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Plekhanova O, Parfyonova Y, Beloglazova I, Berk BC, Tkachuk V. Oligonucleotide Microarrays Identified Potential Regulatory Genes Related to Early Outward Arterial Remodeling Induced by Tissue Plasminogen Activator. Front Physiol 2019; 10:493. [PMID: 31114508 PMCID: PMC6502959 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Constrictive vascular remodeling limiting blood flow, as well as compensatory outward remodeling, has been observed in many cardiovascular diseases; however, the underlying mechanisms regulating the remodeling response of the vessels remain unclear. Plasminogen activators (PA) are involved in many of the processes of vascular remodeling. We have shown previously that increased levels of tissue-type PA (tPA) contributes to outward vascular remodeling. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the induction of outward remodeling we characterized changes in the expression profiles of 8799 genes in injured rat carotid arteries 1 and 4 days after recombinant tPA treatment compared to vehicle. Periadventitial tPA significantly increased lumen size and vessel area, encompassed by the external elastic lamina, at both one and 4 days after treatment. Among 41 differentially expressed known genes 1 day after tPA application, five genes were involved in gene transcription, five genes were related to the regulation of vascular tone [for example, thromboxane A2 receptor (D32080) or non-selective-type endothelin receptor (S65355)], and eight genes were identified as participating in vascular innervation [for example, calpain (D14478) or neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (X59149)]. Four days after injury in tPA-treated arteries, four genes, regulating vascular tone, were differentially expressed. Thus, tPA promotes outward arterial remodeling after injury, at least in part, by regulating expression of genes in the vessel wall related to function of the nervous system and vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Plekhanova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yelena Parfyonova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Beloglazova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bradford C Berk
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Vsevolod Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Involvement of the Urokinase Receptor and Its Endogenous Ligands in the Development of the Brain and the Formation of Cognitive Functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-017-0525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Ban C, Wang T, Zhang S, Xin P, Liang L, Wang C, Dai H. Fibrinolytic system related to pulmonary arterial pressure and lung function of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2015; 11:640-647. [PMID: 26425916 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND AIMS To investigate urokinase-(uPA) and tissue-type (tPA) plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) levels in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and to determine the relationship between fibrinolytic system and pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary function. METHODS Seventy-nine patients with IPF were included. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood samples were collected. The concentrations of tPA, uPA and PAI-1 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Doppler echocardiography was used to detect tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) to estimate pulmonary arterial pressure. RESULTS BALF tPA elevated (P < 0.005), circulatory PAI-1 decreased (P = 0.05) and the ratio of uPA and PAI-1 decreased (P = 0.01) in BALF in IPF patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) compared to those without PH. Positive linear correlations were found: BALF tPA and TRPG (r = 0.558, P = 0.013); the predicted percentage of diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide adjustments for alveolar volume and BALF uPA (r = 0.319, P = 0.035). Negative linear correlations were as follows: BALF PAI-1 and the predicted percentage of VCmax (r = -0.325, P = 0.020), or total lung capacity (r = -0.312, P = 0.033); circulatory PAI-1 and TRPG (r = -0.697, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The change of alveolar fibrolytic system in IPF, especially the uPA reduction and the PAI-1elevation, contributes to the deterioration of lung function. During the lung injury initiating fibrosis, tPA and PAI-1 might be leaked out of the pulmonary capillaries into alveoli, resulting in their elevation in alveoli and reduction in circulation, and finally contributing to the development of PH in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Ban
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Tongde Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ping Xin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Lirong Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, 100020, China
