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Chandrasekaran P, Alanazi A, Kwok B, Li Q, Viraraghavan G, Balasubramanian S, Frank DB, Lu XL, Birk DE, Mauck RL, Dyment NA, Koyama E, Han L. Type V Collagen Exhibits Distinct Regulatory Activities in TMJ Articular Disc versus Condylar Cartilage During Postnatal Growth and Remodeling. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00573-7. [PMID: 39362448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding matrix molecular activities that regulate the postnatal growth and remodeling of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condylar cartilage and articular disc will enable the development of effective regenerative strategies targeting TMJ disorder. This study elucidated the distinct roles of type V collagen (collagen V) in regulating these two units. Studying the TMJ of young adult Col5a1+/- mice, we found loss of collagen V resulted in substantial changes in the proliferation, clustering, and density of progenitors in condylar cartilage, but did not have a major impact on disc cells that are more fibroblast-like. Although loss of collagen V led to thickened collagen fibrils with increased heterogeneity in the disc, there were no significant changes in local micromodulus except for a reduction at the posterior end of the inferior side. Following the induction of aberrant occlusal loading by the unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) procedure, both wild-type (WT) and Col5a1+/- condylar cartilage exhibited salient remodeling, and Col5a1+/- condyle developed more pronounced degeneration and hypertrophy at the posterior end than the WT. In contrast, neither UAC nor collagen V deficiency induced marked changes in the morphology or mechanical properties of the disc. Together, our findings highlight the distinct roles of collagen V in regulating these two units during postnatal growth and remodeling, emphasizing its more crucial role in condylar cartilage due to its impact on the highly mechanosensitive progenitors. Results thus provide the foundation for using collagen V to improve the regeneration of TMJ and the care of patients with TMJ disorder. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Successful regeneration of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condylar cartilage and articular disc remains a significant challenge due to the limited understanding of matrix molecular activities that regulate the formation and remodeling of these tissues. This study demonstrates that collagen V plays distinct and critical roles in these processes. In condylar cartilage, collagen V is essential for regulating progenitor cell fate and maintaining matrix integrity. In the disc, collagen V also regulates fibril structure and local micromechanics, but has a limited impact on cell phenotype or its remodeling response. Our findings establish collagen V as a key component in maintaining the integrity of these two units, with a more crucial role in condylar cartilage due to its impact on progenitor cell activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chandrasekaran
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Abdulaziz Alanazi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Bryan Kwok
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Qing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Girish Viraraghavan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sriram Balasubramanian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - David B Frank
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Liu Q, Zhao Y, Shi H, Xiang D, Wu C, Song L, Ma N, Sun H. Long-term haplodeficency of DSPP causes temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in mice. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:569. [PMID: 38745274 PMCID: PMC11094853 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix (ECM) protein malfunction or defect may lead to temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA). Dentin sialophophoprotein (DSPP) is a mandibular condylar cartilage ECM protein, and its deletion impacted cell proliferation and other extracellular matrix alterations of postnatal condylar cartilage. However, it remains unclear if long-term loss of function of DSPP leads to TMJ OA. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that long-term haploinsufficiency of DSPP causes TMJ OA. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine whether Dspp+/- mice exhibit TMJ OA but no severe tooth defects, mandibles of wild-type (WT), Dspp+/-, and Dspp homozygous (Dspp-/-) mice were analyzed by Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). To characterize the progression and possible mechanisms of osteoarthritic degeneration over time in Dspp+/- mice over time, condyles of Dspp+/- and WT mice were analyzed radiologically, histologically, and immunohistochemically. RESULTS Micro-CT and histomorphometric analyses revealed that Dspp+/- and Dspp-/- mice had significantly lower subchondral bone mass, bone volume fraction, bone mineral density, and trabecular thickness compared to WT mice at 12 months. Interestingly, in contrast to Dspp-/- mice which exhibited tooth loss, Dspp+/- mice had minor tooth defects. RNA sequencing data showed that haplodeficency of DSPP affects the biological process of ossification and osteoclast differentiation. Additionally, histological analysis showed that Dspp+/- mice had condylar cartilage fissures, reduced cartilage thickness, decreased articular cell numbers and severe subchondral bone cavities, and with signs that were exaggerated with age. Radiographic data showed an increase in subchondral osteoporosis up to 18 months and osteophyte formation at 21 months. Moreover, Dspp+/- mice showed increased distribution of osteoclasts in the subchondral bone and increased expression of MMP2, IL-6, FN-1, and TLR4 in the mandibular condylar cartilage. CONCLUSIONS Dspp+/- mice exhibit TMJ OA in a time-dependent manner, with lesions in the mandibular condyle attributed to hypomineralization of subchondral bone and breakdown of the mandibular condylar cartilage, accompanied by upregulation of inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yitong Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haibo Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Danwei Xiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunye Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Hongchen Sun
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Tosa I, Ruscitto A, Wang Z, Chen KZ, Ono M, Embree MC. Bulk RNA-seq analyses of mandibular condylar cartilage in a post-traumatic TMJ osteoarthritis rabbit model. Orthod Craniofac Res 2023; 26 Suppl 1:131-141. [PMID: 36891610 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is anatomically comprised of the mandibular condylar cartilage (CC) lined with fibrocartilaginous superficial zone and is crucial for eating and dental occlusion. TMJ osteoarthritis (OA) leads to pain, joint dysfunction and permanent loss of cartilage tissue. However, there are no drugs clinically available that ameliorate OA and little is known about global profiles of genes that contribute to TMJ OA. Furthermore, animal models that recapitulate the complexity of signalling pathways contributing to OA pathogenesis are crucial for designing novel biologics that thwart OA progression. We have previously developed a New Zealand white rabbit TMJ injury model that demonstrates CC degeneration. Here, we performed genome-wide profiling to identify new signalling pathways critical for cellular functions during OA pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Temporomandibular joint OA was surgically induced in New Zealand white rabbits. Three months following injury, we performed global gene expression profiling of the TMJ condyle. RNA samples from TMJ condyles were subjected to sequencing. After raw RNA-seq data were mapped to relevant genomes, differential expression was analysed with DESeq2. Gene ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were conducted. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed multiple pathways altered during TMJ OA induction including the Wnt, Notch and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways. We demonstrate an animal model that recapitulates the complexity of the cues and signals underlying TMJ OA pathogenesis, which is essential for developing and testing novel pharmacologic agents to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikue Tosa
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angela Ruscitto
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kira Z Chen
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mildred C Embree
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Chung MK, Wang S, Alshanqiti I, Hu J, Ro JY. The degeneration-pain relationship in the temporomandibular joint: Current understandings and rodent models. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1038808. [PMID: 36846071 PMCID: PMC9947567 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1038808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent a group of musculoskeletal conditions involving the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), the masticatory muscles and associated structures. Painful TMD are highly prevalent and conditions afflict 4% of US adults annually. TMD include heterogenous musculoskeletal pain conditions, such as myalgia, arthralgia, and myofascial pain. A subpopulations of TMD patients show structural changes in TMJ, including disc displacement or degenerative joint diseases (DJD). DJD is a slowly progressing, degenerative disease of the TMJ characterized by cartilage degradation and subchondral bone remodeling. Patients with DJD often develop pain (TMJ osteoarthritis; TMJ OA), but do not always have pain (TMJ osteoarthrosis). Therefore, pain symptoms are not always associated with altered TMJ structures, which suggests that a causal relationship between TMJ degeneration and pain is unclear. Multiple animal models have been developed for determining altered joint structure and pain phenotypes in response to various TMJ injuries. Rodent models of TMJOA and pain include injections to induce inflammation or cartilage destruction, sustained opening of the oral cavity, surgical resection of the articular disc, transgenic approaches to knockout or overexpress key genes, and an integrative approach with superimposed emotional stress or comorbidities. In rodents, TMJ pain and degeneration occur during partially overlapping time periods in these models, which suggests that common biological factors may mediate TMJ pain and degeneration over different time courses. While substances such as intra-articular pro-inflammatory cytokines commonly cause pain and joint degeneration, it remains unclear whether pain or nociceptive activities are causally associated with structural degeneration of TMJ and whether structural degeneration of TMJ is necessary for producing persistent pain. A thorough understanding of the determining factors of pain-structure relationships of TMJ during the onset, progression, and chronification by adopting novel approaches and models should improve the ability to simultaneously treat TMJ pain and TMJ degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Zhao Y, An Y, Zhou L, Wu F, Wu G, Wang J, Chen L. Animal Models of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: Classification and Selection. Front Physiol 2022; 13:859517. [PMID: 35574432 PMCID: PMC9095932 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.859517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a common degenerative joint disease that can cause severe pain and dysfunction. It has a serious impact on the quality of lives of patients. Since mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of TMJOA is not fully understood, the development of effective tools for early diagnosis and disease-modifying therapies has been hindered. Animal models play a key role in understanding the pathological process of diseases and evaluating new therapeutic interventions. Although some similarities in disease processes between animals and humans are known, no one animal model is sufficient for studying all characteristics of TMJOA, as each model has different translatability to human clinical conditions. For the past 4 decades, TMJOA animal models have been studied by numerous researchers and can be broadly divided into induced, naturally occurring, and genetically modified models. The induced models can be divided into invasive models (intra-articular injection and surgical induction) or non-invasive models (mechanical loading, high-fat diet, and sleep deprivation). Different types of animal models simulate different pathological expressions of TMJOA and have their unique characteristics. Currently, mice, rats, and rabbits are commonly used in the study of TMJOA. This review sought to provide a general description of current experimental models of TMJOA and assist researchers in selecting the most appropriate models for different kinds of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
- School of Stomatology, Heilongjiang Key Lab of Oral Biomedicine Materials and Clinical Application & Experimental Center for Stomatology Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Yanxin An
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Libo Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Lab of Oral Biomedicine Materials and Clinical Application & Experimental Center for Stomatology Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Stomatology, Heilongjiang Key Lab of Oral Biomedicine Materials and Clinical Application & Experimental Center for Stomatology Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Gaoyi Wu
- School of Stomatology, Heilongjiang Key Lab of Oral Biomedicine Materials and Clinical Application & Experimental Center for Stomatology Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
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von Mentzer U, Corciulo C, Stubelius A. Biomaterial Integration in the Joint: Pathological Considerations, Immunomodulation, and the Extracellular Matrix. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200037. [PMID: 35420256 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Defects of articular joints are becoming an increasing societal burden due to a persistent increase in obesity and aging. For some patients suffering from cartilage erosion, joint replacement is the final option to regain proper motion and limit pain. Extensive research has been undertaken to identify novel strategies enabling earlier intervention to promote regeneration and cartilage healing. With the introduction of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), researchers have tapped into the potential for increased tissue regeneration by designing biomaterials with inherent biochemical and immunomodulatory signals. Compared to conventional and synthetic materials, dECM-based materials invoke a reduced foreign body response. It is therefore highly beneficial to understand the interplay of how these native tissue-based materials initiate a favorable remodeling process by the immune system. Yet, such an understanding also demands increasing considerations of the pathological environment and remodeling processes, especially for materials designed for early disease intervention. This knowledge would avoid rejection and help predict complications in conditions with inflammatory components such as arthritides. This review outlines general issues facing biomaterial integration and emphasizes the importance of tissue-derived macromolecular components in regulating essential homeostatic, immunological, and pathological processes to increase biomaterial integration for patients suffering from joint degenerative diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ula von Mentzer
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Stubelius
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
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Woods PS, Morin AA, Chen PJ, Mahonski S, Xiao L, Hurley M, Yadav S, Schmidt TA. Automated Indentation Demonstrates Structural Stiffness of Femoral Articular Cartilage and Temporomandibular Joint Mandibular Condylar Cartilage Is Altered in FgF2KO Mice. Cartilage 2021; 13:1513S-1521S. [PMID: 33012179 PMCID: PMC8804844 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520962565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Employ an automated indentation technique, using a commercially available machine, to assess the effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) expression on structural stiffness over the surface of both murine femoral articular cartilage (AC) and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC). DESIGN Experiments were performed using 3-month-old female homozygote Fgf2KO mice with wild type (WT) littermates. After euthanization, isolated mandibles and hindlimbs were either processed for histology or subjected to automated indentation on a Biomomentum Mach-1 v500csst with a 3-axis motion controller in a phosphate buffered saline bath using a 0.3 mm spherical tip indenter. The effect of indentation depth on normal force was characterized, then structural stiffness was calculated and mapped at multiple positions on the AC and MCC. RESULTS Automated indentation of the AC and TMJ MCC was successfully completed and was able to demonstrate both regional variation in structural stiffness and differences between WT and Fgf2KO mice. Structural stiffness values for Fgf2KO AC were significantly smaller than WT at both the medial/anterior (P < 0.05) and medial/posterior (P < 0.05) positions. Global Fgf2KO also lead to a decrease in MCC thickness of the TMJ compared with WT (P < 0.05) and increased structural stiffness values for Fgf2KO at both the posterior and anterior location (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Automated indentation spatially resolved differences in structural stiffness between WT and Fgf2KO tissue, demonstrating FGF2 expression affects femoral AC and TMJ MCC. This quantitative method will provide a valuable approach for functional characterization of cartilage tissues in murine models relevant to knee joint and TMJ health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige S. Woods
- Biomedical Engineering Department,
School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa A. Morin
- Biomedical Engineering Department,
School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Po-Jung Chen
- Division of Orthodontics, School of
Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Mahonski
- Department of Medicine, School of
Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, School of
Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Marja Hurley
- Department of Medicine, School of
Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sumit Yadav
- Division of Orthodontics, School of
Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department,
School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA,Tannin A. Schmidt, Biomedical Engineering
Department, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, MC 17121, Farmington, CT 06001,
USA.
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8
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Osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint: A review of aetiology and pathogenesis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 60:387-396. [PMID: 35307273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess the level of evidence for genetic, biological, and functional predictive and predisposing factors for end-stage temporomandibular joint arthritis within the published literature. A comprehensive review based upon PRISMA guidelines was performed from all literature relevant to the topic. Case series and animal studies were included given the rare nature of the disease and goal of finding root-cause predictive factors. Clinical and radiographic measures were used specifically to identify factors which may have contributed to disease onset and progression. A total of 249 abstracts were identified based on search terms of major databases. After application of exclusion and inclusion criteria, 63 full-text articles were included in the analysis of this paper. There were few factors that could be reliably used to predict end-stage temporomandibular joint disease. Limited evidence is available to adequately predict end-stage temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. No descriptive process exists that explains how and why this process can occur in younger adults. A better understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of TMJ-OA may lead to prevention and more effective management strategies that may reduce the need for drastic surgical intervention, particularly in young adults.
