1
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Skrzypiec-Spring M, Sapa-Wojciechowska A, Haczkiewicz-Leśniak K, Piasecki T, Kwiatkowska J, Podhorska-Okołów M, Szeląg A. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, Simvastatin Is Effective in Decreasing Degree of Myocarditis by Inhibiting Metalloproteinases Activation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101415. [PMID: 34680049 PMCID: PMC8533153 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute myocarditis often progresses to heart failure because there is no effective, etiology-targeted therapy of this disease. Simvastatin has been shown to be cardioprotective by decreasing matrix metalloproteinases’ (MMPs) activity. The study was designed to determine whether simvastatin inhibits MMPs activity, decreases the severity of inflammation and contractile dysfunction of the heart in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Methods: Simvastatin (3 or 30 mg/kg/day) was given to experimental rats with EAM by gastric gavage for 21 days. Then transthoracic echocardiography was performed, MMPs activity and troponin I level were determined and tissue samples were assessed under a light and transmission electron microscope. Results: Hearts treated with simvastatin did not show left ventricular enlargement. As a result of EAM, there was an enhanced activation of MMP-9, which was significantly reduced in the high-dose simvastatin group compared to the low-dose group. It was accompanied by prevention of myofilaments degradation and reduction of severity of inflammation. Conclusions: The cardioprotective effects of simvastatin in the acute phase of EAM are, at least in part, due to its ability to decrease MMP-9 activity and subsequent decline in myofilaments degradation and suppression of inflammation. These effects were achieved in doses equivalent to therapeutic doses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Skrzypiec-Spring
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (J.K.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-7841438
| | | | | | - Tomasz Piasecki
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-013 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Joanna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (J.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-013 Wrocław, Poland; (K.H.-L.); (M.P.-O.)
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (J.K.); (A.S.)
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2
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Yu G, Li K, Xu Y, Chu H, Zhan H, Zhong Y. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in the vein wall following superficial venous thrombosis. Phlebology 2021; 37:63-71. [PMID: 34494484 DOI: 10.1177/02683555211043332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) is the complications of varicose great saphenous veins (VGSVs), but its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study was designed to measure the changes in expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) from SVT, VGSVs, and great saphenous veins (GSVs). METHODS In the venous walls of the three groups, the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 proteins, protein-positive expression ratios, mRNA expression, and protein expression were determined by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and western blot. RESULTS The MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 protein-positive expression ratios, mRNA and protein expression in the SVT group were significantly higher than those in the VGSV and the GSV groups. The corresponding expression in the VGSV group were significantly higher than those in the GSV group. CONCLUSION Disequilibrium of MMPs and TIMPs in SVT wall occurs due to underlying high hydrostatic pressure and inflammation. These results suggested that MMPs and TIMPs participate in the process of venous wall remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoting Yu
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Li
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbo Xu
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Haibo Chu
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Hanxiang Zhan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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3
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Ni Q, Chen H, Li W, Lu K, Li B, Tan Y, Wang H, Chen L. Pravastatin ameliorated osteoarthritis susceptibility in male offspring rats induced by prenatal ethanol exposure. Bone 2021; 149:115976. [PMID: 33915333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease associated with a disorder of cholesterol metabolism. Our previous studies showed that prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) caused cholesterol accumulation in articular cartilage and increased the susceptibility to OA in offspring. However, we did not determine whether pravastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent, could rescue PEE-induced susceptibility to OA. Here, fetal rats were divided into a PEE group and a control group during pregnancy. At postnatal week (PW) 8, sixteen male offspring rats from both groups were injected papain through the articular cavity. Eight of them from each group were treated with pravastatin (20 mg/kg·d) by gavage for four weeks simultaneously. We found that pravastatin ameliorated papain-induced high expression of inflammatory factors [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6], matrix degradation enzymes [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13], and apoptosis factors (caspase-3 and caspase-8) in the cartilage of the PEE group. Also, pravastatin significantly reduced the content of TCH in the blood and cartilage of the PEE offspring and improved cholesterol efflux pathway. Our in vitro findings further confirmed that pravastatin partially reversed cholesterol-induced inflammation and apoptosis of chondrocytes. In conclusion, pravastatin effectively reduced inflammation and matrix degradation, and thus ameliorate OA susceptibility in articular cartilage by relieving cholesterol accumulation in chondrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qubo Ni
