1
|
Wang X, Guo H, Li Y, Wang H, He J, Mu L, Hu Y, Ma J, Yan Y, Li S, Ding Y, Zhang M, Niu Q, Liu J, Zhang J, Ma R, Guo S. Interactions among genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport and in the response to environmental factors in dyslipidemia in subjects from the Xinjiang rural area. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196042. [PMID: 29758034 PMCID: PMC5951566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions may be partially responsible for dyslipidemia, but studies investigating interactions in the reverse cholesterol transport system (RCT) are limited. We explored these interactions in a Xinjiang rural population by genotyping five SNPs using SNPShot technique in APOA1, ABCA1, and LCAT, which are involved in the RCT (690 patients, 743 controls). We conducted unconditional logistical regression analysis to evaluate associations and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction to evaluate interactions. Results revealed significant differences in rs670 and rs2292318 allele frequencies between cases and controls (P<0.025). rs670 G allele carriers were more likely to develop dyslipidemia than A allele carriers (OR = 1.315, OR 95% CI: 1.067-2.620; P = 0.010). rs2292318 T allele carriers were more likely to develop dyslipidemia than A allele carriers (OR = 1.264, OR 95% CI: 1.037-1.541; P = 0.020). Gene-gene interaction model APOA1rs670-ABCA1rs1800976-ABCA1rs4149313-LCATrs1109166 (P = 0.0107) and gene-environment interaction model ABCA1rs1800976-ABCA1rs4149313-LCATrs1109166-obesity-smoking were optimal dyslipidemia predictors (P = 0.0107) and can interact (4). Differences in A-C-A-C-A and G-G-G-T-G haplotype frequencies were observed (P<0.05). Serum lipid profiles could be partly attributed to RCT gene polymorphisms. Thus, dyslipidemia is influenced by APOA1, ABCA1, LCAT, environmental factors, and their interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Wang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Heng Guo
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jia He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Lati Mu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yunhua Hu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiaolong Ma
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yizhong Yan
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yusong Ding
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Rulin Ma
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ayyappa KA, Ghosh S, Mohan V, Radha V. Association of hepatic lipase gene polymorphisms with hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels among South Indian subjects without diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013; 15:503-12. [PMID: 23550552 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2012.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the association of four variants of the hepatic lipase (HL [or LIPC]) gene with various lipid parameters among South Indian subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS In total, 747 NGT subjects were randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES). Serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured using a Hitachi-912 autoanalyzer (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Genotyping of HL gene variants was done by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and 20% of samples were sequenced to validate the genotypes obtained. Haplotype analysis was also carried out. RESULTS The TT genotype of the rs1800588 C/T (C-480T) polymorphism was significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.58 (95% confidence interval 1.38-4.85, P=0.003), whereas those with the CC genotype of the rs6074 A/C (Thr479Thr) had significantly lower HDL-C levels (41.3±9.8 mg/dL) compared with the AA genotype (43.6±10.2 mg/dL, P=0.02). Haplotype analysis showed the TGC haplotype was significantly associated with low HDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS Among South Indian subjects without diabetes, the rs1800588 C/T (C-480T) and rs6074 C/A (Thr479Thr) variants of the HL gene are associated with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C, respectively. The TGC haplotype was significantly associated with low HDL-C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuppuswamy Ashok Ayyappa
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-ICMR Advanced Centre for Genomics of Type 2 Diabetes and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, IDF Centre for Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Costanza MC, Beer-Borst S, James RW, Gaspoz JM, Morabia A. Consistency between cross-sectional and longitudinal SNP: blood lipid associations. Eur J Epidemiol 2012; 27:131-8. [PMID: 22407430 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-012-9670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various studies have linked different genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to different blood lipids (BL), but whether these "connections" were identified using cross-sectional or longitudinal (i.e., changes over time) designs has received little attention. Cross-sectional and longitudinal assessments of BL [total, high-, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL), triglycerides (TG)] and non-genetic factors (body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake) were measured for 2,002 Geneva, Switzerland, adults during 1999-2008 (two measurements, median 6 years apart), and 20 SNPs in 13 BL metabolism-related genes. Fixed and mixed effects repeated measures linear regression models, respectively, were employed to identify cross-sectional and longitudinal SNP:BL associations among the 1,516 (76%) study participants who reported not being treated for hypercholesterolemia at either measurement time. One-third more (12 vs. 9) longitudinal than cross-sectional associations were found [Bonferroni-adjusted two-tailed p < 0.00125 (=0.05/2)/20) for each of the four ensembles of 20 SNP:individual BL associations tested under the two study designs]. There was moderate consistency between the cross-sectional and longitudinal findings, with eight SNP:BL associations consistently identified across both study designs: [APOE.2 and APOE.4 (rs7412 and rs429358)]:TC; HL/LIPC (rs2070895):HDL; [APOB (rs1367117), APOE.2 and APOE.4 (rs7412 and rs429358)]:LDL; [APOA5 (rs2072560) and APOC III (rs5128)]:TG. The results suggest that cross-sectional studies, which include most genome-wide association studies (GWAS), can assess the large majority of SNP:BL associations. In the present analysis, which was much less powered than a GWAS, the cross-sectional study was around 2/3 (67%) as efficient as the longitudinal study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Costanza
- Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase genotypes, enzyme levels, and activity on high-density lipoprotein levels. J Clin Lipidol 2011; 5:152-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Marques-Vidal P, Bochud M, Paccaud F, Waterworth D, Bergmann S, Preisig M, Waeber G, Vollenweider P. No interaction between alcohol consumption and HDL-related genes on HDL cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:551-7. [PMID: 20430392 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationships and possible interactions between polymorphisms related to HDL levels and alcohol consumption. METHODS Cross-sectional population-based study including 2863 women and 2546 men aged 35-75 years (CoLaus study). Alcohol intake was assessed by the reported alcohol consumption of the last 7 days. Nineteen candidate genes known to influence HDL levels were studied. RESULTS Alcohol consumption increased HDL cholesterol levels in both genders. After multivariate adjustment for gender, age, body mass index, smoking, hypolipidaemic drug treatment, physical activity and alcohol consumption, APOA5, CETP, LIPC and LPL gene polymorphisms were significantly (10(-5) threshold) related with HDL cholesterol levels, while no genexalcohol intake interaction was found for all SNPs studied. ABCA1 polymorphisms were related to HDL cholesterol levels on bivariate analysis but the relationship was no longer significant after multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Our data confirm the association of alcohol consumption and of APOA5, CETP, LIPC and LPL gene polymorphisms with HDL cholesterol levels. Conversely, no genexalcohol consumption interactions were found, suggesting that the effect of alcohol consumption on HDL cholesterol levels is not mediated via a modulation of HDL related genes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruixing Y, Jinzhen W, Shangling P, Weixiong L, Dezhai Y, Yuming C. Sex differences in environmental and genetic factors for hypertension. Am J Med 2008; 121:811-9. [PMID: 18724972 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences are observed in many aspects of mammalian cardiovascular function and pathology. Hypertension is more common in men than in women of the same age. Although the effects of gonadal hormones on blood pressure are considered contributing factors, the reasons for sex differences in hypertension are still not fully understood. The present study was undertaken to compare the differences in several environmental and genetic factors between men and women in the Hei Yi Zhuang, an isolated subgroup of the Zhuang minority in China. METHODS Information on demography, diet, and lifestyle was collected in 835 women and 834 men aged 15 to 84 years. Genotyping of angiotensin-converting enzyme, adrenergic receptor beta(3), aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, calpastatin, connexin 37, hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor, and von Willebrand factor also was performed in these subjects. RESULTS The levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence, awareness, and treatment of hypertension were lower in women than in men (P < .05). Hypertension was positively associated with age, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, waist circumference, hyperlipidemia, total energy, total fat, sodium intake, and sodium/potassium ratio, and negatively associated with education level, total dietary fiber, potassium intake, angiotensin-converting enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, and hepatic lipase genotypes in men (P < .05). Hypertension was positively associated with age, hyperlipidemia, total energy, total fat, sodium intake, sodium/potassium ratio, calpastatin, and von Willebrand factor genotypes, and negatively associated with education level, total dietary fiber, potassium, calcium intake, lipoprotein lipase, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor genotypes in women (P < .05). CONCLUSION Sex differences in the prevalence of hypertension in the Hei Yi Zhuang population may be mainly attributed to the differences in dietary habits, lifestyle choices, sodium and potassium intakes, physical activity level, and some genetic polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ruixing
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Linsel-Nitschke P, Götz A, Erdmann J, Braenne I, Braund P, Hengstenberg C, Stark K, Fischer M, Schreiber S, El Mokhtari NE, Schaefer A, Schrezenmeier J, Rubin D, Hinney A, Reinehr T, Roth C, Ortlepp J, Hanrath P, Hall AS, Mangino M, Lieb W, Lamina C, Heid IM, Doering A, Gieger C, Peters A, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, König IR, Ziegler A, Kronenberg F, Samani NJ, Schunkert H. Lifelong reduction of LDL-cholesterol related to a common variant in the LDL-receptor gene decreases the risk of coronary artery disease--a Mendelian Randomisation study. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2986. [PMID: 18714375 PMCID: PMC2500189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare mutations of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR) cause familial hypercholesterolemia, which increases the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Less is known about the implications of common genetic variation in the LDLR gene regarding the variability of cholesterol levels and risk of CAD. METHODS Imputed genotype data at the LDLR locus on 1 644 individuals of a population-based sample were explored for association with LDL-C level. Replication of association with LDL-C level was sought for the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the LDLR gene in three European samples comprising 6 642 adults and 533 children. Association of this SNP with CAD was examined in six case-control studies involving more than 15 000 individuals. FINDINGS Each copy of the minor T allele of SNP rs2228671 within LDLR (frequency 11%) was related to a decrease of LDL-C levels by 0.19 mmol/L (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.13-0.24] mmol/L, p = 1.5x10(-10)). This association with LDL-C was uniformly found in children, men, and women of all samples studied. In parallel, the T allele of rs2228671 was associated with a significantly lower risk of CAD (Odds Ratio per copy of the T allele: 0.82, 95% CI [0.76-0.89], p = 2.1x10(-7)). Adjustment for LDL-C levels by logistic regression or Mendelian Randomisation models abolished the significant association between rs2228671 with CAD completely, indicating a functional link between the genetic variant at the LDLR gene locus, change in LDL-C and risk of CAD. CONCLUSION A common variant at the LDLR gene locus affects LDL-C levels and, thereby, the risk for CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anika Götz
