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Hoshino J, Tamakoshi K, Hori Y, Sakakibara H. Association between caregivers' health-related quality of life and care recipients' health outcomes. Int J Nurs Pract 2022; 28:e13044. [PMID: 35246893 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family caregivers' health-related quality of life and health outcomes in care recipients. METHODS A total of 160 female caregivers in Japan were initially assessed using self-reported baseline questionnaires to determine physical and mental aspects of their health-related quality of life. Based on these scores, they were divided into three groups: lower, middle, and higher quality of life. We followed up with the 133 participants (after excluding those that did not respond) 6 years later to assess the health of their care recipients; 36 caregivers continued to provide home care, while 97 reported that their care recipient had died or been admitted into institutionalized care. RESULTS Statistically, a higher risk for care recipients' health deterioration was strongly associated with the mental component score in the lower caregivers' quality of life group of than for the middle group, after adjusting for the care recipients' age, health status, and caregivers' age at baseline. There was no significant association between deterioration of health of care recipients and physical component scores of the caregivers. CONCLUSION Caregivers' poor health-related quality of life, particularly poor mental health, may be linked to the deterioration of care recipients' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Hoshino
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Tamakoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoko Hori
- General Incorporated Association Happy Net, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Kum C, Miller EL, Jones H, Kean EB, Kreitzer N, Bakas T. Theoretically Based Factors Affecting Stroke Family Caregiver Health: An Integrative Review. West J Nurs Res 2021; 44:338-351. [PMID: 34636275 DOI: 10.1177/01939459211050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke family caregivers often neglect their own health while providing care. Rigorous reviews have focused on stroke caregiver needs and outcomes; however, a comprehensive review of stroke caregiver health is lacking. The purpose of this integrative review was to determine factors associated with stroke family caregiver health. Using a PRISMA flow diagram and Rayyan software, 41 studies were identified published from January 2000 to December 2020. Databases included Cochrane Reviews, Cochrane Trials, PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EBSCOhost MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL. Rigorous guidelines were used to critique the 41 articles. Health measures were global in nature, lacking details regarding health promotion activities important to stroke family caregiver health. Common factors associated with caregiver health were depressive symptoms and burden. Further research is needed to design more situation-specific instruments to measure stroke family caregiver health, as well as interventions to reduce depressive symptoms and burden while promoting caregiver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleopatra Kum
- University of Cincinnati, College of Nursing, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elaine L Miller
- University of Cincinnati, College of Nursing, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Holly Jones
- University of Cincinnati, College of Nursing, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emily B Kean
- University of Cincinnati, Health Sciences Library, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Natalie Kreitzer
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tamilyn Bakas
- University of Cincinnati, College of Nursing, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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A scoping review on studies about the quality of life of informal caregivers of stroke survivors. Qual Life Res 2021; 31:1013-1032. [PMID: 34515916 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-021-02988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the available evidence regarding the quality of life (QoL) of informal caregivers of stroke survivors, by identifying the instruments used to assess QoL, and its associated characteristics. METHODS A scoping review was performed, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The electronic databases PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SciELO were searched for empirical, peer-reviewed, original, and full-length studies on the characteristics influencing the QoL of informal caregivers of stroke survivors. Eligibility and data extraction were conducted by two independent researchers. The main quantitative findings were synthesized, and qualitative data were explored by thematic content analysis. RESULTS The included studies, 56 quantitative, 1 qualitative, and 1 mixed methods, were published between 1999 and 2020. A high heterogeneity was found regarding the assessment of QoL, and the characteristics influencing it. Only one study used an instrument specifically designed to assess the stroke caregivers' QoL. The QoL of informal caregivers was inversely associated with physical and mental health of stroke survivors and caregivers, while stroke characteristics with a better prognosis, caregivers' positive relationships, and a more supportive and participative social context were positively associated to QoL. CONCLUSION There is a need for standardizing the assessment of the QoL of informal caregivers of stroke survivors, as well as for investing in cross-country/cultural studies with robust mixed methods designs to allow a deeper understanding of the experiences of caregivers. Further research, policies, and practices should consider the diversity and complexity of the characteristics influencing QoL, to empower informal caregivers and improve their QoL.