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kaihang Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
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4
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Cucuruz B, Kopp R, Pfister K, Noppeney J, Tripal K, Korff T, Zeman F, Koller M, Noppeney T. Risk and protective factors for post-thrombotic syndrome after deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020; 8:390-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Chemokines and Growth Factors Produced by Lymphocytes in the Incompetent Great Saphenous Vein. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7057303. [PMID: 30733642 PMCID: PMC6348837 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7057303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of chronic venous disease (CVD) remains obscure. It has been postulated that oscillatory flow present in incompetent veins causes proinflammatory changes. Our earlier study confirmed this hypothesis. This study is aimed at assessing chemokines and growth factors (GFs) released by lymphocytes in patients with great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence. In 34 patients exhibiting reflux in GSV, blood was derived from the cubital vein and from the incompetent saphenofemoral junction. In 12 healthy controls, blood was derived from the cubital vein. Lymphocyte culture with and without stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was performed. Eotaxin, interleukin 8 (IL-8), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 A and 1B (MIP-1A and MIP-1B), interferon gamma-induced protein (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin 5 (IL-5), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed in culture supernatants by a Bio-Plex assay. Higher concentrations of eotaxin and G-CSF were revealed in the incompetent GSV, compared with the concentrations in the patients' upper limbs. The concentrations of MIP-1A and MIP-1B were higher in the CVD group while the concentration of VEGF was lower. In the stimulated cultures, the concentration of G-CSF proved higher in the incompetent GSV, as compared with the patients' upper limbs. Between the groups, the concentration of eotaxin was higher in the CVD group, while the IL-5 and MCP-1 concentrations were lower. IL-8, IP-10, FGF, GM-CSF, and PDGF-BB did not reveal any significant differences in concentrations between the samples. These observations suggest that the concentrations of chemokines and GFs are different in the blood of CVD patients. The oscillatory flow present in incompetent veins may play a role in these changes. However, the role of cytokines in CVD requires further study.
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6
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Kuk H, Arnold C, Wagner AH, Hecker M, Sticht C, Korff T. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Antagonizes Pressure-Induced Venous Remodeling in Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:320. [PMID: 29670539 PMCID: PMC5893715 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of spider veins is caused by the remodeling of veins located in the upper dermis and promoted by risk factors such as obesity or pregnancy that chronically increase venous pressure. We have repeatedly shown that the pressure-induced increase in biomechanical wall stress is sufficient to evoke the formation of enlarged corkscrew-like superficial veins in mice. Subsequent experimental approaches revealed that interference with endothelial- and/or smooth muscle cell (SMC) activation counteracts this remodeling process. Here, we investigate whether the herbal agent glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a suitable candidate for that purpose given its anti-proliferative as well as anti-oxidative properties. While basic abilities of cultured venous SMCs such as migration and proliferation were not influenced by GA, it inhibited proliferation but not angiogenic sprouting of human venous endothelial cells (ECs). Further analyses of biomechanically stimulated ECs revealed that GA inhibits the DNA binding capacity of the mechanosensitive transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) which, however, had only a minor impact on the endothelial transcriptome. Nevertheless, by decreasing gelatinase activity in ECs or mouse veins exposed to biomechanical stress, GA diminished a crucial cellular response in the context of venous remodeling. In line with the observed inhibitory effects, local transdermal application of GA attenuated pressure-mediated enlargement of veins in the mouse auricle. In summary, our data identifies GA as an inhibitor of EC proliferation, gelatinase activity and venous remodeling. It may thus have the capacity to attenuate spider vein formation and remodeling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kuk
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Arnold
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Clinic V, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Akarsu M, Saygun O, Aydinuraz K, Aydin O, Daphan CE, Tanrıkulu FB, Kisa U, Comu FM. The Effects of Simvastatin on Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in an Experimental Colon Anastomosis Model. Indian J Surg 2016; 79:390-395. [PMID: 29089696 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-016-1493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anastomotic leakage is more frequently reported in colonic anastomoses. Ischemia reperfusion injury is one of the main reasons for anastomotic leakage. Simvastatin is known to prevent tissue damage induced by free oxygen radicals after ischemia reperfusion injury. The effect of simvastatin on colonic anastomosis impaired by ischemia reperfusion injury is investigated. Single layer, end-to-end colocolic anastomosis after 0.5-cm colon resection was performed in Wistar Albino rats. In Group 1 (control) (n = 10), colonic anastomosis without I-R was performed. In Group 2 (n = 10), the superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 10 min followed by 60 min of reperfusion after which resection anastomosis was performed. In Group 3 (n = 10), 10 mg/kg simvastatin was given by gavage for 7 days