996). Based on these findings, we suggest that unknown signaling molecules, produced by PTC in response to lysosomal PDG storage, appear to specifically stimulate the proliferation of EPO-producing PIC. We conclude that this model is uniquely suited to investigate the biology of EPO production by PIC and may thus facilitate the development of novel and more economical therapies of anemias and other EPO-responsive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univesity of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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References. Am J Kidney Dis 2006. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Venkataraman R, Kellum JA. Acute renal failure in the critically ill. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2006; 18:117-22. [PMID: 16534326 DOI: 10.1097/01.aco.0000162828.51399.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute renal failure occurs frequently in hospitalized patients and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. An effort to better understand the epidemiology and pathophysiology of this disease will hopefully lead to improvement in patient outcomes. Considerable effort has been expended to develop techniques to prevent acute renal failure or to facilitate its resolution. In this review we attempt to summarize some of these recent advances. RECENT FINDINGS Attempts have been made to clearly define acute renal failure. Among the available pharmacologic agents, current evidence suggests that with the possible exception of radio-contrast-induced acute renal failure, no drugs are capable of preventing the condition or hastening its recovery. Advances in techniques and understanding of how to best provide renal replacement therapy appear to have improved patient outcomes and several newer treatments are under preclinical evaluation and may hold promise for the future. SUMMARY Preventing acute renal failure, improving clinical outcomes of the condition and attempts to hasten renal recovery have all been very attractive but difficult propositions. Recent efforts to explore the underlying pathophysiology and insight into mechanisms leading to acute renal failure have triggered investigators to evaluate novel therapeutic agents and enhance existing dialytic techniques. These hold great promise for improving patient outcomes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Venkataraman
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Coleman TR, Westenfelder C, Tögel FE, Yang Y, Hu Z, Swenson L, Leuvenink HGD, Ploeg RJ, d’Uscio LV, Katusic ZS, Ghezzi P, Zanetti A, Kaushansky K, Fox NE, Cerami A, Brines M. Cytoprotective doses of erythropoietin or carbamylated erythropoietin have markedly different procoagulant and vasoactive activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5965-70. [PMID: 16585502 PMCID: PMC1458681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601377103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is receiving increasing attention as a potential therapy for prevention of injury and restoration of function in nonhematopoietic tissues. However, the minimum effective dose required to mimic and augment these normal paracrine functions of erythropoietin (EPO) in some organs (e.g., the brain) is higher than for treatment of anemia. Notably, a dose-dependent risk of adverse effects has been associated with rhEPO administration, especially in high-risk groups, including polycythemia-hyperviscosity syndrome, hypertension, and vascular thrombosis. Of note, several clinical trials employing relatively high dosages of rhEPO in oncology patients were recently halted after an increase in mortality and morbidity, primarily because of thrombotic events. We recently identified a heteromeric EPO receptor complex that mediates tissue protection and is distinct from the homodimeric receptor responsible for the support of erythropoiesis. Moreover, we developed receptor-selective ligands that provide tools to assess which receptor isoform mediates which biological consequence of rhEPO therapy. Here, we demonstrate that rhEPO administration in the rat increases systemic blood pressure, reduces regional renal blood flow, and increases platelet counts and procoagulant activities. In contrast, carbamylated rhEPO, a heteromeric receptor-specific ligand that is fully tissue protective, increases renal blood flow, promotes sodium excretion, reduces injury-induced elevation in procoagulant activity, and does not effect platelet production. These preclinical findings suggest that nonerythropoietic tissue-protective ligands, which appear to elicit fewer adverse effects, may be especially useful in clinical settings for tissue protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Coleman
- *The Kenneth S. Warren Institute
- Warren Pharmaceuticals, Ossining, NY 10562
| | - Christof Westenfelder
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | - Florian E. Tögel
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | - Ying Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | - Zhuma Hu
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | - LeAnne Swenson
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
| | | | - Rutger J. Ploeg
- University of Groningen, 9700 AB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pietro Ghezzi
- *The Kenneth S. Warren Institute
- **Mario Negri Institute, 20157 Milan, Italy; and
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Cerami
- *The Kenneth S. Warren Institute
- Warren Pharmaceuticals, Ossining, NY 10562
| | - Michael Brines
- *The Kenneth S. Warren Institute
- Warren Pharmaceuticals, Ossining, NY 10562
