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Argue BMR, Casten LG, McCool S, Alrfooh A, Gringer Richards J, Wemmie JA, Magnotta VA, Williams AJ, Michaelson J, Fiedorowicz JG, Scroggins SM, Gaine ME. Patterns of Immune Dysregulation in Bipolar Disorder. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.26.24311078. [PMID: 39211848 PMCID: PMC11361205 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.24311078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Bipolar disorder is a debilitating mood disorder associated with a high risk of suicide and characterized by immune dysregulation. In this study, we used a multi-faceted approach to better distinguish the pattern of dysregulation of immune profiles in individuals with BD. Methods We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (bipolar disorder N=39, control N=30), serum cytokines (bipolar disorder N=86, control N=58), whole blood RNA (bipolar disorder N=25, control N=25), and whole blood DNA (bipolar disorder N=104, control N=66) to identify immune-related differences in participants diagnosed with bipolar disorder compared to controls. Results Flow cytometry revealed a higher proportion of monocytes in participants with bipolar disorder together with a lower proportion of T helper cells. Additionally, the levels of 18 cytokines were significantly elevated, while two were reduced in participants with bipolar disorder. Most of the cytokines altered in individuals with bipolar disorder were proinflammatory. Forty-nine genes were differentially expressed in our bipolar disorder cohort and further analyses uncovered several immune-related pathways altered in these individuals. Genetic analysis indicated variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease also influences bipolar disorder risk. Discussion Our findings indicate a significant immune component to bipolar disorder pathophysiology and genetic overlap with inflammatory bowel disease. This comprehensive study supports existing literature, whilst also highlighting novel immune targets altered in individuals with bipolar disorder. Specifically, multiple lines of evidence indicate differences in the peripheral representation of monocytes and T cells are hallmarks of bipolar disorder.
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Franke K, Kirchner M, Mertins P, Zuberbier T, Babina M. The SCF/KIT axis in human mast cells: Capicua acts as potent KIT repressor and ERK predominates PI3K. Allergy 2022; 77:3337-3349. [PMID: 35652819 DOI: 10.1111/all.15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SCF/KIT axis regulates nearly all aspects of mast cell (MC) biology. A comprehensive view of SCF-triggered phosphorylation dynamics is lacking. The relationship between signaling modules and SCF-supported functions likewise remains ill-defined. METHODS Mast cells were isolated from human skin; upon stimulation by SCF, global phosphoproteomic changes were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and selectively validated by immunoblotting. MC survival was inspected by YoPro; BrdU incorporation served to monitor proliferation. Gene expression was quantified by RT-qPCR and cytokines by ELISA. Pharmacological inhibitors were supplemented by ERK1 and/or ERK2 knockdown. CIC translocation and degradation were studied in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. CIC's impact on KIT signaling and function was assessed following RNA interference. RESULTS ≈5400 out of ≈10,500 phosphosites experienced regulation by SCF. The MEK/ERK cascade was strongly induced surpassing STAT5 > PI3K/Akt > p38 > JNK. Comparison between MEK/ERK's and PI3K's support of basic programs (apoptosis, proliferation) revealed equipotency between modules. In functional outputs (gene expression, cytokines), ERK was the most influential kinase. OSM and LIF production was identified in skin MCs. Strikingly, SCF triggered massive phosphorylation of a protein not associated with KIT previously: CIC. Phosphorylation was followed by CIC's cytoplasmic appearance and degradation, the latter sensitive to protease but not preoteasome inhibition. Both shuttling and degradation were ERK-dependent. Conversely, CIC-siRNA facilitated KIT signaling, functional outputs, and survival. CONCLUSION The SCF/KIT axis shows notable strength in MCs, and MEK/ERK as most prominent module. An inhibitory circuit exists between KIT and CIC. CIC stabilization in MCs may turn out as a therapeutic option to interfere with allergic and MC-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Franke
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marieluise Kirchner
- Core Unit Proteomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Core Unit Proteomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany
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The Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Potential of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122955. [PMID: 35740622 PMCID: PMC9221449 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The mechanism of cancer cachexia is linked to a variety of factors, and inflammatory factors are thought to play a key role. We summarize the main roles of LIF in the development of cancer cachexia, including promoting fat loss, inducing skeletal muscle atrophy and causing anorexia nervosa. The main aim of this review is to increase the understanding of the effects of LIF in cachexia and to provide new insights into the treatment of cancer cachexia. Abstract Cachexia is a chronic metabolic syndrome that is characterized by sustained weight and muscle mass loss and anorexia. Cachexia can be secondary to a variety of diseases and affects the prognosis of patients significantly. The increase in inflammatory cytokines in plasma is deeply related to the occurrence of cachexia. As a member of the IL-6 cytokine family, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) exerts multiple biological functions. LIF is over-expressed in the cancer cells and stromal cells of various tumors, promoting the malignant development of tumors via the autocrine and paracrine systems. Intriguingly, increasing studies have confirmed that LIF contributes to the progression of cachexia, especially in patients with metastatic tumors. This review combines all of the evidence to summarize the mechanism of LIF-induced cachexia from the following four aspects: (i) LIF and cancer-associated cachexia, (ii) LIF and alterations of adipose tissue in cachexia, (iii) LIF and anorexia nervosa in cachexia, and (iv) LIF and muscle atrophy in cachexia. Considering the complex mechanisms in cachexia, we also focus on the interactions between LIF and other key cytokines in cachexia and existing therapeutics targeting LIF.
