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Wang R, Yang HX, Chen J, Huang JJ, Lv Q. Best treatment options for occult breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1051232. [PMID: 37251927 PMCID: PMC10213692 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1051232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Occult breast cancer (OBC) is a rare malignant breast tumor. Because of the rare cases and limited clinical experience, a huge therapeutic difference has existed all over the world and standardized treatments have yet been established. Methods A meta-analysis was conducted using MEDLINE and Embase databases to identify the choice of OBC surgical procedures in all studies: (1) patients undergoing axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) only; (2) patients undergoing ALND with radiotherapy (RT); (3) patients undergoing ALND with breast surgery (BS); (4) patients undergoing ALND with RT and BS; and (5) patients undergoing observation or RT only. The primary endpoints were mortality rates, the second endpoints were distant metastasis and locoregional recurrence. Results Among the 3,476 patients, 493 (14.2%) undergo ALND or SLNB only; 632 (18.2%) undergo ALND with RT; 1483 (42.7%) undergo ALND with BS; 467 (13.4%) undergo ALND RT and BS, and 401 (11.5%) undergo observation or RT only. After comparing the multiple groups, both groups 1 and 3 have higher mortality rates than group 4 (30.7% vs. 18.6%, p < 0.0001; 25.1% vs. 18.6%, p = 0.007), and group 1 has higher mortality rates than groups 2 and 3 (30.7% vs.14.7%, p < 0.00001; 30.7 vs. 19.4%, p < 0.0001). Group (1 + 3) had a prognosis advantage over group 5 (21.4% vs. 31.0%, p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference both in the distant recurrence rates and locoregional rates between group (1 + 3) and group (2 + 4) (21.0% vs. 9.7%, p = 0.06; 12.3% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.26). Conclusion On the basis of this meta-analysis, our study indicates that BS including modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and breast-conserving surgery (BCS) combined RT may appear as the optimal surgical approach in patients with OBC. RT cannot prolong both the time of distant metastasis and the local recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hong-xin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-jun Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Chen I, Kitich A, Joines M, Sayre J, Dascalos J, Hoyt A, Milch H. To scan or not to scan: effect of scanning the axilla of all patients undergoing diagnostic breast ultrasound. Clin Imaging 2023; 99:33-37. [PMID: 37060679 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast ultrasonography is a useful modality in patients undergoing diagnostic and screening breast imaging. However, breast ultrasound has a high false positive rate and can be time-consuming to perform. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical impact of incidental axillary findings found on diagnostic breast ultrasounds at a single multi-site institution that has a standard protocol of scanning the axilla for all breast ultrasound exams. METHODS All diagnostic breast ultrasounds were retrospectively reviewed from January 2017 to September 2019. Follow-up imaging, relevant clinical history, and pathology results were also reviewed. All positive axillary findings were divided into incidental or non-incidental findings depending on whether there was a direct clinical indication to scan the axilla. Descriptive statistics were performed with a 5% level of significance. RESULTS Of the 19,695 diagnostic ultrasounds performed during this timeframe, there were 91 (0.5%) incidental axillary findings given a BIRADS category 3 or 4, and none of these findings resulted in the diagnosis of an occult breast cancer. One biopsy-proven SLL/CLL lymphoma was diagnosed that was otherwise clinically occult. CONCLUSION Routine axillary scanning in all patients undergoing a diagnostic breast ultrasound at a large multi-site institution yields a low rate of incidental findings and has minimal impact on detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Chen
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA.
| | - Aleksandar Kitich
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA
| | - Melissa Joines
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA.
| | - James Sayre
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA.
| | - Jane Dascalos
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA.
| | - Anne Hoyt
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA.
| | - Hannah Milch
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA.