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Fishbane S, Berns JS. Hemoglobin cycling in hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Kidney Int 2006; 68:1337-43. [PMID: 16105069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been a major advance for the management of anemia in patients on hemodialysis. Therapy, however, is often observed to be associated with recurrent cyclic fluctuations in hemoglobin levels. The purpose of this analysis was to describe the phenomenology of hemoglobin cycling during rHuEPO treatment. METHODS Data were analyzed for 281 hemodialysis patients treated at Winthrop-University Hospital Dialysis Centers between 1998 and 2003. Eligible patients' first full 1-year period with less than 10 hospital days was studied. Hemoglobin cycling (cycles with amplitude >1.5 g/dL and duration >8 weeks) and excursions (half of one full cycle) were analyzed. RESULTS Greater than 90% of patients experienced hemoglobin cycling. The mean number of hemoglobin excursions was 3.1 +/- 1.1 per patient/year. The mean amplitude per hemoglobin excursion was 2.51 +/- 0.89 g/dL. The mean duration of hemoglobin excursions was 10.3 +/- 5.1 weeks. Factors associated with initiation of up excursions included increases in rHuEPO dose (84%), intravenous iron treatment initiation or increase in dose (27%), posthospital discharge (36%), factors associated with down excursions included rHuEPO dose hold (15%) or dose reduction (62%), infection (6%), discontinuation of intravenous iron therapy (5%), and hospitalization (14%). Patients with frequent hemoglobin cycling (>two full cycles per year) were characterized as being more responsive to rHuEPO [index of EPO responsiveness (ERI) 1036 +/- 659 compared to 1992 +/- 701 for other patients] (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Hemoglobin cycling is a common occurrence in rHuEPO-treated hemodialysis patients. It is most closely associated with frequent rHuEPO dose changes, hospitalization, and iron treatment practices.
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Park J, Gage BF, Vijayan A. Use of EPO in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Renal Failure Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46:791-8. [PMID: 16253718 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is used widely to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease, but the benefits of EPO use in patients with acute renal failure (ARF) are unclear. In vitro and animal studies suggest that EPO may promote renal recovery and decrease mortality in ARF. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary-care center to evaluate the use of EPO in 187 critically ill patients with ARF requiring renal replacement therapy. RESULTS Compared with patients not administered EPO (n = 116), patients administered EPO (n = 71) were significantly more likely to have baseline chronic kidney disease, have undergone vascular surgery, and have received intermittent hemodialysis, rather than continuous renal replacement therapy. In a propensity-adjusted analysis that controlled for differences between the 2 cohorts and baseline hemoglobin level, EPO use did not decrease the transfusion of packed red blood cells. Renal recovery was not more common in patients administered EPO: the odds ratio for renal recovery in the propensity-adjusted analysis was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.30 to 1.3) with EPO use. In-hospital survival was more common in the EPO-treated group, but this potential benefit was not significant in propensity-adjusted analyses. CONCLUSION Although EPO use was not associated with a decrease in transfusion requirements or with renal recovery in our retrospective study, 37% of critically ill patients with ARF were treated with EPO at varying doses. A randomized controlled trial is needed to evaluate the potential benefits of EPO use in patients with ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanie Park
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although glomerular cell apoptosis may be detrimental in acute and chronic inflammation, it is also a key component of the reparative glomerular remodelling that can follow injury. All glomerular cells are vulnerable to apoptosis although there are often differences in the nature of the initiating stimulus and the factors that are protective. The purpose of this review is to outline how modulation of this process may inhibit glomerular injury and promote tissue repair. RECENT FINDINGS In-vitro studies are providing more information on the factors that regulate apoptosis in individual glomerular cell types. It has now become apparent that growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor may have protective actions on several cell types and this may facilitate future treatments that promote the survival of multiple cell types within injured glomeruli. Work in this field has also emphasized that many current treatment strategies may exert a beneficial impact upon renal cell death. SUMMARY Although the advent of various antiapoptotic agents such as caspase inhibitors and recombinant growth factors does provide future opportunities to modulate apoptosis for therapeutic gain in patients with glomerulonephritis, there is still some way to go before such reagents are used to treat human disease. However, there is scope for optimism that such treatments will reach the clinic in due course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Hughes
- Phagocyte Laboratory, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
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Haase VH. The VHL tumor suppressor in development and disease: functional studies in mice by conditional gene targeting. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2005; 16:564-74. [PMID: 15908240 PMCID: PMC3787877 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor pVHL plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic clear cell carcinomas of the kidney and hemangioblastomas of the retina and central nervous system. pVHL targets the oxygen sensitive alpha subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) for proteasomal degradation, thus providing a direct link between tumorigenesis and molecular pathways critical for cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Cell type specific gene targeting of VHL in mice has demonstrated that proper pVHL mediated HIF proteolysis is fundamentally important for survival, proliferation and differentiation of many cell types and furthermore, that inactivation of pVHL may, unexpectedly, inhibit tumor growth under certain conditions. Mouse knock out studies have provided novel mechanistic insights into VHL associated tumorigenesis and established a central role for HIF in the development of the VHL phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker H Haase
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 700 CRB, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6144, USA.