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Iaconetti C, De Rosa S, Polimeni A, Sorrentino S, Gareri C, Carino A, Sabatino J, Colangelo M, Curcio A, Indolfi C. Down-regulation of miR-23b induces phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cellsin vitroandin vivo. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:522-33. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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5
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Zhang S, Zou L, Yang T, Yang Y, Zhai Z, Xiao F, Wang C. The sGC activator inhibits the proliferation and migration, promotes the apoptosis of human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells via the up regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:278-87. [PMID: 25704756 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different types of pulmonary hypertension (PH) share the same process of pulmonary vascular remodeling, the molecular mechanism of which is not entirely clarified by far. The abnormal biological behaviors of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) play an important role in this process. OBJECTIVES We investigated the regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) by the sGC activator, and explored the effect of PAI-2 on PASMCs proliferation, apoptosis and migration. METHODS After the transfection with PAI-2 overexpression vector and specific siRNAs or treatment with BAY 41-2272 (an activator of sGC), the mRNA and protein levels of PAI-2 in cultured human PASMCs were detected, and the proliferation, apoptosis and migration of PASMCs were investigated. RESULTS BAY 41-2272 up regulated the endogenous PAI-2 in PASMCs, on the mRNA and protein level. In PAI-2 overexpression group, the proliferation and migration of PASMCs were inhibited significantly, and the apoptosis of PASMCs was increased. In contrast, PAI-2 knockdown with siRNA increased PASMCs proliferation and migration, inhibited the apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS PAI-2 overexpression inhibits the proliferation and migration and promotes the apoptosis of human PASMCs. Therefore, sGC activator might alleviate or reverse vascular remodeling in PH through the up-regulation of PAI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lihui Zou
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, 1 Dahua Rd, Beijing, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, 1 Dahua Rd, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ting Yang
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuanhua Yang
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenguo Zhai
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, 1 Dahua Rd, Beijing, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, 1 Dahua Rd, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, 8 Gongti South Rd, Beijing, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, 1 Dahua Rd, Beijing, PR China.
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6
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Iwamoto N, Vettori S, Maurer B, Brock M, Pachera E, Jüngel A, Calcagni M, Gay RE, Whitfield ML, Distler JHW, Gay S, Distler O. Downregulation of miR-193b in systemic sclerosis regulates the proliferative vasculopathy by urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 75:303-10. [PMID: 25384965 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of microRNA-193b-3p (miR-193b) in the vascular pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Expression of miR-193b in skin biopsies and fibroblasts from patients with SSc and normal healthy (NH) controls were determined by real-time PCR. Transfection with miR-193b precursor and inhibitor were used to confirm targets of miR-193b. Proliferative effects of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) were determined by water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay and by analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis was performed to investigate the effect of uPA on apoptosis. For inhibition of the uPA-cellular receptor for uPA (uPAR) pathway, uPAR neutralising antibodies and low molecular weight uPA were used. RESULTS We found that miR-193b was downregulated in SSc fibroblasts and skin sections as compared with NH controls. The expression of miR-193b was not affected by major profibrotic cytokines and hypoxia. Induction of miR-193b in SSc fibroblasts suppressed, and accordingly, knockdown of miR-193b increased the levels of messenger RNA and protein for uPA. uPA was found to be upregulated in SSc as compared with NH controls in a transforming growth factor-β dependent manner, and uPA was strongly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells in SSc skin section. Interestingly, uPA induced cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, and these effects were independent of uPAR signalling. CONCLUSIONS In SSc, the downregulation of miR-193b induces the expression of uPA, which increases the number of vascular smooth muscle cells in an uPAR-independent manner and thereby contributes to the proliferative vasculopathy with intimal hyperplasia characteristic for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Iwamoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Serena Vettori
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Britta Maurer
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Brock
