1
|
de Freitas ACP, Rigon RB, Bagatin E, Leonardi GR. Perspectives of topical formulations for melasma. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:260-268. [PMID: 36083295 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Melasma is acquired hyperpigmentation that mainly affects the face, can cause negative changes in self-esteem, and mostly affects women. Treatment is difficult, and different drugs can be used in mono or combination therapy. In this article, we present a brief overview of melasma, how to evaluate it, and a synthesis of the most commonly used topical therapies and their indications, including sunscreens, pharmacological agents, and plant extracts. Hydroquinone (4%) in monotherapy or combined with corticosteroids (dexamethasone and fluocinolone acetonide) and retinoids (tretinoin); arbutin (1%); methimazole (5%); kojic (2%), azelaic (20%), and tranexamic (5%) acids are the pharmacological agents that stand out. Correct application of these substances determines a variable improvement in melasma but often causes adverse reactions such as erythema, itching, and burning at the application site. Vitamin C can contribute to the reduction of melasma and have little or no adverse effects while sunscreens are normally used as coadjuvant therapies. In conclusion, we have compiled specific topical therapies for treating melasma and discussed those that are the most used currently. We consider it important that prescribers and researchers evaluate the best cost-benefit ratio of topical therapeutic options and develop new formulations, enabling efficacy in the treatment with safety and comfort during application, through the reduction of adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Balansin Rigon
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ediléia Bagatin
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alqahtani AA, Aslam H, Shukrullah S, Fatima H, Naz MY, Rahman S, Mahnashi MH, Irfan M. Nanocarriers for Smart Therapeutic Strategies to Treat Drug-Resistant Tumors: A Review. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022; 20:191-210. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hira Aslam
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hareem Fatima
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kluxen FM, Grégoire S, Schepky A, Hewitt NJ, Klaric M, Domoradzki JY, Felkers E, Fernandes J, Fisher P, McEuen SF, Parr-Dobrzanski R, Wiemann C. Dermal absorption study OECD TG 428 mass balance recommendations based on the EFSA database. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104475. [PMID: 31539567 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance (EFSA, 2017) for dermal absorption (DA) studies recommends stringent mass balance (MB) limits of 95-105%. EFSA suggested that test material can be lost after penetration and requires that for chemicals with <5% absorption the non-recovered material must be added to the absorbed dose if MB is <95%. This has huge consequences for low absorption pesticides. Indeed, one third of the MBs in the EFSA DA database are outside the refined criteria. This is also true for DA data generated by Cosmetics Europe (Gregoire et al., 2019), indicating that this criterion is often not achieved even when using highly standardized protocols. While EFSA hypothesizes that modern analytical and pipetting techniques would enable to achieve this criterion, no scientific basis was provided. We describe how protocol procedures impact MB and evaluate the EFSA DA database to demonstrate that MB is subject to random variation. Generic application of "the addition rule" skews the measured data and increases the DA estimate, which results in unnecessary risk assessment failure. In conclusion, "missing material" is just a random negative deviation to the nominal dose. We propose a data-driven MB criterion of 90-110%, fully in line with OECD recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Kluxen
- ADAMA Deutschland GmbH, Edmund-Rumpler-Str. 6, 51149, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sébastien Grégoire
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France.
| | | | - Nicky J Hewitt
- Cosmetics Europe, Avenue Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Martina Klaric
- Cosmetics Europe, Avenue Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Edgars Felkers
- ADAMA Deutschland GmbH, Edmund-Rumpler-Str. 6, 51149, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joshua Fernandes
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealotts Hill Research Station, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Philip Fisher
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, 16 Rue Jean-Marie Leclair, 69266, Lyon, France.
