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Seo D, Brito Oliveira S, Rex EA, Ye X, Rice LM, da Fonseca FG, Gammon DB. Poxvirus A51R proteins regulate microtubule stability and antagonize a cell-intrinsic antiviral response. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113882. [PMID: 38457341 PMCID: PMC11023057 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses alter host microtubule (MT) networks during infection, but how and why they induce these changes is unclear in many cases. We show that the vaccinia virus (VV)-encoded A51R protein is a MT-associated protein (MAP) that directly binds MTs and stabilizes them by both promoting their growth and preventing their depolymerization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that A51R-MT interactions are conserved across A51R proteins from multiple poxvirus genera, and highly conserved, positively charged residues in A51R proteins mediate these interactions. Strikingly, we find that viruses encoding MT interaction-deficient A51R proteins fail to suppress a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent antiviral response in macrophages that leads to a block in virion morphogenesis. Moreover, A51R-MT interactions are required for VV virulence in mice. Collectively, our data show that poxviral MAP-MT interactions overcome a cell-intrinsic antiviral ROS response in macrophages that would otherwise block virus morphogenesis and replication in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Seo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sabrynna Brito Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Emily A Rex
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuecheng Ye
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luke M Rice
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Don B Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Korade Z, Tallman KA, Kim HYH, Balog M, Genaro-Mattos TC, Pattnaik A, Mirnics K, Pattnaik AK, Porter NA. Dose-Response Effects of 7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Inhibitors on Sterol Profiles and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1086-1096. [PMID: 36407960 PMCID: PMC9667548 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is ubiquitous in cells; it plays a critical role in membrane structure and transport as well as in intracellular trafficking processes. There are suggestions that cholesterol metabolism is linked to innate immunity with inhibitors of DHCR7, the last enzyme in the cholesterol pathway, suggested to have potential as viral therapeutics nearly a decade ago. In fact, there are a number of highly prescribed pharmaceuticals that are off-target inhibitors of DHCR7, causing increased cellular levels of 7-dehydrodesmosterol (7-DHD) and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). We report here dose-response studies of six such inhibitors on late-stage cholesterol biosynthesis in Neuro2a cells as well as their effect on infection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Four of the test compounds are FDA-approved drugs (cariprazine, trazodone, metoprolol, and tamoxifen), one (ifenprodil) has been the object of a recent Phase 2b COVID trial, and one (AY9944) is an experimental compound that has seen extensive use as a DHCR7 inhibitor. The three FDA-approved drugs inhibit replication of a GFP-tagged VSV with efficacies that mirror their effect on DHCR7. Ifenprodil and AY9944 have complex inhibitory profiles, acting on both DHCR7 and DHCR14, while tamoxifen does not inhibit DHCR7 and is toxic to Neuro2a at concentrations where it inhibits the Δ7-Δ8 isomerase of the cholesterol pathway. VSV itself affects the sterol profile in Neuro2a cells, showing a dose-response increase of dehydrolathosterol and lathosterol, the substrates for DHCR7, with a corresponding decrease in desmosterol and cholesterol. 7-DHD and 7-DHC are orders of magnitude more vulnerable to free radical chain oxidation than other sterols as well as polyunsaturated fatty esters, and the effect of these sterols on viral infection is likely a reflection of this fact of Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department
of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hye-Young H. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Marta Balog
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
- Department
of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Aryamav Pattnaik
- Nebraska
Center for Virology and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583, United States
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- Nebraska
Center for Virology and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Bidgood SR, Samolej J, Novy K, Collopy A, Albrecht D, Krause M, Burden JJ, Wollscheid B, Mercer J. Poxviruses package viral redox proteins in lateral bodies and modulate the host oxidative response. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010614. [PMID: 35834477 PMCID: PMC9282662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
All poxviruses contain a set of proteinaceous structures termed lateral bodies (LB) that deliver viral effector proteins into the host cytosol during virus entry. To date, the spatial proteotype of LBs remains unknown. Using the prototypic poxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV), we employed a quantitative comparative mass spectrometry strategy to determine the poxvirus LB proteome. We identified a large population of candidate cellular proteins, the majority being mitochondrial, and 15 candidate viral LB proteins. Strikingly, one-third of these are VACV redox proteins whose LB residency could be confirmed using super-resolution microscopy. We show that VACV infection exerts an anti-oxidative effect on host cells and that artificial induction of oxidative stress impacts early and late gene expression as well as virion production. Using targeted repression and/or deletion viruses we found that deletion of individual LB-redox proteins was insufficient for host redox modulation suggesting there may be functional redundancy. In addition to defining the spatial proteotype of VACV LBs, these findings implicate poxvirus redox proteins as potential modulators of host oxidative anti-viral responses and provide a solid starting point for future investigations into the role of LB resident proteins in host immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R. Bidgood