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Pachera
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Jüngel
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renate E Gay
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael L Whitfield
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Gay
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
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Chiang S, Breen DM, Guo J, Mori Y, Giacca A. Local insulin application on the carotid artery inhibits neointima formation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:1086-94. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Anti-mitogenic agents currently used to prevent restenosis in drug-eluting stents delay re-endothelialization. Delayed re-endothelialization is now considered as the main cause of late stent thrombosis with drug-eluting stents, which emphasizes the need for new treatments. We have shown that systemic insulin treatment decreases neointimal growth and accelerates re-endothelialization after arterial injury in a rat model of restenosis. However, systemic insulin treatment cannot be given to non-diabetic individuals because of the risk of hypoglycemia. Thus, we investigated whether local insulin treatment is also effective in reducing neointimal growth after arterial injury. Rats were given local vehicle or local insulin delivered via Pluronic gel applied around the carotid artery immediately following balloon injury. Plasma glucose and systemic insulin levels were not affected by local insulin treatment. Insulin decreased intimal area at 28 days (P < 0.05) and also inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell migration by 60% at 4 days (P < 0.05). NPH (a longer-lasting insulin) also decreased neointimal area. These results indicate that local insulin treatment can lead to decreased restenosis, suggesting a protective vascular effect of insulin in vivo and that local insulin treatment, possibly via insulin-eluting stents, may be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chiang
- Department of Physiology, Medical Science Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Danna M. Breen
- Department of Physiology, Medical Science Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - June Guo
- Department of Physiology, Medical Science Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yusaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, Medical Science Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-0064, Japan
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, Medical Science Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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8
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Parfyonova Y, Alekseeva I, Plekhanova O, Deev A, Titaeva E, Dobrovolsky A, Gabbasov Z, Lyakishev A, Tkachuk V. Plasma urokinase antigen and C-reactive protein predict angina recurrence after coronary angioplasty. Heart Vessels 2013; 29:611-8. [PMID: 24057344 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the predictive value of several biochemical indices of the coagulation-fibrinolysis system, platelet function, and inflammatory state for angina recurrence after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). We measured preprocedural and follow-up plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and urokinase plasminogen activator antigen (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity, tissue plasminogen activator activity, and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in 53 patients with chronic stable angina who underwent successful elective PTCA of single hemodynamically significant lesions in coronary arteries. All patients were followed up for 12 months after PTCA. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the association of variables with angina recurrence rate. At the end of the follow-up, 16 patients had angina recurrence. Among 36 clinical, biochemical, and angiographic variables, the duration of stable angina more than 12 months before PTCA (χ (2) = 5.73; P = 0.02, hazard ratio (HR) 3.7, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.26-10.6), high baseline levels of CRP (>7 mg/l) (χ (2) = 8.34; P = 0.004, HR 2.9, 95 % CI 1.4-5.9), uPA antigen baseline (>1 ng/ml) (χ (2) = 17.11; P = 0.0001, HR 11.5, 95 % CI 3.6-36.7) and 48 h after PTCA (χ (2) = 15.73; P = 0.0001, HR 8.8, 95 % CI 3.01-25.96), baseline PAI-1 activity (>18 IU/ml) (χ (2) = 9.37; P = 0.002, HR 7.6, 95 % CI 2.07-27.84) were significant predictors of recurrent angina by univariate analyses. According to stepwise multivariate analyses, only the levels of plasma uPA antigen and serum CRP were shown to be significant independent predictors of angina recurrence (multivariate uPA χ (2) = 8.22, P = 0.004, HR 6.2, 95 % CI 1.78-21.67; CRP χ (2) = 4.09, P = 0.04, HR 1.9, 95 % CI 1.02-3.68). High preprocedural plasma uPA and serum CRP levels are indicative of angina recurrence after successful PTCA, and are valuable for the prognosis of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Parfyonova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Cardiology Research Center, 3rd Cherepkovskaya, 15a, Moscow, 121552, Russia,
