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Bookout AL, Gautron L. Characterization of a cell bridge variant connecting the nodose and superior cervical ganglia in the mouse: Prevalence, anatomical features, and practical implications. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:111-128. [PMID: 32356570 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While autonomic ganglia have been extensively studied in rats instead of mice, there is renewed interest in the anatomy of the mouse autonomic nervous system. This study examined the prevalence and anatomical features of a cell bridge linking two autonomic ganglia of the neck, namely, the nodose ganglion (NG) and the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in a cohort of C57BL/6J mice. We identified a cell bridge between the NG and the cranial pole of the SCG. This cell bridge was tubular shaped with an average length and width of 700 and 240 μm, respectively. The cell bridge was frequently unilateral and significantly more prevalent in the ganglionic masses from males (38%) than females (21%). On each of its extremities, it contained a mixed of vagal afferents and postganglionic sympathetic neurons. The two populations of neurons abruptly replaced each other in the middle of the cell bridge. We examined the mRNA expression for selected autonomic markers in samples of the NG with or without cell bridge. Our results indicated that the cell bridge was enriched in both markers of postganglionic sympathetic and vagal afferents neurons. Lastly, using FluoroGold microinjection into the NG, we found that the existence of a cell bridge may occasionally lead to the inadvertent contamination of the SCG. In summary, this study describes the anatomy of a cell bridge variant consisting of the fusion of the mouse NG and SCG. The practical implications of our observations are discussed with respect to studies of the mouse vagal afferents, an area of research of increasing popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie L Bookout
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Nourinezhad J, Mazaheri Y, Biglari Z. Detailed Anatomy of the Cranial Cervical Ganglion in the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1479-91. [PMID: 25950508 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The detailed morphology and topography of the cranial cervical ganglion (CCG) with its surrounding structures were studied in 10 sides of five heads of adult one-humped camel to determine its general arrangement as well as its differences and similarities to other animals. The following detailed descriptions were obtained: (1) the bilateral CCG was constantly present caudal to cranial base at the rostroventral border of the occipital condyle over the caudolateral part of nasopharynx; (2) the CCG was always in close relations medially with the longus capitis muscle, rostrolaterally with the internal carotid artery, and caudally with the vagus nerve; and (3) the branches of the CCG were the internal carotid and external carotid nerves, jugular nerve, cervical interganglionic branch, laryngopharyngeal branch, carotid sinus branch and communicating branches to the vagus, and first spinal nerves. In conclusion, there was no variation regarding topography of dromedary CCG among the specimens, in spite of typical variations in number, and mainly in origin of nerve branches ramifying from the CCG. In comparative anatomy aspect, the close constant relations, and presence of major nerves (internal/external carotid and jugular nerves) of dromedary CCG exhibited a typical reported animal's pattern. However, the shape, structures lateral to the CCG, the origin and course pattern of external carotid and jugular nerves, the number of the major nerves branches, the communicating branches of the CCG to the spinal and cranial nerves, and the separation of most rostral parts of vagosympathetic trunk of dromedary were different from those of most reported animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Nourinezhad
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yazdan Mazaheri
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Biglari
- D.V.M student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Stereological and allometric studies on neurons and axo-dendritic synapses in superior cervical ganglia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014. [PMID: 24952916 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) plays an important role in neuropathies including Horner's syndrome, stroke, and epilepsy. While mammalian SCGs seem to share certain organizational features, they display natural differences related to the animal size and side and the complexity and synaptic coverage of their dendritic arborizations. However, apart from the rat SCG, there is little information concerning the number of SCG neurons and synapses, and the nature of relationships between body weight and the numbers and sizes of neurons and synapses remain uncertain. In the recognition of this gap in the literature, in this chapter, we reviewed the current knowledge on the SCG structure and its remodeling during postnatal development across a plethora of large mammalian species, focusing on exotic rodents and domestic animals. Instrumentally, we present stereology as a state-of-the-art 3D technology to assess the SCG 3D structure unbiasedly and suggest future research directions on this topic.
