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The molecular lifecycle of amyloid – Mechanism of assembly, mesoscopic organisation, polymorphism, suprastructures, and biological consequences. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:140257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lin PP, Chen WL, Yuan F, Sheng L, Wu YJ, Zhang WW, Li GQ, Xu HR, Li XN. An UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of human amyloid beta peptides Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid using micro-elution solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1070:82-91. [PMID: 29102244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in cerebrospinal fluid are extensively estimated for identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as diagnostic biomarkers. Unfortunately, their pervasive application is hampered by interference from Aβ propensity of self-aggregation, nonspecifically bind to surfaces and matrix proteins, and by lack of quantitive standardization. Here we report on an alternative Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous measurement of human amyloid beta peptides Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using micro-elution solid phase extraction (SPE). Samples were pre-processing by the mixed-mode micro-elution solid phase extraction and quantification was performed in the positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using electrospray ionization. The stable-isotope labeled Aβ peptides 15N51- Aβ1-38, 15N53- Aβ1-40 and 15N55- Aβ1-42 peptides were used as internal standards. And the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing 5% rat plasma was used as a surrogate matrix for calibration curves. The quality control (QC) samples at 0.25, 2 and 15ng/mL were prepared. A "linear" regression (1/x2 weighting): y=ax+b was used to fit the calibration curves over the concentration range of 0.1-20ng/mL for all three peptides. Coefficient of variation (CV) of intra-batch and inter-batch assays were all less than 6.44% for Aβ1-38, 6.75% for Aβ1-40 and 10.74% for Aβ1-42. The precision values for all QC samples of three analytes met the acceptance criteria. Extract recoveries of Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 were all greater than 70.78%, both in low and high QC samples. The stability assessments showed that QC samples at both low and high levels could be stable for at least 24h at 4°C, 4h at room temperature and through three freeze-thaw cycles without sacrificing accuracy or precision. And no significant carryover effect was observed. This validated UHPLC/MS/MS method was successfully applied to the quantitation of Aβ peptides in real human CSF samples. Our work may provide a reference method for simultaneous quantitation of human Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 from CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Li Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Hong-Rong Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xue-Ning Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Robinson RAS, Amin B, Guest PC. Multiplexing Biomarker Methods, Proteomics and Considerations for Alzheimer’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 974:21-48. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52479-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Agresta AM, De Palma A, Bardoni A, Salvini R, Iadarola P, Mauri PL. Proteomics as an innovative tool to investigate frontotemporal disorders. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:457-69. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Agresta
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit; Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR); Segrate (MI) Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies; Biochemistry Unit; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- Doctorate School of Molecular and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Segrate (MI) Italy
| | - Antonella De Palma
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit; Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR); Segrate (MI) Italy
| | - Anna Bardoni
- Biochemistry Unit; Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Roberta Salvini
- Biochemistry Unit; Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Paolo Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies; Biochemistry Unit; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Mauri
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit; Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR); Segrate (MI) Italy
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A highly sensitive resonance light scattering probe for Alzheimer׳s amyloid-β peptide based on Fe3O4@Au composites. Talanta 2015; 131:475-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Zürbig P, Jahn H. Use of proteomic methods in the analysis of human body fluids in Alzheimer research. Electrophoresis 2013; 33:3617-30. [PMID: 23160951 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is the study of the entire population of proteins and peptides in an organism or a part of it, such as a cell, tissue, or fluids like cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, serum, urine, or saliva. It is widely assumed that changes in the composition of the proteome may reflect disease states and provide clues to its origin, eventually leading to targets for new treatments. The ability to perform large-scale proteomic studies now is based jointly on recent advances in our analytical methods. Separation techniques like CE and 2DE have developed and matured. Detection methods like MS have also improved greatly in the last 5 years. These developments have also driven the fields of bioinformatics, needed to deal with the increased data production and systems biology. All these developing methods offer specific advantages but also come with certain limitations. This review describes the different proteomic methods used in the field, their limitations, and their possible pitfalls. Based on a literature search in PubMed, we identified 112 studies that applied proteomic techniques to identify biomarkers for Alzheimer disease. This review describes the results of these studies on proteome changes in human body fluids of Alzheimer patients reviewing the most important studies. We extracted a list of 366 proteins and peptides that were identified by these studies as potential targets in Alzheimer research.