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Kram V, Jani P, Kilts TM, Li L, Chu EY, Young MF. OPG-Fc treatment partially rescues low bone mass phenotype in mature Bgn/Fmod deficient mice but is deleterious to the young mouse skeleton. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107627. [PMID: 32950603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biglycan (Bgn) and Fibromodulin (Fmod) are small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) which are abundant in the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) of mineralized tissues. We have previously generated a Bgn/Fmod double knock-out (DKO) mouse model and found it has a 3-fold increase in osteoclastogenesis compared with Wild type (WT) controls, resulting in a markedly low bone mass (LBM) phenotype. To try and rescue/repair the LBM phenotype of Bgn/Fmod DKO mice by suppressing osteoclast formation and activity, 3- and 26-week-old Bgn/Fmod DKO mice and age/gender matched WT controls were treated with OPG-Fc for 6 weeks after which bone parameters were evaluated using DEXA, micro-computed tomography (μCT) and serum biomarkers analyses. In the appendicular skeleton, OPG-Fc treatment improved some morphometric and geometric parameters in both the trabecular and cortical compartments in Bgn/Fmod DKO female and male mice, especially in the repair module. For many of the skeletal parameters analyzed, the Bgn/Fmod DKO mice were more responsive to the treatment than their WT controls. In addition, we found that OPG-Fc treatment was not able to prevent or ameliorate the formation of ectopic ossification, which are common lesions seen in aged joints and are one of the phenotypical hallmarks of our Bgn/Fmod DKO model. Analysis of skull bones, specifically the occipital bone, showed the treatment recovered some parameters of LBM phenotype in the craniofacial skeleton, more so in the younger rescue module. Using OPG-Fc as treatment alleviated, yet did not completely restore, the severe osteopenia and mineralized tissue structural abnormalities that Bgn/Fmod DKO mice suffer from.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardit Kram
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Priyam Jani
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Tina M Kilts
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Li Li
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Marian F Young
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Yilmaz EN, Zeugolis DI. Electrospun Polymers in Cartilage Engineering-State of Play. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:77. [PMID: 32133352 PMCID: PMC7039817 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage defects remain a clinical challenge. Articular cartilage defects progress to osteoarthritis, which negatively (e.g., remarkable pain, decreased mobility, distress) affects millions of people worldwide and is associated with excessive healthcare costs. Surgical procedures and cell-based therapies have failed to deliver a functional therapy. To this end, tissue engineering therapies provide a promise to deliver a functional cartilage substitute. Among the various scaffold fabrication technologies available, electrospinning is continuously gaining pace, as it can produce nano- to micro- fibrous scaffolds that imitate architectural features of native extracellular matrix supramolecular assemblies and can deliver variable cell populations and bioactive molecules. Herein, we comprehensively review advancements and shortfalls of various electrospun scaffolds in cartilage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Nur Yilmaz
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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11
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The Roles of Indian Hedgehog Signaling in TMJ Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246300. [PMID: 31847127 PMCID: PMC6941023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an intricate structure composed of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, and glenoid fossa in the temporal bone. Apical condylar cartilage is classified as a secondary cartilage, is fibrocartilaginous in nature, and is structurally distinct from growth plate and articular cartilage in long bones. Condylar cartilage is organized in distinct cellular layers that include a superficial layer that produces lubricants, a polymorphic/progenitor layer that contains stem/progenitor cells, and underlying layers of flattened and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Uniquely, progenitor cells reside near the articular surface, proliferate, undergo chondrogenesis, and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. During the past decades, there has been a growing interest in the molecular mechanisms by which the TMJ develops and acquires its unique structural and functional features. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), which regulates skeletal development including synovial joint formation, also plays pivotal roles in TMJ development and postnatal maintenance. This review provides a description of the many important recent advances in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in TMJ biology. These include studies that used conventional approaches and those that analyzed the phenotype of tissue-specific mouse mutants lacking Ihh or associated molecules. The recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism regulating TMJ development are impressive and these findings will have major implications for future translational medicine tools to repair and regenerate TMJ congenital anomalies and acquired diseases, such as degenerative damage in TMJ osteoarthritic conditions.
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12
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Li C, Ha P, Jiang W, Haveles CS, Zheng Z, Zou M. Fibromodulin - A New Target of Osteoarthritis Management? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1475. [PMID: 31920661 PMCID: PMC6927287 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pin Ha
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wenlu Jiang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christos S Haveles
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Min Zou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Robinson JL, Gupta V, Soria P, Clanaman E, Gurbarg S, Xu M, Chen J, Wadhwa S. Estrogen receptor alpha mediates mandibular condylar cartilage growth in male mice. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018. [PMID: 28643917 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the appendicular skeleton, estrogen via ERα signalling has been shown to mediate endochondral growth plate fusion in both males and females. However, the role of ERα in mediating growth of the mandibular condylar cartilage is unknown. Thus, this study focuses on the characterization of the mandibular condylar cartilage phenotype in young and adult male ERαKO mice. SETTING Columbia University Medical Center. MATERIAL AND METHODS WT and ERαKO C57BL/6 male mice were sacrificed at 49 days or 9 months for phenotypic analysis. Changes to MCC thickness, cell number and cell density were measured using histomorphometric methods. Cartilage-specific gene expression and OARSI scores were investigated for 49-day and 9-month-old male ERαKO and WT mice. RESULTS In young mice, a significant increase in the number of mandibular condylar cartilage cells and a significant decrease in the expression of Col10, Runx2 and DMP1 were observed in the male ERαKO mice compared to WT. In 9-month-old mice, we found a similar increase in the number of cells but no change in osteoarthritic histological scoring in ERαKO mice compared to WT mice. CONCLUSION In summary, estrogen plays a role in mediating mandibular condylar maturation in young male mice. However, according to this study, it does not play a role in mediating long-term growth or age-related mandibular condylar cartilage degeneration in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Robinson
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - V Gupta
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Soria
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Clanaman
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Gurbarg
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Xu
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Chen
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Wadhwa
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Kram V, Kilts TM, Bhattacharyya N, Li L, Young MF. Small leucine rich proteoglycans, a novel link to osteoclastogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12627. [PMID: 28974711 PMCID: PMC5626712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biglycan (Bgn) and Fibromodulin (Fmod) are subtypes of the small leucine-rich family of proteoglycans (SLRP). In this study we examined the skeletal phenotype of BgnFmod double knockout (BgnFmod KO) mice and found they were smaller in size and have markedly reduced bone mass compared to WT. The low bone mass (LBM) phenotype is the result of both the osteoblasts and osteoclasts from BgnFmod KO mice having higher differentiation potential and being more active compared to WT mice. Using multiple approaches, we showed that both Bgn and Fmod directly bind TNFα as well as RANKL in a dose dependent manner and that despite expressing higher levels of both TNFα and RANKL, BgnFmod KO derived osteoblasts cannot retain these cytokines in the vicinity of the cells, which leads to elevated TNFα and RANKL signaling and enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, adding either Bgn or Fmod to osteoclast precursor cultures significantly attenuated the cells ability to form TRAP positive, multinucleated giant cells. In summary, our data indicates that Bgn and Fmod expressed by the bone forming cells, are novel coupling ECM components that control bone mass through sequestration of TNFα and/or RANKL, thereby adjusting their bioavailability in order to regulate osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardit Kram
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tina M Kilts
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nisan Bhattacharyya
- Scientific Review Branch, Division of Extramural Activities, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Li Li
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marian F Young
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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15
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Weng Y, Liu Y, Du H, Li L, Jing B, Zhang Q, Wang X, Wang Z, Sun Y. Glycosylation of DMP1 Is Essential for Chondrogenesis of Condylar Cartilage. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1535-1545. [PMID: 28759313 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517717485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Weng
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - H. Du
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - L. Li
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - B. Jing
- School of Medicine, Stem Cell Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y. Sun
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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16
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Biomechanical properties of murine TMJ articular disc and condyle cartilage via AFM-nanoindentation. J Biomech 2017; 60:134-141. [PMID: 28688538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to quantify the biomechanical properties of murine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articular disc and condyle cartilage using AFM-nanoindentation. For skeletally mature, 3-month old mice, the surface of condyle cartilage was found to be significantly stiffer (306±84kPa, mean±95% CI) than those of the superior (85±23kPa) and inferior (45±12kPa) sides of the articular disc. On the disc surface, significant heterogeneity was also detected across multiple anatomical sites, with the posterior end being the stiffest and central region being the softest. Using SEM, this study also found that the surfaces of disc are composed of anteroposteriorly oriented collagen fibers, which are sporadically covered by thinner random fibrils. Such fibrous nature results in both an F-D3/2 indentation response, which is a typical Hertzian response for soft continuum tissue under a spherical tip, and a linear F-D response, which is typical for fibrous tissues, further signifying the high degree of tissue heterogeneity. In comparison, the surface of condyle cartilage is dominated by thinner, randomly oriented collagen fibrils, leading to Hertzian-dominated indentation responses. As the first biomechanical study of murine TMJ, this work will provide a basis for future investigations of TMJ tissue development and osteoarthritis in various murine TMJ models.
