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Treatment margins in radiotherapy for liver tumors visualized as T2*-hypointense areas on SPIO-enhanced MRI at 9.4 T. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 33:701-712. [PMID: 32130567 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-020-00838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a SPIO-labeling technique could enable MR visualization of the treatment margin after X-irradiation at a single dose of 30 Gy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen rats bearing N1-S1 hepatoma in either the left (group 1) or right (group 2) liver lobe were examined. Four hours after systemic SPIO administration, the left lobe was selectively irradiated at 30 Gy. Liver T2* maps were acquired 7 days later using a 9.4 T scanner. The livers were excised and examined histologically. RESULTS The irradiated area showed T2*-weighted hypointensity with significantly shorter T2* values than those in the non-irradiated area (p < 0.001). Tumors in group 1 completely disappeared, whereas tumors in group 2 had grown outside the T2*-weighted hypointensity by up to ~ 2.3 times that at baseline. Group 1 showed significantly higher probability of tumor regression than group 2 (p = 0.048). Histologically, iron deposition was heavier in irradiated areas than in non-irradiated areas. DISCUSSION Even at a single dose of 30 Gy, which is a slightly higher dose than can be used clinically in stereotactic body radiotherapy, MR visualization of the treatment margin was achieved, because tumors showed significant growth outside the T2*-hypointense areas. In contrast, tumors disappeared inside the T2*-hypointense areas.
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Magnitsky S, Zhang J, Idiyatullin D, Mohan G, Garwood M, Lane NE, Majumdar S. Positive contrast from cells labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles: Quantitation of imaging data. Magn Reson Med 2017; 78:1900-1910. [PMID: 28097749 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Conventional T2 -weighted MRI produces a hypointense signal from iron-labeled cells, which renders quantification unfeasible. We tested a SWeep Imaging with Fourier Transformation (SWIFT) MRI pulse sequence to generate a quantifiable hyperintense signal from iron-labeled cells. METHODS Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were labeled with different concentrations of iron oxide particles and examined for cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. The SWIFT sequence was optimized to detect and quantify the amount of iron in the muscle tissue after injection of iron oxide solution and iron-labeled MSCs. RESULTS The incubation of MSCs with iron oxide and low concentration of poly-L-lysine mixture resulted in an internalization of up to 22 pg of iron per cell with no adverse effect on MSCs. Phantom experiments showed a dependence of SWIFT signal intensity on the excitation flip angle. The hyperintense signal from iron-labeled cells or solutions was detected, and an amount of the iron oxide in the tissue was quantified with the variable flip angle method. CONCLUSIONS The SWIFT sequence can produce a quantifiable hyperintense MRI signal from iron-labeled cells. The graft of 18 x 106 cells was detectable for 19 days after injection and the amount of iron was quantifiable. The proposed protocol simplifies the detection and provides a means to quantify cell numbers. Magn Reson Med 78:1900-1910, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Magnitsky
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Djaudat Idiyatullin
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Geetha Mohan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Sharmila Majumdar
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Aswendt M, Henn N, Michalk S, Schneider G, Steiner MS, Bissa U, Dose C, Hoehn M. Novel bimodal iron oxide particles for efficient tracking of human neural stem cells in vivo. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2499-512. [PMID: 26296195 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We validated novel bimodal iron oxide particles as substitute of ferumoxides for efficient labeling of human neural stem cells (NSCs). The dextrane-coated FeraTrack Direct (FTD)-Vio particles have additional far-red fluorophores for microscopic cell analysis. METHODS MR relaxometry, spectrophotometric iron determination and microscopy are used for characterization in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Efficient uptake is not transfection agent-dependent. FTD-Vio594 labeling had no influence on viability, proliferation, migration and differentiation capacity. It allows MRI-based tracking of engrafted NSCs in mouse brain up to 11 days, complemented by bioluminescence imaging of firefly luciferase expressed by the engrafted cells. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the FTD-Vio594 particles as safe and sensitive substitute of ferumoxides for longitudinal tracking of NSCs in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Aswendt
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Henn
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Michalk
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schneider
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mark-Steven Steiner
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Ursula Bissa
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Christian Dose
