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Zylka MJ. Prenatal treatment path for angelman syndrome and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism Res 2020; 13:11-17. [PMID: 31490639 PMCID: PMC7968581 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutation or deletion of the maternally inherited UBE3A allele. These pathogenic mutations lead to loss of maternal UBE3A expression in neurons. Antisense oligonucleotides and gene therapies are in development, which activate the intact but epigenetically silenced paternal UBE3A allele. Preclinical studies indicate that treating during the prenatal period could greatly reduce the severity of symptoms or prevent AS from developing. Genetic tests can detect the chromosome 15q11-q13 deletion that is the most common cause of AS. New, highly sensitive noninvasive prenatal tests that take advantage of single-cell genome sequencing technologies are expected to enter the clinic in the coming years and make early genetic diagnosis of AS more common. Efforts are needed to identify fetuses and newborns with maternal 15q11-q13 deletions and to phenotype these babies relative to neurotypical controls. Clinical and parent observations suggest AS symptoms are detectable in infants, including reports of problems with feeding and motor function. Quantitative phenotypes in the 0- to 1-year age range will permit a more rapid assessment of efficacy when future treatments are administered prenatally or shortly after birth. Although prenatal therapies are currently not available for AS, prenatal testing combined with prenatal treatment has the potential to revolutionize how clinicians detect and treat babies before they are symptomatic. This pioneering prenatal treatment path for AS will lay the foundation for treating other syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism Res 2020, 13: 11-17. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Prenatal treatment could benefit expectant parents whose babies test positive for the chromosome microdeletion that causes Angelman syndrome (AS). Prenatal treatment is predicted to have better outcomes than treating after symptoms develop and may even prevent AS altogether. This approach could generally be applied to the treatment of other syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Zylka
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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2
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Ståhlberg A, El-Heliebi A, Sedlmayr P, Kroneis T. Unravelling the biological secrets of microchimerism by single-cell analysis. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 17:255-264. [PMID: 29028900 PMCID: PMC6063264 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of microchimeric cells is known for >100 years and well documented since decades. Earlier, microchimeric cells were mainly used for cell-based non-invasive prenatal diagnostics during early pregnancy. Microchimeric cells are also present beyond delivery and are associated to various autoimmune diseases, tissue repair, cancer and immune tolerance. All these findings were based on low complexity studies and occasionally accompanied by artefacts not allowing the biological functions of microchimerism to be determined. However, with the recent developments in single-cell analysis, new means to identify and characterize microchimeric cells are available. Cell labelling techniques in combination with single-cell analysis provide a new toolbox to decipher the biology of microchimeric cells at molecular and cellular level. In this review, we discuss how recent developments in single-cell analysis can be applied to determine the role and function of microchimeric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin El-Heliebi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Sedlmayr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, Austria
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Kølvraa S, Singh R, Normand EA, Qdaisat S, van den Veyver IB, Jackson L, Hatt L, Schelde P, Uldbjerg N, Vestergaard EM, Zhao L, Chen R, Shaw CA, Breman AM, Beaudet AL. Genome-wide copy number analysis on DNA from fetal cells isolated from the blood of pregnant women. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:1127-1134. [PMID: 27761919 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) based on fetal cells in maternal blood has the advantage over NIPT based on circulating cell-free fetal DNA in that there is no contamination with maternal DNA. This will most likely result in better detection of chromosomal aberrations including subchromosomal defects. The objective of this study was to test whether fetal cells enriched from maternal blood can be used for cell-based NIPT. METHODS We present a method for enriching fetal cells from maternal blood, subsequent amplification of the fetal genome and detection of chromosomal and subchromosomal variations in the genome. RESULTS An average of 12.8 fetal cells from 30 mL of maternal blood were recovered using our method. Subsequently, whole genome amplification on fetal cells resulted in amplified fetal DNA in amounts and quality high enough to generate array comparative genomic hybridization as well as next-generation sequencing profiles. From one to two fetal cells, we were able to demonstrate copy number differences of whole chromosomes (21, X-, and Y) as well as subchromosomal aberrations (ring X). CONCLUSION Intact fetal cells can be isolated from every maternal blood sample. Amplified DNA from isolated fetal cells enabled genetic analysis by array comparative genomic hybridization and next-generation sequencing. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth A Normand
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sadeem Qdaisat
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ignatia B van den Veyver
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laird Jackson
