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A Systematic Review of T Cell Epitopes Defined from the Proteome of Hepatitis B Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020257. [PMID: 35214714 PMCID: PMC8878595 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a worldwide health problem and no eradicative therapy is currently available. Host T cell immune responses have crucial influences on the outcome of HBV infection, however the development of therapeutic vaccines, T cell therapies and the clinical evaluation of HBV-specific T cell responses are hampered markedly by the lack of validated T cell epitopes. This review presented a map of T cell epitopes functionally validated from HBV antigens during the past 33 years; the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) supertypes to present these epitopes, and the methods to screen and identify T cell epitopes. To the best of our knowledge, a total of 205 CD8+ T cell epitopes and 79 CD4+ T cell epitopes have been defined from HBV antigens by cellular functional experiments thus far, but most are restricted to several common HLA supertypes, such as HLA-A0201, A2402, B0702, DR04, and DR12 molecules. Therefore, the currently defined T cell epitope repertoire cannot cover the major populations with HLA diversity in an indicated geographic region. More researches are needed to dissect a more comprehensive map of T cell epitopes, which covers overall HBV proteome and global patients.
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2
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García-Guerrero E, Sánchez-Abarca LI, Domingo E, Ramos TL, Bejarano-García JA, Gonzalez-Campos JA, Caballero-Velázquez T, Pérez-Simón JA. Selection of Tumor-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients Through the Identification of T-Cells Capable to Establish Stable Interactions With the Leukemic Cells: "Doublet Technology". Front Immunol 2018; 9:1971. [PMID: 30233577 PMCID: PMC6129592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of the immune system in cancer has long been studied. Autologous adoptive T cell therapies, based on the use of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have made great progress in recent years for the treatment of solid tumors, especially melanoma. However, further work is needed to isolate tumor-reactive T cells among patients diagnosed with hematologic malignancies. The dynamics of the interaction between T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) dictate the quality of the immune responses. While stable joints between target cells and T lymphocytes lead to the induction of T cell activation and immune response, brief contacts contribute to the induction of immune-tolerance. Taking advantage of the strong interaction between target cell and activated T-cells, we show the feasibility to identify and isolate tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients by flow cytometry. Using this technology, CTLs bound through T cell receptor (TCR) to tumor cells can be identified in peripheral blood and bone marrow and subsequently selected and isolated by FACS-based cell sorting. These CTLs display higher percentage of effector cells and marked cytotoxic activity against AML blasts. In conclusion, we have developed a new procedure to identify and select specific cytotoxic T cells in patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía García-Guerrero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Luís I Sánchez-Abarca
- Servicio de Hematología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL) - Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther Domingo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Teresa L Ramos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose A Bejarano-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose A Gonzalez-Campos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Teresa Caballero-Velázquez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose A Pérez-Simón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Schappert A, Schneck JP, Suarez L, Oelke M, Schütz C. Soluble MHC class I complexes for targeted immunotherapy. Life Sci 2018; 209:255-258. [PMID: 30102903 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) have been used for more than two decades in clinical and pre-clinical approaches of tumor immunotherapy. They have been proven efficient for detecting anti-tumor-specific T cells when utilized as soluble multimers, immobilized on cells or artificial structures such as artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC) and have been shown to generate effective anti-tumor responses. In this review we summarize the use of soluble MHC class I complexes in tumor vaccination studies, highlighting the different strategies and their contradicting results. In summary, we believe that soluble MHC class I molecules represent an exciting tool with great potential to impact the understanding and development of immunotherapeutic approaches on many levels from monitoring to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schappert
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Immunology, Langen, Germany; Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital/Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Dimayuga PC, Zhao X, Yano J, Lio WM, Zhou J, Mihailovic PM, Cercek B, Shah PK, Chyu KY. Identification of apoB-100 Peptide-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005318. [PMID: 28711866 PMCID: PMC5586274 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background T cells are found in atherosclerotic plaques, with evidence supporting a potential role for CD8+ T cells in atherogenesis. Prior studies provide evidence of low‐density lipoprotein and apoB‐100 reactive T cells, yet specific epitopes relevant to the disease remain to be defined. The current study was undertaken to identify and characterize endogenous, antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells in atherosclerosis. Methods and Results A peptide fragment of apoB‐100 that tested positive for binding to the mouse MHC‐I allele H2Kb was used to generate a fluorescent‐labeled H2Kb pentamer and tested in apoE−/− mice. H2Kb pentamer(+)CD8+ T cells were higher in apoE−/− mice fed an atherogenic diet compared with those fed a normal chow. H2Kb pentamer (+)CD8+ T cells in atherogenic diet–fed mice had significantly increased effector memory phenotype with a shift in Vβ profile. H2Kb pentamer blocked lytic activity of CD8+ T cells from atherogenic diet–fed mice. Immunization of age‐matched apoE−/− mice with the apoB‐100 peptide altered the immune‐dominant epitope of CD8+ T cells and reduced atherosclerosis. Conclusions Our study provides evidence of a self‐reactive, antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell population in apoE−/− mice. Immune modulation using the peptide antigen reduced atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dimayuga
