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Wang XP, Yan D, Jin XP, Zhang WY, Shi T, Wang X, Song W, Xiong X, Guo D, Chen S. The role of amino acid metabolism alterations in acute ischemic stroke: From mechanism to application. Pharmacol Res 2024; 207:107313. [PMID: 39025169 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the most prevalent type of stroke, and due to its high incidence, disability rate, and mortality rate, it imposes a significant burden on the health care system. Amino acids constitute one of the most crucial metabolic products within the human body, and alterations in their metabolic pathways have been identified in the microenvironment of AIS, thereby influencing the pathogenesis, severity, and prognosis of AIS. The amino acid metabolism characteristics in AIS are complex. On one hand, the dynamic progression of AIS continuously reshapes the amino acid metabolism pattern. Conversely, changes in the amino acid metabolism pattern also exert a double-edged effect on AIS. This interaction is bidirectional, dynamic, heterogeneous, and dose-specific. Therefore, the distinctive metabolic reprogramming features surrounding amino acids during the AIS process are systematically summarized in this paper, aiming to provide potential investigative strategies for the early diagnosis, treatment approaches, and prognostic enhancement of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ping Wang
- First People's Hospital of Linping District; Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | - Dan Yan
- Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311202, China.
| | - Xia-Ping Jin
- First People's Hospital of Linping District; Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- First People's Hospital of Linping District; Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | - Tao Shi
- First People's Hospital of Linping District; Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- First People's Hospital of Linping District; Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | - Wenjuan Song
- First People's Hospital of Linping District; Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | - Xing Xiong
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Xiaoshan,The Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Duancheng Guo
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District,Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang Province, China.
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White MA, Frigo DE. Regulation of SLC1A4 and SLC1A5 in Prostate Cancer-Response. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 16:1811-1812. [PMID: 30385664 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A White
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.
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3
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Dikalova AE, Aschner JL, Zhang Y, Kaplowitz MR, Fike CD. Reactive oxygen species modulate Na +-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 expression in piglet pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H911-H919. [PMID: 30794434 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00674.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that Na+-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 (SNAT1) modulates nitric oxide (NO) production in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) from newborn piglets. Specifically, the ability to increase NO production in response to the l-arginine-NO precursor l-citrulline is dependent on SNAT1 expression. Elucidating factors that regulate SNAT1 expression in PAECs could provide new insights and therapeutic targets relevant to NO production. Our major goals were to determine if reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate SNAT1 expression in PAECs from newborn piglets and to evaluate the role of NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and uncoupled endothelial NO synthase, enzymatic sources of ROS, in hypoxia-induced increases in SNAT1 expression. Treatment with either H2O2 or xanthine plus xanthine oxidase increased SNAT1 expression in PAECs from newborn piglets cultured under normoxic conditions. Hypoxia-induced increases in SNAT1 expression were inhibited by treatments with the ROS-removing agents catalase and superoxide dismutase, NOX1 siRNA, and the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Both tetrahydropbiopterin (BH4) and l-citrulline, two therapies that decrease ROS by recoupling endothelial NO synthase, reduced the hypoxia-induced increase in SNAT1 expression. BH4 and l-citrulline treatment improved NO production in hypoxic PAECs despite a reduction in SNAT1 expression. In conclusion, SNAT1 expression is modulated by ROS in PAECs from newborn piglets. However, ROS-mediated decreases in SNAT1 expression per se do not implicate a reduction in NO production. Although SNAT1 may be critical to l-citrulline-induced increases in NO production, therapies designed to alter SNAT1 expression may not lead to a concordant change in NO production. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Na+-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 (SNAT1) modulates nitric oxide (NO) production in piglet pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Factors that regulate SNAT1 expression in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells are unclear. Here, we show that ROS-reducing strategies inhibit hypoxia-induced increases in SNAT1 expression. l-Citrulline and tetrahydropbiopterin decrease SNAT1 expression but increase NO production. Although SNAT1 is modulated by ROS, changes in SNAT1 expression may not cause a concordant change in NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Dikalova
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Judy L Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York
| | - Yongmei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark R Kaplowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Candice D Fike
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health , Salt Lake City, Utah