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Montella L, Riccio V, Ruocco R, Di Marino L, Ambrosino A, Capuozzo A, Della Corte CM, Esposito A, Coppola P, Liguori C, Facchini G, Ronchi A, Ruggiero A. Occult primary breast cancer and cognates: Atypical today's cases inside a centenarian history. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CANCER: CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpccr.2022.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Li L, Zhang D, Wen T, Wu Y, Lv D, Zhai J, Ma F. Axillary lymph node dissection plus radiotherapy may be an optimal strategy for patients with occult breast cancer. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2022; 2:198-204. [PMID: 39036544 PMCID: PMC11256547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because of the rarity of occult breast cancer (OBC) and limited experience in OBC treatment, the optimal treatment strategy is unknown. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) plus radiotherapy with that of mastectomy plus ALND in patients with OBC. Methods Relevant clinical data between January 2004 and December 2015 were retrospectively collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The clinical characteristics and prognoses of patients who underwent ALND plus radiotherapy or mastectomy plus ALND were compared before and after propensity score matching. Results Overall, 569 eligible patients with OBC were included in this study. Of these, 247 patients underwent ALND plus radiotherapy and 322 underwent mastectomy plus ALND. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates in the ALND plus radiotherapy group and the mastectomy plus ALND group were 89.2% and 80.6%, respectively; and the corresponding 5-year breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) rates were 95.2% and 93.0%, respectively. After propensity score matching, the OS in the ALND plus radiotherapy group was significantly better than that in the mastectomy plus ALND group. In addition, further subgroup analyses revealed that ALND plus radiotherapy prolonged OS in the pN3 subgroup. Among patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, those who underwent ALND plus radiotherapy had better BCSS and OS than those who underwent mastectomy plus ALND. Conclusions ALND plus radiotherapy could improve the OS of patients with OBC, especially those with pN3 disease and those receiving chemotherapy. ALND combined with radiotherapy is the optimal treatment strategy for patients with imaging-negative OBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tingyu Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtong Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Busbait S, Alkhalifa AM, Aljohani S, Alhaddad H. Occult Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Presenting as an Axillary Skin Metastatic Lesion Underwent Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy and Surgical Resection: A Case Report and Review of Literature. BREAST CANCER: TARGETS AND THERAPY 2022; 14:145-152. [PMID: 35669610 PMCID: PMC9166690 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s366785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common type of breast cancer accounting for 5–15% of all breast cancer cases. It usually presents with nonspecific signs and symptoms. Occult breast cancer presenting as an axillary mass is rare, with prevalence of 0.3–1%, less likely with isolated cutaneous breast metastasis as a first presentation. There are limited data in the literature on patients who underwent endocrine therapy and complete surgical resection. Case Presentation A 54-year-old woman with left axillary skin swelling that had been persisting for 6 years was diagnosed with ILC 18 months ago presenting with an ulcerated axillary skin lesion and was managed with letrozole in another facility as she was estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positive. She received letrozole for 18 months and had a partial response in the form of healing of the ulcer with persistent subcutaneous nodules. Her breast mammogram, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging findings were unremarkable; however, there were few prominent left axillary lymph nodes. A biopsy of the left axillary lymph node was positive for malignancy, consistent with ILC. A skin punch biopsy of the axillary skin lesion showed ILC extending to the dermis with no background breast tissue. The patient underwent left modified radical mastectomy with excision of the left axillary skin lesion. The breast specimen comprised 0.4 mm of ILC as the primary malignancy and nine positive axillary lymph node malignancies. The patient received adjuvant radiotherapy and continued to receive letrozole. There were no signs of complications or recurrence during the follow-up period. Conclusion Ulcerated skin lesions in the axilla should raise concerns regarding breast cancer metastasis. In cases of isolated cutaneous breast metastases, surgical excision can be considered in combination with endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Busbait
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Saleh Busbait, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Al-Khobar, 31441, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 138966666 Ext 1680, Fax +966 133330108, Email
| | - Abdullah M Alkhalifa
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Aljohani
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiyam Alhaddad
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
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Zhao Z, Zhang T, Yao Y, Lu X. Clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of occult breast cancer: a population-based study. BMC Surg 2022; 22:143. [PMID: 35430796 PMCID: PMC9014589 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-022-01472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Occult breast cancer (OBC) is a special type of breast cancer. Because of its rarity, clinicopathological information is still insufficient, causing a controversial condition about its treatment recommendation. Thus, we aimed to clarify major clinicopathological information, treatment strategies and prognosis of OBC based on a large population. Methods We retrospectively collected adult female OBC population from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. We divided the whole cohort into two groups based on surgical treatment in-breast. Descriptive analysis of 18 clinicopathological variables was conducted. Survival analysis was performed based on different clinicopathological factors. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify potential independent predictor for prognosis of OBC. Results 1189 OBC patients were in final analysis and most of them were diagnosed as an early-stage carcinoma. Patients received breast-conserving treatment (BCT) was nearly two times of ones received mastectomy. Patients receiving radiotherapy in BCT group were significantly more than patients receiving radiotherapy in mastectomy group (61.76 vs. 50.9%, P < 0.001). After a median follow-up period of 62 months, 5-year and 10-year overall survival (OS) of all subjects was 81.6% and 68.8%, respectively. No significant difference in OS and breast-cancer specific survival (BCSS) was found between mastectomy and local breast-conserving surgery. Older age and larger number of positive lymph nodes causes a worse prognosis whereas radiotherapy brought a better clinical outcome for OBC patients. Conclusions OBC has a generally good prognosis. Less-intensive surgery does not negatively impact clinical outcomes of OBC while additional radiotherapy is totally beneficial to prolong OS and BCSS.
