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Induction of Unconventional T Cells by a Mutant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strain Formulated in Cationic Liposomes Correlates with Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections of Immunocompromised Mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:638-47. [PMID: 27226281 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00232-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies aimed at defining protective immunity induced by Mycobacterium bovis BCG immunization have largely focused on the induction of antituberculosis CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Here we describe a vaccine consisting of a BCGΔmmaA4 deletion mutant formulated in dimethyl dioctadecyl-ammonium bromide (DDA) with d-(+)-trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate (TDB) (DDA/TDB) adjuvant (A4/Adj) that protected TCRδ(-/-) mice depleted of CD4(+), CD8(+), and NK1.1(+) T cells against an aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis These mice were significantly protected relative to mice immunized with a nonadjuvanted BCGΔmmaA4 (BCG-A4) mutant and nonvaccinated controls at 2 months and 9 months postvaccination. In the absence of all T cells following treatment with anti-Thy1.2 antibody, the immunized mice lost the ability to control the infection. These results indicate that an unconventional T cell population was mediating protection in the absence of CD4(+), CD8(+), NK1.1(+), and TCRγδ T cells and could exhibit memory. Focusing on CD4(-) CD8(-) double-negative (DN) T cells, we found that these cells accumulated in the lungs postchallenge significantly more in A4/Adj-immunized mice and induced significantly greater frequencies of pulmonary gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing cells than were seen in the nonvaccinated or nonadjuvanted BCG control groups. Moreover, pulmonary DN T cells from the A4/Adj group exhibited significantly higher IFN-γ integrated median fluorescence intensity (iMFI) values than were seen in the control groups. We also showed that enriched DN T cells from mice immunized with A4/Adj could control mycobacterial growth in vitro significantly better than naive whole-spleen cells. These results suggest that formulating BCG in DDA/TDB adjuvant confers superior protection in immunocompromised mice and likely involves the induction of long-lived memory DN T cells.
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Double negative (DN) αβ T cells: misperception and overdue recognition. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:305-10. [PMID: 25420721 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4(-)CD8(-)double negative (DN) αβ T cells are legitimate components of the normal immune system. However, they are poorly understood and largely ignored by immunologists because of their historical association with the lymphoproliferation that occurs in mice (lpr and gld) and humans (autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes patients) with impaired Fas-mediated apoptosis where they are considered abnormal T cells. We believe that the traditional view that DN T cells that cause lymphoproliferation (hereafter referred to as lpr DN T cells) are CD4 and CD8 T cells that lost their coreceptor, conceived more than two decades ago, is flawed and that conflating lpr DN T cells with DN T cells found in normal immune system (hereafter referred to as nDN T cells) is unnecessarily dampening interest of this potentially important cell type. To begin rectifying these misperceptions, we will revisit the traditional view of lpr DN T cells and show that it does not hold true in light of recent immunological advances. In lieu of it, we offer a new model proposing that Fas-mediated apoptosis actively removes normally existing DN T cells from the periphery and that impaired Fas-mediated apoptosis leads to accumulation of these cells rather than de novo generation of DN T cells from activated CD4 or CD8 T cells. By doing so, we hope to provoke a new discussion that may lead to a consensus about the origin of lpr DN T cells and regulation of their homeostasis by the Fas pathway and reignite wider interest in nDN T cells.
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Wang SM, Chen IC, Liao YT, Liu CC. The clinical correlation of regulatory T cells and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in enterovirus 71 infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102025. [PMID: 25010330 PMCID: PMC4092122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brainstem encephalitis (BE) and pulmonary edema (PE) are notable complications of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection. Objective This study investigated the immunoregulatory characterizations of EV71 neurological complications by disease severity and milrinone treatment. Study Design Patients <18 years with virologically confirmed EV71 infections were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: the hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) or BE group, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation or PE group. Cytokine and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, and the regulatory T cell (Tregs) profiles of the patients were determined. Results Patients with ANS dysregulation or PE exhibited significantly low frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells compared with patients with HFMD or BE. The expression frequency of CD4−CD8− was also significantly decreased in patients with ANS dysregulation or PE. Among patients with ANS dysregulation or PE, the expression frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ increased markedly after milrinone treatment, and was associated with reduction of plasma levels IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10. Plasma concentrations of cAMP were significantly decreased in patients with ANS dysregulation or PE compared with patients with HFMD or BE; however, cAMP levels increased after milrinone treatment. Conclusions These findings suggested decreased different regulatory T populations and cAMP expression correlate with increased EV71 disease severity. Improved outcome after milrinone treatment may associate with increased regulatory T populations, cAMP expression and modulation of cytokines levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Min Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SMW); (CCL)
| | - I-Chun Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SMW); (CCL)
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Ford McIntyre MS, Gao JF, Li X, Naeini BM, Zhang L. Consequences of double negative regulatory T cell and antigen presenting cell interaction on immune response suppression. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:597-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND diagnostic dilemma in toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is that the results of microbiologic investigations are often not available immediately because of the need for incubation, or no obvious entry point can be found. METHODS We describe three patients with a clinical diagnosis of TSS in whom microbiologic tests were negative. RESULTS All patients had complicated courses with vasopressor-dependent shock, renal and respiratory failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation for at least 1 week. In all three patients, diagnosis was considerably faster with the assessment of the expansion of T-cell-receptor Vbeta2-positive T cells (> 15%) than by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) diagnosis, because of the complicated clinical picture or the delay caused by waiting for the results of microbiologic investigations. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that diagnostic procedures incorporating Vbeta2-positive T cells could be a useful tool for the diagnosis of TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wenisch
- 4. Med. Abt. Infektions und Tropenmedizin, SMZ-Süd KFJ Spital, Wien, Austria.
