1
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Adiponectin inhibits proliferation of vascular endothelial cells induced by Ox-LDL by promoting dephosphorylation of Caveolin-1 and depolymerization of eNOS and up-regulating release of NO. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:424-434. [PMID: 31152980 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) can induce the proliferation and differentiation of endothelial cells, which is one of the important mechanisms of ox-LDL atherosclerosis. Adiponectin is an endogenous bioactive polypeptide secreted by adipocytes, it participates in the metabolism of fat and glucose. It has the effect of reducing blood triglyceride and LDL content. Adiponectin also inhibits the abnormal proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, but its molecular mechanism is unclear. In this study, we used cell model of Ox-LDL-induced human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) proliferation to analyze the molecular mechanism of APN inhibiting HAECs abnormal proliferation. The results showed that APN could inhibit the cell viability and DNA synthesis of HAECs after Ox-LDL treatment, up-regulate the apoptosis level and reduce the proportion of S + G2 phase cells. Further analysis showed that adiponectin could promote the dephosphorylation of Caveolin-1, which could dissociate eNOS and Caveolin-1, promote the phosphorylation of eNOS and enhance the synthesis of NO. NO increased expression levels of cleaved caspase 3 and p21 in the cells and inhibited the abnormal proliferation of HAECs. The regulation of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Caveolae-1 plays a key role in this process. Further study of the molecular mechanism of Caveolae-1 in the inhibition of HAECs abnormal proliferation by APN may reveal the potential of APN in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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2
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Sarkar O, Li Y, Anand-Srivastava MB. Nitric oxide attenuates overexpression of Giα proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells from SHR: Role of ROS and ROS-mediated signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179301. [PMID: 28692698 PMCID: PMC5503203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) exhibit decreased levels of nitric oxide (NO) that may be responsible for the overexpression of Giα proteins that has been shown as a contributing factor for the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHR. The present study was undertaken to investigate if increasing the intracellular levels of NO by NO donor S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) could attenuate the enhanced expression of Giα proteins in VSMC from SHR and explore the underlying mechanisms responsible for this response. The expression of Giα proteins and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, growth factor receptors and c-Src was determined by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Treatment of VSMC from SHR with SNAP for 24 hrs decreased the enhanced expression of Giα-2 and Giα-3 proteins and hyperproliferation that was not reversed by 1H (1, 2, 4) oxadiazole (4, 3-a) quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, however, PD98059, a MEK inhibitor restored the SNAP-induced decreased expression of Giα proteins towards control levels. In addition, the increased production of superoxide anion, NAD(P)H oxidase activity, overexpression of AT1 receptor, Nox4, p22phox and p47phox proteins, enhanced levels of TBARS and protein carbonyl, increased phosphorylation of PDGF-R, EGF-R, c-Src and ERK1/2 in VSMC from SHR were all decreased to control levels by SNAP treatment. These results suggest that NO decreased the enhanced expression of Giα-2/3 proteins and hyperproliferation of VSMC from SHR by cGMP-independent mechanism and involves ROS and ROS-mediated transactivation of EGF-R/PDGF-R and MAP kinase signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic GMP/pharmacology
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Carbonylation/drug effects
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Oli Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Madhu B. Anand-Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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3
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Tan X, Feng L, Huang X, Yang Y, Yang C, Gao Y. Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote eNOS expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and suppress hypoxia-induced cell growth. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2022-2035. [PMID: 28266122 PMCID: PMC5571528 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia stimulates excessive growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributing to vascular remodelling. Recent studies have shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) suppress VSMC proliferation and activate eNOS expression. However, the effects of HDI on hypoxia-induced VSMC growth and the role of activated eNOS in VSMCs are unclear. Using an EdU incorporation assay and flow cytometry analysis, we found that the HDIs, butyrate (Bur) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) significantly suppressed the proliferation of hypoxic VSMC lines and induced apoptosis. Remarkable induction of cleaved caspase 3, p21 expression and reduction of PCNA expression were also observed. Increased eNOS expression and enhanced NO secretion by hypoxic VSMC lines were detected using Bur or SAHA treatment. Knockdown of eNOS by siRNA transfection or exposure of hypoxic VSMCs to NO scavengers weakened the effects of Bur and SAHA on the growth of hypoxic VSMCs. In animal experiments, administration of Bur to Wistar rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 28 days ameliorated the thickness and collagen deposition in pulmonary artery walls. Although the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) was not obviously decreased with Bur in hypoxic rats, right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVHI) was decreased and the oxygen partial pressure of arterial blood was elevated. Furthermore, cell viability was decreased and eNOS and cleaved caspase 3 were induced in HDI-treated rat pulmonary arterial SMCs. These findings imply that HDIs prevent hypoxia-induced VSMC growth, in correlation with activated eNOS expression and activity in hypoxic VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tan