after I-R and resection anastomosis. In Group 4 (n = 10), the rats received 10 mg/kg simvastatin by gavage 7 days before and 7 days after ischemia reperfusion and surgery. All of the rats were sacrificed 8 days after surgery. Anastomotic bursting pressure and tissue hydroxyproline levels were measured. Postoperative administration of simvastatin restored the anastomotic bursting pressure and hydroxyproline levels to that of control group thus overcoming the effect of ischemia reperfusion injury. Simvastatin administered postoperatively in an experimental model of colonic resection anastomosis impaired by ischemia reperfusion injury increased anastomotic bursting pressures and tissue hydroxyproline levels. Further experimental and clinical studies will show whether administration of simvastatin will increase reliability of the anastomosis and decrease postoperative morbidity and mortality in colonic anastomosis after ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Akarsu
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Oral Saygun
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Kuzey Aydinuraz
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Oktay Aydin
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Erden Daphan
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | | | - Ucler Kisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Faruk Metin Comu
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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8
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Eschrich J, Meyer R, Kuk H, Wagner AH, Noppeney T, Debus S, Hecker M, Korff T. Varicose Remodeling of Veins Is Suppressed by 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002405. [PMID: 26908399 PMCID: PMC4802467 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high prevalence of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins in the Western world, suitable pharmaceutical therapies for these venous diseases have not been explored to date. In this context, we recently reported that a chronic increase in venous wall stress or biomechanical stretch is sufficient to cause development of varicose veins through the activation of the transcription factor activator protein 1. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated whether deleterious venous remodeling is suppressed by the pleiotropic effects of statins. In vitro, activator protein 1 activity was inhibited by two 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, rosuvastatin and atorvastatin, in stretch-stimulated human venous smooth muscle cells. Correspondingly, both statins inhibited venous smooth muscle cell proliferation as well as mRNA expression of the activator protein 1 target gene monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1). In isolated mouse veins exposed to an increased level of intraluminal pressure, statin treatment diminished proliferation of venous smooth muscle cells and protein abundance of MCP1 while suppressing the development of varicose veins in a corresponding animal model by almost 80%. Further analyses of human varicose vein samples from patients chronically treated with statins indicated a decrease in venous smooth muscle cell proliferation and MCP1 abundance compared with samples from untreated patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings imply that both atorvastatin and rosuvastatin effectively inhibit the development of varicose veins, at least partially, by interfering with wall stress-mediated activator protein 1 activity in venous smooth muscle cells. For the first time, this study reveals a potential pharmacological treatment option that may be suitable to prevent growth of varicose veins and to limit formation of recurrence after varicose vein surgery.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atorvastatin/pharmacology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Rosuvastatin Calcium/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Varicose Veins/metabolism
- Varicose Veins/pathology
- Varicose Veins/prevention & control
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Veins/drug effects
- Veins/metabolism
- Veins/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Eschrich
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Meyer
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Kuk
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Debus
- Department of Vascular Medicine, German Aortic Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Yoshimura K, Nagasawa A, Kudo J, Onoda M, Morikage N, Furutani A, Aoki H, Hamano K. Inhibitory effect of statins on inflammation-related pathways in human abdominal aortic aneurysm tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11213-28. [PMID: 25993292 PMCID: PMC4463697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been suggested to attenuate abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth. However, the effects of statins in human AAA tissues are not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct effects of statins on proinflammatory molecules in human AAA walls in ex vivo culture. Simvastatin strongly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human AAA walls, but showed little effect on c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Simvastatin, as well as pitavastatin significantly reduced the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-2 and epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide (CXCL5) under both basal and TNF-α-stimulated conditions. Similar to statins, the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 significantly inhibited the activation of NF-κB, accompanied by a decreased secretion of MMP-9, MCP-2 and CXCL5. Moreover, the effect of simvastatin and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 was additive in inhibiting the secretion of MMP-9, MCP-2 and CXCL5. These findings indicate that statins preferentially inhibit the Rac1/NF-κB pathway to suppress MMP-9 and chemokine secretion in human AAA, suggesting a mechanism for the potential effect of statins in attenuating AAA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yoshimura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan.