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9
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Lugano R, Peña E, Casani L, Badimon L, Padró T. UPA promotes lipid-loaded vascular smooth muscle cell migration through LRP-1. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 100:262-71. [PMID: 23812296 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a crucial event in atherosclerosis and vascular repair. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) infiltrated in the vessel wall become aggregated (agLDL) and internalized by VSMC through the LDL receptor-related protein LRP1, deriving in lipid-loaded cells with reduced motility capacity. The urokinase-plasminogen activator (UPA)/UPA receptor (UPAR) system plays a relevant role in vascular remodelling. Here, we investigated whether UPA-ligand binding is involved in the detrimental effects of lipid loading in VSMC migration. METHODS AND RESULTS Animals fed a high-fat diet had 10-fold higher cholesterol-LDL plasma levels, >60% decrease in aortic UPA-protein expression, and VSMC showed impaired outgrowth from aortic explants. Angiotensin II infusion significantly increased aortic UPA expression and accelerated VSMC migration. Using an in vitro model of wound repair, we showed that agLDL inhibits UPA-mediated VSMC migration. UPA silencing reduced migration in control cells to levels observed in lipid-loaded VSMC. UPA silencing did not affect migration in lipid-loaded VSMC. UPA expression was significantly decreased in agLDL-exposed VSMC. agLDL also induced changes in the subcellular localization of UPA, with a reduction in colocalization with UPAR strongly evident at the front edge of agLDL-treated migrating cells. Rescue experiments showed that UPA acting as UPAR ligand restored migration capacity of agLDL-VSMC to control levels. The effects of UPA/UPAR on migration of lipid-loaded cells occurred through the binding to LRP-1. CONCLUSION UPA-ligand binding regulates VSMC migration, a process that is interfered by LDL. Thus, tissue infiltrated LDL through the abrogation of UPA function reduces VSMC-regulated vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lugano
- Cardiovascular Research Center , CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Av. S. Antoni M. Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Lugano R, Peña E, Badimon L, Padró T. Aggregated low-density lipoprotein induce impairment of the cytoskeleton dynamics through urokinase-type plasminogen activator/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in human vascular smooth muscle cell. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:2158-67. [PMID: 22906080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (UPA) regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions relevant in vascular remodeling by facilitating proteolysis at the cell surface and inducing cell signaling pathways. Our previous results demonstrated that aggregated low-density lipoprotein (agLDL) impair cytoskeleton dynamics, a key event contributing to VSMC behavior during progression of atherosclerotic plaques. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether mechanisms underlying inhibition of cytoskeleton dynamics in lipid-loaded VSMC occurs through a UPA-mediated process. METHODS Adhesion assay was performed in lipid-loaded human VSMC after 16-h exposition to agLDL (100 μg mL(-1)). Protein subcellular localization and actin-fiber formation were assessed by confocal microscopy. For analysis of protein expression western blots were carried out. Co-immunoprecipitates of UPAR were examined by one-dimensional- or two-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE or 2-DE), mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF and western blot. RESULTS agLDL induced UPA subcellular delocalization and significantly decreased UPA levels during attachment of VSMC. UPA (enhanced endogenous-expression or exogenous added) acting as a urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (UPAR)-ligand restored actin-cytoskeleton organization and adhesion capacity of lipid-loaded cells to control levels. UPAR co-immunoprecipitated with the unphosphorylated form of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) in lipid-loaded cells. The detrimental effects of agLDL on MRLC phosphorylation were reversed by high levels of UPA. The UPA effects on VSMC exposed to agLDL involved FAK phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS The detrimental effects of atherogenic LDL on VSMC are mediated by a decrease and delocalization of the UPA-UPAR interaction that result in an impairment of cytoskeleton dynamics and adhesion capacity affecting cell phenotype and function.
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MESH Headings
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myosin Light Chains/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Transport
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/genetics
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lugano
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant- Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Abstract