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Costantini M, Montella RA, Fadda MP, Garganese G, Di Leone A, Sanchez AM, Franceschini G, Rinaldi PM. Axillary Nodal Metastases from Carcinoma of Unknown Primary (CUPAx): Role of Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) in Detecting Occult Breast Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060465. [PMID: 34070278 PMCID: PMC8225076 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axillary lymph node metastases of occult breast cancer (CUPAx) is an unusual condition that represents both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The first steps in the diagnostic work-up of patients with CUPAx are the histological analysis of the lymph node metastasis and the execution of basic breast diagnostic imaging (mammography and ultrasound). In the case of occult breast cancer, breast Magnetic Resonance (MR) must be performed. Breast MR identifies a suspicious lesion in many patients and second-look ultrasound detects a corresponding ultrasound alteration in about half of cases, allowing the performance of a US-guided biopsy. In the case of an MR-only lesion, MR-guided biopsy is mandatory. We present a case of CUPAx in which contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is used to help the detection of occult breast cancer and to guide stereotactic vacuum breast biopsy (VABB). CESM is a new breast imaging technique that is proving to have good performance in breast cancer detection and that is showing potential in the identification of occult breast cancer in a CUPAx setting. The use of an innovative and personalized breast imaging approach in breast cancer patients improves diagnostic possibilities and promises to become the focus in decision strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Costantini
- Radiology Unit, Mater Olbia Hospital (Qatar Foundation Endowment and Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Foundation), 07026 Olbia, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.F.); (P.M.R.)
- Area Diagnostica per Immagini, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Rino Aldo Montella
- Radiology Unit, Mater Olbia Hospital (Qatar Foundation Endowment and Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Foundation), 07026 Olbia, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.F.); (P.M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0789-1899901
| | - Maria Paola Fadda
- Radiology Unit, Mater Olbia Hospital (Qatar Foundation Endowment and Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Foundation), 07026 Olbia, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.F.); (P.M.R.)
| | - Giorgia Garganese
- Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital (Qatar Foundation Endowment and Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Foundation), 07026 Olbia, Italy;
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Alba Di Leone
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.D.L.); (A.M.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Alejandro Martin Sanchez
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.D.L.); (A.M.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianluca Franceschini
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.D.L.); (A.M.S.); (G.F.)
- Istituto di Semeiotica Chirurgica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Maria Rinaldi
- Radiology Unit, Mater Olbia Hospital (Qatar Foundation Endowment and Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Foundation), 07026 Olbia, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.F.); (P.M.R.)
- Area Diagnostica per Immagini, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
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The effect of local therapy on breast cancer-specific mortality of women with occult breast cancer and advanced nodal disease (N2/N3): a population analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:155-164. [PMID: 31127469 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current NCCN guidelines for occult breast cancer (OBC) recommend modified radical mastectomy, with the option for breast preservation with radiation instead of mastectomy for N1 patients. Our aim was to compare the effect of local therapy-mastectomy versus breast radiation-on breast cancer-specific mortality (BCSM) in a contemporary cohort of OBC patients of all nodal stages. METHODS Competing risk analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of local therapy, nodal stage, and other demographic and clinical prognostic variables on risk of BCSM for women registered in the SEER database with T0N+M0 breast cancer from 2004 to 2015. RESULTS Of the 353 women with OBC who underwent axillary nodal dissection, 152 received breast radiation and 201 underwent mastectomy. Overall, 57.5% had N1 disease, 54.4% had estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumors, 80.7% were white, and 88.1% received chemotherapy. Women treated with radiation were older (p < 0.001). The two groups were comparable with respect to all other variables analyzed. During a median follow-up of 66 months, 32 women died from breast cancer (radiation: 11, mastectomy: 21). Five-year cumulative incidence of BCSM was 8.0% ± 2.6% with radiation versus 10.9% ± 2.6% with mastectomy (p = 0.309). On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of BCSM included older age, higher N stage, and ER negativity, but the type of local therapy was not significantly associated with outcome. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that breast preservation is a reasonable alternative to mastectomy for OBC patients, regardless of nodal stage.