- Department of OB-Gyn, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Niels Uldbjerg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Li Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amy M Breman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arthur L Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Eikmans M, van Halteren AGS, van Besien K, van Rood JJ, Drabbels JJM, Claas FHJ. Naturally acquired microchimerism: implications for transplantation outcome and novel methodologies for detection. CHIMERISM 2015; 5:24-39. [PMID: 24762743 DOI: 10.4161/chim.28908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microchimerism represents a condition where one individual harbors genetically distinct cell populations, and the chimeric population constitutes <1% of the total number of cells. The most common natural source of microchimerism is pregnancy. The reciprocal cell exchange between a mother and her child often leads to the stable engraftment of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stem cells in both parties. Interaction between cells from the mother and those from the child may result in maternal immune cells becoming sensitized to inherited paternal alloantigens of the child, which are not expressed by the mother herself. Vice versa, immune cells of the child may become sensitized toward the non-inherited maternal alloantigens of the mother. The extent of microchimerism, its anatomical location, and the sensitivity of the techniques used for detecting its presence collectively determine whether microchimerism can be detected in an individual. In this review, we focus on the clinical consequences of microchimerism in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and propose concepts derived from data of epidemiologic studies. Next, we elaborate on the latest molecular methodology, including digital PCR, for determining in a reliable and sensitive way the extent of microchimerism. For the first time, tools have become available to isolate viable chimeric cells from a host background, so that the challenges of establishing the biologic mechanisms and function of these cells may finally be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eikmans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid G S van Halteren
- Immunology Laboratory; Willem Alexander Children's Hospital; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jon J van Rood
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, the Netherlands; Europdonor Foundation; Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jos J M Drabbels
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, the Netherlands
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Sedlmayr P, Kroneis T. Verification of the genomic identity of candidate microchimeric cells. CHIMERISM 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/chim.17741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fiddler M. Fetal Cell Based Prenatal Diagnosis: Perspectives on the Present and Future. J Clin Med 2014; 3:972-85. [PMID: 26237488 PMCID: PMC4449642 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3030972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to capture and analyze fetal cells from maternal circulation or other sources during pregnancy has been a goal of prenatal diagnostics for over thirty years. The vision of replacing invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures with the prospect of having the entire fetal genome in hand non-invasively for chromosomal and molecular studies for both clinical and research use has brought many investigators and innovations into the effort. While the object of this desire, however, has remained elusive, the aspiration for this approach to non-invasive prenatal diagnosis remains and the inquiry has continued. With the advent of screening by cell-free DNA analysis, the standards for fetal cell based prenatal diagnostics have been sharpened. Relevant aspects of the history and the current status of investigations to meet the goal of having an accessible and reliable strategy for capturing and analyzing fetal cells during pregnancy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Fiddler
- DePaul University and Insight Medical Genetics, LLC 680 N, Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Chen Y, Li P, Huang PH, Xie Y, Mai JD, Wang L, Nguyen NT, Huang TJ. Rare cell isolation and analysis in microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:626-45. [PMID: 24406985 PMCID: PMC3991782 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc90136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rare cells are low-abundance cells in a much larger population of background cells. Conventional benchtop techniques have limited capabilities to isolate and analyze rare cells because of their generally low selectivity and significant sample loss. Recent rapid advances in microfluidics have been providing robust solutions to the challenges in the isolation and analysis of rare cells. In addition to the apparent performance enhancements resulting in higher efficiencies and sensitivity levels, microfluidics provides other advanced features such as simpler handling of small sample volumes and multiplexing capabilities for high-throughput processing. All of these advantages make microfluidics an excellent platform to deal with the transport, isolation, and analysis of rare cells. Various cellular biomarkers, including physical properties, dielectric properties, as well as immunoaffinities, have been explored for isolating rare cells. In this Focus article, we discuss the design considerations of representative microfluidic devices for rare cell isolation and analysis. Examples from recently published works are discussed to highlight the advantages and limitations of the different techniques. Various applications of these techniques are then introduced. Finally, a perspective on the development trends and promising research directions in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yuliang Xie
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John D. Mai
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Fax: 814-865-9974; Tel: 814-863-4209; Fax: 61-(0)7-3735-8021; Tel: 61-(0)7-3735-3921;
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Sedlmayr P, Kroneis T. Verification of the genomic identity of candidate microchimeric cells. CHIMERISM 2011; 2:63-4. [PMID: 22163062 DOI: 10.4161/chim.2.3.17741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microchimerism has been studied in the context of a variety of diseases which include autoimmune diseases (such as systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune thyroid diseases), cancer (e.g., of the cervix, thyroid gland, lung, breast), tissue repair, transplantation and transfusion. It may become relevant in the context of cell-based non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. But how to safely identify individual microchimeric cells? This is a nontrivial question, for which a solution has recently been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sedlmayr
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology; Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