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.,Percuros BV, Enschede, Drienerlolaan 5-Zuidhorst, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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Keuters MH, Aswendt M, Tennstaedt A, Wiedermann D, Pikhovych A, Rotthues S, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Hoehn M, Rueger MA. Transcranial direct current stimulation promotes the mobility of engrafted NSCs in the rat brain. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:231-239. [PMID: 25521600 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used in numerous clinical studies and considered an effective and versatile add-on therapy in neurorehabilitation. To date, however, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain elusive. In a rat model of tDCS, we recently observed a polarity-dependent accumulation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the stimulated cortex. Based upon these findings, we hypothesized that tDCS may exert a direct migratory effect on endogenous NSCs towards the stimulated cortex. Using noninvasive imaging, we here investigated whether tDCS may also cause a directed migration of engrafted NSCs. Murine NSCs were labeled with superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIOs) and implanted into rat striatum and corpus callosum. MRI was performed (i) immediately after implantation and (ii) after 10 tDCS sessions of anodal or cathodal polarity. Sham-stimulated rats served as control. Imaging results were validated ex vivo using immunohistochemistry. Overall migratory activity of NSCs almost doubled after anodal tDCS. However, no directed migration within the electric field (i.e. towards or away from the electrode) could be observed. Rather, an undirected outward migration from the center of the graft was detected. Xenograft transplantation induced a neuroinflammatory response that was significantly enhanced following cathodal tDCS. This inflammatory response did not impact negatively on the survival of implanted NSCs. Data suggest that anodal tDCS increases the undirected migratory activity of implanted NSCs. Since the electric field did not guide implanted NSCs over large distances, previously observed polarity-dependent accumulation of endogenous NSCs in the cortex might have originated from local proliferation. Results enhance our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying tDCS, and may thereby help to develop a targeted and sustainable application of tDCS in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Hedwig Keuters
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
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Guenoun J, Ruggiero A, Doeswijk G, Janssens RC, Koning GA, Kotek G, Krestin GP, Bernsen MR. In vivoquantitative assessment of cell viability of gadolinium or iron-labeled cells using MRI and bioluminescence imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 8:165-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Guenoun
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Ruggiero
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Doeswijk
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Roel C. Janssens
- Department of Genetics; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gerben A. Koning
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgical Oncology, Section Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gyula Kotek
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel P. Krestin
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
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Andronesi OC, Mintzopoulos D, Righi V, Psychogios N, Kesarwani M, He J, Yasuhara S, Dai G, Rahme LG, Tzika AA. Combined off-resonance imaging and T2 relaxation in the rotating frame for positive contrast MR imaging of infection in a murine burn model. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 32:1172-83. [PMID: 21031524 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop novel magnetic resonance (MR) imaging methods to monitor accumulation of macrophages in inflammation and infection. Positive-contrast MR imaging provides an alternative to negative-contrast MRI, exploiting the chemical shift induced by ultra-small superparamagnetic iron-oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles to nearby water molecules. We introduce a novel combination of off-resonance (ORI) positive-contrast MRI and T(2ρ) relaxation in the rotating frame (ORI-T(2ρ)) for positive-contrast MR imaging of USPIO. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested ORI-T(2ρ) in phantoms and imaged in vivo the accumulation of USPIO-labeled macrophages at the infection site in a mouse model of burn trauma and infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). PA infection is clinically important. The USPIO nanoparticles were injected directly in the animals in solution, and macrophage labeling occurred in vivo in the animal model. RESULTS We observed a significant difference between ORI-T(2ρ) and ORI, which leads us to suggest that ORI-T(2ρ) is more sensitive in detecting USPIO signal. To this end, the ORI-T(2ρ) positive contrast method may prove to be of higher utility in future research. CONCLUSION Our results may have direct implications in the longitudinal monitoring of infection, and open perspectives for testing novel anti-infective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu C Andronesi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Li SC, Tachiki LML, Luo J, Dethlefs BA, Chen Z, Loudon WG. A biological global positioning system: considerations for tracking stem cell behaviors in the whole body. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:317-33. [PMID: 20237964 PMCID: PMC2887536 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many recent research studies have proposed stem cell therapy as a treatment for cancer, spinal cord injuries, brain damage, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions. Some of these experimental therapies have been tested in small animals and, in rare cases, in humans. Medical researchers anticipate extensive clinical applications of stem cell therapy in the future. The lack of basic knowledge concerning basic stem cell biology-survival, migration, differentiation, integration in a real time manner when transplanted into damaged CNS remains an absolute bottleneck for attempt to design stem cell therapies for CNS diseases. A major challenge to the development of clinical applied stem cell therapy in medical practice remains the lack of efficient stem cell tracking methods. As a result, the fate of the vast majority of stem cells transplanted in the