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Biology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Feng
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Biology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Huang
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yidong Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology & High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengzhong Yang
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Biology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology & High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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4
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Wang Y, Yuan Z, You C, Han J, Li H, Zhang Z, Yan H. Overexpression p21WAF1/CIP1 in suppressing retinal pigment epithelial cells and progression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy via inhibition CDK2 and cyclin E. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 14:144. [PMID: 25421815 PMCID: PMC4255444 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-14-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background P21 is one kind of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that can prevent cells from going through the G1/S phase checkpoint and inhibit cell proliferation. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a proliferative response in the eye. The aim of this study was to determine whether p21Waf1/Cip1 (p21) suppresses the proliferation and migration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro and controls PVR development in vivo. Methods Cell cycle analyses and transwell assays were conducted to assess cell proliferation characteristics and the migration ability of RPE cells after transfection with p21. Western blot and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction technologies were used to detect the expression of p21, CDK2 and cyclinE in RPE cells and rabbit retinal tissues. The impact of increasing p21 expression on PVR development was conducted by implantation of an adenovirus vector containing rabbit p21 (rAd-p21) in a PVR rabbit model. The prevalence of PVR and retinal detachment was determined by indirect ophthalmoscopy on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 after the injection of rAd-p21 into the vitreous. B scans and hematoxylin-eosin staining were employed to check rabbit retinas on day 21. Results Cell cycle analyses and transwell assays showed that p21 inhibited the proliferation and migration of RPE cells. Increased expression of p21 was detected in cultured RPE cells and rabbit retinas after transfection with the p21 gene, whereas levels of CDK2 and cyclinE were decreased. The increase in p21 expression effectively suppressed the development of PVR in a rabbit model. Conclusions The increase in p21 expression in RPE cells not only inhibits the proliferation and migration of RPE cells in vitro, but also suppresses the development of PVR in vivo, which indicates its therapeutic potential in treating PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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5
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Tajsic T, Morrell NW. Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis in pulmonary hypertension. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:295-317. [PMID: 23737174 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a multifactorial disease characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). Central to the pathobiology of this disease is the process of vascular remodelling. This process involves structural and functional changes to the normal architecture of the walls of pulmonary arteries (PAs) that lead to increased muscularization of the muscular PAs, muscularization of the peripheral, previously nonmuscular, arteries of the respiratory acinus, formation of neointima, and formation of plexiform lesions. Underlying or contributing to the development of these lesions is hypertrophy, proliferation, migration, and resistance to apoptosis of medial cells and this article is concerned with the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes. In the first part of the article we focus on the concept of smooth muscle cell phenotype and the difficulties surrounding the identification and characterization of the cell/cells involved in the remodelling of the vessel media and we review the general mechanisms of cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Then, in the larger part of the article, we review the factors identified thus far to be involved in PH intiation and/or progression and review and discuss their effects on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) the predominant cells in the tunica media of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tajsic
