1
|
Dubuc R, Cabelguen JM, Ryczko D. Locomotor pattern generation and descending control: a historical perspective. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:401-416. [PMID: 37465884 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00204.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate and control locomotor movements depends on complex interactions between many areas of the nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, and the environment. How the nervous system manages to accomplish this task has been the subject of investigation for more than a century. In vertebrates, locomotion is generated by neural networks located in the spinal cord referred to as central pattern generators. Descending inputs from the brain stem initiate, maintain, and stop locomotion as well as control speed and direction. Sensory inputs adapt locomotor programs to the environmental conditions. This review presents a comparative and historical overview of some of the neural mechanisms underlying the control of locomotion in vertebrates. We have put an emphasis on spinal mechanisms and descending control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Réjean Dubuc
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Cabelguen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1215-Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vitale F, Capozzo A, Mazzone P, Scarnati E. Neurophysiology of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Neurobiol Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
3
|
Fasano A, Laganiere SE, Lam S, Fox MD. Lesions causing freezing of gait localize to a cerebellar functional network. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:129-141. [PMID: 28009063 PMCID: PMC5266642 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Freezing of gait is a disabling symptom in Parkinson disease and related disorders, but the brain regions involved in symptom generation remain unclear. Here we analyze brain lesions causing acute onset freezing of gait to identify regions causally involved in symptom generation. METHODS Fourteen cases of lesion-induced freezing of gait were identified from the literature, and lesions were mapped to a common brain atlas. Because lesion-induced symptoms can come from sites connected to the lesion location, not just the lesion location itself, we also identified brain regions functionally connected to each lesion location. This technique, termed lesion network mapping, has been recently shown to identify regions involved in symptom generation across a variety of lesion-induced disorders. RESULTS Lesion location was heterogeneous, and no single region could be considered necessary for symptom generation. However, > 90% (13 of 14) of lesions were functionally connected to a focal area in the dorsal medial cerebellum. This cerebellar area overlapped previously recognized regions that are activated by locomotor tasks, termed the cerebellar locomotor region. Connectivity to this region was specific to lesions causing freezing of gait compared to lesions causing other movement disorders (hemichorea or asterixis). INTERPRETATION Lesions causing freezing of gait are located within a common functional network characterized by connectivity to the cerebellar locomotor region. These results based on causal brain lesions complement prior neuroimaging studies in Parkinson disease patients, advancing our understanding of the brain regions involved in freezing of gait. ANN NEUROL 2017;81:129-141.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Fasano
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital and Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon E. Laganiere
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Susy Lam
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D. Fox
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13 Street, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mailcode: WACC 8-835, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee SU, Kim HJ, Park JJ, Kim JS. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia plus ataxia indicates a dorsomedial tegmental lesion at the pontomesencephalic junction. J Neurol 2016; 263:973-980. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
5
|
Alam M, Schwabe K, Krauss JK. The pedunculopontine nucleus area: critical evaluation of interspecies differences relevant for its use as a target for deep brain stimulation. Brain 2010; 134:11-23. [PMID: 21147837 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the pedunculopontine nucleus has been highlighted as a target for deep brain stimulation for the treatment of freezing of postural instability and gait disorders in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. There is great controversy, however, as to the exact location of the optimal site for stimulation. In this review, we give an overview of anatomy and connectivity of the pedunculopontine nucleus area in rats, cats, non-human primates and humans. Additionally, we report on the behavioural changes after chemical or electrical manipulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus. We discuss the relation to adjacent regions of the pedunculopontine nucleus, such as the cuneiform nucleus and the subcuneiform nucleus, which together with the pedunculopontine nucleus are the main areas of the mesencephalic locomotor region and play a major role in the initiation of gait. This information is discussed with respect to the experimental designs used for research purposes directed to a better understanding of the circuitry pathway of the pedunculopontine nucleus in association with basal ganglia pathology, and with respect to deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mesbah Alam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mazzone P, Insola A, Sposato S, Scarnati E. The Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus. Neuromodulation 2009; 12:191-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2009.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
The midbrain. Clin Neuroradiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511551925.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
8
|
Compta Y, Valldeoriola F, Tolosa E, Rey MJ, Martí MJ, Valls-Solé J. Long lasting pure freezing of gait preceding progressive supranuclear palsy: a clinicopathological study. Mov Disord 2008; 22:1954-8. [PMID: 17724746 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary progressive freezing of gait (PPFG) is the term used to designate an uncommon condition featuring freezing of gait with frequent falls, without bradykinesia, rigidity or tremor, and unresponsive to levodopa. There are very few pathological reports of patients with PPFG in the literature. We report on 2 patients (one with pathological confirmation) diagnosed initially as PPFG and evolving into clinically defined progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) more than 10 years after onset of symptoms. These 2 cases suggest that PPFG can represent the initial manifestation of a neurodegenerative disease, such as PSP, rather than a differentiated nosological entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslau Compta