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Pinto MPE, Branco E, Fioretto ET, Pereira LC, Lima AR. Morphology of sympathetic chain in Saguinus niger. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:365-70. [PMID: 23460428 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652013005000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Saguinus niger popularly known as Sauim, is a Brazilian North primate. Sympathetic chain investigation would support traumatic and/or cancer diagnosis which are little described in wild animals. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology and distribution of sympathetic chain in order to supply knowledge for neurocomparative research. Three female young animals that came death by natural causes were investigated. Animals were fixed in formaldehyde 10% and dissected along the sympathetic chain in neck, thorax and abdomen. Cranial cervical ganglion was located at the level of carotid bifurcation, related to carotid internal artery. In neck basis the vagosympathetic trunk divides into the sympathetic trunk and the parasympathetic vagal nerve. Sympathetic trunk ran in dorsal position and originated the stellate ganglia, formed by the fusion of caudal cervical and first thoracic ganglia. Vagal trunk laid ventrally to heart and formed the cardiac plexus. In abdomen, on the right side, were found the celiac ganglion and cranial mesenteric ganglion; in the left side these ganglia were fusioned into the celiac-mesenteric ganglion displaced closely to the celiac artery. In both sides, the caudal mesenteric ganglion was located near to the caudal mesenteric artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina P E Pinto
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Instituto de Saúde e Produção Animal - ISPA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Fioretto ET, Rahal SC, Borges AS, Mayhew TM, Nyengaard JR, Marcondes JS, Balieiro JCDC, Teixeira CR, de Melo MP, Ladd FVL, Ladd AABL, de Lima AR, da Silva AAP, Coppi AA. Hypertrophy and neuron loss: structural changes in sheep SCG induced by unilateral sympathectomy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:475-81. [PMID: 21334426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, superior cervical ganglionectomy has been performed to investigate a variety of scientific topics from regulation of intraocular pressure to suppression of lingual tumour growth. Despite these recent advances in our understanding of the functional mechanisms underlying superior cervical ganglion (SCG) growth and development after surgical ablation, there still exists a need for information concerning the quantitative nature of the relationships between the removed SCG and its remaining contralateral ganglion and between the remaining SCG and its modified innervation territory. To this end, using design-based stereological methods, we have investigated the structural changes induced by unilateral ganglionectomy in sheep at three distinct timepoints (2, 7 and 12 weeks) after surgery. The effects of time, and lateral (left-right) differences, were examined by two-way analyses of variance and paired t-tests. Following removal of the left SCG, the main findings were: (i) the remaining right SCG was bigger at shorter survival times, i.e. 74% at 2 weeks, 55% at 7 weeks and no increase by 12 weeks, (ii) by 7 weeks after surgery, the right SCG contained fewer neurons (no decrease at 2 weeks, 6% fewer by 7 weeks and 17% fewer by 12 weeks) and (iii) by 7 weeks, right SCG neurons were also larger and the magnitude of this increase grew substantially with time (no rise at 2 weeks, 77% by 7 weeks and 215% by 12 weeks). Interaction effects between time and ganglionectomy-induced changes were significant for SCG volume and mean perikaryal volume. These findings show that unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy has profound effects on the contralateral ganglion. For future investigations, it would be interesting to examine the interaction between SCGs and their innervation targets after ganglionectomy. Is the ganglionectomy-induced imbalance between the sizes of innervation territories the milieu in which morphoquantitative changes, particularly changes in perikaryal volume and neuron number, occur? Mechanistically, how would those changes arise? Are there any grounds for believing in a ganglionectomy-triggered SCG cross-innervation and neuroplasticity?
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson T Fioretto
- Department of Morphology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, Brazil
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Russo D, Bombardi C, Grandis A, Furness JB, Spadari A, Bernardini C, Chiocchetti R. Sympathetic innervation of the ileocecal junction in horses. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:4046-66. [PMID: 20737599 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and chemical phenotypes of sympathetic and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the equine ileocecal junction (ICJ) were studied by combining retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity (IR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) was investigated. Sympathetic neurons projecting to the ICJ were distributed within the celiac (CG), cranial mesenteric (CranMG), and caudal mesenteric (CaudMG) ganglia, as well as in the last ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic chain and in the splanchnic ganglia. In the CG and CranMG 91 +/- 8% and 93 +/- 12% of the neurons innervating the ICJ expressed TH- and DBH-IR, respectively. In the CaudMG 90 +/- 15% and 94 +/- 5% of ICJ innervating neurons were TH- and DBH-IR, respectively. Sympathetic (TH-IR) fibers innervated the myenteric and submucosal ganglia, ileal blood vessels, and the muscle layers. They were more concentrated at the ICJ level and were also seen encircling myenteric plexus (MP) and submucosal plexus (SMP) descending neurons that were retrogradely labeled from the ICJ. Among the few retrogradely labeled DRG neurons, nNOS-, CGRP-, and SP-IR nerve cells were observed. Dense networks of CGRP-, nNOS-, and SP-IR varicosities were seen around retrogradely labeled prevertebral ganglia neurons. The CGRP-IR fibers are probably the endings of neurons projecting from the intestine to the prevertebral ganglia. These findings indicate that this crucial region of the intestinal tract is strongly influenced by the sympathetic system and that sensory information of visceral origin influences the sympathetic control of the ICJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Russo