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Mao SZ, Fan XF, Xue F, Chen R, Chen XY, Yuan GS, Hu LG, Liu SF, Gong YS. Intermedin modulates hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling by inhibiting pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 27:1-9. [PMID: 23796770 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disabling disease with limited treatment options. Hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling is a major cause of hypoxic PAH. Pharmacological agents that can inhibit the remodeling process may have great therapeutic value. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of intermedin (IMD), a new calcitonin gene-related peptide family of peptide, on hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling. METHODS Rats were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (∼10% O(2)), or exposed to hypoxia and treated with IMD, administered by an implanted mini-osmotic pump (6.5 μg/rat/day), for 4 weeks. The effects of IMD infusion on the development of hypoxic PAH and right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, on pulmonary vascular remodeling, on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation and apoptosis, and on the activations of l-arginine nitric oxide (NO) pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptotic pathway were examined. RESULTS Rats exposed to hypoxia developed PAH and RV hypertrophy. IMD treatment alleviated PAH and prevented RV hypertrophy. IMD inhibited hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling as indicated by reduced wall thickness and increased lumen diameter of pulmonary arterioles, and decreased muscularization of distal pulmonary vasculature in hypoxia-exposed rats. IMD treatment inhibited PASMC proliferation and promoted PASMC apoptosis. IMD treatment increased tissue level of constitutive NO synthase activity and tissue NO content in lungs, and enhanced l-arginine uptake into pulmonary vascular tissues. IMD treatment increased cellular levels of glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 and GRP94, two major markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and increased caspase-12 expression, the ER stress-specific caspase, in lungs and cultured PASMCs. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that IMD treatment attenuates hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling, and thereby hypoxic PAH mainly by inhibiting PASMC proliferation. Promotion of PASMC apoptosis may also contribute to the inhibitory effect of IMD. Activations l-arginine-NO pathway and of ER stress-specific apoptosis pathway could be the mechanisms mediating the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Zhong Mao
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xuan-Ying Chen
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gong-Sheng Yuan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Liang-Gang Hu
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shu Fang Liu
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Yong-Sheng Gong
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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7
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Nitric oxide is a mediator of antiproliferative effects induced by proinflammatory cytokines on pancreatic beta cells. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:905175. [PMID: 23840099 PMCID: PMC3694487 DOI: 10.1155/2013/905175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in several biological processes. In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), proinflammatory cytokines activate an inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS) in β cells, thus increasing NO levels and inducing apoptosis. The aim of the current study is to determine the role of NO (1) in the antiproliferative effect of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α on cultured islet β cells and (2) during the insulitis stage prior to diabetes onset using the Biobreeding (BB) rat strain as T1DM model. Our results indicate that NO donors exert an antiproliferative effect on β cell obtained from cultured pancreatic islets, similar to that induced by proinflammatory cytokines. This cytokine-induced antiproliferative effect can be reversed by L-NMMA, a general NOS inhibitor, and is independent of guanylate cyclase pathway. Assays using NOS isoform specific inhibitors suggest that the NO implicated in the antiproliferative effect of proinflammatory cytokines is produced by inducible NOS, although not in an exclusive way. In BB rats, early treatment with L-NMMA improves the initial stage of insulitis. We conclude that NO is an important mediator of antiproliferative effect induced by proinflammatory cytokines on cultured β cell and is implicated in β-cell proliferation impairment observed early from initial stage of insulitis.
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8
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Tapia E, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Soto V, Manrique AM, Ortiz-Vega KM, Santamaría J, Medina-Campos ON, Cristóbal M, Avila-Casado C, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Rodríguez-Iturbe B, Franco M. Sildenafil treatment prevents glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration in rats with renal ablation. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012; 35:273-80. [PMID: 22378379 DOI: 10.1159/000334952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sildenafil treatment ameliorates progressive renal injury resulting from extensive renal ablation; however, modifications induced by sildenafil in the glomerular hemodynamic pathophysiology of the remnant kidney have not been investigated. AIM To determine the effects of sildenafil in the glomerular microcirculation and their relation to histological damage in the renal ablation model. METHODS Micropuncture studies were performed 60 days after 5/6 nephrectomy in rats that received no treatment, sildenafil (5 mg/kg/day) and reserpine, hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide to maintain the blood pressure within normal levels. Sham-operated rats untreated and treated with sildenafil served as controls. RESULTS As expected, renal ablation induced systemic and glomerular hypertension, hyperfiltration, proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial inflammatory damage in the remnant kidney. Sildenafil treatment prevented single-nephron hyperfiltration and hypertension, suppressed renal arteriolar remodeling, ameliorated systemic hypertension and proteinuria, increased urinary excretion of cGMP and NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-), decreased oxidative stress and improved histological damage in the remnant kidney. Normalization blood pressure with reserpine, hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide did not modify glomerular hemodynamics, proteinuria or histological changes induced by renal ablation. CONCLUSIONS Beneficial effects of sildenafil in the remnant kidney are associated with a reduction in the arteriolar remodeling, renal inflammatory changes and prevention of changes in the glomerular microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilia Tapia