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Derrick SC, Evering TH, Sambandamurthy VK, Jalapathy KV, Hsu T, Chen B, Chen M, Russell RG, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Orme IM, Porcelli SA, Jacobs WR, Morris SL. Characterization of the protective T-cell response generated in CD4-deficient mice by a live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. Immunology 2006; 120:192-206. [PMID: 17076705 PMCID: PMC2265854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The global epidemic of tuberculosis, fuelled by acquired immune-deficiency syndrome, necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine. We have constructed a DeltaRD1DeltapanCD mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mc(2)6030) that undergoes limited replication and is severely attenuated in immunocompromised mice, yet induces significant protection against tuberculosis in wild-type mice and even in mice that completely lack CD4(+) T cells as a result of targeted disruption of their CD4 genes (CD4(-/-) mice). Ex vivo studies of T cells from mc(2)6030-immunized mice showed that these immune cells responded to protein antigens of M. tuberculosis in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted manner. Antibody depletion experiments showed that antituberculosis protective responses in the lung were not diminished by removal of CD8(+), T-cell receptor gammadelta (TCR-gammadelta(+)) and NK1.1(+) T cells from vaccinated CD4(-/-) mice before challenge, implying that the observed recall and immune effector functions resulting from vaccination of CD4(-/-) mice with mc(2)6030 were attributable to a population of CD4(-) CD8(-) (double-negative) TCR-alphabeta(+), TCR-gammadelta(-), NK1.1(-) T cells. Transfer of highly enriched double-negative TCR-alphabeta(+) T cells from mc(2)6030-immunized CD4(-/-) mice into naive CD4(-/-) mice resulted in significant protection against an aerosol tuberculosis challenge. Enriched pulmonary double-negative T cells transcribed significantly more interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 mRNA than double-negative T cells from naive mice after a tuberculous challenge. These results confirmed previous findings on the potential for a subset of MHC class II-restricted T cells to develop and function without expression of CD4 and suggest novel vaccination strategies to assist in the control of tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected humans who have chronic depletion of their CD4(+) T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunocompromised Host
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Derrick
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Marinacci G, Chiodo F. Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Sepsis Caused by a Multiresistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strain Resulting in a Severe and Long-Lasting Multiple Organ Inflammatory Involvement. EUR J INFLAMM 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0600400206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An exceptional case report of community-acquired, disseminated infection caused by a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain, responsible for pneumonia, sepsis, and scattered septic embolism, and accompanied by diffuse polyvisceritis and thrombophlebitis as signs of an overwhelming extensive activation of the immune system, is reported and discussed on the grounds of the most recent evidence in literature. The striking features of a severe, multiresistant S. aureus polyvisceral disease associated with multiple immune-mediated focal manifestations are in contrast with the community-acquired origin of infection and the apparent absence of supporting factors for both antimicrobial resistance and the unexpected, exaggerated immune activation occurred in an otherwise healthy man. The extensive immune activation status (as demonstrated by a proportionally maintained absolute lymphocyte cont and a T-cell subset study pointing out an increased quote of CD4+, CD34+, and CD4-CD8- cells, compared with a proportional decrease of CD8+ T-lymphocytes) probably had a prominent role in prompting several focal clinical features of our patient, which apparently were not directly related to bacterial invasion, such as the polyvisceritis, the massive pleuric and pericardial effusion, the myocarditis-pericarditis, and the thrombophlebitis occurring in multiple and remote body sites, as compared with to the initial respiratory localization. This case report raises multiple questions regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of complicated S. aureus infection, including the role of novel antimicrobial agents and corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sabbatani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna “Alma Mater Studiorum”, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Manfredi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna “Alma Mater Studiorum”, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Marinacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna “Alma Mater Studiorum”, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Chiodo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna “Alma Mater Studiorum”, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Cowley SC, Hamilton E, Frelinger JA, Su J, Forman J, Elkins KL. CD4-CD8- T cells control intracellular bacterial infections both in vitro and in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:309-19. [PMID: 16027239 PMCID: PMC2212999 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells, including the well-known CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, are central components of the acquired immune system and are the basis for successful vaccination. After infection, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expand into effector cells, and then differentiate into long-lived memory cells. We show that a rare population of CD4−CD8−CD3+αβ+γδ−NK1.1− T cells has similar functions. These cells potently and specifically inhibit the growth of the intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb.) or Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) in macrophages in vitro, promote survival of mice infected with these organisms in vivo, and adoptively transfer immunity to F. tularensis LVS. Furthermore, these cells expand in the spleens of mice infected with M. tb. or F. tularensis LVS, and then acquire a memory cell phenotype. Thus, CD4−CD8− T cells have a role in the control of intracellular infection and may contribute to successful vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Francisella tularensis/immunology
- Immunologic Memory
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/prevention & control
- Tuberculosis/therapy
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Tularemia/immunology
- Tularemia/prevention & control
- Tularemia/therapy
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C Cowley
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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