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Goda R, Kobayashi N. Evaluation of peptide adsorption-controlled liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (PAC-LC–MS/MS) method for simple and simultaneous quantitation of amyloid β 1–38, 1–40, 1–42 and 1–43 peptides in dog cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 895-896:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kakuda N, Shoji M, Arai H, Furukawa K, Ikeuchi T, Akazawa K, Takami M, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Hashimoto Y, Miyajima M, Arai H, Nagashima Y, Yamaguchi H, Kuwano R, Nagaike K, Ihara Y. Altered γ-secretase activity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:344-52. [PMID: 22354516 PMCID: PMC3376855 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated why the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Aβ42 are lower in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Because Aβ38/42 and Aβ40/43 are distinct product/precursor pairs, these four species in the CSF together should faithfully reflect the status of brain γ-secretase activity, and were quantified by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the CSF from controls and MCI/AD patients. Decreases in the levels of the precursors, Aβ42 and 43, in MCI/AD CSF tended to accompany increases in the levels of the products, Aβ38 and 40, respectively. The ratios Aβ40/43 versus Aβ38/42 in CSF (each representing cleavage efficiency of Aβ43 or Aβ42) were largely proportional to each other but generally higher in MCI/AD patients compared to control subjects. These data suggest that γ-secretase activity in MCI/AD patients is enhanced at the conversion of Aβ43 and 42 to Aβ40 and 38, respectively. Consequently, we measured the in vitro activity of raft-associated γ-secretase isolated from control as well as MCI/AD brains and found the same, significant alterations in the γ-secretase activity in MCI/AD brains.
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Goos JDC, Teunissen CE, Veerhuis R, Verwey NA, Barkhof F, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. Microbleeds relate to altered amyloid-β metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1011.e1-9. [PMID: 22118945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) may relate to amyloid in dementia. We selected 26 probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with MBs, 26 age- and sex-matched AD patients without MBs, 11 vascular dementia (VaD) patients, and 22 patients with subjective complaints. We measured amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ42) and 1-40 (Aβ40) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function using albumin ratios. CSF Aβ42 was lowest in AD with MBs, whereas Aβ40 was selectively decreased in VaD. In plasma, amyloid-beta was nonsignificantly elevated in VaD compared with controls. Higher albumin ratios in VaD suggested blood-brain barrier dysfunction. A MB pattern suggestive of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) related to lower CSF Aβ42, while a non-cerebral amyloid angiopathy specific MB distribution related to higher plasma Aβ40. Amyloid-beta is differentially implicated in AD with MBs and VaD. MB distribution related to different amyloid profiles, supporting distinct etiologies. Our results suggest that Aβ42 is retained in cerebrovasculature of AD patients with MBs, while in contrast, VaD patients may possibly drain amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D C Goos
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Albertini V, Bruno A, Paterlini A, Lista S, Benussi L, Cereda C, Binetti G, Ghidoni R. Optimization protocol for amyloid-β peptides detection in human cerebrospinal fluid using SELDI TOF MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2011; 4:352-7. [PMID: 21179888 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present work was to set up an optimized protocol for human cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β (Aβ) profiling. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We devised an immunoproteomic assay that employs monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on Preactivated Surface (PS20) chip array followed by SELDI TOF MS. A comparison of a number of factors was performed, and the impact of these differences was noted. Each variable was tested using in parallel two different mAbs, 6E10 and 4G8. In addition, we tested whether the combined use of these two mAbs could improve the capture of N and C-terminally truncated Aβ peptides and then the quality of spectra. RESULTS The best results were obtained using a mixture of Aβ mAbs (0.125 μg/μL 6E10+4G8): 15 Aβ peptides (including 3 N-terminally truncated forms) were detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This approach has many potential advantages in speed, sensitivity and economy of reagents and could be helpful in order to define the role played by specific Aβ truncated forms in cognitive decline.