- Servei de Neurologia, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Compta Y, Valldeoriola F, Urra X, Gómez-Ansón B, Rami L, Tolosa E, Graus F. Isolated frontal disequilibrium as presenting form of anti-Hu paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Mov Disord 2007; 22:736-8. [PMID: 17266086 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Hu encephalomyelitis is one of the most frequent paraneoplastic syndromes, classically presenting with diffuse neurological involvement. We report a 69-year-old man presenting with a three-month isolated, progressive gait disorder with normal neurological examination, except for loss of balance and gait failure reminding frontal disequilibrium, only accompanied by a very mild rigidity of his right foot. MRI of the brain showed hyperintensities in both amygdale and left putamen. EMG study showed no abnormal continuous spontaneous fiber activity. Because of fast progression and MRI findings, anti-Hu antibodies were tested, resulting positive. Mediastinal biopsy of two adenopathies detected by body-PET, confirmed an oat-cell carcinoma. The patient received oral steroids and oncological therapy. One year later, the tumor is in remission. His gait and abnormal posture of right leg are normal. Only mild residual hyperintensities persist on follow-up MRI. A paraneoplastic syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of subacute, fast progressive gait disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslau Compta
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Florio T, Scarnati E, Confalone G, Minchella D, Galati S, Stanzione P, Stefani A, Mazzone P. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates the activity of pedunculopontine neurons through direct activation of excitatory fibres as well as through indirect activation of inhibitory pallidal fibres in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:1174-86. [PMID: 17331213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest a potential role of pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) electrical stimulation in improving gait and posture in Parkinson's disease. Because the PPN receives fibres from the subthalamic nucleus (STN), we investigated the effects of STN-high-frequency stimulation (HFS) on PPN neuronal activity in intact rats and in rats bearing either an ibotenate lesion of the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) or a lesion of the substantia nigra (SN). The main response of PPN neurons to STN single-shock stimulations in the three experimental groups was a short latency (4.5 +/- 2.1 ms) and brief (15.3 +/- 6.5 ms) excitation. This response was maintained during 1-5 s of STN-HFS (130 Hz, 60 micros, 100-1000 microA). In EP-lesioned rats the percentage (75.0%) of PPN neurons showing a modulation of activity following STN-HFS was significantly higher compared with that observed in intact (39.7%) and in SN-lesioned rats (35.4%). Furthermore, in EP-lesioned rats the most frequent response of PPN neurons following STN-HFS was a 5-20 s excitation, which was present in 76.6% of responsive neurons in comparison to 15.4% and 9.1% of neurons responsive in intact and in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, respectively. Neurons responsive to STN-HFS in the three experimental groups showed either a sharp positively skewed distribution of interspike intervals or multisecond oscillations in autocorrelograms. The results support that STN-HFS modulates the PPN through a balance of excitatory and inhibitory influences, which may be independent from the dopaminergic nigral neurons. In the absence of inhibitory EP fibres, the direct excitatory influence exerted by the STN on the PPN appears to predominate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Florio
- Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Ahmad M, Shah H, Pliakogiannis T, Oreopoulos DG. Prevention of membrane damage in patient on peritoneal dialysis with new peritoneal dialysis solutions. Int Urol Nephrol 2006; 39:299-312. [PMID: 17004033 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-006-9064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is now an established and successful alternative to hemodialysis. Multiple studies have confirmed its equivalent dialysis adequacy, mortality and fluid balance status, at least for the first 4-5 years. Peritoneal membrane failure is now one of the leading cause of technique failure. This review describes the role of glucose, glucose degradation product, pH, lactate, advanced glycosylation end product (AGE) in causing this membrane damage, and gives insight how the use of newer peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) containing icodextrin, amino acids and bicarbonate buffer can prevent peritoneal membrane damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mufazzal Ahmad
- Department of Nephrology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto m5b2e8, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hathout GM, Bhidayasiri R. Midbrain ataxia: an introduction to the mesencephalic locomotor region and the pedunculopontine nucleus. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184:953-6. [PMID: 15728623 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although gait ataxia is usually associated with cerebellar lesions, we review a less familiar cause. We present three patients with dorsal midbrain lesions and correlate these presentations with recent findings in the functional anatomy of the midbrain. CONCLUSION We suggest that these lesions involve a well-studied but generally unfamiliar area of the dorsal midbrain known as the mesencephalic locomotor region. More specifically, we hypothesize that involvement of the pedunculopontine nucleus, a major component of the mesencephalic locomotor region, may be at least partially responsible for producing midbrain ataxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gasser M Hathout
- Department of Radiology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Matsuo K, Maeda Y, Naiki Y, Matsuoka T, Tamai Y, Yonekawa S, Sakaguchi M, Iwamoto I, Hasegawa H, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Kanamaru A. Possible effects of hepatocyte growth factor for the prevention of peritoneal fibrosis. Nephron Clin Pract 2005; 99:e87-94. [PMID: 15665555 DOI: 10.1159/000083416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some patients who had carried out long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis discontinued the treatment because of progressive peritoneal fibrosis. It has been previously reported that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is one of the factors that induces peritoneal fibrosis. Also, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays a role in the prevention of fibrosis and in inhibiting TGF-beta1 production. In this study, we examined the effects of HGF on peritoneal fibrosis by TGF-beta1 induced by high concentrations of D-glucose. DESIGN We transfected a full-length human HGF cDNA in an expression vector into human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) using the calcium phosphate method. Transfected HPMCs were cultured with high concentrations of D-glucose solution and co-cultured with fibroblasts using a transwell system. Cell proliferation was determined using the Tetra Color One method. TGF-beta1 and HGF protein were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In addition to recombinant HGF, the growth inhibition of HPMCs by high concentration D-glucose or TGF-beta1 was significant. By transfecting HGF cDNA into HPMCs, growth inhibition by high concentration D-glucose was completely restored. Furthermore, the production of TGF-beta1 was also significantly decreased. CONCLUSION These results suggested that exogenous HGF could possibly prevent peritoneal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Matsuo
- Department of Hematology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|