| | - Ayako Nagasawa
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Junichi Kudo
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Onoda
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Noriyasu Morikage
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Akira Furutani
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
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10
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Ueda K, Yoshimura K, Yamashita O, Harada T, Morikage N, Hamano K. Possible dual role of decorin in abdominal aortic aneurysm. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120689. [PMID: 25781946 PMCID: PMC4362951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by chronic inflammation, which leads to pathological remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Decorin, a small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan, has been suggested to regulate inflammation and stabilize the extracellular matrix. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of decorin in the pathogenesis of AAA. Decorin was localized in the aortic adventitia under normal conditions in both mice and humans. AAA was induced in mice using CaCl2 treatment. Initially, decorin protein levels decreased, but as AAA progressed decorin levels increased in all layers. Local administration of exogenous decorin prevented the development of CaCl2-induced AAA. However, decorin was highly expressed in the degenerative lesions of human AAA walls, and this expression positively correlated with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression. In cell culture experiments, the addition of decorin inhibited secretion of MMP-9 in vascular smooth muscle cells, but had the opposite effect in macrophages. The results suggest that decorin plays a dual role in AAA. Adventitial decorin in normal aorta may protect against the development of AAA, but macrophages expressing decorin in AAA walls may facilitate the progression of AAA by up-regulating MMP-9 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Ueda
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755–8505, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoshimura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755–8505, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi, 753–8502, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Osamu Yamashita
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755–8505, Japan
| | - Takasuke Harada
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755–8505, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Morikage
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755–8505, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755–8505, Japan
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11
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Lim CS, Kiriakidis S, Paleolog EM, Davies AH. Cell death pattern of a varicose vein organ culture model. Vascular 2013; 21:129-36. [PMID: 23526103 DOI: 10.1177/1708538113478413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the viability of a varicose vein (VV) organ culture model by assessing cell death pattern. To assess pattern of cell death with time, VV organ cultures were incubated for up to 14 days with regular medium changed. To assess viability, cell death of VV organ cultures treated with sodium azide and their untreated counterparts was assayed. Increased cell death was measured in VV organ cultures from day 0 to 2. Cell death decreased gradually after day 2 and plateaued from day 8 to 14.VV organ cultures treated with sodium azide demonstrated significantly more cell death in tissue (P = 0.001). Cell death measured in cultures treated with sodium azide continued to increase until day 7. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the viability of a VV organ culture model with most cell death occurred within the first two days and then declined to a relatively low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Lim
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, W6 8RF, UK
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12
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Recent advances in pharmacotherapy development for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:648167. [PMID: 22957259 PMCID: PMC3432368 DOI: 10.1155/2012/648167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease causing segmental expansion and rupture of the aorta with a high mortality rate. The lack of nonsurgical treatment represents a large and unmet need in terms of pharmacotherapy. Advances in AAA research revealed that activation of inflammatory signaling pathways through proinflammatory mediators shifts the balance of extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism toward tissue degradation. This idea is supported by experimental evidence in animal models that pharmacologic intervention at each pathological step can prevent AAA development. Previously, we identified c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a pro-inflammatory signaling molecule, as a therapeutic target for AAA. Abnormal activation of JNK in AAA tissue regulates multiple pathological processes in a coordinated manner. Pharmacologic inhibition of JNK tips the ECM balance back towards repair rather than degradation. Interventions targeting signaling molecules such as JNK in order to manipulate multiple pathological processes may be an ideal therapeutic strategy for AAA. Furthermore, the development of biomarkers as well as appropriate drug delivery systems is essential to produce clinically practical pharmacotherapy for AAA.