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Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Paterlini A, Albertini V, Binetti G, Emanuele E. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: the present and the future. NEURODEGENER DIS 2011; 8:413-20. [PMID: 21709402 DOI: 10.1159/000327756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia in the elderly. The biochemical changes that precede AD may be present up to 20 years before the clinical manifestation of the disease. The translational development of AD biomarkers may be theoretically achieved via two different strategies: the first strategy can be defined as 'knowledge-based' (deductive method), while the second one is a hypothesis-generating 'unbiased' approach (inductive strategy). The 'knowledge-based' approach relies on a direct understanding of the neuropathological processes that underlie the development of AD. In contrast, the 'unbiased' approach involves the use of modern techniques including proteomics and bioinformatics that allow unbiased investigations of numerous putative markers that may be informative with regard to AD. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dosage of neuropathological AD-associated proteins has already been incorporated into the neurochemical diagnosis of AD, attesting the relevance of translational research. In the last few years, biomarker discovery research has successfully utilized genomics and proteomics for the identification of several promising molecular markers for AD. In the present article, we discuss the present state of the art and the future challenges in the search of CSF biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ghidoni
- Proteomics Unit, IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy. rghidoni @ fatebenefratelli.it
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Taurines R, Dudley E, Grassl J, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Coogan AN, Thome J. Proteomic research in psychiatry. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:151-96. [PMID: 20142298 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and mood disorders are severe and disabling conditions of largely unknown origin and poorly understood pathophysiology. An accurate diagnosis and treatment of these disorders is often complicated by their aetiological and clinical heterogeneity. In recent years proteomic technologies based on mass spectrometry have been increasingly used, especially in the search for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in neuropsychiatric disorders. Proteomics enable an automated high-throughput protein determination revealing expression levels, post-translational modifications and complex protein-interaction networks. In contrast to other methods such as molecular genetics, proteomics provide the opportunity to determine modifications at the protein level thereby possibly being more closely related to pathophysiological processes underlying the clinical phenomenology of specific psychiatric conditions. In this article we review the theoretical background of proteomics and its most commonly utilized techniques. Furthermore the current impact of proteomic research on diverse psychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, drug abuse and autism, is discussed. Proteomic methods are expected to gain crucial significance in psychiatric research and neuropharmacology over the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Taurines
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry, The School of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Petzold A, Verwey NA, van Uffelen K, Blankenstein MA, Teunissen C. Batch prepared protein standards for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 193:296-9. [PMID: 20832428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-assays are increasingly used for quantification of protein biomarkers for neurodegeneration. It has been proposed to use such cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein biomarkers as diagnostic tests for Alzheimer's disease. In two recent world-wide validation studies we found the analytical accuracy to be poor (inter-laboratory coefficient of variation, CV>10%) for CSF tau protein, CSF phospho-tau protein, CSF amyloid beta protein and the CSF neurofilament light chain protein. Retrospectively we suspected that the lack of preparation of accurate and consistent protein standards may have been one reason for the poor inter-laboratory CV. Here we confirm this hypothesis prospectively under standardised and optimised conditions. The CVs for CSF tau, CSF phospho-tau and CSF amyloid beta of individually prepared standards are 8%, 12% and 12% compared to significantly lower CVs for batch prepared standards (5%, 8%, 7%, respectively, p<0.05). This issue will need to be solved in order to ensure that the attempts to include these CSF protein biomarkers either as a diagnostic tool or a secondary outcome measure for treatment trials will be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petzold
- Department of Neurology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Constantinescu R, Andreasson U, Li S, Podust VN, Mattsson N, Anckarsäter R, Anckarsäter H, Rosengren L, Holmberg B, Blennow K, Wikkelsö C, Rüetschi U, Zetterberg H. Proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid in parkinsonian disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:545-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zheng Y, He J, Hong T. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in body fluids. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:490-6. [PMID: 20596916 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Various innovative diagnostic methods for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been developed in view of the increasing prevalence and consequences of later-life dementia. Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood for AD are primarily based on the detection of components derived from amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Published reports on CSF and blood biomarkers in AD indicate that although biomarkers in body fluids may be utilized in the clinical diagnosis of AD, there are no specific markers that permit accurate and reliable diagnosis of early-stage AD or the monitoring of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanPeng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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Zetterberg H. Update on amyloid-beta homeostasis markers for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 69:18-21. [PMID: 19199126 DOI: 10.1080/00365510802651841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) is either directly involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or tightly correlated with other primary pathogenic factors. It is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic processing dependent on the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and gamma-secretase, and is degraded by a broad range of proteases. This update summarizes the currently available studies that have determined the usefulness of BACE1 and secreted fragments of APP and Abeta as cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Goteborg University, Molndal, Sweden.