It has been appreciated over the past two decades that arterial remodelling, in addition to intimal hyperplasia, contributes significantly to the degree of restenosis that develops following revascularization procedures. Remodelling appears to be an adventitia-based process that is contributed to by multiple factors including cytokines and growth factors that regulate extracellular matrix or phenotypic transformation of vascular cells including myofibroblasts. In this review, we summarize the currently available information from animal models as well as clinical investigations regarding arterial remodelling. The factors that contribute to this process are presented with an emphasis on potential therapeutic methods to enhance favourable remodelling and prevent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti A Goel
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
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12
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Kenagy RD, Min SK, Mulvihill E, Clowes AW. A link between smooth muscle cell death and extracellular matrix degradation during vascular atrophy. J Vasc Surg 2011; 54:182-191.e24. [PMID: 21493032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High blood flow induces neointimal atrophy in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) aortoiliac grafts and a tight external PTFE wrap of the iliac artery induces medial atrophy. In both nonhuman primate models, atrophy with loss of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) begins at ≤4 days. We hypothesized that matrix loss would be linked to cell death, but the factors and mechanisms involved are not known. The purpose of this study was to determine commonly regulated genes in these two models, which we hypothesized would be a small set of genes that might be key regulators of vascular atrophy. METHODS DNA microarray analysis (Sentrix Human Ref 8; Illumina, San Diego, Calif; ∼23,000 genes) was performed on arterial tissue from the wrap model (n = 9) and graft neointima from the graft model (n = 5) 1 day after wrapping or the switch to high flow, respectively. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was also performed. Expression of this vascular atrophy gene set was also studied after Fas ligand-induced cell death in cultured smooth muscle cells and organ cultured arteries. RESULTS Microarray analysis showed 15 genes were regulated in the same direction in both atrophy models: 9 upregulated and 6 downregulated. Seven of nine upregulated genes were confirmed by qRT-PCR in both models. Upregulated genes included the ECM-degrading enzymes ADAMTS4, tissue plasminogen activator (PLAT), and hyaluronidase 2; possible growth regulatory factors, including chromosome 8 open reading frame 4 and leucine-rich repeat family containing 8; a differentiation regulatory factor (musculoskeletal embryonic nuclear protein 1); a dead cell removal factor (ficolin 3); and a prostaglandin transporter (solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1). Five downregulated genes were confirmed but only in one or the other model. Of the seven upregulated genes, ADAMTS4, PLAT, hyaluronidase 2, solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1, leucine-rich repeat family containing 8, and chromosome 8 open reading frame 4 were also upregulated in vitro in cultured smooth muscle cells or cultured iliac artery by treatment with FasL, which causes cell death. However, blockade of caspase activity with Z-VAD inhibited FasL-mediated cell death, but not gene induction. CONCLUSION Seven gene products were upregulated in two distinctly different in vivo nonhuman primate vascular atrophy models. Induction of cell death by FasL in vitro induced six of these genes, including the ECM-degrading factors ADAMTS4, hyaluronidase 2, and PLAT, suggesting a mechanism by which the program of tissue atrophy coordinately removes extracellular matrix as cells die. These genes may be key regulators of vascular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Kenagy
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6410, USA
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Wang S, Beck R, Burd A, Blench T, Marlin F, Ayele T, Buxton S, Dagostin C, Malic M, Joshi R, Barry J, Sajad M, Cheung C, Shaikh S, Chahwala S, Chander C, Baumgartner C, Holthoff HP, Murray E, Blackney M, Giddings A. Structure based drug design: development of potent and selective factor IXa (FIXa) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1473-82. [PMID: 20121197 DOI: 10.1021/jm901476x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of our understanding on the binding interactions of the benzothiophene template within the FIXa active site by X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling studies, we developed our SAR strategy by targeting the 4-position of the template to access the S1 beta and S2-S4 sites. A number of highly selective and potent factor Xa (FXa) and FIXa inhibitors were identified by simple switch of functional groups with conformational changes toward the S2-S4 sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouming Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Trigen Ltd., Emmanuel Kaye Building, 1B Manresa Road,London SW3 6LR, UK.