| | - Steven F McEuen
- FMC Corporation, Stine Research Center, S300/427, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE, 19714-0030, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aljuffali IA, Lin CF, Chen CH, Fang JY. The codrug approach for facilitating drug delivery and bioactivity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1311-25. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1187598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chwan-Fwu Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pažoureková S, Hojerová J, Klimová Z, Lucová M. Dermal absorption and hydrolysis of methylparaben in different vehicles through intact and damaged skin: Using a pig-ear model in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:754-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
6
|
Bätz FM, Klipper W, Korting HC, Henkler F, Landsiedel R, Luch A, von Fritschen U, Weindl G, Schäfer-Korting M. Esterase activity in excised and reconstructed human skin – Biotransformation of prednicarbate and the model dye fluorescein diacetate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
7
|
Lau WM, Heard CM, White AW. Design, synthesis and in vitro degradation of a novel co-drug for the treatment of psoriasis. Pharmaceutics 2013; 5:232-45. [PMID: 24300448 PMCID: PMC3834954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common, chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease. It affects approximately 2% of the western population and has no cure. Combination therapy for psoriasis often proves more efficacious and better tolerated than monotherapy with a single drug. Combination therapy could be administered in the form of a co-drug, where two or more therapeutic compounds active against the same condition are linked by a cleavable covalent bond. Similar to the pro-drug approach, the liberation of parent moieties post-administration, by enzymatic and/or chemical mechanisms, is a pre-requisite for effective treatment. In this study, a series of co-drugs incorporating dithranol in combination with one of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, both useful for the treatment of psoriasis, were designed, synthesized and evaluated. An ester co-drug comprising dithranol and naproxen in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio was determined to possess the optimal physicochemical properties for topical delivery. The co-drug was fully hydrolyzed in vitro by porcine liver esterase within four hours. When incubated with homogenized porcine skin, 9.5% of the parent compounds were liberated after 24 h, suggesting in situ esterase-mediated cleavage of the co-drug would occur within the skin. The kinetics of the reaction revealed first order kinetics, Vmax = 10.3 μM·min-1 and Km = 65.1 μM. The co-drug contains a modified dithranol chromophore that was just 37% of the absorbance of dithranol at 375 nm and suggests reduced skin/clothes staining. Overall, these findings suggest that the dithranol-naproxen co-drug offers an attractive, novel approach for the treatment of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Man Lau
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK; E-Mails: (C.M.H.); (A.W.W.)
| | - Charles M. Heard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK; E-Mails: (C.M.H.); (A.W.W.)
| | - Alex W. White
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK; E-Mails: (C.M.H.); (A.W.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Distribution of esterase activity in porcine ear skin, and the effects of freezing and heat separation. Int J Pharm 2012; 433:10-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
9
|
Gullick DR, Ingram MJ, Pugh WJ, Cox PA, Gard P, Smart JD, Moss GP. Metabolism of captopril carboxyl ester derivatives for percutaneous absorption. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.02.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To determine the metabolism of captopril n-carboxyl derivatives and how this may impact on their use as transdermal prodrugs. The pharmacological activity of the ester derivatives was also characterised in order to compare the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory potency of the derivatives compared with the parent drug, captopril.
Methods
The metabolism rates of the ester derivatives were determined in vitro (using porcine liver esterase and porcine ear skin) and in silico (using molecular modelling to investigate the potential to predict metabolism).
Key findings
Relatively slow pseudo first-order metabolism of the prodrugs was observed, with the ethyl ester displaying the highest rate of metabolism. A strong relationship was established between in-vitro methods, while in-silico methods support the use of in-vitro methods and highlight the potential of in-silico techniques to predict metabolism. All the prodrugs behaved as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, with the methyl ester displaying optimum inhibition.
Conclusions
In-vitro porcine liver esterase metabolism rates inform in-vitro skin rates well, and in-silico interaction energies relate well to both. Thus, in-silico methods may be developed that include interaction energies to predict metabolism rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Gullick
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Matthew J Ingram
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, UK
| | - W John Pugh
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Paul A Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Paul Gard
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, UK
| | - John D Smart
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Gary P Moss
- School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lademann J, Patzelt A, Richter H, Schanzer S, Sterry W, Filbry A, Bohnsack K, Rippke F, Meinke M. Comparison of two in vitro models for the analysis of follicular penetration and its prevention by barrier emulsions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 72:600-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|