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Yao XM, Ye SD, Zai Z, Chen Y, Li XC, Yang GW, Wang YX, Chen K. Simvastatin protects diabetic rats against kidney injury through the suppression of renal matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:292-6. [PMID: 19820293 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of simvastatin on urinary excretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP- 9), renal expression of MMP-9, and investigate its possible renoprotective mechanisms in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHOD Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control healthy rats (group C, no.=8), untreated diabetic rats (group D, no.=8), and diabetic rats treated with simvastatin (20 mg/kg/d) (group S, no.=8). Peripheral blood glucose was tested weekly, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and urinary albumin (ALB) excretion rate as well as the urinary excretion rates of retinol-binding protein (RBP) and MMP-9 were tested at 8th week. The renal tissues of diabetic rats were obtained for evaluating kidney/ body weight ratio, observing renal pathological changes by electron microscope and examining the expression of renal MMP-9 mRNA by RT-PCR. RESULTS There was no statistical difference on the change of peripheral blood TC and LDL-C between group C and group D. Peripheral blood glucose, HbA1c levels kidney/body weight ratio urinary excretion rates of ALB, RBP, and MMP-9 concurrently with the expression of renal MMP-9 mRNA were significantly higher in groups D and S compared with group C (p<0.01). Treatment with simvastatin significantly lowered peripheral blood TC, LDL-C, kidney/body weight ratio, urinary excretion rates of ALB, RBP, and MMP-9 as well as the expression of renal MMP-9 mRNA (p<0.01); however, there was no evident effect on the change of blood glucose and HbA1c levels between group D and group S. In addition, urinary excretion rate of MMP-9 showed positive correlations with the urinary ALB excretion and urinary RBP excretion. Pathological lesions of the glomeruli and epithelial cells foot processes (FP) was lightened by simvastatin. CONCLUSION Simvastatin may has a potential therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy, which may be partly attributed to down-regulating over-expression of MMP-9 in renal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-M Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincal Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Huh S, Choi HH, Kim HK, Kim SJ. The Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in the Wall of Great Saphenous Vein in Patients with Varicose Veins. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2010.79.suppl1.s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Huh
- Division of Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyang Hee Choi
- Department of Surgery, Pohang St. Mary's Hospital, Pohang, Korea
| | - Hyung-kee Kim
- Division of Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Simvastatin improves wound strength after intestinal anastomosis in the rat. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:1707-16. [PMID: 19578821 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-009-0951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simvastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor commonly known as a cholesterol-lowering drug with additional pleiotropic effects. Also, it is demonstrated that it prevents postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rat. This study was designed to assess its effects on the healing process of colonic anastomosis. METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomized into two groups and subjected to colonic anastomosis. The study group was treated with simvastatin and the control group received only tap water instead. The rats were killed 3 and 7 days postoperatively. Wound complications, intra-abdominal abscesses, and anastomotic leaks and stenosis were recorded. Four types of assessment were performed: bursting pressure, hydroxyproline content, histopathology, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS Compared to the control group, simvastatin-treated rats displayed a higher bursting pressure (p < 0.001) and anastomotic hydroxyproline content (p < 0.05). Simvastatin treatment leads to a significant decrease in malondealdehyde levels (p < 0.05) and increase in paraoxonase activity (p < 0.001) at both time points. Histopathological analysis revealed that simvastatin administration leads to a better anastomotic healing in terms of reepithelialization, decreased granuloma formation, reduced ischemic necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration to muscle layer. CONCLUSION Clinically relevant doses of simvastatin do not have a negative impact on colonic anastomosis but improve intestinal wound healing in rats.