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Monitoring the amyloid beta-peptide in vivo--caveat emptor. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:241-51. [PMID: 19135168 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a wave of 'disease modifying' (DM) therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) progresses towards the later stages of clinical development, an evaluation of our ability to measure relevant pharmacodynamic effects of such therapies is warranted. Reducing accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta)-peptide in the brain parenchyma is the primary objective of most current DM approaches. Although a number of methods are available to measure Abeta in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the cerebrum, putative DM-induced changes in the levels of the peptides may not be fully captured, and the reasons for any such changes are not fully understood. Additional candidate biofluid (tau and isoprostanes) and imaging (MRI, FDG-PET) measures may provide alternative supporting evidence of drug activity and subsequent clinical efficacy in patient populations.
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Malaplate-Armand C, Desbene C, Pillot T, Olivier JL. [Biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: current update and future directions]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2008; 165:511-20. [PMID: 19041993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increased prevalence of the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a significant health issue in the elderly population. The need for early diagnosis is imperative because this, along with the development of novel therapeutic treatments, would permit the rapid and perhaps more efficient treatment of these debilitating disorders early on. BACKGROUND Over the last decade, the potential use of certain biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and more recently, in the plasma has been investigated. Among the candidates studied includes the neurotoxic amyloid beta peptide and the Tau protein. However, although these two proteins have been clearly shown to be directly related to the pathophysiology of this disorder, it has proven difficult to establish a clear relationship between plasma or CSF levels of Abeta and Tau and the incidence and severity of AD in patients. This is due in part to differences in methodologies related to the detection sensitivity, as well as the variations in the biological data and consequent interpretation of the biochemical and biological data. Peripheral cells, in particular platelets and skin fibroblasts, could be an alternative solution as peripheral biological markers for the early diagnosis of AD. These cells are easily accessible from patients. Furthermore, they would provide a means not only to validate potential therapeutic strategies, but also to study the mechanisms involved in the development of AD, including APP processing. PERSPECTIVES A combined strategy using both a fundamental mechanistic and an analytical approach of patient peripheral cells will allow the identification of new biological markers for AD, and hence permit immediate therapeutic strategies to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Malaplate-Armand
- Laboratoire de biochimie spécialisée, hôpital Central, CHU de Nancy, CO 34, 54035 Nancy cedex, France.
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Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Gobom J, Andreasson U, Blennow K. Targeted proteomics in Alzheimer's disease: focus on amyloid-beta. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:225-37. [PMID: 18466053 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis and monitoring of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) have long depended on clinical examination of individuals with end-stage disease. However, upcoming anti-AD therapies are optimally initiated when individuals show very mild signs of neurodegeneration. There is a developing consensus for cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta (Abeta) as a core biomarker for the mild cognitive impairment stage of AD. Abeta is directly involved in the pathogenesis of AD or tightly correlated with other primary pathogenic factors. It is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic processing that depends on the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 and the gamma-secretase complex, and is degraded by a broad range of proteases. This review summarizes targeted proteomic studies of Abeta in biological fluids and identifies clinically useful markers of disrupted Abeta homeostasis in AD. The next 5 years will see a range of novel assays developed on the basis of these results. From a longer perspective, establishment of the most effective combinations of different biomarkers and other diagnostic modalities may be foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Zetterberg H, Rüetschi U, Portelius E, Brinkmalm G, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Brinkmalm A. Clinical proteomics in neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 118:1-11. [PMID: 18279484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by neuronal impairment that eventually leads to neuronal death. In spite of the brain's known capacity for regeneration, lost neurons are difficult to replace. Therefore, drugs aimed at inhibiting neurodegenerative processes are likely to be most effective if the treatment is initiated as early as possible. However, clinical manifestations in early disease stages are often numerous, subtle and difficult to diagnose. This is where biomarkers that specifically reflect onset of pathology, directly or indirectly, may have a profound impact on diagnosis making in the future. A triplet of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD), total and hyperphosphorylated tau and the 42 amino acid isoform of beta-amyloid, has already been established for early detection of AD before the onset of dementia. However, more biomarkers are needed both for AD and for other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This review provides an update on recent advances in clinical neuroproteomics, a biomarker discovery field that has expanded immensely during the last decade, and gives an overview of the most commonly used techniques and the major clinically relevant findings these techniques have lead to.