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Juliana Yano
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wai Man Lio
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jianchang Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter M Mihailovic
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bojan Cercek
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Prediman K Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kuang-Yuh Chyu
- Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
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5
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Park YK, Jung S, Park SH. Induction of tolerance against the arthritogenic antigen with type-II collagen peptide-linked soluble MHC class II molecules. BMB Rep 2017; 49:331-6. [PMID: 26779996 PMCID: PMC5070721 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.6.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), self-reactive T cells can recognize peptide antigens derived from type-II collagen (CII). Activation of T cells is an important mediator of autoimmune diseases. Thus, T cells have become a focal point of study to treat autoimmune diseases. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of recombinant MHC class II molecules in the regulation of antigen-specific T cells by using a self peptide derived from CII (CII260-274; IAGFKGEQGPKGEPG) linked to mouseI-Aq in a murine CIA model. We found that recombinant I-Aq/CII260-274 molecules could be recognized by CII-specific T cells and inhibit the same T cells in vitro. Furthermore, the development of CIA in mice was successfully prevented by in vivo injection of recombinant I-Aq/CII260-274 molecules. Thus, treatment with recombinant soluble MHC class II molecules in complex with an immunodominant self-peptide might offer a potential therapeutic for chronic inflammation in autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(6): 331-336
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Kyung Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sundo Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Se-Ho Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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6
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Schütz C, Zoso A, Peng S, Bennett JD, Schneck JP, Oelke M. MHC-Ig induces memory T cell formation in vivo and inhibits tumour growth. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2014; 2:181-92. [PMID: 25505552 PMCID: PMC4257763 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of a T cell mediated immune response is critical for the eradication of viral infections and tumours. Soluble peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex-Ig (pep−MHC-Ig) have been shown to bind their cognate ligands, T cell receptor, with high affinity, and are successfully used to visualize antigen-specific T cells. Furthermore, immobilized pep−MHC-Ig can activate and expand antigen-specific T cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigate the use of pep−MHC-Ig as a potential strategy to modulate antigen specific T cell immune responses in vivo. SIY−Kb-Ig immunization, together with the pre-activation by an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, is able to stimulate a strong expansion of adoptively transferred 2C transgenic T cells and the formation of long term antigen-specific memory T cells. In addition, mechanistic studies show that the pep−MHC-Ig molecules directly activate T cells in vivo without requiring uptake and reprocessing by antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, B6 mice immunized with pep−MHC-Ig molecules inhibit tumour growth in a B16-SIY melanoma prevention model. Thus, soluble pep−MHC-Ig molecules represent a powerful tool for active immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schütz
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Institute of Cell Engineering Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
| | - Alessia Zoso
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
| | - Jonathon D Bennett
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Institute of Cell Engineering Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
| | - Mathias Oelke
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Institute of Cell Engineering Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
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7
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Fernandez I, Ooi TP, Roy K. Generation of functional, antigen-specific CD8+ human T cells from cord blood stem cells using exogenous Notch and tetramer-TCR signaling. Stem Cells 2014; 32:93-104. [PMID: 23939944 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of mouse and human stem cells into early T cells has been successfully demonstrated using artificial Notch signaling systems. However, generation of mature, antigen-specific, functional T cells, directly from human stem cells has remained elusive, except when using stromal coculture of stem cells retrovirally transfected with antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs). Here we show that human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived CD34+CD38-/low hematopoietic stem cells can be successfully differentiated into functional, antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells without direct stromal coculture or retroviral TCR transfection. Surface-immobilized Notch