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Labberton AS, Augestad LA, Thommessen B, Barra M. The association of stroke severity with health-related quality of life in survivors of acute cerebrovascular disease and their informal caregivers during the first year post stroke: a survey study. Qual Life Res 2020; 29:2679-2693. [PMID: 32388786 PMCID: PMC7561590 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-020-02516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of caregivers and survivors of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and stroke during one year post discharge in comparison to age- and sex-matched population norms; and to analyse the association of initial stroke severity, measured by a routinely used stroke-specific scale, on subsequent HRQoL of caregivers and survivors. METHODS Cohort of hospitalized patients with TIA and stroke discharged alive from a large university hospital in Norway, and their informal caregivers. Questionnaires at 3 and 12 months post discharge were filled out by caregivers (n = 320 and n = 326, respectively) and survivors (n = 368 and n = 383, respectively). Multivariable linear regression analyses tested associations between initial stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS) and HRQoL (EQ-5D-3L) in caregivers and survivors. RESULTS Caregivers of survivors with TIA or stroke did not report lower HRQoL than matched norms. There was some evidence of an association of the NIHSS with caregiver HRQoL at 3 months only (age-sex-adjusted coefficient - 0.01, p = 0.008), however, this was attenuated after additional adjustments. Survivors with stroke, but not TIA, reported lower HRQoL than population norms at both time points. There was a negative association between higher NIHSS scores and survivors' HRQoL; fully adjusted coefficient - 0.01 at both time points (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The informal caregivers and survivors with TIA did not report lower than expected HRQoL. Increasing stroke severity was associated with decreasing HRQoL among survivors, but had limited predictive value among caregivers. Other factors may therefore be better indicators of 'at risk' caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Labberton
- Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, PO Box 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Liv Ariane Augestad
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Thommessen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Mathias Barra
- Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, PO Box 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
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Yilmaz Yalcinkaya E, Önes K, Bora Ayna A, Kucukali Turkyilmaz A, Erden N. Low Back Pain Prevalence and Characteristics in Caregivers of Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study. Top Stroke Rehabil 2015; 17:389-93. [DOI: 10.1310/tsr1705-389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ain QU, Dar NZ, Ahmad A, Munzar S, Yousafzai AW. Caregiver stress in stroke survivor: data from a tertiary care hospital -a cross sectional survey. BMC Psychol 2014; 2:49. [PMID: 25520808 PMCID: PMC4266982 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-014-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A principal caregiver (CG) is directly affected by patient's health problems that lead to CG strain. Pakistan has an estimated 4.8% of the population suffering from strokes. The study objective was to evaluate the caregiver level of stress and the factors which make CGs more prone to stress and also to identify the predictive role of factors such as age, sex, educational, marital status on their burden. METHODS This was a cross-sectional survey. 112 Participants were chosen on the basis of being directly involved in the care of patient and able to give consent for the study. Stroke patients had to have a more than 1 month history of stroke and treated in a tertiary care hospital. The severity of stress was rated using the Modified Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI). RESULTS Out of a total of 112 stroke patients and their caregivers, 12 were exempted. Most of the CGs were between the ages 30-39 (48%) and male (70%). Out of the males, most were sons (89%). None of the female CGs was employed. The mean MCSI score was 13.8. Gender, age, marital status, and duration of care all did not have a significant effect on the total (P = 0.640, 0.848, 0.839, 0.110 respectively). Female gender (P = 0.0075) was a factor leading to increased emotional adjustments. Single CGs had increased changes in personal plans (P = 0.014), and married CGs found the behaviour of the patients less upsetting (P = 0.0425). There was no significant difference between the total (P = 0.906) or individual components between daughters and daughter-in-laws. Increased duration of care was significantly associated with decrease level of sleep disturbance (P = 0.026), physical strain (P = 0.050) and other demands on time (P = 0.044). Increase age of CG was associated with an increase feeling of being overwhelmed (P = 0.027). CONCLUSION There is a need to identify the factors responsible for major CG stress by conducting similar studies and to define structured intervention for evaluating and preventing problems of caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat Ul Ain
- />Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Pitras Bukhari Road, H-8/4, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nayab Zaheer Dar
- />Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Pitras Bukhari Road, H-8/4, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Ahmad
- />Associate Professor, Division of Neurology, Shifa College of Medicine and Shifa International Hospital, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Pitras Bukhari Road, H-8/4, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saad Munzar
- />Division of Neurology, Shifa International Hospital, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Pitras Bukhari Road, H-8/4, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahab Yousafzai
- />Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Associate Professor, Shifa College of Medicine and Shifa International Hospital, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Pitras Bukhari Road, H-8/4, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Adriaansen JJE, van Leeuwen CMC, Visser-Meily JMA, van den Bos GAM, Post MWM. Course of social support and relationships between social support and life satisfaction in spouses of patients with stroke in the chronic phase. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2011; 85:e48-e52. [PMID: 21232903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the course of social support in spouses of patients with stroke, and to examine direct and indirect relationships between social support and life satisfaction over time. METHODS Prospective cohort study (N=180) with measurements at 2 months after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation, 1 year, and 3 years after stroke. Social support was assessed using the Social Support List-12, Life satisfaction with the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LiSat-9) and Caregiver strain with the Caregiver Strain Index. Random coefficient analyses was used. RESULTS Total social support and the 3 subtypes of social support decreased significantly over time. In all models, caregiver strain was associated with lower life satisfaction and social support was associated with higher life satisfaction, but there were no interaction effects between caregiver strain and social support on life satisfaction. CONCLUSION Spouses of patients with stroke experienced a decline of social support over time. Social support was positively associated with life satisfaction, regardless of the amount of caregiver strain experienced by the spouses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS It is important to discuss with caregivers of stroke patients the importance of maintaining their own social contacts and to facilitate this by arranging support if appropriate.