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Lichtlen P, Mohajeri MH. Antibody-based approaches in Alzheimer’s research: safety, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and analytical tools. J Neurochem 2008; 104:859-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Leuma Yona R, Mazères S, Faller P, Gras E. Thioflavin Derivatives as Markers for Amyloid-β Fibrils: Insights into Structural Features Important for High-Affinity Binding. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:63-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Qahwash IM, Boire A, Lanning J, Krausz T, Pytel P, Meredith SC. Site-specific Effects of Peptide Lipidation on β-Amyloid Aggregation and Cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36987-97. [PMID: 17693400 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702146200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Abeta) aggregates at low concentrations in vivo, and this may involve covalently modified forms of these peptides. Modification of Abeta by 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) initially increases the hydrophobicity of these peptides and subsequently leads to additional reactions, such as peptide cross-linking. To model these initial events, without confounding effects of subsequent reactions, we modified Abeta at each of its amino groups using a chemically simpler, close analogue of 4-HNE, the octanoyl group: K16-octanoic acid (OA)-Abeta, K28-OA-Abeta, and Nalpha-OA-Abeta. Octanoylation of these sites on Abeta-(1-40) had strikingly different effects on fibril formation. K16-OA-Abeta and K28-OA-Abeta, but not Nalpha-OA-Abeta, had increased propensity to aggregate. The type of aggregate (electron microscopic appearance) differed with the site of modification. The ability of octanoyl-Abeta peptides to cross-seed solutions of Abeta was the inverse of their ability to form fibrils on their own (i.e. Abeta approximately Nalpha-OA-Abeta>>K16-OA-Abeta>>K28-OA-Abeta). By CD spectroscopy, K16-OA-Abeta and K28-OA-Abeta had increased beta-sheet propensity compared with Abeta-(1-40) or Nalpha-OA-Abeta. K16-OA-Abeta and K28-OA-Abeta were more amphiphilic than Abeta-(1-40) or Nalpha-OA-Abeta, as shown by lower "critical micelle concentrations" and higher monolayer collapse pressures. Finally, K16-OA-Abeta and K28-OA-Abeta are much more cytotoxic to N2A cells than Abeta-(1-40) or Nalpha-OA-Abeta. The greater cytotoxicity of K16-OA-Abeta and K28-OA-Abeta may reflect their greater amphiphilicity. We conclude that lipidation can make Abeta more prone to aggregation and more cytotoxic, but these effects are highly site-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isam M Qahwash
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Lanz TA, Schachter JB. Solid-phase extraction enhances detection of beta-amyloid peptides in plasma and enables Abeta quantification following passive immunization with Abeta antibodies. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 169:16-22. [PMID: 18160105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have previously developed a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure to enable the detection of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides in brain tissue from non-transgenic animals. We have now adapted these methods to enrich the Abeta fraction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. Human CSF and plasma and Tg2576 mouse plasma were subjected to guanidine denaturation followed by SPE in 96-well cassettes. The resulting eluates could be concentrated significantly to enhance detection of low-abundance Abeta peptides by immunoassay. The concentrated eluates diluted in a linear fashion with consistent recovery between SPE columns. This technique was therefore used to facilitate quantification of Abeta1-X, 1-40, 1-42, and 1-38 peptides in normal human CSF and plasma samples. SPE sample preparation was also applied to the plasma of mice dosed peripherally with a monoclonal antibody raised against Abeta. When such samples were assayed directly, the presence of the systemically administered antibody interfered with the subsequent immunoassay, by preventing detection of antibody-bound Abeta. After subjecting plasma from antibody-treated animals to denaturation and SPE, the antibody-antigen complex was disrupted, and the Abeta fraction could be isolated from the antibody-containing fraction. Application of this method allowed for detection of a 100-fold increase in plasma Abeta1-40 following treatment of Tg2576 mice or wild type littermate control mice with Abeta40-specific monoclonal antibody 9TL. Given the availability of a variety of SPE matrices, we hypothesize that these methods could facilitate plasma antigen retrieval using multiple therapeutic antibody approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lanz
- CNS Biology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, United States.
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