ligands (DLL1) and stromal cell conditioned medium successfully induced the development of CD1a+CD7+ and CD4+CD8+ early T cells. These cells, upon continued culture with cytomegalovirus (CMV) or influenza-A virus M1 (GIL) epitope-loaded human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 tetramers, resulted in the generation of a polyclonal population of CMV-specific or GIL-specific CD8+ T cells, respectively. Upon further activation with antigen-loaded target cells, these antigen-specific, stem cell-derived T cells exhibited cytolytic functionality, specifically CD107a surface mobilization, interferon gamma (IFNg) production, and Granzyme B secretion. Such scalable, in vitro generation of functional, antigen-specific T cells from human stem cells could eventually provide a readily available cell source for adoptive transfer immunotherapies and also allow better understanding of human T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; Dell Pediatric Research Institute and, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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8
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Hotaling NA, Cummings RD, Ratner DM, Babensee JE. Molecular factors in dendritic cell responses to adsorbed glycoconjugates. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5862-74. [PMID: 24746228 PMCID: PMC4127877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates have been shown to exert pro-inflammatory effects on the dendritic cells (DCs), supporting pathogen-induced innate immunity and antigen processing, as well as immunosuppressive effects in the tolerance to self-proteins. Additionally, the innate inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials has been hypothesized to be mediated by inflammatory cells interacting with adsorbed proteins, many of which are glycosylated. However, the molecular factors relevant for surface displayed glycoconjugate modulation of dendritic cell (DC) phenotype are unknown. Thus, in this study, a model system was developed to establish the role of glycan composition, density, and carrier cationization state on DC response. Thiol modified glycans were covalently bound to a model protein carrier, maleimide functionalized bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the number of glycans per BSA modulated. Additionally, the carrier isoelectric point was scaled from a pI of ∼4.0 to ∼10.0 using ethylenediamine (EDA). The DC response to the neoglycoconjugates adsorbed to wells of a 384-well plate was determined via a high throughput assay. The underlying trends in DC phenotype in relation to conjugate properties were elucidated via multivariate general linear models. It was found that glycoconjugates with more than 20 glycans per carrier had the greatest impact on the pro-inflammatory response from DCs, followed by conjugates having an isoelectric point above 9.5. Surfaces displaying terminal α1-2 linked mannose structures were able to increase the inflammatory DC response to a greater extent than did any other terminal glycan structure. The results herein can be applied to inform the design of the next generation of combination products and biomaterials for use in future vaccines and implanted materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Hotaling
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Ratner
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julia E Babensee
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Du X, Jin R, Ning N, Li L, Wang Q, Liang W, Liu J, Xu Y. In vivo distribution and antitumor effect of infused immune cells in a gastric cancer model. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1743-9. [PMID: 22948809 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular transfer has been employed for cancer immunotherapy, including patients with gastric cancer. However, little is known about the distribution of effector cells after their injection via different pathways. In this study, we used human gastric cancer cells (BGC823) tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGPF) to establish a subcutaneous gastric cancer model in nude mice. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were generated from human peripheral blood and labeled with red fluorescent PKH26. A portion of CIK cells was armed with CEA/CD3-bispecific single-chain antibody. When CIK cells were injected into nude mice with established subcutaneous gastric cancer via peritumoral (p.t.), intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) infusion respectively, the distribution of cells was observed using a live fluorescence imaging system. We found that only a very small number of CIK cells could travel to the tumor site after i.p. or i.v. infusion, and they inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo only immediately following injection. In contrast, p.t. injection resulted in a significantly higher accumulation of CIK cells at the tumor site for 48 hours and mediated the greatest tumor inhibition compared with the other two injection methods. In addition, we compared the antitumor activity of CIK, CEA/CD3-bscAb-CIK and CTL cells in vitro and in vivo after p.t. injection. Among the three types of immune cells, CTLs demonstrated the strongest antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. CEA/CD3-bispecific single chain antibody could effectively link T lymphocytes and tumor cells expressing CEA, and resulted in significantly higher accumulation of CIK cells at the tumor site compared with the parental CIK cells. This study indicates that peritumoral injection of immune effector cells by minimally invasive surgical procedures represents an effective delivery method of adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Tumor-specific immune cells, such as CTLs, are a better choice of effector cells than CIKs in cellular immunotherapy. Furthermore, CD3+ immune cells armed with the CEA/CD3-bispecific single chain antibody could more effectively travel to and accumulate at the site of tumors expressing CEA, such as gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Du
- General Surgery Department, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan, PR China.