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17
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Shirakura M, Kram V, Robinson J, Sikka S, Kilts TM, Wadhwa S, Young MF. Extracellular Matrix Mediates BMP-2 in a Model of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis. Cells Tissues Organs 2017; 204:84-92. [PMID: 28419987 DOI: 10.1159/000464102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease that affects both cartilage and subchondral bone. It is accompanied by loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) and may be controlled by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). We analyzed the effect of BMP-2 in both cartilage and subchondral bone in a TMJ-OA animal model that is deficient in biglycan (Bgn) and fibromodulin (Fmod) (Bgn-/-Fmod-/-). Whole mandibles were dissected from 3-week-old wild-type (WT) and Bgn-/-Fmod-/- mice and incubated with and without 250 µg/mL BMP-2 for 2 days using an explant culture system. Condyle growth was measured by microCT and the expression levels of cartilage and bone-related genes were analyzed using RT-PCR or by immunohistochemistry from condyles that contained an intact cartilage/subchondral bone interface. Osteoclast activity was estimated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and by TRAP, Rankl, and Adamts4 mRNA expression levels. Our results showed that most parameters examined were slightly up-regulated in WT samples treated with BMP-2, and this up-regulation was significantly enhanced in the Bgn-/-Fmod-/- mice. The up-regulation of both catabolic and anabolic agents did not appear to positively affect the overall growth of Bgn-/-Fmod-/- condyles compared to WT controls. In summary, the up-regulation of both anabolic and catabolic genes in the WT and Bgn-/-Fmod-/- TMJs treated with BMP-2 suggests that BMP increases matrix turnover in the condyle, and, further, that Bgn and Fmod could have protective roles in regulating this process.
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18
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Ghassemi Nejad S, Kobezda T, Tar I, Szekanecz Z. Development of temporomandibular joint arthritis: The use of animal models. Joint Bone Spine 2017; 84:145-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Cartilage remodeling is currently among the most popular topics in osteoarthritis research. Remodeling includes removal of the existing cartilage and replacement by neo-cartilage. As a loss of balance between removal and replacement of articular cartilage develops (particularly, the rate of removal surpasses the rate of replacement), joints will begin to degrade. In the last few years, significant progress in molecular understanding of the cartilage remodeling process has been made. In this brief review, we focus on the discussion of some current "controversial" observations in articular cartilage degeneration: (1) the biological effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 on developing and mature articular cartilages, (2) the question of whether aggrecanase 1 (ADAMTS4) and aggrecanase 2 (ADAMTS5) are key enzymes in articular cartilage destruction, and (3) chondrocytes versus chondron in the development of osteoarthritis. It is hoped that continued discussion and investigation will follow to better clarify these topics. Clarification will be critical for those in search of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefu Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA ; Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA ; Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Sangani D, Suzuki A, VonVille H, Hixson JE, Iwata J. Gene Mutations Associated with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 27695703 PMCID: PMC5045035 DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial joint between the mandible and the temporal bone of the skull. TMJ disorders (TMDs) are a set of complicated and poorly understood clinical conditions, in which TMDs are associated with a number of symptoms including pain and limited jaw movement. The increasing scientific evidence suggests that genetic factors play a significant role in the pathology of TMDs. However, the underlying mechanism of TMDs remains largely unknown. Objective The study aimed to determine the associated genes to TMDs in humans and animals. Methods The literature search was conducted through databases including Medline (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), and PubMed (NLM) by using scientific terms for TMDs and genetics in March 2015. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of highly relevant articles and Scopus (Elsevier). Results Our systematic analyses identified 31 articles through literature searches. A total of 112 genes were identified to be significantly and specifically associated with TMDs. Conclusion Our systematic review provides a list of accurate genes associated with TMDs and suggests a genetic contribution to the pathology of TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvee Sangani
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helena VonVille
- The University of Texas School of Public Health Library, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James E Hixson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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21
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Karsdal MA, Manon-Jensen T, Genovese F, Kristensen JH, Nielsen MJ, Sand JMB, Hansen NUB, Bay-Jensen AC, Bager CL, Krag A, Blanchard A, Krarup H, Leeming DJ, Schuppan D. Novel insights into the function and dynamics of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G807-30. [PMID: 25767261 PMCID: PMC4437019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00447.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that altered components and posttranslational modifications of proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) may both initiate and drive disease progression. The ECM is a complex grid consisting of multiple proteins, most of which play a vital role in containing the essential information needed for maintenance of a sophisticated structure anchoring the cells and sustaining normal function of tissues. Therefore, the matrix itself may be considered as a paracrine/endocrine entity, with more complex functions than previously appreciated. The aims of this review are to 1) explore key structural and functional components of the ECM as exemplified by monogenetic disorders leading to severe pathologies, 2) discuss selected pathological posttranslational modifications of ECM proteins resulting in altered functional (signaling) properties from the original structural proteins, and 3) discuss how these findings support the novel concept that an increasing number of components of the ECM harbor signaling functions that can modulate fibrotic liver disease. The ECM entails functions in addition to anchoring cells and modulating their migratory behavior. Key ECM components and their posttranslational modifications often harbor multiple domains with different signaling potential, in particular when modified during inflammation or wound healing. This signaling by the ECM should be considered a paracrine/endocrine function, as it affects cell phenotype, function, fate, and finally tissue homeostasis. These properties should be exploited to establish novel biochemical markers and antifibrotic treatment strategies for liver fibrosis as well as other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten A. Karsdal
- 1Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade, Herlev, Denmark; ,2University of Southern Denmark, SDU, Odense, Denmark;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aleksander Krag
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;
| | - Andy Blanchard
- 4GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom;
| | - Henrik Krarup
- 5Section of Molecular Biology, Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;
| | | | - Detlef Schuppan
- 6Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; ,7Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Soft tissue ossification and condylar cartilage degeneration following TMJ disc perforation in a rabbit pilot study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:629-39. [PMID: 25573797 PMCID: PMC4368469 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are limited clinical treatments for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathologies, including degenerative disease, disc perforation and heterotopic ossification (HO). One barrier hindering the development of new therapies is that animal models recapitulating TMJ diseases are poorly established. The objective of this study was to develop an animal model for TMJ cartilage degeneration and disc pathology, including disc perforation and soft tissue HO. METHODS New Zealand white rabbits (n = 9 rabbits) underwent unilateral TMJ disc perforation surgery and sham surgery on the contralateral side. A 2.5 mm defect was created using a punch biopsy in rabbit TMJ disc. The TMJ condyles and discs were evaluated macroscopically and histologically after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Condyles were blindly scored by four independent observers using OARSI recommendations for macroscopic and histopathological scoring of osteoarthritis (OA) in rabbit tissues. RESULTS Histological evidence of TMJ condylar cartilage degeneration was apparent in experimental condyles following disc perforation relative to sham controls after 4 and 8 weeks, including surface fissures and loss of Safranin O staining. At 12 weeks, OARSI scores indicated experimental condylar cartilage erosion into the subchondral bone. Most strikingly, HO occurred within the TMJ disc upon perforation injury in six rabbits after 8 and 12 weeks. CONCLUSION We report for the first time a rabbit TMJ injury model that demonstrates condylar cartilage degeneration and disc ossification, which is indispensible for testing the efficacy of potential TMJ therapies.