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Lysyl oxidase resolves inflammation by reducing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis 2009; 208:366-9. [PMID: 19683237 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an enzyme critical for the stability of extracellular matrix and also known to have diverse biological functions. Little is known, however, about the role of LOX in regulating inflammation. Here we demonstrate that LOX suppresses secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, enhancement of LOX activity reduces MCP-1 in a mouse model of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), thereby preventing macrophage infiltration and AAA progression. These findings suggest that LOX has a novel function in resolving inflammation by reducing MCP-1 in AAA.
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Huh S, Choi HH, Kim HK. The Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase according to Hydrostatic Pressure in Varicose Veins. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2009.77.5.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Huh
- Division of Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyang Hee Choi
- Division of Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung-kee Kim
- Division of Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Mateos-Cáceres PJ, López-Farré AJ, Morata PC, Ramos-Mozo P, Macaya C, Serrano FJ, Moñux G. Pravastatin increases the expression of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and the oncogeneBaxin human aortic abdominal aneurysms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:431-7. [DOI: 10.1139/y08-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pravastatin on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 was studied in explants of human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) obtained from 13 patients. The effect of pravastatin on the apoptotic status of human AAA explants was also examined. Total MMP-9 content did not differ in human AAA explants incubated in vitro in the presence or absence of pravastatin (10−6mol/L) for 48 h. TIMP-1 levels were significantly increased in pravastatin-incubated AAA explants, but TIMP-2 production was not modified by pravastatin. Western blot experiments showed that, whereas Bax expression was increased in pravastatin-incubated AAA explants, the expression of Bcl-2 was not modified. On the other hand, the ratio of the expression of Bax to Bcl-2, an apoptotic index, was not modified by pravastatin. In the human AAA explants, the increase in Bax expression, but not the increase in TIMP-1 expression elicited by pravastatin, was reversed by l-mevalonate, a downstream HMG-CoA reductase metabolite, suggesting that the expression of Bax and TIMP-1 followed HMG-CoA reductase-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. In conclusion, pravastatin increases both TIMP-1 and Bax expression in human AAA explants without changes in either MMP-9 activity or the apoptotic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra J. Mateos-Cáceres
- Vascular Surgery Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio J. López-Farré
- Vascular Surgery Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Pilar C. Morata
- Vascular Surgery Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Priscila Ramos-Mozo
- Vascular Surgery Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Carlos Macaya
- Vascular Surgery Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Serrano
- Vascular Surgery Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Guillermo Moñux
- Vascular Surgery Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Hawkins BT, Lundeen TF, Norwood KM, Brooks HL, Egleton RD. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability and altered tight junctions in experimental diabetes in the rat: contribution of hyperglycaemia and matrix metalloproteinases. Diabetologia 2007; 50:202-11. [PMID: 17143608 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Although diabetes mellitus is associated with peripheral microvascular complications and increased risk of neurological events, the mechanisms by which diabetes disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are not known. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is increased in diabetic patients, is associated with degradation of tight junction proteins, and is a known mediator of BBB compromise. We hypothesise that diabetes leads to compromise of BBB tight junctions via stimulation of MMP activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes was induced in the rat with streptozotocin. At 14 days after injection, BBB function was assessed by in situ brain perfusion. Tight junction proteins were assessed by immunoblot and immunofluorescence. Plasma MMP activity was quantified by fluorometric gelatinase assay and gel zymography. RESULTS In streptozotocin-treated animals, permeability to [(14)C]sucrose increased concurrently with decreased production of BBB tight junction proteins occludin (also known as OCLN) and zona occludens 1 (ZO-1, also known as tight junction protein 1 or TJP1). Insulin treatment, begun on day 7, normalised blood glucose levels and attenuated BBB hyperpermeability to [(14)C]sucrose. Neither acute hyperglycaemia in naive animals nor acute normalisation of blood glucose in streptozotocin-treated animals altered BBB permeability to [(14)C]sucrose. Plasma MMP activity was increased in streptozotocin-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data indicate that diabetes increases BBB permeability via a loss of tight junction proteins, and that increased BBB permeability in diabetes does not result from hyperglycaemia alone. Increased plasma MMP activity is implicated in degradation of BBB tight junction proteins and increased BBB permeability in diabetes. Peripheral MMP activity may present a novel target for protection of the BBB and prevention of neurological complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Hawkins
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
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