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Kroneis T, Geigl JB, El-Heliebi A, Auer M, Ulz P, Schwarzbraun T, Dohr G, Sedlmayr P. Combined molecular genetic and cytogenetic analysis from single cells after isothermal whole-genome amplification. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1032-41. [PMID: 21558453 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.162131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of chromosomal aberrations or single-gene disorders from rare fetal cells circulating in the blood of pregnant women requires verification of the cells' genomic identity. We have developed a method enabling multiple analyses at the single-cell level that combines verification of the genomic identity of microchimeric cells with molecular genetic and cytogenetic diagnosis. METHODS We used a model system of peripheral blood mononuclear cells spiked with a colon adenocarcinoma cell line and immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin in combination with DNA staining with the nuclear dye TO-PRO-3 in a preliminary study to define candidate microchimeric (tumor) cells in Cytospin preparations. After laser microdissection, we performed low-volume on-chip isothermal whole-genome amplification (iWGA) of single and pooled cells. RESULTS DNA fingerprint analysis of iWGA aliquots permitted successful identification of all analyzed candidate microchimeric cell preparations (6 samples of pooled cells, 7 samples of single cells). Sequencing of 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was successful at the single-cell level for 20 of 32 allelic loci. Metaphase comparative genomic hybridization (mCGH) with iWGA products of single cells showed the gains and losses known to be present in the genomic DNA of the target cells. CONCLUSIONS This method may be instrumental in cell-based noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Furthermore, the possibility to perform mCGH with amplified DNA from single cells offers a perspective for the analysis of nonmicrochimeric rare cells exhibiting genomic alterations, such as circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kroneis
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Sørensen MD, Agerholm IE, Christensen B, Kølvraa S, Kristensen P. Microselection--affinity selecting antibodies against a single rare cell in a heterogeneous population. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:1953-61. [PMID: 20726925 PMCID: PMC3823277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare cells not normally present in the peripheral bloodstream, such as circulating tumour cells, have potential applications for development of non-invasive methods for diagnostics or follow up. Obtaining these cells however require some means of discrimination, achievable by cell type specific antibodies. Here we have generated a microselection method allowing antibody selection, by phage display, targeting a single cell in a heterogeneous population. One K562 cell (female origin) was positioned on glass slide among millions of lymphocytes from male donor, identifying the K562 cell by FISH (XX). Several single cell selections were performed on such individual slides. The phage particles bound to the target cell is protected by a minute disc, while inactivating all remaining phage by UV-irradiation; leaving only the phage bound to the target cell viable. We hereby retrieved up to eight antibodies per single cell selection, including three highly K562 cell type specific.
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Lichtenbelt K, Knoers N, Schuring-Blom G. From Karyotyping to Array-CGH in Prenatal Diagnosis. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 135:241-50. [DOI: 10.1159/000334065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Bianchi DW, Hanson J. Sharpening the Tools: A summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop on new technologies for detection of fetal cells in maternal blood for early prenatal diagnosis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 19:199-207. [PMID: 16854692 DOI: 10.1080/14767050600676851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2003 the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) sponsored a workshop entitled "Sharpening the Tools", which was designed to explore the then current state of prenatal diagnosis and screening using fetal cells in maternal blood. The goals of the workshop were to: review the then current state of the field and assess present capabilities, identify future research needs and challenges in this area, identify promising new and innovative approaches for future exploration, and provide a written summary of the conference for public distribution. The workshop featured brief presentations by experts from a wide range of scientific fields and by innovative bioengineering and technology leaders from academic centers and private industry. The workshop was divided into presentations on target cells, target approaches for separation, genetic and protein analysis, and "out of the box" (bioengineering) approaches. The passage of time since the workshop has allowed an objective assessment of where the research has progressed. A 2006 update on the field is included at the end of the summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana W Bianchi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts-New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Kroneis T, Gutstein-Abo L, Kofler K, Hartmann M, Hartmann P, Alunni-Fabbroni M, Walcher W, Dohr G, Petek E, Guetta E, Sedlmayr P. Automatic retrieval of single microchimeric cells and verification of identity by on-chip multiplex PCR. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:954-69. [PMID: 19453769 PMCID: PMC3823127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of rare cells is not an easy task. This is especially true when cells representing a fetal microchimerism are to be utilized for the purpose of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis because it is both imperative and difficult to avoid contaminating the minority of fetal cells with maternal ones. Under these conditions, even highly specific biochemical markers are not perfectly reliable. We have developed a method to verify the genomic identity of rare cells that combines automatic screening for enriched target cells (based on immunofluorescence labelling) with isolation of single candidate microchimeric cells (by laser microdissection and subsequent laser catapulting) and low-volume on-chip multiplex PCR for DNA fingerprint analysis. The power of the method was tested using samples containing mixed cells of related and non-related individuals. Single-cell DNA fingerprinting was successful in 74% of the cells analysed (55/74), with a PCR efficiency of 59.2% (860/1452) for heterozygous loci. The identification of cells by means of DNA profiling was achieved in 100% (12/12) of non-related cells in artificial mixtures and in 86% (37/43) of cells sharing a haploid set of chromosomes and was performed on cells enriched from blood and cells isolated from tissue. We suggest DNA profiling as a standard for the identification of microchimerism on a single-cell basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kroneis
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Current awareness in prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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