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23
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Ikeda Y, Yonemitsu I, Takei M, Shibata S, Ono T. Mechanical loading leads to osteoarthritis-like changes in the hypofunctional temporomandibular joint in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1368-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Chen J, Kamiya Y, Polur I, Xu M, Choi T, Kalajzic Z, Drissi H, Wadhwa S. Estrogen via estrogen receptor beta partially inhibits mandibular condylar cartilage growth. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1861-8. [PMID: 25046534 PMCID: PMC4252977 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases predominantly afflict women, suggesting a role for female hormones in the disease process. However, little is known about the role of estrogen receptor (ER) signaling in regulating mandibular condylar cartilage growth. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the effects of altered estrogen levels on the mandibular condylar cartilage in wild type (WT) and ER beta Knockout (KO) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21-day-old female WT (n = 37) and ER beta KO mice (n = 36) were either sham operated or ovariectomized, and treated with either placebo or estradiol. The mandibular condylar cartilage was evaluated by histomorphometry, proliferation was analyzed by double ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine/bromodeoxyuridine (EdU/BrdU) labeling, and assays on gene and protein expression of chondrocyte maturation markers were performed. RESULTS In WT mice, ovariectomy caused a significant increase in mandibular condylar cartilage cell numbers, a significant increase in Sox9 expression and a significant increase in proliferation compared with sham operated WT mice. In contrast, ovariectomy did not cause any of these effects in the ER beta KO mice. Estrogen replacement treatment in ovariectomized WT mice caused a significant decrease in ER alpha expression and a significant increase in Sost expression compared with ovariectomized mice treated with placebo. Estrogen replacement treatment in ovariectomized ER beta KO mice caused a significant increase in Col2 expression, no change in ER alpha expression, and a significant increase in Sost expression. CONCLUSION Estrogen via ER beta inhibits proliferation and ER alpha expression while estrogen independent of ER beta induces Col2 and Sost expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Chen
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y. Kamiya
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - I. Polur
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Xu
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - T. Choi
- Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Z. Kalajzic
- Division of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - H. Drissi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - S. Wadhwa
- Division of Orthodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Hill A, Duran J, Purcell P. Lubricin protects the temporomandibular joint surfaces from degeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106497. [PMID: 25188282 PMCID: PMC4154713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a specialized synovial joint essential for the mobility and function of the mammalian jaw. The TMJ is composed of the mandibular condyle, the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone, and a fibrocartilagenous disc interposed between these bones. A fibrous capsule, lined on the luminal surface by the synovial membrane, links these bones and retains synovial fluid within the cavity. The major component of synovial fluid is lubricin, a glycoprotein encoded by the gene proteoglycan 4 (Prg4), which is synthesized by chondrocytes at the surface of the articular cartilage and by synovial lining cells. We previously showed that in the knee joint, Prg4 is crucial for maintenance of cartilage surfaces and for regulating proliferation of the intimal cells in the synovium. Consequently, the objective of this study was to determine the role of lubricin in the maintenance of the TMJ. We found that mice lacking lubricin have a normal TMJ at birth, but develop degeneration resembling TMJ osteoarthritis by 2 months, increasing in severity over time. Disease progression in Prg4−/− mice results in synovial hyperplasia, deterioration of cartilage in the condyle, disc and fossa with an increase in chondrocyte number and their redistribution in clusters with loss of superficial zone chondrocytes. All articular surfaces of the joint had a prominent layer of protein deposition. Compared to the knee joint, the osteoarthritis-like phenotype was more severe and manifested earlier in the TMJ. Taken together, the lack of lubricin in the TMJ causes osteoarthritis-like degeneration that affects the articular cartilage as well as the integrity of multiple joint tissues. Our results provide the first molecular evidence of the role of lubricin in the TMJ and suggest that Prg4−/− mice might provide a valuable new animal model for the study of the early events of TMJ osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Hill
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juanita Duran
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia Purcell
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ni GX, Li Z, Zhou YZ. The role of small leucine-rich proteoglycans in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:896-903. [PMID: 24795272 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To give an overview of the literature on the role of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. METHOD A literature search was performed and reviewed using the narrative approach. RESULTS (1) OA is an organ disease with many tissue types and specific roles for each in the pathogenic process. (2) Key biological functions of SLRPs include interacting with collagens to modulate fibril formation, and binding various cell surface receptors and growth factors to influence cellular functions; (3) Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the involvement of SLRPs in OA pathogenesis, most of which came from SLRP-deficient mice models; (4) Possible mechanisms for SLRPs being involved in OA pathogenic process include their roles in the extracellular collagen network, TGF-β signaling pathways, subchondral bone, muscle weakness, and the innate immune inflammation; (5) SLRP-deficient mice offer a potential to understand the molecular mechanisms of OA initiation and progression. (6) Targeting SLRPs may offer a new therapeutic modality for OA through controlling and modifying the TGF-β-ECM system. (7) Monitoring SLRP fragmentation may be a promising biomarker strategy to evaluate OA status. CONCLUSIONS Recent literature has shown that SLRPs may play an important role in OA pathogenesis. Possible mechanisms by which SLRPs are involved in this process have also been proposed. However, further investigations are needed in this field to better understand its mechanisms, develop treatments to slow down the degenerative process, and explore new approaches for effective and timely diagnosis of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-X Ni
- Department of Orthopeadics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Z Li
- Department of Orthopeadics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Y-Z Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China
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Schminke B, Muhammad H, Bode C, Sadowski B, Gerter R, Gersdorff N, Bürgers R, Monsonego-Ornan E, Rosen V, Miosge N. A discoidin domain receptor 1 knock-out mouse as a novel model for osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1081-96. [PMID: 23912900 PMCID: PMC11113511 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR-1)-deficient mice exhibited a high incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) as early as 9 weeks of age. They showed typical histological signs of OA, including surface fissures, loss of proteoglycans, chondrocyte cluster formation, collagen type I upregulation, and atypical collagen fibril arrangements. Chondrocytes isolated from the TMJs of DDR-1-deficient mice maintained their osteoarthritic characteristics when placed in culture. They expressed high levels of runx-2 and collagen type I, as well as low levels of sox-9 and aggrecan. The expression of DDR-2, a key factor in OA, was increased. DDR-1-deficient chondrocytes from the TMJ were positively influenced towards chondrogenesis by a three-dimensional matrix combined with a runx-2 knockdown or stimulation with extracellular matrix components, such as nidogen-2. Therefore, the DDR-1 knock-out mouse can serve as a novel model for temporomandibular disorders, such as OA of the TMJ, and will help to develop new treatment options, particularly those involving tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schminke
- Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hayat Muhammad
- Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christa Bode
- Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Boguslawa Sadowski
- Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Regina Gerter
- Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gersdorff
- Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Bürgers
- Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Renders GAP, Mulder L, Lin AS, Langenbach GEJ, Koolstra JH, Guldberg RE, Everts V. Contrast-enhanced microCT (EPIC-μCT) ex vivo applied to the mouse and human jaw joint. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2013; 43:20130098. [PMID: 24353248 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20130098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is susceptive to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). More detailed knowledge of its development is essential to improve our insight into TMJ-OA. It is imperative to have a standardized reliable three-dimensional (3D) imaging method that allows for detailed assessment of both bone and cartilage in healthy and diseased joints. We aimed to determine the applicability of a contrast-enhanced microCT (µCT) technique for ex vivo research of mouse and human TMJs. METHODS Equilibrium partitioning of an ionic contrast agent via µCT (EPIC-µCT) was previously applied for cartilage assessment in the knee joint. The method was ex vivo, applied to the mouse TMJ and adapted for the human TMJ. RESULTS EPIC-µCT (30-min immersion time) was applied to mouse mandibular condyles, and 3D imaging revealed an average cartilage thickness of 110 ± 16 µm. These measurements via EPIC-µCT were similar to the histomorphometric measures (113 ± 19 µm). For human healthy OA-affected TMJ samples, the protocol was adjusted to an immersion time of 1 h. 3D imaging revealed a significant thicker cartilage layer in joints with early signs of OA compared with healthy joints (414.2 ± 122.6 and 239.7 ± 50.5 µm, respectively). A subsequent significant thinner layer was found in human joints with late signs of OA (197.4 ± 159.7 µm). CONCLUSIONS The EPIC-µCT technique is effective for the ex vivo assessment of 3D cartilage morphology in the mouse as well as human TMJ and allows bone-cartilage interaction research in TMJ-OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A P Renders
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Zhang RX, Ren K, Dubner R. Osteoarthritis pain mechanisms: basic studies in animal models. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1308-15. [PMID: 23973145 PMCID: PMC3771690 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex and painful disease of the whole joint. At present there are no satisfying agents for treating OA. To promote OA research and improved treatment, this review summarizes current preclinical evidence on the development of OA. METHODS Preclinical OA research was searched and key findings are summarized and commented. RESULTS Mechanisms of OA-associated pain have been studied in rodent knee OA models produced by intra-knee injection of the chondrocyte glycolytic inhibitor mono-iodoacetate (MIA), surgery, or spontaneous development in some species. These models are clinically relevant in terms of histological damage and functional changes, and are used to study mechanisms underlying mechanical, thermal, ambulatory, body weight supporting-evoked, and ongoing OA pain. Recent peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal biochemical and electrophysiological studies in these models suggest that peripheral pro-inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides sensitize knee nociceptors. Spinal cytokines and neuropeptides promote OA pain, and peripheral and spinal cannabinoids inhibit OA pain respectively through cannabinoid-1 (CB1) and CB1/CB2 receptors. TRPV1 and metalloproteinases contribute and supraspinal descending facilitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)/5-HT 3 receptors may also contribute to OA pain. Conditioned place preference tests demonstrate that OA pain induces aversive behaviors, suggesting the involvement of brain. During OA, brain functional connectivity is enhanced, but at present it is unclear how this change is related to OA pain. CONCLUSION Animal studies demonstrate that peripheral and central sensitization contributes to OA pain, involving inflammatory cytokines, neuropeptides, and a variety of chemical mediators. Interestingly, brainstem descending facilitation of 5-HT/5-HT3 receptors plays a role OA pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Zhang
- Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Ronald Dubner
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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Nastase MV, Young MF, Schaefer L. Biglycan: a multivalent proteoglycan providing structure and signals. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:963-75. [PMID: 22821552 PMCID: PMC3527886 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412456380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research over the past few years has provided fascinating results indicating that biglycan, besides being a ubiquitous structural component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), may act as a signaling molecule. Proteolytically released from the ECM, biglycan acts as a danger signal signifying tissue stress or injury. As a ligand of innate immunity receptors and activator of the inflammasome, biglycan stimulates multifunctional proinflammatory signaling linking the innate to the adaptive immune response. By clustering several types of receptors on the cell surface and orchestrating their downstream signaling events, biglycan is capable to autonomously trigger sterile inflammation and to potentiate the inflammatory response to microbial invasion. Besides operating in a broad biological context, biglycan also displays tissue-specific affinities to certain receptors and structural components, thereby playing a crucial role in bone formation, muscle integrity, and synapse stability at the neuromuscular junction. This review attempts to provide a concise summary of recent data regarding the involvement of biglycan in the regulation of inflammation and the musculoskeletal system, pointing out both a signaling and a structural role for this proteoglycan. The potential of biglycan as a novel therapeutic target or agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and skeletal muscular dystrophies is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Rizell S, Barrenas ML, Andlin-Sobocki A, Stecksen-Blicks C, Kjellberg H. 45,X/46,XX karyotype mitigates the aberrant craniofacial morphology in Turner syndrome. Eur J Orthod 2012; 35:467-74. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjs014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Xu L, Polur I, Servais JM, Hsieh S, Lee PL, Goldring MB, Li Y. Intact pericellular matrix of articular cartilage is required for unactivated discoidin domain receptor 2 in the mouse model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1338-46. [PMID: 21855682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of the discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) results from its interaction with collagen type II. This induces expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, leading to osteoarthritis (OA). To investigate the impact of the pericellular matrix of chondrocytes on DDR2, we generated a mouse model with inducible overexpression of DDR2 in cartilage. Conditional overexpression of DDR2 in mature mouse articular cartilage was controlled via the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein promoter using the Tet-Off-inducible system. Doxycycline was withdrawn at 1 month of age, and knee joints were examined at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. Microsurgery was performed on 3-month-old transgenic mice overexpressing DDR2 to destabilize the medial meniscus, and serial paraffin sections were examined at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. DDR2 expression increased in the knee joints of transgenic mice. However, the increased DDR2 did not induce MMP-13 expression. No OA-like changes were observed in the transgenic mice at the age of 4 months. When transgenic mice were subjected to destabilizing of the medial meniscus, we observed accelerated progression to OA, which was associated with DDR2 activation. Therefore, conditionally overexpressing DDR2 in the mature articular cartilage of mouse knee joints requires activation to induce OA, and altered biomechanical stress can accelerate the onset of cartilage loss and progression to OA in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Igwe JC, Gao Q, Kizivat T, Kao WW, Kalajzic I. Keratocan is expressed by osteoblasts and can modulate osteogenic differentiation. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:401-7. [PMID: 21405980 PMCID: PMC3574643 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.546536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Keratocan is an extracellular matrix protein that belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family that also includes lumican, biglycan, decorin, mimecan, and fibromodulin. Members of this family are known to play a role in regulating cellular processes such as proliferation and modulation of osteoprogenitor lineage differentiation. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression pattern of the keratocan within the osteoprogenitor lineage and to assess its role in regulating osteoblast maturation and function. Results from gene expression analyses of cells at different maturation stages within the osteoblast lineage indicate that keratocan is differentially expressed by osteoblasts and shows little or no expression by osteocytes. During primary osteoblast cultures, high keratocan mRNA expression was observed on day 14, whereas lower expression was detected at days 7 and 21. To assess the effects of keratocan on osteoprogenitor cell differentiation, we evaluated primary calvarial cell cultures from keratocan-deficient mice. The mineralization of calvarial osteoblast cultures derived from keratocan null (Kera-/-) mice was lower than in wild-type osteoblast cultures. Furthermore, analysis of RNA derived from Kera-/- calvarial cell cultures showed a reduction in the mature osteoblast differentiation markers, that is, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin. In addition, we have evaluated the bone formation in keratocan-deficient mice. Histomorphometric analysis indicated that homozygous knockout mice have significantly decreased rates of bone formation and mineral apposition. Taken together, our results demonstrate the expression of keratocan by osteoblast lineage cells and its ability to modulate osteoblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Igwe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tomislav Kizivat
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Winston W. Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Embree M, Ono M, Kilts T, Walker D, Langguth J, Mao J, Bi Y, Barth JL, Young M. Role of subchondral bone during early-stage experimental TMJ osteoarthritis. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1331-8. [PMID: 21917603 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511421930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) is a degenerative disease that affects both cartilage and subchondral bone. We used microarray to identify changes in gene expression levels in the TMJ during early stages of the disease, using an established TMJ OA genetic mouse model deficient in 2 extracellular matrix proteins, biglycan and fibromodulin (bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-)). Differential gene expression analysis was performed with RNA extracted from 3-week-old WT and bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJs with an intact cartilage/subchondral bone interface. In total, 22 genes were differentially expressed in bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJs, including 5 genes involved in osteoclast activity/differentiation. The number of TRAP-positive cells were three-fold higher in bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJs than in WT. Quantitative RT-PCR showed up-regulation of RANKL and OPG, with a 128% increase in RANKL/OPG ratio in bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJs. Histology and immunohistochemistry revealed tissue disorganization and reduced type I collagen in bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJ subchondral bone. Early changes in gene expression and tissue defects in young bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJ subchondral bone are likely attributed to increased osteoclast activity. Analysis of these data shows that biglycan and fibromodulin are critical for TMJ subchondral bone integrity and reveal a potential role for TMJ subchondral bone turnover during the initial early stages of TMJ OA disease in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Embree
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kinumatsu T, Shibukawa Y, Yasuda T, Nagayama M, Yamada S, Serra R, Pacifici M, Koyama E. TMJ development and growth require primary cilia function. J Dent Res 2011; 90:988-94. [PMID: 21566205 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511409407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia regulate limb and axial skeletal formation and hedgehog signaling, but their roles in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) development are unknown. Thus, we created conditional mouse mutants deficient in ciliary transport protein Kif3a in cartilage. In post-natal wild-type mice, primary cilia were occasionally observed on the superior, inferior, or lateral side of condylar cells. Cilia were barely detectable in mutant chondrocytes but were evident in surrounding tissues, attesting to the specificity of chondrocyte Kif3a ablation. Mutant condyles from 3-month-old mice were narrow and flat along their antero-posterior and medio-lateral axes, were often fused with the articular disc, and displayed an irregular bony surface. The polymorphic layer in P15 mutants contained fewer Sox9-expressing chondroprogenitor cells because of reduced mitotic activity, and newly differentiated chondrocytes underwent precocious hypertrophic enlargement accompanied by early activation of Indian hedgehog (Ihh). Interestingly, there was excessive intramembranous ossification along the perichondrium, accompanied by local expression of the hedgehog receptor Patched-1 and up-regulation of Osterix and Collagen I. In summary, Kif3a and primary cilia are required for coordination of chondrocyte maturation, intramembranous bone formation, and chondrogenic condylar growth. Defects in these processes in Kif3a condylar cartilage are likely to reflect abnormal hedgehog signaling topography and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kinumatsu
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, 902 Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Xu L, Servais J, Polur I, Kim D, Lee PL, Chung K, Li Y. Attenuation of osteoarthritis progression by reduction of discoidin domain receptor 2 in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2736-44. [PMID: 20518074 DOI: 10.1002/art.27582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the reduction of discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR-2), a cell membrane tyrosine kinase receptor for native type II collagen, attenuates the progression of articular cartilage degeneration in mouse models of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Double-heterozygous (type XI collagen-deficient [Col11a1(+/-)] and Ddr2-deficient [Ddr2(+/-)]) mutant mice were generated. Knee joints of Ddr2(+/-) mice were subjected to microsurgical destabilization of the medial meniscus. Conditions of the articular cartilage from the knee joints of the double-heterozygous mutant and surgically treated mice were examined by histology, evaluated using a modified Mankin scoring system, and characterized by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The rate of progressive degeneration in knee joints was dramatically reduced in the double-heterozygous mutant mice compared with that in the type XI collagen-deficient mice. The progression in the double-heterozygous mutant mice was delayed by ∼6 months. Following surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus, the progressive degeneration toward OA was dramatically delayed in the Ddr2(+/-) mice compared with that in their wild-type littermates. The articular cartilage damage present in the knee joints of the mice was directly correlated with the expression profiles of DDR-2 and matrix metalloproteinase 13. CONCLUSION Reduction of DDR-2 expression attenuates the articular cartilage degeneration of knee joints induced either by type XI collagen deficiency or by surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Polur I, Lee PL, Servais JM, Xu L, Li Y. Role of HTRA1, a serine protease, in the progression of articular cartilage degeneration. Histol Histopathol 2010; 25:599-608. [PMID: 20238298 DOI: 10.14670/hh-25.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the possible role of high temperature requirement A 1 (HtrA1) in the articular cartilage degeneration. Paraffin sections were prepared from the knee and temporomandibular (TM) joints of four mouse OA models; two of the models had a genetic mutation (type IX collagen-deficient and type XI collagen-haploinsufficient) and two were surgically induced (destabilization of the medial meniscus of knee joint and discectomy of TM joint). The HtrA1 protein expression profiles of the prepared sections were examined by immunohistostaining. The level of HtrA1 mRNA in the articular cartilage taken from the knee joints of one of the genetically mutated OA models was determined by real-time PCR. Double immunohistostaining was used to examine the expression of co-localization of HtrA1 with type VI collagen and HtrA1 with discoidin domain receptor 2 (Ddr2) in the articular cartilage of knee joints from the genetically mutated OA model. The expression of HtrA1 was found to be increased in the knee and TM joints of these four models at early stages of the disease. An examination of the knee joint of a mutant mouse indicated an 8-fold increase in the level of HtrA1 mRNA, when compared to the levels observed in the knee joints of its wild-type littermates. Pericellular type VI collagen was not present in chondrocytes expressing HtrA1. Meanwhile, the expression of HtrA1 was associated with the expression of Ddr2 in the chondrocytes. Results indicate that HtrA1 may disrupt the pericellular matrix network, resulting in alteration of chondrocyte metabolisms. This eventually leads to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Polur