human central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the detrimental effects, remains unknown. The paucity of knowledge concerning basic stem cell biology--survival, migration, differentiation, integration in real-time when transplanted into damaged CNS remains a bottleneck in the attempt to design stem cell therapies for CNS diseases. Even though excellent histological techniques remain as the gold standard, no good in vivo techniques are currently available to assess the transplanted graft for migration, differentiation, or survival. To address these issues, herein we propose strategies to investigate the lineage fate determination of derived human embryonic stem cells (hESC) transplanted in vivo into the CNS. Here, we describe a comprehensive biological Global Positioning System (bGPS) to track transplanted stem cells. But, first, we review, four currently used standard methods for tracking stem cells in vivo: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and fluorescence imaging (FLI) with quantum dots. We summarize these modalities and propose criteria that can be employed to rank the practical usefulness for specific applications. Based on the results of this review, we argue that additional qualities are still needed to advance these modalities toward clinical applications. We then discuss an ideal procedure for labeling and tracking stem cells in vivo, finally, we present a novel imaging system based on our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Stem Cell Research, Children's Hospital of Orange County Research Institute, University of California Irvine, 455 South Main Street, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Bernsen MR, Moelker AD, Wielopolski PA, van Tiel ST, Krestin GP. Labelling of mammalian cells for visualisation by MRI. Eur Radiol 2009; 20:255-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Transplantation and magnetic resonance imaging of canine neural progenitor cell grafts in the postnatal dog brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:954-62. [PMID: 18800012 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181875b2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular transplantation in the form of bone marrow has been one of the primary treatments of many lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Although bone marrow transplantation can help central nervous system manifestations in some cases, it has little impact in many LSD patients. Canine models of neurogenetic LSDs provide the opportunity for modeling central nervous system transplantation strategies in brains that more closely approximate the size and architectural complexity of the brains of children. Canine olfactory bulb-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from dog brains were expanded ex vivo and implanted into the caudate nucleus/thalamus or cortex of allogeneic dogs. Canine olfactory bulb-derived NPCs labeled with micron-sized superparamagnetic iron oxide particles were detected by magnetic resonance imaging both in vivo and postmortem. Grafts expressed markers of NPCs (i.e. nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein), but not the neuronal markers Map2ab or beta-tubulin III. The NPCs were from dogs with the LSD mucopolysaccharidosis VII, which is caused by a deficiency of beta-glucuronidase. When mucopolysaccharidosis VII canine olfactory bulb-NPCs that were genetically corrected with a lentivirus vector ex vivo were transplanted into mucopolysaccharidosis VII recipient brains, they were detected histologically by beta-glucuronidase expression in areas identified by antemortem magnetic resonance imaging tracking. These results demonstrate the potential for ex vivo stem cell-based gene therapy and noninvasive tracking of therapeutic grafts in vivo.
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Magnetic resonance imaging detects differences in migration between primary and immortalized neural stem cells. Acad Radiol 2008; 15:1269-81. [PMID: 18790399 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The study was performed to evaluate the effect of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (super paramagnetic iron oxide [SPIO]) on differentiation and migration of primary murine neural stem cells (NSCs) in comparison to a neural stem cell line (C17.2). Because detection of labeled cells depends on the concentration of SPIO particles per imaging voxel, the study was performed at various concentrations of SPIO particles to determine the concentration that could be used for in vivo detection of small clusters of grafted cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine primary NSCs or C17.2 cells were labeled with different concentrations of SPIO particles (0, 25, 100, and 250 microg Fe/mL) and in vitro assays were performed to assess cell differentiation. In vivo MRI was performed 7 weeks after neonatal transplantation of labeled cells to evaluate the difference in migration capability of the two cell populations. RESULTS Both the primary NSCs and the C17.2 cells differentiated to similar number of neurons (Map2ab-positive cells). Similar patterns of engraftment of C17.2 cells were seen in transplanted mice regardless of the SPIO concentration used. In vivo MRI detection of grafted primary and C17.2 cells was only possible when cells were incubated with 100 microg/mL or higher concentration of SPIO. Extensive migration of C17.2 cells throughout the brain was observed, whereas the migration of the primary NSCs was more restricted. CONCLUSIONS Engraftment of primary NSCs can be detected noninvasively by in vivo MRI, and the presence of SPIO particles do not affect the viability, differentiation, or engraftment pattern of the donor cells.
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Migration of Neurotrophic Factors-Secreting Mesenchymal Stem Cells Toward a Quinolinic Acid Lesion as Viewed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2542-51. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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