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Cuffe JSM, Walton SL, Singh RR, Spiers JG, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Wilkinson L, Little MH, Moritz KM. Mid- to late term hypoxia in the mouse alters placental morphology, glucocorticoid regulatory pathways and nutrient transporters in a sex-specific manner. J Physiol 2014; 592:3127-41. [PMID: 24801305 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal hypoxia is a common perturbation that can disrupt placental and thus fetal development, contributing to neonatal impairments. Recently, evidence has suggested that physiological outcomes are dependent upon the sex of the fetus, with males more susceptible to hypoxic insults than females. This study investigated the effects of maternal hypoxia during mid- to late gestation on fetal growth and placental development and determined if responses were sex specific. CD1 mice were housed under 21% or 12% oxygen from embryonic day (E) 14.5 until tissue collection at E18.5. Fetuses and placentas were weighed before collection for gene and protein expression and morphological analysis. Hypoxia reduced fetal weight in both sexes at E18.5 by 7% but did not affect placental weight. Hypoxia reduced placental mRNA levels of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors and reduced the gene and protein expression of the glucocorticoid metabolizing enzyme HSD11B2. However, placentas of female fetuses responded differently to maternal hypoxia than did placentas of male fetuses. Notably, morphology was significantly altered in placentas from hypoxic female fetuses, with a reduction in placental labyrinth blood spaces. In addition mRNA expression of Glut1, Igf2 and Igf1r were reduced in placentas of female fetuses only. In summary, maternal hypoxia altered placental formation in a sex specific manner through mechanisms involving placental vascular development, growth factor and nutrient transporter expression and placental glucocorticoid signalling. This study provides insight into how sex differences in offspring disease development may be due to sex specific placental adaptations to maternal insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - S L Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - R R Singh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - J G Spiers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - L Wilkinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - M H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - K M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Fike CD, Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Aschner M, Summar M, Prince LS, Cunningham G, Kaplowitz M, Zhang Y, Aschner JL. Prolonged hypoxia augments L-citrulline transport by system A in the newborn piglet pulmonary circulation. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:375-84. [PMID: 22673370 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) express the enzymes needed for generation of l-arginine from intracellular l-citrulline but do not express the enzymes needed for de novo l-citrulline synthesis. Hence, l-citrulline levels in PAECs are dependent on l-citrulline transport. Once generated, l-arginine can be converted to l-citrulline and nitric oxide (NO) by the enzyme NO synthase. We sought to determine whether hypoxia, a condition aetiologically linked to pulmonary hypertension, alters the transport of l-citrulline and the expression of the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (SNATs) in PAECs from newborn piglets. METHODS AND RESULTS PAECs isolated from newborn piglets were cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and used to measure SNAT1, 2, 3, and 5 protein expression and (14)C-l-citrulline uptake. SNAT1 protein expression was increased, while SNAT2, SNAT3, and SNAT5 expression was unaltered in hypoxic PAECs. (14)C-l-citrulline uptake was increased in hypoxic PAECs. Studies with inhibitors of System A (SNAT1/2) and System N (SNAT3/5) revealed that the increased (14)C-l-citrulline uptake was largely due to System A-mediated transport. Additional studies were performed to evaluate SNAT protein expression and l-citrulline levels in lungs of piglets with chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and comparable age controls. Lungs from piglets raised in chronic hypoxia exhibited greater SNAT1 expression and higher l-citrulline levels than lungs from controls. CONCLUSION Increased SNAT1 expression and the concomitant enhanced ability to transport l-citrulline in PAECs could represent an important regulatory mechanism to counteract NO signalling impairments known to occur during the development of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice D Fike
- Department of Pediatrics, University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 B Garland Ave., Nashville, TN 37232-0656, USA.
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Abstract
The incidence of epilepsy is at its highest in childhood and seizures can persist for a lifetime. As brain tissue from pediatric patients with epilepsy is rarely available, the analysis of molecular and cellular changes during epileptogenesis, which could serve as targets for treatment approaches, has to rely largely on the analysis of tissue from animal models. However, these data have to be analyzed in the context of the developmental stage when the insult occurs. Here we review the current status of the available animal models, the molecular analysis done in these models, as well as treatment attempts to prevent epileptogenesis in the immature brain. Considering that epilepsy is one of the major childhood neurological diseases, it is remarkable how little is known on epileptogenesis in the immature brain at a molecular level. It is a true challenge for the future to expand the armamentarium of clinically relevant animal models, and systematic analysis of molecular and cellular data to enhance the probability of developing syndrome specific antiepileptogenic treatments and biomarkers for acquired pediatric epileptogenesis.