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Akosile CO, Okoye EC, Nwankwo MJ, Akosile CO, Mbada CE. Quality of life and its correlates in caregivers of stroke survivors from a Nigerian population. Qual Life Res 2011; 20:1379-84. [PMID: 21380764 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-011-9876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed at determining the quality of life (QOL) of caregivers of stroke survivors in a Nigeria population and some patient and caregiver-related variables that may be associated with it. METHOD A survey of the QOL of volunteering informal caregivers of stroke survivors in purposively selected tertiary health centres from South-Eastern Nigeria was done using the SF-12 questionnaire. RESULT Caregivers rated their QOL fairly well. Older age, female gender and closeness in relationship to survivor were caregivers' variables that were significantly related to poorer QOL scores. Being a woman close relative is associated with lower mental health scores while being an older close relative contributed to lower physical health score (P < 0.05). Caregivers' scores on the physical and mental health domains correlated moderately with each other (r = 0.52) and highly with their overall QOL scores (r = 0.81 and 0.88). CONCLUSION Caring for stroke survivors in Nigeria seems to have adverse effects on the QOL of closer relatives who are either women or older. There is a need for clinicians to help those caregivers at risk find ways of improving and optimizing their QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Akosile
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria.
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Measures of Psychological Stress and Physical Health in Family Caregivers of Stroke Survivors. J Neurosci Nurs 2010; 42:128-38. [DOI: 10.1097/jnn.0b013e3181d4a3ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Salter K, Zettler L, Foley N, Teasell R. Impact of caring for individuals with stroke on perceived physical health of informal caregivers. Disabil Rehabil 2010; 32:273-81. [DOI: 10.3109/09638280903114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Schlote A, Richter M, Wunderlich MT, Poppendick U, Möller C, Schwelm K, Wallesch CW. WHODAS II with people after stroke and their relatives. Disabil Rehabil 2009; 31:855-64. [DOI: 10.1080/09638280802355262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Profile, burden, and quality of life of Israeli stroke survivor caregivers: a longitudinal study. J Neurosci Nurs 2009; 41:92-105. [PMID: 19361125 DOI: 10.1097/jnn.0b013e318193456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (1) delineate the sociodemographic profile of Israeli primary caregivers of stroke survivors; (2) examine the changes in caregivers' burden, physical and emotional health, social support network, and quality of life (QOL) during the first 6 months after the stroke occurrence; and (3) identify the predictors of caregivers' QOL for that time period. Primary caregivers (N = 140) were assessed at three intervals during this period: within 2 weeks after the stroke occurrence, in the geriatric rehabilitation ward, and at 3 and 6 months poststroke in the community. Results of the study revealed that during the 6-month period, caregivers' physical health remained stable. After 3 months, depression levels decreased, as did the need for instrumental support in and outside the home. Nevertheless, satisfaction with informal support and family relationships decreased, as did QOL. Burden decreased consistently at 3- and 6-month intervals. After 6 months, perception of health and QOL improved, whereas the other variables remained stable. These results indicate that overall, this population of caregivers adapted to their role over the 6-month period. At each of the three intervals, QOL was explained by the same four variables, although with differential weights: number of diseases, confidence in the support system, burden, and sharing a household with the survivor. The results of this study contribute to nurses' ability to identify caregivers at risk and develop appropriately timed interventions for empowering caregivers in their role fulfillment.