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Tkachuk VA, Plekhanova OS, Parfyonova YV. Regulation of arterial remodeling and angiogenesis by urokinase-type plasminogen activatorThis article is one of a selection of papers from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Translational Knowledge for Heart Health (published in part 2 of a 2-part Special Issue). Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:231-51. [DOI: 10.1139/y08-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of disorders are associated with an imbalance in the plasminogen activator system, including inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, the response mechanism to vascular injury, and restenosis. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a multifunctional protein that in addition to its fibrinolytic and matrix degradation capabilities also affects growth factor bioavailability, cytokine modulation, receptor shedding, cell migration and proliferation, phenotypic modulation, protein expression, and cascade activation of proteases, inhibitors, receptors, and modulators. uPA is the crucial protein for neointimal growth and vascular remodeling. Moreover, it was recently shown to be implicated in the stimulation of angiogenesis, which makes it a promising multipurpose therapeutic target. This review is focused on the mechanisms by which uPA can regulate arterial remodeling, angiogenesis, and cell migration and proliferation after arterial injury and the means by which it modulates gene expression in vascular cells. The role of domain specificity of urokinase in these processes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod A. Tkachuk
- Cardiology Research Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Medical School, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S. Plekhanova
- Cardiology Research Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Medical School, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yelena V. Parfyonova
- Cardiology Research Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Medical School, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Evans D, Lawford P, Gunn J, Walker D, Hose D, Smallwood R, Chopard B, Krafczyk M, Bernsdorf J, Hoekstra A. The application of multiscale modelling to the process of development and prevention of stenosis in a stented coronary artery. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A: MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2008; 366:3343-60. [PMID: 18603527 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The inherent complexity of biomedical systems is well recognized; they are multiscale, multiscience systems, bridging a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. While the importance of multiscale modelling in this context is increasingly recognized, there is little underpinning literature on the methodology and generic description of the process. The COAST (complex autonoma simulation technique) project aims to address this by developing a multiscale, multiscience framework, coined
complex autonoma
(CxA), based on a hierarchical aggregation of coupled cellular automata (CA) and agent-based models (ABMs). The key tenet of COAST is that a multiscale system can be decomposed into
N
single-scale CA or ABMs that mutually interact across the scales. Decomposition is facilitated by building a scale separation map on which each single-scale system is represented according to its spatial and temporal characteristics. Processes having well-separated scales are thus easily identified as the components of the multiscale model. This paper focuses on methodology, introduces the concept of the CxA and demonstrates its use in the generation of a multiscale model of the physical and biological processes implicated in a challenging and clinically relevant problem, namely coronary artery in-stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.J.W Evans
- Academic Unit of Medical Physics, University of SheffieldSheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - P.V Lawford
- Academic Unit of Medical Physics, University of SheffieldSheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - J Gunn
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of SheffieldSheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - D Walker
- Department of Computer Science, University of SheffieldSheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - D.R Hose
- Academic Unit of Medical Physics, University of SheffieldSheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - R.H Smallwood
- Department of Computer Science, University of SheffieldSheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - B Chopard
- Computer Science Department, University of GenevaGeneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - M Krafczyk
- Institute for Computer Applications in Civil Engineering, Technical University of BraunschweigBraunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - J Bernsdorf
- NEC Laboratories Europe, NEC Europe Ltd.Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany
| | - A Hoekstra
- Computational Science, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam 1018, Netherlands
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Urokinase stimulates inflammatory response in damaged vascular wall during in vivo arterial remodeling. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 145:10-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-008-0021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Helenius G, Hagvall S, Esguerra M, Fink H, Söderberg R, Risberg B. Effect of Shear Stress on the Expression of Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Factors in Both Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells in a Co-Culture Model. Eur Surg Res 2008; 40:325-32. [DOI: 10.1159/000118028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Huang DH, Zhao H, Tian YH, Li HG, Ding XF, Xiong CL. Gene expression changes of urokinase plasminogen activator and urokinase receptor in rat testes at postnatal stages. Asian J Androl 2007; 9:679-83. [PMID: 17712486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the gene expression changes of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/urokinase receptor (uPAR) in rat testes at postnatal stages and explore the effects of uPA/uPAR system on the rat spermatogenesis. METHODS The mRNAs of uPA and uPAR in rat testes were measured by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at postnatal days 0, 5, 10, 15, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56, respectively. RESULTS