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Zuckerbraun BS, Shiva S, Ifedigbo E, Mathier MA, Mollen KP, Rao J, Bauer PM, Choi JJW, Curtis E, Choi AMK, Gladwin MT. Nitrite potently inhibits hypoxic and inflammatory pulmonary arterial hypertension and smooth muscle proliferation via xanthine oxidoreductase-dependent nitric oxide generation. Circulation 2009; 121:98-109. [PMID: 20026772 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.891077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive proliferative vasculopathy of the small pulmonary arteries that is characterized by a primary failure of the endothelial nitric oxide and prostacyclin vasodilator pathways, coupled with dysregulated cellular proliferation. We have recently discovered that the endogenous anion salt nitrite is converted to nitric oxide in the setting of physiological and pathological hypoxia. Considering the fact that nitric oxide exhibits vasoprotective properties, we examined the effects of nitrite on experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS We exposed mice and rats with hypoxia or monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension to low doses of nebulized nitrite (1.5 mg/min) 1 or 3 times a week. This dose minimally increased plasma and lung nitrite levels yet completely prevented or reversed pulmonary arterial hypertension and pathological right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that nitrite in the lung was metabolized directly to nitric oxide in a process significantly enhanced under hypoxia and found to be dependent on the enzymatic action of xanthine oxidoreductase. Additionally, physiological levels of nitrite inhibited hypoxia-induced proliferation of cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via the nitric oxide-dependent induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1). The therapeutic effect of nitrite on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension was significantly reduced in the p21-knockout mouse; however, nitrite still reduced pressures and right ventricular pathological remodeling, indicating the existence of p21-independent effects as well. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal a potent effect of inhaled nitrite that limits pathological pulmonary arterial hypertrophy and cellular proliferation in the setting of experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Zuckerbraun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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10
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Yin XY, Jiang JM, Liu JY, Zhu JR. Effects of endogenous nitric oxide induced by 5-fluorouracil and L-Arg on liver carcinoma in nude mice. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:6249-53. [PMID: 18069768 PMCID: PMC4171238 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i46.6249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of endogeous nitric oxide induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and L-arginine (L-Arg) on the human liver carcinoma model in nude mice.
METHODS: The human liver carcinoma model in nude mice was established with BEL-7402 cells and normal saline (NS), 5-FU and 5-FU + L-Arg injected intraperitoneally. The tumor size was measured. The necrotic degree and range were observed under microscope. The apoptosis of cancer cell was detected by turmina deoxynucleotidyl transferanse mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Immunohistochemical method was performed to determine the expression of iNOS, P16, BAX. The chemical colorimetry was used to test the activity and nitrate reductase method was adopted to test the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in the tumor tissue. The BI2000 pathological image analyzer was used to analyze the result of immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: 5-FU combined with L-Arg could inhibit the tumor growth apparently. In NS, 5-FU and 5-FU+L-Arg groups, the changes of tumor volumes were 257.978 ± 59.0, 172.232 ± 66.0 and 91.523 ± 26.7 mm3, respectively (P < 0.05 5-FU vs 5-FU + L-Arg group; P < 0.05 NS vs 5-FU + L-Arg group; P < 0.05, NS vs 5-FU group). The necrotic range and apoptosis index were significantly increased after the drug injection. The necrotic range was biggest in 5-FU + L-Arg group (χ2 = 15.963, P < 0.05).
The apoptosis indexes were as follows: NS, 17.4% ± 6.19%; 5-FU, 31.3% ± 12.3%; and 5-FU + L-Arg, 46% ± 15.24% (P < 0.05, 5-FU vs 5-FU + L-Arg; P < 0.05, NS vs 5-FU + L-Arg; P < 0.05, NS vs 5-FU). The expression and activity of iNOS were increased in the tumor tissue. The concentration of NO was also increased. F of optical density of iNOS, iNOS activity and NO concentration are 31.693, 21.949, and 33.909, respectively, P < 0.05. The concentration of NO was related to the expression of P16 and BAX. The correlation coefficient was 0.764 and 0.554.
CONCLUSION: 5-FU combined with L-Arg can inhibit the growth of tumor in nude mice. The effect may be related to inducing the synthesis and increasing the activity of iNOS. The production of NO is increased, and it can enhance the expression of apoptosis-related gene and antioncogene.