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Braenne
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Stark
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Fischer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Arne Schaefer
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrezenmeier
- Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel, Institut für Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernährung, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel, Institut für Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernährung, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Rheinische Kliniken Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Children's Hospital & Regional Medical Centre, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jan Ortlepp
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Hanrath
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alistair S. Hall
- C-NET Group, Leeds Institute for Genetics and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Doering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Inke R. König
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is generally perceived as having a protective role with respect to cardiovascular disease. The metabolism of HDL is mediated through a complex network of apoproteins, enzymes and transfer proteins. Genetic variants within this network can increase plasma HDL, but not with uniformly beneficial clinical outcomes. The purpose of this review is to explore and propose mechanisms for these discrepant observations. RECENT FINDINGS Recent developments in this area include new observations of genetic variants that paradoxically increase both HDL and cardiovascular risk. Also discussed are newly observed, function-altering modifications of the HDL particle. Proposed explanations include the segregation of the genetic variants associated with the respective endpoints of plasma HDL and cardiovascular risk. Functionally impaired but quantitatively robust plasma HDL and the emerging understanding of proinflammatory HDL also may contribute to our understanding of discordant observations. SUMMARY Enhanced understanding of these relationships may allow a more accurate assessment of clinical risk based on plasma HDL and help explain why HDL may, in some circumstances, be an inappropriate therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Carlquist
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Department, LDS Hospital, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah 84143, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Associations with myocardial infarction of six polymorphisms selected from a three-stage genome-wide association study. Am Heart J 2007; 154:969-75. [PMID: 17967605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease, including its clinical manifestation, myocardial infarction (MI), is a common, complex disease with a substantive genetic component. State-of-the-art genetic epidemiology evaluates thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in association with disease cases and controls. In an independent but demographically similar population, this study tested 6 SNPs that were previously reported to be associated with MI. METHODS Patients hospitalized for an acute MI (n = 413) at an early age (men < 55 years, women < 65 years) were compared with age-discordant (men > or = 65 years, women > or = 70 years) control patients (n = 792) who had no MI history and no hospitalization for MI at index angiography or during longitudinal follow-up. Six SNPs were genotyped in the genes palladin, ROS1, TAS2R50, OR13G1, and ZNF627. RESULTS Findings were not different from the null hypothesis, with ZNF627 (AG vs. GG: odds ratio [OR] 1.47, P = .16; AA vs. GG: OR 1.20, P = .50) and both ROS1 SNPs (GG vs AA: OR 0.72, P = .21; CC vs GG: OR 0.74, P = .24) showing potentially interesting ORs but nonsignificant probabilities. After full adjustment for all SNPs and covariables, only the ZNF627 heterozygote genotype had OR > 1.5 (P = .14). Comparison of MI cases with controls without obstructive coronary artery disease and analyses stratified by sex provided similar findings. CONCLUSIONS Six SNPs previously reported to be associated with MI were not validated, suggesting that further investigation is needed to verify the applicability of those SNPs to cardiovascular medicine. These findings emphasize the high potential for false-positive results even in staged genome-wide association studies and further emphasize the need for continued refinement of cardiovascular genetic methodologies for clinical application.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HDL is a recognized negative risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases. Establishing the genetic determinants of HDL concentration and functions would add to the prediction of cardiovascular risk and point to the biochemical mechanisms underlying this risk. The present review focuses on various approaches to establish genetic determinants of the HDL concentration, structure and function. RECENT FINDINGS While many genes contribute to the HDL concentration and collectively account for half of the variability, polymorphism of individual candidate genes contributes little. There are strong interactions between environmental and genetic influences. Recent findings have confirmed that APOA1 and ABCA1 exert the strongest influence on HDL concentrations and risk of atherosclerosis. CETP and lipases also affect the HDL concentration and functionality, but their connection to the atherosclerosis risk is conditional on the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. SUMMARY Analysis of genetic determinants of HDL-cholesterol in patients with specific disease states or in response to the environmental condition may be a more accurate way to assess variations in HDL concentration. This may result in defining the rules of interaction between genetic and environmental factors and lead to understanding the mechanisms responsible for the variations in HDL concentration and functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|