The tendencies of uPA and uPAR mRNA expression were similar at most postnatal stages except for D(0). The expression of uPAR mRNA in rats testes was relatively higher than that of uPA at postnatal D(0), and both were decreased until D(21), increased obviously at postnatal D(28), reached a peak at postnatal D(35), then declined sharply at postnatal D(42) and retained at a low level afterwards. CONCLUSION The uPA/uPAR system may be strongly linked to spermiation and spermatogenesis via regulating germ cell migration and proliferation, as well as promoting the spermiation and detached residual bodies from the mature spermatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hui Huang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Traktuev DO, Tsokolaeva ZI, Shevelev AA, Talitskiy KA, Stepanova VV, Johnstone BH, Rahmat-Zade TM, Kapustin AN, Tkachuk VA, March KL, Parfyonova YV. Urokinase gene transfer augments angiogenesis in ischemic skeletal and myocardial muscle. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1939-46. [PMID: 17653104 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is required for both endogenous and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-augmented angiogenesis in normal tissues, leading us to hypothesize that uPA augmentation by gene transfer might promote angiogenesis in ischemic tissues. Overexpression of uPA was studied in rat myocardial infarction (MI) and mouse hind limb ischemia models and compared with VEGF overexpression effects. Animals were divided into control and three experimental groups (n = 6), receiving intramuscular injections of plasmids as follows: (i) control (empty vector or expressing beta-galactosidase); (ii) uPA; (iii) VEGF(165); (iv) a 1:1 mixture of uPA and VEGF(165). The capillary densities in both ischemic models were greater (P < 0.05) in tissues treated with uPA, VEGF, or a combination of both than in controls. Infarct size was reduced in hearts from uPA and VEGF experimental groups compared with controls (P < 0.05). Local overexpression of uPA induced a marked increase in the number of macrophages and myofibroblasts present within infarcts. Hind limb blood flow was greater in all experimental groups by day 10 (P < 0.05). Overall, the effects of uPA and VEGF were uniformly comparable. Additional analysis revealed association of local edema with VEGF but not with uPA treatment. This study established that uPA gene therapy effectively induces functionally significant angiogenesis in models of acute MI and hind limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry O Traktuev
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Martin-McNulty B, Zhang L, da Cunha V, Vincelette J, Rutledge JC, Vergona R, Sullivan ME, Wang YX. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator deficiency (uPA-KO) prevented carotid artery ligation-induced vascular remodeling in mice. Transl Res 2007; 149:70-5. [PMID: 17240317 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) plays an important role in vascular remodeling. This study was designed to determine whether uPA deficiency (KO) affects carotid artery ligation-induced vessel remodeling and the interaction with angiotensin II (Ang II). Ligation of the left common carotid artery in 6-month-old wild-type (C57 black/6J) mice for 4 weeks induced a concentric remodeling with vessel wall thickening, characterized by cell proliferation in neointima, media, and adventitia, and with lumen narrowing without a significant enlargement of overall vessel dimension. Intima lesions were characterized by alpha-actin positive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation in a matrix background. No detectable presence of MAC-3 positive macrophages existed in the vascular wall. The ligation-induced vascular neointimal formation and adventitial proliferation, but not lumen narrowing and media expansion, were completely prevented in age-matched uPA-KO mice. Chronic infusion of Ang II (1.44 mg/kg per day) via a subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipump did not significantly affect the gross morphology of the nonligated carotid artery from both wild-type and uPA-KO mice, but it enhanced ligation-induced vascular remodeling. However, in the presence of Ang II, uPA deficiency had no effects on ligation-induced mophermetric change, but it partially and significantly reduced cell proliferation. These data indicate that uPA may play a critical role in ligation-induced vessel remodeling. Ang II may activate other mechanisms independent of uPA to exacerbate ligation-induced vascular remodeling.
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Menshikov M, Plekhanova O, Cai H, Chalupsky K, Parfyonova Y, Bashtrikov P, Tkachuk V, Berk BC. Urokinase plasminogen activator stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via redox-dependent pathways. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:801-7. [PMID: 16456094 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000207277.27432.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We showed previously that increased urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression contributes to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and neointima formation after injury. Proliferation of cultured rat aortic VSMCs induced by uPA was inhibited by the antioxidant ebselen. Because increases in VSMC reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to VSMC proliferation, we hypothesized that uPA increases ROS generation by regulating expression or activity of cellular oxidases. METHODS AND RESULTS uPA stimulated ROS production to levels equivalent to angiotensin II as measured by electron spin resonance and fluorescent redox indicators (dichlorofluorescein diacetate, lucigenin, and hydroethidine). The increase in ROS was biphasic, with the first peak at 30 minutes and the second peak at 4 hours. uPA increased expression of the NAD(P)H oxidases Nox1 and Nox4 as measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Knockdown of Nox1 and Nox4 expression with small interfering RNA showed that both isoforms (Nox1>Nox4) contributed significantly to uPA-stimulated ROS production and VSMC proliferation. Transfection of VSMCs with uPA cDNA to increase endogenous uPA expression enhanced ROS production dramatically, suggesting that autocrine uPA production may be an important mechanism for uPA-mediated VSMC events. CONCLUSIONS These data show that uPA is an autocrine VSMC growth factor that increases ROS generated by both Nox1 and Nox4 oxidases.