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11
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Bouallegue A, Daou GB, Srivastava AK. Nitric oxide attenuates endothelin-1-induced activation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 in vascular smooth muscle cells by a cGMP-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2072-9. [PMID: 17644565 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01097.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), in addition to its vasodilator action, has also been shown to antagonize the mitogenic and hypertrophic responses of growth factors and vasoactive peptides such as endothelin-1 (ET-1) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the mechanism by which NO exerts its antimitogenic and antihypertrophic effect remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether NO generation would modify ET-1-induced signaling pathways involved in cellular growth, proliferation, and hypertrophy in A-10 VSMCs. Treatment of A-10 VSMCs with S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), two NO donors, attenuated the ET-1-enhanced phosphorylation of several key components of growth-promoting and hypertrophic signaling pathways such as ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2. On the other hand, inhibition of the endogenous NO generation with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, increased the ET-1-induced phosphorylation of these signaling components. Since NO mediates its effect principally through a cGMP-soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) pathway, we investigated the role of these molecules in NO action. 8-Bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, a nonmetabolizable and cell-permeant analog of cGMP, exhibited a effect similar to that of SNAP and SNP. Furthermore, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of sGC, reversed the inhibitory effect of NO on ET-1-induced responses. SNAP treatment also decreased the protein synthesis induced by ET-1. Together, these data demonstrate that NO, in a cGMP-dependent manner, attenuated ET-1-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 and also antagonized the hypertrophic effects of ET-1. It may be suggested that NO-induced generation of cGMP contributes to the inhibition of ET-1-induced mitogenic and hypertrophic responses in VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/embryology
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 2/metabolism
- Guanylate Cyclase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- Hypertrophy/enzymology
- Hypertrophy/metabolism
- Leucine/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bouallegue
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Vokurkova M, Xu S, Touyz RM. Reactive oxygen species, cell growth, cell cycle progression and vascular remodeling in hypertension. Future Cardiol 2007; 3:53-63. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.3.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide, hygrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. Under physiological conditions, all vascular cell types produce ROS in a controlled and regulated fashion, mainly through nonphagocyte NADPH oxidase. An imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants results in oxidative stress. ROS are important intracellular signaling molecules. There is growing evidence that increased oxidative stress and associated oxidative damage are mediators of vascular injury in hypertension, as well as in other cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress causes vascular injury by reducing nitric oxide bioavailability, altering endothelial function and vascular contraction/dilation, promoting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and hypertrophy, and increasing extracellular matrix deposition and inflammation. The present review focuses on the regulatory role of ROS on cell growth and cell cycle progression and discusses implications of these events in vascular remodeling in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vokurkova
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shaoping Xu
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8MS, Canada
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13
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Bassil M, Anand-Srivastava MB. Nitric oxide modulates Gi-protein expression and adenylyl cyclase signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1162-73. [PMID: 16962941 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that treatment of rats with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N6-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester for 4 weeks resulted in the augmentation of blood pressure and enhanced levels of Gialpha proteins. The present studies were undertaken to investigate if NO can modulate the expression of Gi proteins and associated adenylyl cyclase signaling. A10 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and primary cultured cells from aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats were used for these studies. The cells were treated with S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) for 24 h and the expression of Gialpha proteins was determined by immunobloting techniques. Adenylyl cyclase activity was determined by measuring [32P]cAMP formation for [alpha-32P]ATP. Treatment of cells with SNAP (100 microM) or SNP (0.5 mM) decreased the expression of Gialpha-2 and Gialpha-3 by about 25-40% without affecting the levels of Gsalpha proteins. The decreased expression of Gialpha proteins was reflected in decreased Gi functions (receptor-independent and -dependent) as demonstrated by decreased or attenuated forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity by GTPgammaS and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity by angiotensin II and C-ANP4-23, a ring-deleted analog of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) that specifically interacts with natriuretic peptide receptor-C (NPR-C) in SNAP-treated cells. The SNAP-induced decreased expression of Gialpha-2 and Gialpha-3 proteins was not blocked by 1H[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, or KT5823, an inhibitor of protein kinase G, but was restored toward control levels by uric acid, a scavenger of peroxynitrite and Mn(111)tetralis (benzoic acid porphyrin) MnTBAP, a peroxynitrite scavenger and a superoxide dismutase mimetic agent that inhibits the production of peroxynitrite, suggesting that NO-mediated decreased expression of Gialpha protein was cGMP-independent and may be attributed to increased levels of peroxynitrite. In addition, Gsalpha-mediated stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by GTPgammaS, isoproterenol, and forskolin was significantly augmented in SNAP-treated cells. These results indicate that NO decreased the expression of Gialpha protein and associated functions in VSMC by cGMP-independent mechanisms. From these studies, it can be suggested that NO-induced decreased levels of Gi proteins and resultant increased levels of cAMP may be an additional mechanism through which NO regulates blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bassil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