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Ge LP, Liu XY, Xiao Y, Gou ZC, Zhao S, Jiang YZ, Di GH. Clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of occult breast cancer: a SEER population-based study. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:4381-4391. [PMID: 30349371 PMCID: PMC6188116 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s169019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occult breast cancer (OBC) is a rare type of breast cancer that has not been well studied. The clinicopathological characteristics and treatment recommendations for OBC are based on a limited number of retrospective studies and thus remain controversial. Patients and methods We identified 479 OBC patients and 115,739 non-OBC patients from 2004 to 2014 in and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes were compared between OBC and non-OBC patients. We used the propensity score 1:1 matching analysis to evaluate OBC vs non-OBC comparison using balanced groups with respect to the observed covariates. We further divided the OBC population into four groups based on different treatment strategies. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to calculate and compare the four treatment outcomes within the OBC population. Results OBC patients were older, exhibited a more advanced stage, a higher rate of negative estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status, a higher rate of HER2-positive status, and a higher rate of ≥10 positive lymph nodes, and were less likely to undergo surgical treatment than non-OBC patients. After adjustments for clinicopathological factors, the OBC patients exhibited a significantly better survival than the non-OBC patients (P<0.001). This result was confirmed in a 1:1 matched case–control analysis. Within the four OBC treatment groups, we observed no difference in survival among the mastectomy group, the breast-conserving surgery (BCS) group, and the axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)-only group. The multivariable analysis revealed that the sentinel lymph node dissection-only group had the worst prognosis (P<0.001). Conclusion: OBC has unique clinicopathological characteristics and a favorable prognosis compared with non-OBC. BCS plus ALND and radiotherapy showed a survival benefit that was similar to that of mastectomy for OBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Ge
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ; .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Xi-Yu Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ; .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ; .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Zong-Chao Gou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ; .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Shen Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ; .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ; .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Gen-Hong Di
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ; .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ;
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Wu SG, Zhang WW, Sun JY, Li FY, Lin HX, Chen YX, He ZY. Comparable Survival between Additional Radiotherapy and Local Surgery in Occult Breast Cancer after Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: A Population-based Analysis. J Cancer 2017; 8:3849-3855. [PMID: 29151972 PMCID: PMC5688938 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the clinical value of additional local treatment strategies in occult breast cancer (OBC) after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Methods: Patients diagnosed with OBC between 1990 and 2013 were included from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry database. The significant risk factors of cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: We identified 980 patients, including 219 (22.3%), 252 (25.7%), 263 (26.8%), and 246 (25.1%) of patients underwent ALND, ALND + radiotherapy (RT), ALND + surgery (S) (mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery), and ALND + S + RT, respectively. Patients with younger age, diagnosed before 2000, advanced nodal stage, ER-negative disease, and PR-negative disease were more likely to undergo additional local treatment compared with ALND only. The 10-year rate CSS of the ALND only group was 57.2%, while that of the ALND + RT, ALND + S, and ALND + S + RT groups was 78.0%, 81.0%, and 71.5%, respectively (p < 0.001). The 10-year OS rate in the ALND only, ALND + RT, ALND + S, and ALND + S + RT groups was 46.0%, 69.5%, 66.1%, and 67.0%, respectively (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that older age, advanced nodal stage, and ALND only were independent risk factors for decreased CSS and OS. CSS and OS among the groups including ALND + RT, ALND + S, and ALND + S + RT were not significantly different. Conclusions: Additional local treatment (local surgery or RT) improves survival outcomes compared with ALND only in OBC after ALND. ALND + RT may be the optimal local treatment for OBC due to no different in survival outcomes and cosmesis is better.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Gang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yuan Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Xin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xiong Chen
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
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Raj SD, Amer AM, Garg N, Krishnamurthy S, Hess KR, Park YM, Moseley T, Whitman GJ. Incidental Suspicious Regional Lymph Nodes on Breast Sonography: Is Sampling Necessary? Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2016; 46:100-104. [PMID: 27338308 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Suspicious regional lymph nodes may be incidentally identified on breast ultrasound examinations in patients who present for sonographic evaluation without a known or a suspected breast malignancy, and there is a paucity of data on whether biopsy should be performed. This study aims to characterize incidental sonographically detected suspicious regional lymph nodes and determine whether tissue sampling or follow-up imaging is required. A total of 40,773 consecutive breast ultrasounds were reviewed. Overall, 7 women with nonpalpable, incidental, suspicious axillary or supraclavicular lymph nodes in an otherwise unremarkable breast and without history of malignancy or systemic disease were identified. In all, 5 women with 6 nodes underwent ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and 2 women with 3 nodes were recommended follow-up ultrasound. Follow-up imaging, cytology, and all-cause clinical data were reviewed to evaluate outcomes. All 6 biopsied lymph nodes (mean = 1.5cm) were benign on cytology. Follow-up imaging was available for 3 nodes (mean = 2.6 years), with all-cause follow-up for all nodes of 2.2 years. In the follow-up group, 3 lymph nodes (mean = 1.6cm) were monitored (mean = 4.3 years) with all-cause follow-up of 4.7 years. No new cancers, growth, or suspicious features were found in these nodes during follow-up for either group of women. In conclusion, women without history of prior malignancy or systemic disease with incidentally detected, nonpalpable, suspicious regional lymph nodes with an otherwise normal breast ultrasound examination underwent fine needle aspiration or were recommended short-term follow-up ultrasound. No indeterminate features or malignancies were observed at the time of tissue sampling or developed over several years of follow-up. Avoiding sampling of these nodes would reduce patient morbidity and health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Raj