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Productions (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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Ari HH, Soyguder Z, Cinaroglu S. Macroanatomy of the Cranial Cervical Ganglion in Angora Goat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.2386.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Loesch A, Mayhew TM, Tang H, Ladd FVL, Ladd AABL, de Melo MP, da Silva AAP, Coppi AA. Stereological and allometric studies on neurons and axo-dendritic synapses in the superior cervical ganglia of rats, capybaras and horses. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 341:223-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Melo SR, Nyengaard JR, da Roza Oliveira F, Ladd FVL, Abrahão LMB, Machado MR, Sasahara TH, de Melo MP, Ribeiro AAC. The Developing Left Superior Cervical Ganglion of Pacas(Agouti paca). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:966-75. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Toscano CP, de Melo MP, Matera JM, Loesch A, Ribeiro AACM. The developing and restructuring superior cervical ganglion of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus var. albina). Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:329-36. [PMID: 19454276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-natal development comprises both maturation (from newborn to adult) and ageing (from adult to senility) and, during this phase, several adaptive mechanisms occur in sympathetic ganglia, albeit they are not fully understood. Therefore, the present study aimed at detecting whether post-natal development would exert any effect on the size and number of a guinea pig's superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. Twenty right SCGs from male subjects were used at four ages, i.e. newborn (7 days), young (30 days), adult (7 months) and old animals (50 months). Using design-based stereological methods the volume of ganglion and the total number of mononucleate and binucleate neurons were estimated. Furthermore, the mean perikaryal volume of mononucleate and binucleate neurons was estimated using the vertical nucleator. The main findings of this study were a combination of post-natal-dependent increases and decreases in some variables: (i) 27% increase in ganglion volume, (ii) 24% and 43% decreases in the total number of mono and binucleate neurons, respectively, and (iii) 27.5% and 40% decreases in the mean perikaryal volume of mono and binucleate neurons, respectively. Despite the fall in neuron numbers found here, post-natal development is not only associated with neuron loss, but also embraces other structural adaptive mechanisms, which are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Pereira Toscano
- Laboratory of Stochastic Stereology and Chemical Anatomy (LSSCA), Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Abrahão LMB, Nyengaard JR, Sasahara THDC, Gomes SP, Oliveira FDR, Ladd FVL, Ladd AABL, Melo MPD, Machado MRF, Melo SR, Ribeiro AACM. Asymmetric post-natal development of superior cervical ganglion of paca (Agouti paca). Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:37-45. [PMID: 19026737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional asymmetry has been reported in sympathetic ganglia. Although there are few studies reporting on body side-related morphoquantitative changes in sympathetic ganglion neurons, none of them have used design-based stereological methods to address this issue during post-natal development. We therefore aimed at detecting possible asymmetry-related effects on the quantitative structure of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) from pacas during ageing, using very precise design-based stereological methods. Forty (twenty left and twenty right) SCG from twenty male pacas were studied at four different ages, i.e. newborn, young, adult and aged animals. By using design-based stereological methods the total volume of ganglion and the total number of mononucleate and binucleate neurons were estimated. Furthermore, the mean perikaryal volume of mononucleate and binucleate neurons was estimated, using the vertical nucleator. The main findings of this study were: (1) the right SCG from aged pacas has more mononucleate and binucleate neurons than the left SCG in all other combinations of body side and animal age, showing the effect of the interaction between asymmetry (right side) and animal age, and (2) right SCG neurons (mono and binucleate) are bigger than the left SCG neurons (mono and binucleate), irrespective of the animal age. This shows, therefore, the exclusive effect of asymmetry (right side). At the time of writing there is still no conclusive explanation for some SCG quantitative changes exclusively assigned to asymmetry (right side) and those assigned to the interaction between asymmetry (right side) and senescence in pacas. We therefore suggest that forthcoming studies should focus on the functional consequences of SCG structural asymmetry during post-natal development. Another interesting investigation would be to examine the interaction between ganglia and their innervation targets using anterograde and retrograde neurotracers. Would differences in the size of target organs explain ganglia structural asymmetry?
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Maria Bigaram Abrahão
- Laboratory of Stochastic Stereology and Chemical Anatomy (LSSCA), Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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