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Poon J, Campos M, Foronjy RF, Nath S, Gupta G, Railwah C, Dabo AJ, Baumlin N, Salathe M, Geraghty P. Cigarette smoke exposure reduces leukemia inhibitory factor levels during respiratory syncytial viral infection. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:1305-1315. [PMID: 31417248 PMCID: PMC6592033 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s196658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Viral infections are considered a major driving factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations and thus contribute to disease morbidity and mortality. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequently detected pathogen in the respiratory tract of COPD patients during an exacerbation. We previously demonstrated in a murine model that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) expression was increased in the lungs during RSV infection. Subduing LIF signaling in this model enhanced lung injury and airway hypersensitivity. In this study, we investigated lung LIF levels in COPD patient samples to determine the impact of disease status and cigarette smoke exposure on LIF expression. Materials and methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from healthy never smokers, smokers, and COPD patients, by written informed consent. Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were isolated from healthy never smokers and COPD patients, grown at the air-liquid interface and infected with RSV or stimulated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (i:c)). Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke daily for 6 months and were subsequently infected with RSV. LIF expression was profiled in all samples. Results: In human BALF, LIF protein was significantly reduced in both smokers and COPD patients compared to healthy never smokers. HBE cells isolated from COPD patients produced less LIF compared to never smokers during RSV infection or poly (i:c) stimulation. Animals exposed to cigarette smoke had reduced lung levels of LIF and its corresponding receptor, LIFR. Smoke-exposed animals had reduced LIF expression during RSV infection. Two possible factors for reduced LIF levels were increased LIF mRNA instability in COPD epithelia and proteolytic degradation of LIF protein by serine proteases. Conclusions: Cigarette smoke is an important modulator for LIF expression in the lungs. Loss of LIF expression in COPD could contribute to a higher degree of lung injury during virus-associated exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Poon
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michael Campos
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sridesh Nath
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gayatri Gupta
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Railwah
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Abdoulaye J Dabo
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Murakami M, Kamimura D, Hirano T. Pleiotropy and Specificity: Insights from the Interleukin 6 Family of Cytokines. Immunity 2019; 50:812-831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Piccirillo R. Exercise-Induced Myokines With Therapeutic Potential for Muscle Wasting. Front Physiol 2019; 10:287. [PMID: 30984014 PMCID: PMC6449478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly vascularized tissue that can secrete proteins called myokines. These muscle-secreted factors exert biological functions in muscle itself (autocrine effect) or on short- or long-distant organs (paracrine/endocrine effects) and control processes such as metabolism, angiogenesis, or inflammation. Widely differing diseases ranging from genetic myopathies to cancers are emerging as causing dysregulated secretion of myokines from skeletal muscles. Myokines are also involved in the control of muscle size and may be important to be restored to normal levels to alleviate muscle wasting in various conditions, such as cancer, untreated diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aging, or heart failure. Interestingly, many myokines are induced by exercise (muscle-derived exerkines) and some even by specific types of physical activity, but more studies are needed on this issue. Most exercise-induced myokines travel throughout the body by means of extracellular vesicles. Restoring myokines by physical activity may be added to the list of mechanisms by which exercise exerts preventative or curative effects against a large number of diseases, including the deleterious muscle wasting they may cause. Extending our understanding about which myokines could be usefully restored in certain diseases might help in prescribing more tailored exercise or myokine-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Piccirillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a secreted cytokine, plays an important role in a wide array of biological processes including inducing differentiation of leukemia cell, inflammatory response, neuronal development, embryonic implantation, stem cell self-renewal and cancer progression, etc. LIF exerts its biological functions mainly through the activation and regulation of JAK/STAT3, AKT, EKR1/2 and mTOR signal pathways. The expression levels of LIF are regulated by many different factors under different conditions in different tissue/cell types. For example, estrogen and p53 are important regulators for the high LIF production in uterine tissues at the implantation stage. Hypoxia plays a critical role in LIF overexpression in solid tumors. Many cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, can also induce the LIF expression and production. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on the transcriptional regulation of LIF under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetian Yue
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Lihua Wu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA; First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA
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Role of leukemia inhibitory factor in the nervous system and its pathology. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:443-59. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLeukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunction cytokine that has various effects on different tissues and cell types in rodents and humans; however, its insufficiency has a relatively mild impact. This could explain why only some aspects of LIF activity are in the limelight, whereas other aspects are not well known. In this review, the LIF structure, signaling pathway, and primary roles in the development and function of an organism are reviewed, and the effects of LIF on stem cell growth and differentiation, which are important for its use in cell culturing, are described. The focus is on the roles of LIF in central nervous system development and on the modulation of its physiological functions as well as the involvement of LIF in the pathogenesis of brain diseases and injuries. Finally, LIF and its signaling pathway are discussed as potential targets of therapeutic interventions to influence both negative phenomena and regenerative processes following brain injury.