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karel Novy
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abigail Collopy
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Albrecht
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Krause
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima J. Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Escaffre O, Halliday H, Borisevich V, Casola A, Rockx B. Oxidative stress in Nipah virus-infected human small airway epithelial cells. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2961-2970. [PMID: 26297489 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic emerging pathogen that can cause severe and often fatal respiratory disease in humans. The pathogenesis of NiV infection of the human respiratory tract remains unknown. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by airway epithelial cells in response to viral infections contribute to lung injury by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress; however, the role of ROS in NiV-induced respiratory disease is unknown. To investigate whether NiV induces oxidative stress in human respiratory epithelial cells, we used oxidative stress markers and monitored antioxidant gene expression. We also used ROS scavengers to assess their role in immune response modulation. Oxidative stress was confirmed in infected cells and correlated with the reduction in antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Infected cells treated by ROS scavengers resulted in a significant decrease of the (F2)-8-isoprostane marker, inflammatory responses and virus replication. In conclusion, ROS are induced during NiV infection in human respiratory epithelium and contribute to the inflammatory response. Understanding how oxidative stress contributes to NiV pathogenesis is crucial for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hailey Halliday
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Rare and Emerging Viral Infections and Response, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Shcherbakov AB, Zholobak NM, Baranchikov AE, Ryabova AV, Ivanov VK. Cerium fluoride nanoparticles protect cells against oxidative stress. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 50:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by causing oxidative damage to biocompounds or indirectly by stimulating pathogen elimination by various nonoxidative mechanisms, including pattern recognition receptors signaling, autophagy, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and T-lymphocyte responses. Thus, one should expect that the inhibition of ROS production promote infection. Increasing evidences support that in certain particular infections, antioxidants decrease and prooxidants increase pathogen burden. In this study, we review the classic infections that are controlled by ROS and the cases in which ROS appear as promoters of infection, challenging the paradigm. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which ROS could promote particular infections. These mechanisms are still not completely clear but include the metabolic effects of ROS on pathogen physiology, ROS-induced damage to the immune system, and ROS-induced activation of immune defense mechanisms that are subsequently hijacked by particular pathogens to act against more effective microbicidal mechanisms of the immune system. The effective use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents against certain infections is a realistic possibility that is beginning to be applied against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia N Paiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia , CCS Bloco D, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Michalek RD, Pellom ST, Holbrook BC, Grayson JM. The requirement of reactive oxygen intermediates for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus binding and growth. Virology 2008; 379:205-12. [PMID: 18691729 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple viruses induce reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) generation during infection that plays an important role in growth. We have examined the importance of ROI during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of immortalized BHK-21 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages. Within 15 min of virus addition, intracellular ROI levels increased. To examine the contribution of ROI to LCMV infection, cells were pretreated with antioxidant prior to virus addition. Antioxidant treatment inhibited low and high MOI growth of virus. The requirement for ROI was greatest during the initial phase of infection, as antioxidant treatment after 6 h post infection had a weaker inhibitory effect. Furthermore, antioxidant treatment of cells inhibited virus binding, while treatment of virus stocks with N-ethyl malemide, which blocks free thiols, eliminated infectious virus. This illustrates that ROI are critical to the regulation of virus binding and growth and has important implications for understanding the infectivity of related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Michalek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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