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14
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Wang H, Tang Y, Zhang YL. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and iptakalim, a novel ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener targeting smaller arteries in hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:293-316. [PMID: 16614730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2005.tb00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a serious and potentially devastating chronic disorder of the pulmonary circulation. Attempts to use drugs in the therapy of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension indicated the importance of prevention or reduction of vasoconstriction as well as of the reversal of remodeling within the cardiovascular system. Iptakalim (2,3-dimethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-2-butylamine), a novel ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, has the desired effects on hypoxic pulmonary arteries. Iptakalim decreases the elevated mean pressure in pulmonary arteries, and attenuates remodeling in the right ventricle, pulmonary arteries and airways. Moreover, iptakalim has selective antihypertensive effects: it significantly lowers arterial pressure in hypertensive animals, but has little if any effect in normotensive animals. In HPH iptakalim has selective effects on smaller arteries. Long-term iptakalim therapy decreases expression of sulfonylurea receptor 2 and of mRNA of inwardly rectifying potassium channel in smaller arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Iptakalim inhibits the effects of endothelin-1, reduces the intracellular calcium concentration and inhibits the cell cycle in smooth muscle cells of pulmonary arteries. There is no evidence for the development of tolerance to the long-lasting antihypertensive action of iptakalim. At therapeutic doses iptakalim has no effects on the central nervous, respiratory, digestive, or endocrine systems. It has a broad therapeutic range, so that it can be safely used in the therapy of HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, Peoples' Republic of China.
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15
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO*) has been proposed to be a physiological modulator of cell proliferation, able to promote in most cases cell cycle arrest. In this review I explore the molecular basis of this mechanism of action. The modulatory action of NO* on the intracellular concentration of cGMP and the machinery directly involved in the control of cell cycle progression, including the expression and activity of diverse cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, their physiological inhibitors, and the master transcriptional regulator retinoblastoma protein, will be discussed. The role of NO* in proliferation mediated by tyrosine kinase receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor and downstream signalling pathways will also be considered. Finally, the involvement of NO* in proliferative processes relevant for normal development will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Cooney R, Hynes SO, Duffy AM, Sharif F, O'Brien T. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and vascular cell proliferation. J Vasc Res 2006; 43:462-72. [PMID: 16921253 DOI: 10.1159/000095163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many vascular diseases are associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene therapy to the vasculature is a possible treatment for vascular disease as a means of increasing NO bioavailability, and this may be achieved using any of the NOS isoforms. The aim of our study was to compare the effects of adenoviral-mediated overexpression of the most commonly used NOS isoforms eNOS and iNOS on vascular cell proliferation. METHODS Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCSMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transduced with adenoviral vectors encoding eNOS or iNOS at a multiplicity of infection of 100. Control cells were exposed to AdNull (empty vector) or diluent alone. Transgene expression was sought by Western blotting. The Greiss assay was used to measure nitrite levels. Cell proliferation was assessed by cell counting on days 0, 3 and 6. Apoptosis was sought using FACS analysis. Angiogenesis was measured using a commercially available in vitro kit. RESULTS Expression of both isoforms was detected in transduced cells by Western blot at all three time points. NOS transduction resulted in increased nitrite levels with higher levels seen in iNOS- compared to eNOS-transduced cells. Cell proliferation was diminished in AdeNOS- and AdiNOS-transduced cells compared with non-transduced cells on days 3 and 6 in both HCSMCs and HUVECs. Apoptosis was not detected in either cell line with either of the isoforms at any timepoint studied. Both eNOS and iNOS gene transfer caused a reduction in angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS NOS gene transfer to both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells is antiproliferative and antiangiogenic. The biological effect is identical with both isoforms and there is no evidence to support a differential effect on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Cooney
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences (NCBES), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Abstract
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), among the most rapidly progressive and potentially fatal of vasculopathies, is a disorder of vascular transition from fetal to neonatal circulation, manifesting as hypoxemic respiratory failure. PPHN represents a common pathway of vascular injury activated by numerous perinatal stresses: hypoxia, hypoglycemia, cold stress, sepsis, and direct lung injury. As with other multifactorial diseases, a single inciting event may be augmented by multiple concurrent/subsequent phenomena that result in differing courses of disease progression. I review the various mechanisms of vascular injury involved in neonatal pulmonary hypertension: endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, hypoxia, and mechanical strain, in the context of downstream effects on pulmonary vascular endothelial-myocyte interactions and myocyte phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dakshinamurti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada.
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