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10
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Tischer S, Kaireit T, Figueiredo C, Hiller O, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Geyeregger R, Immenschuh S, Blasczyk R, Eiz-Vesper B. Establishment of the reversible peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) class I Histamer technology: tool for visualization and selection of functionally active antigen-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Int Immunol 2012; 24:561-72. [PMID: 22740564 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimers of soluble peptide-major histocompatibilty complex (pMHC) molecules are used in both basic and clinical immunology. They allow the specific visualization and isolation of antigen-specific T cells from ex vivo samples. Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells sorted by pMHC multimers is an effective strategy for treatment of patients with malignancies or infectious diseases after transplantation. We developed a new reversible pMHC multimer called 'Histamer' to enable the specific detection and isolation of antiviral T cells from peripheral blood. HLA-A*02:01/CMVpp65 (495-503) Histamer (A02/CMV Histamer) was generated by coupling 6xHis-tagged pMHC molecules onto cobalt-based magnetic beads. The specificity of the Histamer was evaluated by flow cytometry. Sorting of antiviral CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was performed by magnetic cell separation, followed by the monomerization of the Histamer after addition of the competitor L-histidine. Sorted T cells were analyzed for phenotype and function. The reversible pMHC Histamer proved to be highly specific and sensitive. CMV-specific T cells of up to 99.6% purity were isolated using the Histamer technology. Rapid and complete disassembly of the T-cell surface-bound A02/CMV Histamer followed by the subsequent dissociation of the pMHC monomers from CD8(+) CTL receptors was achieved using 100 mM L-histidine. The function of CMV-specific T cells enriched by Histamer staining did not differ from CTLs induced by standard T-cell assays. This reversible T-cell staining procedure preserves the functionality of antigen-specific T cells and can be adapted to good manufacturing practice conditions. The pMHC Histamer technology offers full flexibility and fulfills all requirements to generate clinical-grade T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Tischer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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11
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Lin J, Nie H, Tucker PW, Roy K. Controlled major histocompatibility complex-T cell receptor signaling allows efficient generation of functional, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells from embryonic stem cells and thymic progenitors. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2709-20. [PMID: 20380488 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of early T cells by coculturing stem cells on notch-ligand-expressing OP9 stromal cells (OP9-DL1) has been widely reported. However, further differentiation of these cells into mature, antigen-specific, functional T cells, without retroviral transduction of T cell receptors (TcRs), is yet to be achieved. In the thymic niche this differentiation is controlled by the interaction of developing TcRs with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules on stromal cells. We hypothesized that by providing exogenous antigen-specific MHC/TcR signals, stem and progenitor cells could be engineered into functional, effector T cells specific for the same antigen. Here we demonstrate that both thymus-derived immature T cells (double positive [DP]: CD4+CD8+) and mouse embryonic stem cells can be efficiently differentiated into antigen-specific CD8+ T cells using either MHC tetramers or peptide-loaded stromal cells. DP cells, following MHC/TcR signaling, retained elevated recombination activating gene-1 levels, suggesting continuing TcR gene rearrangement. Both DP and embryonic stem-cell-derived CD8+ T cells showed significant cytotoxic T lymphocytes activity against antigen-loaded target cells, indicating that these cells are functional. Such directed differentiation strategy could provide an efficient method for generating functional, antigen-specific T cells from stem cells for potential use in adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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12
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Sims S, Willberg C, Klenerman P. MHC-peptide tetramers for the analysis of antigen-specific T cells. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:765-74. [PMID: 20624049 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of the fluorescently labeled tetrameric MHC-peptide complex has enabled the direct visualization, quantification and phenotypic characterization of antigen-specific T cells using flow cytometry and has transformed our understanding of cellular immune responses. The combination of this technology with functional assays provides many new insights into these cells, allowing investigation into their lifecycle, manner of death and effector function. In this article, we hope to provide an overview of the techniques used in the construction of these tetramers, the problems and solutions associated with them, and the methods used in the study of antigen-specific T cells. Understanding how the antigen-specific cells develop and function in different circumstances and with different pathogens will be key to understanding natural host defense, as well as vaccine design and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Sims