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Roztocil E, Nicholl SM, Galaria II, Davies MG. Plasmin-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation requires epidermal growth factor activation through an extracellular pathway. Surgery 2005; 138:180-6. [PMID: 16153425 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activators are used routinely for thrombolysis. They lead to the generation of the protease, plasmin, which can induce smooth muscle cell proliferation and may thus promote further intimal hyperplasia in the thrombolysed vessel. We have shown recently that plasmin induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated cell proliferation. Plasmin can also activate metalloproteinases on the cell surface, which can release the tethered ligand heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), which can in turn activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). METHODS Murine aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro. Assays of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, EGFR phosphorylation, and ERK1/2 activation were examined in response to plasmin in the presence and absence of the plasmin inhibitors (epsilon-aminocaproic acid and aprotinin), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor GM6001, HB-EGF inhibitor CRM197, HB-EGF inhibitory antibodies, EGF inhibitory antibodies, and the EGFR inhibitor AG1478. RESULTS Plasmin-induced smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis, which was blocked by EGFR and HB-EGF inhibition. Plasmin-induced time-dependent EGFR phosphorylation and ERK1/2 activation, which were inhibited by AG1478. This response was dependent on the proteolytic activity of plasmin since both plasmin inhibitors blocked the response. EGFR phosphorylation by plasmin was blocked by inhibition of MMP activity and the ligand HB-EGF. EGFR phosphorylation by EGF was not interrupted by inhibition of plasmin, MMPs, or HB-EGF. Direct blockade of the EGFR prevented activation by both plasmin and EGF. CONCLUSIONS Plasmin can induce smooth muscle cell proliferation through activation of EGFR by an extracellular MMP-mediated, HB-EGF-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Roztocil
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Nicholl SM, Roztocil E, Galaria II, Davies MG. Plasmin Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation1,2. J Surg Res 2005; 127:39-45. [PMID: 15869763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activators are routinely used for thrombolysis. They lead to the generation of the protease, plasmin, which can induce smooth muscle cell proliferation and may thus promote further intimal hyperplasia in the thrombolysed vessel. The signaling pathways used by plasmin are not understood. METHODS Murine aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro. Assays of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, MAPKK and MAPK activation were examined in response to plasmin alone and in the presence of plasmin inhibitors (epsilon-aminocaproic acid and aprotinin), pertussis toxin (Galphai inhibitor, PTx), GP-2A (Galphaq inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3-K inhibitor, Wn), LY294002, (PI3-K inhibitor, LY), PD98059 (MEK inhibitor, PD), and SB203580 (p38MAPK inhibitor, SB). RESULTS Plasmin produced concentration dependent smooth muscle cells DNA synthesis and proliferation and induced ERK1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of the proteolytic activity of plasmin prevented these responses. The ERK1/2 inhibitor, PD, but not the p38MAPK inhibitors, SB, blocked cell proliferation. The activation of the MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 pathway was both Galphai dependent (PTx-sensitive) and Galphaq dependent (GP-2A-sensitive). It was blocked by the PI3-K inhibitors, Wn and LY. PI3-K activation as measured by akt phosphorylation was dependent on Galphai, but was independent of Galphaq. CONCLUSION Plasmin induces smooth muscle cell proliferation. Plasmin induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation occurs through two pathways: one which is Galphai mediated/PI3-K dependent and a second which is Galphaq mediated/PI3K independent. p38MAPK appears not to be involved in plasmin-mediated cell proliferation. This pattern of activation is distinct from that seen with urokinase plasminogen activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Nicholl
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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