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body. Skeletal muscles are primarily characterized by their mechanical activity required for posture, movement, and breathing, which depends on muscle fiber contractions. However, skeletal muscle is not just a component in our locomotor system. Recent evidence has identified skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. We have suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." The muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides. This finding provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones, and brain. In addition, several myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction. Therefore, it is likely that myokines may contribute in the mediation of the health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism at Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
At the heart of lineage commitment within the adaptive immune response is the intrinsic genetic plasticity of the naive peripheral T lymphocyte (T cell). Primary activation by presentation of cognate antigen is coupled to rapid T-cell cycling and progressive epigenetic changes that guide the cell down distinct T-cell lineages, either effector (Th1, Th2, Th17) or tolerogenic (Treg). Fate choice is influenced both by strength of the priming activation signal and by cues from the micro-environment that are integrated with lineage-specific gene expression profiles, eventually becoming hard-wired in the fully differentiated cell. The micro-environmental cues include cytokines, and the discovery that leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin (IL)-6 counter-regulate development of the Treg and Th17 lineages places LIF within the core regulatory circuitry of T cells. I first summarise current understanding of LIF and the LIF receptor in the context of T cells. Next, the central relevance of the LIF/IL-6 axis in immune-mediated disease is set in the context of (i) a new nano-therapeutic approach for targeted delivery of LIF and (ii) MARCH-7, a novel E3-ligase discovered to have a central mechanistic role in LIF-mediated T-cell biology, functioning as a rheostat-type regulator of endogenous LIF-signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Metcalfe
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Broholm C, Mortensen OH, Nielsen S, Akerstrom T, Zankari A, Dahl B, Pedersen BK. Exercise induces expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2008; 586:2195-201. [PMID: 18292129 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.149781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) belongs to the interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine superfamily and is constitutively expressed in skeletal muscle. We tested the hypothesis that LIF expression in human skeletal muscle is regulated by exercise. Fifteen healthy young male volunteers performed either 3 h of cycle ergometer exercise at approximately 60% of VO2,max(n = 8) or rested (n = 7). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis prior to exercise, immediately after exercise, and at 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h post exercise. Control subjects had biopsy samples taken at the same time points as during the exercise trial. Skeletal muscle LIF mRNA increased immediately after the exercise and declined gradually during recovery. However, LIF protein was unchanged at the investigated time points. Moreover, we tested the hypothesis that LIF mRNA and protein expressions are modulated by calcium (Ca(2+)) in primary human skeletal myocytes. Treatment of myocytes with the Ca(2+) ionophore, ionomycin, for 6 h resulted in an increase in both LIF mRNA and LIF protein levels. This finding suggests that Ca(2+) may be involved in the regulation of LIF in endurance-exercised skeletal muscle. In conclusion, primary human skeletal myocytes have the capability to produce LIF in response to ionomycin stimulation and LIF mRNA levels increase in skeletal muscle following concentric exercise. The finding that the increase in LIF mRNA levels is not followed by a similar increase in skeletal muscle LIF protein suggests that other exercise stimuli or repetitive stimuli are necessary in order to induce a detectable accumulation of LIF protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Broholm
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet - Section 7641, Tagensvej 20, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Metcalfe SM. Axotrophin and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in transplantation tolerance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:1687-94. [PMID: 16147533 PMCID: PMC1569543 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune self-tolerance is controlled by a subset of T lymphocytes that are regulatory (Treg) and epigenetically programmed to suppress auto-reactive immune effector cells in vivo. By extrapolation, donor-specific transplantation tolerance might be controlled by donor-specific Treg that have acquired the appropriate epigenetic program for tolerance. Although such tolerance has yet to be achieved in man, proof of concept comes from mouse models where regulatory transplantation tolerance can be induced within the complex micro-environment of the spleen or draining lymph node. By studying whole spleen cell populations in a murine model of transplantation tolerance we have incorporated a complexity of environmental factors when looking for specific features that characterize tolerance versus aggression. This approach has revealed unexpected patterns of gene activity in tolerance and most notably that a novel stem cell gene, axotrophin, regulates T lymphocyte responsiveness both in terms of proliferation and in release of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Since LIF is a regulator of stem cells in addition to being a key neuropoietic cytokine, these preliminary results linking both axotrophin and LIF to transplantation tolerance lead us to propose that regulatory pathways encoded during the epigenetic development of Treg cells are related to pathways that regulate fate determination of stem cells.
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