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Embree MC, Kilts TM, Ono M, Inkson CA, Syed-Picard F, Karsdal MA, Oldberg A, Bi Y, Young MF. Biglycan and fibromodulin have essential roles in regulating chondrogenesis and extracellular matrix turnover in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:812-26. [PMID: 20035055 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint is critical for jaw movements and allows for mastication, digestion of food, and speech. Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that is marked by permanent cartilage destruction and loss of extracellular matrix (ECM). To understand how the ECM regulates mandibular condylar chondrocyte (MCC) differentiation and function, we used a genetic mouse model of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis that is deficient in two ECM proteins, biglycan and fibromodulin (Bgn(-/0)Fmod(-/-)). Given the unavailability of cell lines, we first isolated primary MCCs and found that they were phenotypically unique from hyaline articular chondrocytes isolated from the knee joint. Using Bgn(-/0) Fmod(-/-) MCCs, we discovered the early basis for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis arises from abnormal and accelerated chondrogenesis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is a growth factor that is critical for chondrogenesis and binds to both biglycan and fibromodulin. Our studies revealed the sequestration of TGF-beta1 was decreased within the ECM of Bgn(-/0) Fmod(-/-) MCCs, leading to overactive TGF-beta1 signal transduction. Using an explant culture system, we found that overactive TGF-beta1 signals induced chondrogenesis and ECM turnover in this model. We demonstrated for the first time a comprehensive study revealing the importance of the ECM in maintaining the mandibular condylar cartilage integrity and identified biglycan and fibromodulin as novel key players in regulating chondrogenesis and ECM turnover during temoporomandibular joint osteoarthritis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred C Embree
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of fibromodulin inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in an organ culture model of human saphenous vein graft disease. Gene Ther 2009; 16:1154-62. [PMID: 19474808 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poor long-term graft patency remains a major limitation of coronary artery bypass grafting using saphenous vein aortocoronary grafts. Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) represents the principal mechanism of graft failure; a substantial body of evidence implicates transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in the pathogenesis of NIH. The small leucine-rich proteoglycans decorin and fibromodulin possess TGF-beta-antagonist activity to differing extents and with differing avidities for the isoforms of TGF-beta. We compared their ability to inhibit NIH in an ex vivo model of human saphenous vein organ culture following adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Surgically prepared human saphenous vein segments received adenovirus expressing fibromodulin (Ad5-Fmod), decorin (Ad5-Dcn), beta-galactosidase (Ad5-lacZ) or vehicle-only. Computerized morphometry 14 days after infection revealed significantly reduced neointimal area, neointimal thickness and intima/media ratio in Ad5-Fmod- and Ad5-Dcn-infected veins. Each parameter was significantly smaller in Ad5-Fmod- than in Ad5-Dcn-exposed segments. Fibrillar collagen content and levels of biologically active TGF-beta were lower in vessels receiving Ad5-Fmod or Ad5-Dcn than in those receiving Ad5-lacZ or vehicle-only. Fibromodulin is a more potent inhibitor of NIH in cultured human saphenous vein than decorin and offers potential therapeutic benefits in saphenous vein graft failure (and possibly in other forms of accelerated atherosclerosis) by reduction of associated neointima formation.
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Melrose J, Fuller ES, Roughley PJ, Smith MM, Kerr B, Hughes CE, Caterson B, Little CB. Fragmentation of decorin, biglycan, lumican and keratocan is elevated in degenerate human meniscus, knee and hip articular cartilages compared with age-matched macroscopically normal and control tissues. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R79. [PMID: 18620607 PMCID: PMC2575625 DOI: 10.1186/ar2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) modulate tissue organization, cellular proliferation, matrix adhesion, growth factor and cytokine responses, and sterically protect the surface of collagen type I and II fibrils from proteolysis. Catabolism of SLRPs has important consequences for the integrity of articular cartilage and meniscus by interfering with their tissue homeostatic functions. Methods SLRPs were dissociatively extracted from articular cartilage from total knee and hip replacements, menisci from total knee replacements, macroscopically normal and fibrillated knee articular cartilage from mature age-matched donors, and normal young articular cartilage. The tissue extracts were digested with chondroitinase ABC and keratanase-I before identification of SLRP core protein species by Western blotting using antibodies to the carboxyl-termini of the SLRPs. Results Multiple core-protein species were detected for all of the SLRPs (except fibromodulin) in the degenerate osteoarthritic articular cartilage and menisci. Fibromodulin had markedly less fragments detected with the carboxyl-terminal antibody compared with other SLRPs. There were fewer SLRP catabolites in osteoarthritic hip than in knee articular cartilage. Fragmentation of all SLRPs in normal age-matched, nonfibrillated knee articular cartilage was less than in fibrillated articular cartilage from the same knee joint or total knee replacement articular cartilage specimens of similar age. There was little fragmentation of SLRPs in normal control knee articular cartilage. Only decorin exhibited a consistent increase in fragmentation in menisci in association with osteoarthritis. There were no fragments of decorin, biglycan, lumican, or keratocan that were unique to any tissue. A single fibromodulin fragment was detected in osteoarthritic articular cartilage but not meniscus. All SLRPs showed a modest age-related increase in fragmentation in knee articular and meniscal cartilage but not in other tissues. Conclusion Enhanced fragmentation of SLRPs is evident in degenerate articular cartilage and meniscus. Specific decorin and fibromodulin core protein fragments in degenerate meniscus and/or human articular cartilage may be of value as biomarkers of disease. Once the enzymes responsible for their generation have been identified, further research may identify them as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratory, Institute of Bone & Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Leonards, NSW, Australia.
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Daniels DW, Tian Z, Barton ER. Sexual dimorphism of murine masticatory muscle function. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 53:187-92. [PMID: 18028868 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if gender distinctions of force generating capacity existed in murine masticatory muscles. DESIGN In order to investigate the effect of sex on force generating capacity in this muscle group, an isolated muscle preparation was developed utilising the murine anterior deep masseter. Age-matched male and female mice were utilized to assess function, muscle fibre type and size in this muscle. RESULTS Maximum isometric force production was not different between age-matched male and female mice. However, the rate of force generation and relaxation was slower in female masseter muscles. Assessment of fibre type distribution by immunohistochemistry revealed a three-fold decrease in the proportion of myosin heavy chain 2b positive fibres in female masseters, which correlated with the differences in contraction kinetics. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that masticatory muscle strength in mice is not affected by sex, but there are significant distinctions in kinetics associated with force production between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Daniels
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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