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Ugel S, Zoso A, De Santo C, Li Y, Marigo I, Zanovello P, Scarselli E, Cipriani B, Oelke M, Schneck JP, Bronte V. In vivo administration of artificial antigen-presenting cells activates low-avidity T cells for treatment of cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 69:9376-84. [PMID: 19934317 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective antitumor immune responses is normally constrained by low-avidity, tumor-specific CTLs that are unable to eradicate the tumor. Strategies to rescue antitumor activity of low-avidity melanoma-specific CTLs in vivo may improve immunotherapy efficacy. To boost the in vivo effectiveness of low-avidity CTLs, we immunized mice bearing lung melanoma metastases with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC), made by covalently coupling (pep)MHC-Ig dimers and B7.1-Ig molecules to magnetic beads. aAPC treatment induced significant tumor reduction in a mouse telomerase antigen system, and complete tumor eradication in a mouse TRP-2 antigen system, when low-avidity CTLs specific for these antigens were adoptively transferred. In addition, in an in vivo treatment model of subcutaneous melanoma, aAPC injection also augmented the activity of adoptively transferred CTLs and significantly delayed tumor growth. In vivo tumor clearance due to aAPC administration correlated with in situ proliferation of the transferred CTL. In vitro studies showed that aAPC effectively stimulated cytokine release, enhanced CTL-mediated lysis, and TCR downregulation in low-avidity CTLs. Therefore, in vivo aAPC administration represents a potentially novel approach to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ugel
- Department of Oncology, Oncology Section, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Padua, Italy
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van Loenen MM, Hagedoorn RS, Kester MGD, Hoogeboom M, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF, Heemskerk MHM. Kinetic preservation of dual specificity of coprogrammed minor histocompatibility antigen-reactive virus-specific T cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2034-41. [PMID: 19223543 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells is an attractive strategy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. It has been shown that T cells recognizing minor histocompatibility antigens (mHag) selectively expressed on hematopoietic cells mediate antileukemic reactivity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, large numbers of T cells with defined specificity are difficult to attain. An attractive strategy to obtain large numbers of leukemia-reactive T cells is retroviral transfer of mHag-specific T-cell receptors (TCR). TCR transfer into T cells specific for persistent viruses may enable these T cells to proliferate both after encountering with viral antigens as well as mHags, increasing the possibility of in vivo survival. We analyzed whether the dual specificity of the TCR-transferred T cells after repetitive stimulation via either the introduced antileukemic HA-2-TCR or the endogenous cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific CMV-TCR was preserved. We show that after repetitive stimulation, T cells skew to a population predominantly expressing the triggered TCR. However, HA-2-TCR-transferred CMV-specific T cells with high antileukemic HA-2-TCR expression but low CMV-TCR expression were able to persist and proliferate after repetitive stimulation with pp65. Moreover, HA-2-TCR-transferred CMV-specific T cells remained dual specific after repetitive stimulation and TCR expression could be reverted after additional stimulation via the previously nonstimulated TCR, restoring high-avidity interactions. These data imply persistence of TCR-transferred virus-specific T cells with both antileukemic and antivirus reactivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M van Loenen
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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15
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Permanent silencing of NKG2A expression for cell-based therapeutics. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 87:199-210. [PMID: 19002424 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and T-cell cytotoxicity is significantly reduced by signaling via CD94/NKG2A receptors. High levels of NKG2A on NK cells have been shown to compromise the graft-versus-leukemia effect in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We therefore evaluated the functional relevance of NKG2A silencing for the cytotoxic potential of genetically engineered NK and T cells. Lentiviral vectors containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequences targeting NKG2A transcripts were used to transduce NKG2A(+) primary NK and T cells. NKG2A expression levels were measured by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. The effect of NKG2A silencing on the cytolytic potential of NK and T cells was evaluated in cytotoxicity assays using K562 and B lymphoblastoid cells as targets. Granzyme B mRNA transcript levels were detected by real-time PCR. The transduction of inducible RNAi cassettes containing the sequences for shRNAs targeting NKG2A reduced protein expression in NK and T cells by up to 95%. The cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that NKG2A silencing effectively enhanced NK and CD8+ T-cell lysis by up to 40% and 15%, respectively. However, lysis of K562 cells which lack human leukocyte antigen-E, the ligand of NKG2A, was associated with an upregulation of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30 in NKG2A-silenced NK cells. Our data suggest that RNAi-mediated silencing of NKG2A in effector cells could improve the efficacy of cell-based immunotherapies but also show that indirect effects of NKG2A knockdown exist that have to be considered when designing therapeutic protocols with genetically engineered NK or T cells.