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Optimising long-term participation in physical activities after stroke: exploring new ways of working for physiotherapists. Physiotherapy 2009; 95:228-34. [PMID: 19635344 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is now good empirical evidence of physical and functional benefits for individuals with stroke from long-term engagement in a range of physical activities. However, long-term participation of stroke survivors in physical activity after rehabilitation is low, and maximum benefits are not being achieved. This article reviews relevant literature and evidence, and suggests that physiotherapists are ideally placed to support patients in long-term participation in activity as they prepare patients for the end of physical rehabilitation. However, this requires the development, testing and application of stroke-specific evidence-based behavioural and motivational interventions that are feasible in clinical practice, take account of the role of carers, and seek to address the barriers to activity faced by stroke survivors at the end of rehabilitation. It also requires physiotherapists to take a leading role in developing appropriate policies and strategies with other exercise professionals and services to address the transition from rehabilitation to an active lifestyle following stroke.
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Visser-Meily A, Post M, van de Port I, Maas C, Forstberg-Wärleby G, Lindeman E. Psychosocial functioning of spouses of patients with stroke from initial inpatient rehabilitation to 3 years poststroke: course and relations with coping strategies. Stroke 2008; 40:1399-404. [PMID: 19095973 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.516682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Few studies have focused on long-term changes in the caregiving experience after stroke. This study assessed changes in the psychosocial functioning of spouses (burden, depressive symptoms, harmony in the relationship between patient and spouse, and social relations) during the first 3 years after stroke and identified predictors of the course of spouses' psychosocial functioning based on the characteristics of patients and spouses with special emphasis on coping style. METHODS We examined 211 couples shortly after the patient's admission to a rehabilitation center, 197 2 months after discharge, 187 1 year poststroke, and 121 3 years poststroke. Burden was assessed using the Caregiver Strain Index, depressive symptoms with the Goldberg Depression Scale, harmony in the relationship with the Interactional Problem Solving Inventory, and social relations with the Social Support List. Multilevel regression analyses were performed. RESULTS A significant effect of time (P<0.01) was found for all 4 aspects of spouses' psychosocial functioning. Although burden decreased, harmony in the relationship and social relations also decreased. The depression score showed a nonlinear pattern with an initial decrease but a long-term increase. All outcomes were significantly related to caregiver coping strategies. A total of 15% to 27% of the variance in psychosocial functioning could be explained. CONCLUSIONS Follow-up of spouses of patients with stroke requires not only assessment of burden, but also other aspects of psychosocial functioning like harmony in the relationship, depression, and social relations, because our results show negative long-term consequences of stroke for these aspects of caregiver quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Visser-Meily
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht and the Rehabilitation Center De Hoogstraat, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Wilz G, Kalytta T. Anxiety Symptoms in Spouses of Stroke Patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25:311-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000118375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Diringer MN, Ferran JM, Broderick J, Davis S, Mayer SA, Steiner T, Brun NC, Skolnick BE, Christensen MC. Impact of Recombinant Activated Factor VII on Health-Related Quality of Life after Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 24:219-25. [PMID: 17630481 DOI: 10.1159/000104481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated that recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) given to patients presenting within 3 h of acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) reduces mortality (18% vs. 29%) and poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale, mRS, 4-6, 53 vs. 69%). This analysis was performed to determine the impact of rFVIIa on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in those patients. METHODS In a prospective, randomized controlled trial, 399 patients (mean age, 66 years) received placebo, 40, 80 or 160 microg/kg of rFVIIa within 4 h of acute ICH. At 90 days, HRQoL was assessed with the EuroQoL (EQ-5D), a 5-dimensional measure of health which also includes the Visual Analogue Scale. Additionally, each level of the 90-day mRS was adjusted, using 4 different previously published utility values, to obtain a clearer picture of perceived HRQoL. RESULTS Among the 5 dimensions of EQ-5D, only mobility rating was significantly better for rFVIIa-treated patients (serious problems, 34 vs. 54%; p = 0.01). Yet, the utility value (scaled 1.0 = perfect health and 0.0 = dead) associated with the composite EQ-5D demonstrated significantly better HRQoL (0.48 vs. 0.36; p = 0.01). This was also true for the EQ-5D Visual Analogue Scale score (44 vs. 36; p = 0.04). Finally, all 4 algorithms for applying utility scores to the mRS indicated that rFVIIa was associated with significantly better perceived HRQoL (all p < 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with rFVIIa within 4 h of acute spontaneous ICH improves HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Diringer
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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