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Willenberg BJ, Zheng T, Meng FW, Meneses JC, Rossignol C, Batich CD, Terada N, Steindler DA, Weiss MD. Gelatinized copper-capillary alginate gel functions as an injectable tissue scaffolding system for stem cell transplants. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2010; 22:1621-37. [PMID: 20699061 DOI: 10.1163/092050610x519453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In severe hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, cellular components such as neurons and astrocytes are injured or destroyed along with the supporting extracellular matrix. This presents a challenge to the field of regenerative medicine since the lack of extracellular matrix and supporting structures makes the transplant milieu inhospitable to the transplanted cells. A potential solution to this problem is the use of a biomaterial to provide the extracellular components needed to keep cells localized in cystic brain regions, allowing the cells to form connections and repair lost brain tissue. Ideally, this biomaterial would be combined with stem cells, which have been proven to have therapeutic potentials, and could be delivered via an injection. To study this approach, we derived a hydrogel biomaterial tissue scaffold from oligomeric gelatin and copper-capillary alginate gel (GCCAG). We then demonstrated that our multipotent astrocytic stem cells (MASCs) could be maintained in GCCAG scaffolds for up to 2 weeks in vitro and that the cells retained their multipotency. We next performed a pilot transplant study in which GCCAG was mixed with MASCs and injected into the brain of a neonatal rat pup. After a week in vivo, our results showed that: the GCCAG biomaterial did not cause a significant reactive gliosis; viable cells were retained within the injected scaffolds; and some delivered cells migrated into the surrounding brain tissue. Therefore, GCCAG tissue scaffolds are a promising, novel injectable system for transplantation of stem cells to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Jay Willenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611-6400, USA.
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Oxidative stress increases SNAT1 expression and stimulates cysteine uptake in freshly isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Amino Acids 2010; 40:517-26. [PMID: 20602128 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular cysteine availability is an important rate-limiting factor governing glutathione synthesis in the heart. This is also dependent on the magnitude and rate of cysteine uptake into cardiomyocytes, which has been little studied. This study investigated the hypothesis that changes to cysteine transporter expression and activity during oxidative stress influence cardiomyocyte glutathione levels. The uptake of 0-3 mM L-[(35)S]cysteine into ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from adult male Wistar rats was measured using oil filtration. Cysteine transporter expression was investigated by conventional and real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Glutathione levels were measured enzymatically. Oxidative stress was induced via 0-6 h incubation with 0.05 mM H(2)O(2). Cysteine uptake was greatest in sodium-containing media and was inhibited by glutamine, 2-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid (αMeAIB), serine or alanine. The K(m) and V(max) of the αMeAIB insensitive and sensitive portions were 0.133 ± 0.01 mM and 468.11 ± 9.04 pmol/μl cell vol/min, and 0.557 ± 0.096 mM and 279.87 ± 16.06 pmol/μl cell vol/min, respectively. Cardiomyocytes expressed ASCT2, SNAT1 and SNAT2 but not ASCT1. Oxidative stress significantly enhanced cysteine uptake, which was attenuated by αMeAIB. This was accompanied by significantly enhanced SNAT1 expression, whilst SNAT2 and ASCT2 were unaffected. Incubation with cysteine significantly reduced the oxidative-stress-induced decline in cardiomyocyte glutathione as compared to cells incubated without cysteine or cells incubated with cysteine and αMeAIB. In conclusion, under control conditions SNAT transporters aid in the delivery of cysteine for cardiomyocyte GSH synthesis, whilst oxidative stress increases cardiomyocyte cysteine uptake and stimulates cardiomyocyte SNAT1 expression.
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Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Lee E, Albrecht J, Aschner M. Manganese disrupts astrocyte glutamine transporter expression and function. J Neurochem 2009; 110:822-30. [PMID: 19457077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) plays an important role in brain energy metabolism and as a precursor for the synthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate and GABA. Previous studies have shown that astrocytic Gln transport is impaired following manganese (Mn) exposure. The present studies were performed to identify the transport routes and the respective Gln transporters contributing to the impairment. Rat neonatal cortical primary astrocytes treated with Mn displayed a significant decrease in Gln uptake mediated by the principle Gln transporting systems, N and ASC. Moreover, systems N, ASC and L were less efficient in Gln export after Mn treatment. Mn treatment caused a significant reduction of both in mRNA expression and protein levels of SNAT3 (system N), SNAT2 (system A) and LAT2 (system L), and lowered the protein but not mRNA expression of ASCT2 (system ASC). Mn exposure did not affect the expression of the less abundant systems N transporter SNAT5 and the system L transporter LAT1, at either the mRNA or protein level. Hence, Mn-induced decrease of inward and outward Gln transport can be largely ascribed to the loss of the specific Gln transporters. Consequently, deregulation of glutamate homeostasis and its diminished availability to neurons may lead to impairment in glutamatergic neurotransmission, a phenomenon characteristic of Mn-induced neurotoxicity.
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Oja SS, Saransaari P. Release of Endogenous Amino Acids from the Hippocampus and Brain Stem from Developing and Adult Mice in Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1668-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schubert GA, Poli S, Schilling L, Heiland S, Thomé C. Hypothermia Reduces Cytotoxic Edema and Metabolic Alterations during the Acute Phase of Massive SAH: A Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Spectroscopy Study in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25:841-52. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Alexander Schubert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Poli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lothar Schilling
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Heiland
- Department of Neuroradiological Research, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudius Thomé
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Early enriched housing results in partial recovery of memory deficits in female, but not in male, rats after neonatal hypoxia–ischemia. Brain Res 2008; 1218:257-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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