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16
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Yan RQ, Wu ZM, Fang QM, Zhang ZL, Zhang J, Li XS, Hao HF, Xia C. Reconstruction of a chicken BF2 protein complex and identification of binding nonamer peptides derived from avian influenza virus hemagglutinin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Medina DJ, Gharibo M, Savage P, Cohler A, Kuriyan M, Balsara B, Anand M, Schaar D, Krimmel T, Saggiomo K, Manago J, Talty L, Dudek L, Grospe S, Rubin A, Strair RK. A pilot study of allogeneic cellular therapy for patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. Leuk Res 2008; 32:1842-8. [PMID: 18614230 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 04/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation provides curative therapy for some patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. Disease response after allogeneic transplant is, at least in part, mediated by donor immune cells. In this report we describe a cellular therapy using haploidentical peripheral blood stem cells administered after very low dose total body irradiation (TBI) (100cGy). The donor cells were anticipated to be rejected, so no graft-versus-host (GVHD) prophylaxis was used. Patients with persistent disease beyond 8 weeks could be further treated with infusions of irradiated haploidentical donor cells. Of the 10 patients enrolled in the study, durable engraftment of allogeneic cells was seen in one patient. Two patients with resistant relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) had a disease response. Analysis of T cell reactivity from one patient who achieved a complete response but did not have durable engraftment of donor cells indicated that disease response was associated with the generation of host-derived anti-leukemic cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that reacted with an AML-associated proteinase 3 epitope. Results from this patient suggest that allogeneic therapy induced a host anti-tumor response associated with cytotoxic T cells reactive with a low affinity self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Medina
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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18
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Leisner C, Loeth N, Lamberth K, Justesen S, Sylvester-Hvid C, Schmidt EG, Claesson M, Buus S, Stryhn A. One-pot, mix-and-read peptide-MHC tetramers. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1678. [PMID: 18301755 PMCID: PMC2244712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) recognize complexes of peptide ligands and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules presented at the surface of Antigen Presenting Cells (APC). Detection and isolation of CTL's are of importance for research on CTL immunity, and development of vaccines and adoptive immune therapy. Peptide-MHC tetramers have become important reagents for detection and enumeration of specific CTL's. Conventional peptide-MHC-tetramer production involves recombinant MHC production, in vitro refolding, biotinylation and tetramerization; each step followed by various biochemical steps such as chromatographic purification, concentration etc. Such cumbersome production protocols have limited dissemination and restricted availability of peptide-MHC tetramers effectively precluding large-scale screening strategies involving many different peptide-MHC tetramers. Methodology/Principal Findings We have developed an approach whereby any given tetramer specificity can be produced within 2 days with very limited effort and hands-on time. The strategy is based on the isolation of correctly oxidized, in vivo biotinylated recombinant MHC I heavy chain (HC). Such biotinylated MHC I HC molecules can be refolded in vitro, tetramerized with streptavidin, and used for specific T cell staining-all in a one-pot reaction without any intervening purification steps. Conclusions/Significance We have developed an efficient “one-pot, mix-and-read” strategy for peptide-MHC tetramer generation, and demonstrated specific T cell straining comparable to a commercially available MHC-tetramer. Here, seven peptide-MHC tetramers representing four different human MHC (HLA) class I proteins have been generated. The technique should be readily extendable to any binding peptide and pre-biotinylated MHC (at this time we have over 40 different pre-biotinylated HLA proteins). It is simple, robust, and versatile technique with a very broad application potential as it can be adapted both to small- and large-scale production of one or many different peptide-MHC tetramers for T cell isolation, or epitope screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leisner
- Laboratories of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Loeth
- Laboratories of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Lamberth
- Laboratories of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune Justesen
- Laboratories of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Esben G. Schmidt
- Laboratories of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Claesson
- Laboratories of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Soren Buus
- Laboratories of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *E-mail:
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Laboratories of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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