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Echigoya MH, Obikane K, Nakashima T, Sasaki S. Glomerular Localization of Erythropoietin Receptor mRNA and Protein in Neonatal and Mature Mouse Kidney. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 100:e21-9. [PMID: 15741742 DOI: 10.1159/000084109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Erythropoietin (EPO) possesses well-established hematopoietic properties as the primary stimulator of red blood cell formation by binding to its receptor (EPO-R). Recent evidence suggests pathophysiological roles of EPO in several non-hematopoietic tissues including kidney. Our aim was to further clarify the glomerular localization of EPO-R in normal kidney, as well as changes in its expression during glomerulogenesis. METHODS We analyzed EPO-R mRNA and protein expression in neonatal and adult mouse kidney by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. To confirm the precise localization and developmental changes of EPO-R expression in podocytes in mature and developing glomeruli, we examined co-expression with the podocyte markers WT-1 and synaptopodin. RESULTS In addition to tubular expression as reported recently, EPO-R expression was observed in podocytes as well as endocapillary cells in the glomeruli from adult mice. In newborn kidney, EPO-R mRNA and protein expression was first observed in developing podocytes in S-shaped bodies with expression subsequently increasing in glomeruli at the capillary-loop and maturing stages. Immunoelectron microscopy also demonstrated cytoplasmic expression of EPO-R that was prominent at the basal sides of podocytes in glomeruli at the late capillary-loop and maturing stage. CONCLUSION EPO-R is expressed in developing and mature podocytes in mouse kidney, suggesting a possible role for EPO in podocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo H Echigoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
Renal failure involves a significant impairment of the essential functions of the kidney, which can be either acute with sudden and rapid onset (acute renal failure [ARF]) or chronic with gradual onset (chronic renal failure [CRF]). ARF, if detected early, may be halted or reversed, whereas CRF is generally irreversible. Without treatment or intervention, both forms of renal failure lead to end stage renal failure (ESRF) or end stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the form of dialysis or renal transplantation for survival. However, provision of RRT requires expert teams working in specialised units, making therapy of patients with renal failure expensive; furthermore, RRT is complex, with its own complications. Although pharmacological interventions have shown promise in experimental models, these have not been as successful in the clinical setting (e.g., administration of atrial natriuretic peptide, low-dose dopamine). At present, drugs are administered during CRF to either reduce one of the many risk factors of CRF (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins) or to deal with the consequences of CRF (e.g., erythropoietin, calcitriol). Recent evidence suggests that some of these interventions may provide further direct beneficial effects via reduction of renal inflammation. Although these interventions have greatly improved the prospects for patients suffering ESRF, the development of novel drugs and therapies with which to reduce the consequences of renal failure and ESRD remain topics of great interest. This article reviews the therapies available for the prevention and management of renal failure in adults and describes, in detail, emerging drugs and novel interventions that may soon become available for the treatment or prevention of ESRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Otón Sánchez C, Peñate González G, Otón Sánchez LF. [Erythropoietin and cancer-related anaemia. Light and shade]. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 124:186-95. [PMID: 15725371 DOI: 10.1157/13071483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) in cancer patients improves hemoglobin levels and quality of life. This fact, already well known, made oncologists expect a positive outcome in radio and chemotherapy results, as well as in survival. However, new clinical trials show a preliminary evidence of impaired, instead of improved, survival when these agents are prescribed. Erythropoietin (EPO) is becoming a more complex hormone than it was expected. Its non-erythropoietic effects include, among others, angiogenesis and proliferation of certain types of cancer cells. In this work, we review erythropoietin as a natural hormone, as well as the different types of r-HuEPO, focusing on the confusing situation with regard to their use in oncology. We conclude that extreme care must be taken when EPO is prescribed to cancer patients, and we suggest to limit its use to symptomatic anemia, just to achieve moderate hemoglobin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Otón Sánchez
- Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Hospital Universitario de Canaria, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Lee YS, Vortmeyer AO, Lubensky IA, Vogel TW, Ikejiri B, Ferlicot S, Benoît G, Giraud S, Oldfield EH, Linehan WM, Teh BT, Richard S, Zhuang Z. Coexpression of Erythropoietin and Erythropoietin Receptor in Von Hippel-Lindau Disease–Associated Renal Cysts and Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.1059.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is characterized by multiple tumors in specific target organs. The tumors at different sites share distinct morphologic and genetic characteristics but their cell of origin is unknown. We show that VHL disease–associated renal clear cell carcinomas (RCC) consistently coexpress erythropoietin (Epo) and Epo receptor (EpoR). In addition, coexpression of Epo and EpoR is detected in many renal cysts, providing further evidence that renal cysts are potential precursors for RCC. In conjunction with VHL gene deficiency, coexpression of Epo and EpoR in renal cysts and tumors may reflect a developmental arrest in immature mesenchymal cells. Such arrest may lead to autocrine stimulation, cell proliferation, and renal tumor development, similar to tumorigenesis of VHL disease–associated hemangioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Soo Lee
- 1Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and
| | | | - Irina A. Lubensky
- 1Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and
| | - Timothy W.A. Vogel
- 1Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and
| | - Barbara Ikejiri
- 1Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and
| | | | - Gérard Benoît
- 4Service d'Urologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sophie Giraud
- 5Laboratoire de Génétique Oncologique EPHE-UMR 8125,Villejuif, France
- 7Genetic Laboratory, Hôpital Édouard Herriot, Lyon, France; and
| | - Edward H. Oldfield
- 1Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- 2Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bin T. Teh
- 8Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Stéphane Richard
- 4Service d'Urologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- 5Laboratoire de Génétique Oncologique EPHE-UMR 8125,Villejuif, France
- 6Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- 1Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Gong H, Wang W, Kwon TH, Jonassen T, Li C, Ring T, FrøkiAEr J, Nielsen S. EPO and α-MSH prevent ischemia/reperfusion-induced down-regulation of AQPs and sodium transporters in rat kidney. Kidney Int 2004; 66:683-95. [PMID: 15253723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-induced acute renal failure (ARF) is known to be associated with significant impairment of urinary concentrating ability and down-regulation of renal aquaporins (AQPs) and sodium transporters in rats. We tested whether treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) or alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in combination with EPO reduces the renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and prevents the down-regulation of renal AQPs and major sodium transporters. METHODS I/R-induced ARF was established in rats by 40-minute temporary bilateral obstruction of renal arteries, and rats were kept in metabolic cages for urine measurements. After 2 or 4 days following EPO and/or alpha-MSH treatment, kidneys were removed to determine the expression levels of AQPs and sodium transporters by semiquantitative immunoblotting. RESULTS Rats with ARF showed significant renal insufficiency, increased urine output, and high fractional excretion of urinary sodium. Consistent with this, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry revealed that the kidney expression of AQPs (AQP-1, -2 and -3) and sodium transporters [Na,K-ATPase, rat type 1 bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (BSC-1), Na/H exchanger type 3 (NHE3), and thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (TSC)] in ARF rats was significantly decreased compared to sham-operated control rats. In contrast, EPO treatment at the time of ischemia of rats with ARF significantly prevented the ischemia-induced down-regulation of renal AQPs and sodium transporters and in parallel improved the urinary concentrating capability and renal sodium reabsorption. Importantly, similar effects were observed following the initiation of EPO or alpha-MSH treatment 4 hours after the onset of ischemia injury. Moreover, the combination of EPO with alpha-MSH potentiated the beneficial effects of single compound treatment. CONCLUSION EPO and/or alpha-MSH treatment significantly prevent I/R-induced injuries such as urinary-concentrating defects and down-regulation of renal AQPs and sodium transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gong
- The Water and Salt Research Center, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Maxwell P. HIF-1: an oxygen response system with special relevance to the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 14:2712-22. [PMID: 14569080 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000092792.97122.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Maxwell
- Renal Section, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The introduction of recombinant human erythropoietin (RHuEPO) has revolutionised the treatment of patients with anaemia of chronic renal disease. Clinical studies have demonstrated that RHuEPO is also useful in various non-uraemic conditions including haematological and oncological disorders, prematurity, HIV infection, and perioperative therapies. Besides highlighting both the historical and functional aspects of RHuEPO, this review discusses the applications of RHuEPO in clinical practice and the potential problems of RHuEPO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ng
- Phase One Clinical Trials Unit Ltd, Plymouth, UK.
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