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Radiology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Ahmed M Amer
- Department of Radiology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Naveen Garg
- Department of Radiology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Kenneth R Hess
- Department of Biostatistics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Young Mi Park
- Department of Radiology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tanya Moseley
- Department of Radiology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gary J Whitman
- Department of Radiology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Macedo FIB, Eid JJ, Flynn J, Jacobs MJ, Mittal VK. Optimal Surgical Management for Occult Breast Carcinoma: A Meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23:1838-1844. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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13
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Jinno H, Inokuchi M, Ito T, Kitamura K, Kutomi G, Sakai T, Kijima Y, Wada N, Ito Y, Mukai H. The Japanese Breast Cancer Society clinical practice guideline for surgical treatment of breast cancer, 2015 edition. Breast Cancer 2016; 23:367-77. [PMID: 26921084 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Jinno
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 1738606, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Inokuchi
- Department of Breast Oncology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ito
- Department of Surgery, Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kitamura
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagumo Clinic Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Goro Kutomi
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University Hospital Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sakai
- Breast Oncology Center, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kijima
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Wada
- Department of General and Breast Surgery, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Mukai
- Department of General and Breast Surgery, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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Ahmed I, Dharmarajan K, Tiersten A, Bleiweiss I, Schmidt H, Green S, Bakst RL. A unique presentation of occult primary breast cancer with a review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol Med 2015; 2015:102963. [PMID: 25866689 PMCID: PMC4381685 DOI: 10.1155/2015/102963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We are reporting a case of a 34-year-old woman with occult primary breast cancer discovered after initially presenting with neurological symptoms. She was successfully treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by definitive axillary lymph node dissection and ipsilateral whole breast radiotherapy. The case presented is unique due to the rarity of occult primary breast cancer, especially in light of her initial confounding neurological signs and symptoms, which highlights the importance of careful staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaya Ahmed
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Kavita Dharmarajan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Amy Tiersten
- Department of Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ira Bleiweiss
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hank Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sheryl Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Richard L. Bakst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
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15
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Perineural spread of salivary duct carcinoma to the internal auditory canal. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2014; 2014:476317. [PMID: 25525541 PMCID: PMC4261793 DOI: 10.1155/2014/476317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary duct carcinomas (SDCs) are high-grade malignant tumors exhibiting aggressive growth with early regional and distant metastasis. We report a case of SDC in a 63-year-old male with early recurrent disease in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) after total parotidectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy. The tendency of the tumor to recur or metastasize despite radical surgical measures and radiotherapy continues to pose a therapeutic challenge.
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Komoike Y, Inokuchi M, Itoh T, Kitamura K, Kutomi G, Sakai T, Jinno H, Wada N, Ohsumi S, Mukai H. Japan Breast Cancer Society clinical practice guideline for surgical treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2014; 22:37-48. [PMID: 25091115 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-014-0558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Komoike
- Section of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Onohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan,
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17
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Sohn G, Son BH, Lee SJ, Kang EY, Jung SH, Cho SH, Baek S, Lee YR, Kim HJ, Ko BS, Lee JW, Ahn SH. Treatment and survival of patients with occult breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis: a nationwide retrospective study. J Surg Oncol 2014; 110:270-4. [PMID: 24863883 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Occult breast cancer (OBC) accounts for 0.3-1.0% of all breast cancers and is a rare presentation of the disease. The present retrospective study examined the overall survival and prognostic factors associated with OBC in Korea. METHOD The study included 142 OBC patients identified from the Korean Breast Cancer Society cancer registry from January 1990 to December 2009. All patients had pathologically positive axillary lymph nodes (N1-N3) and pathologically and radiologically negative in-breast lesions (T0/Tx) based on a retrospective review of the database. RESULTS No statistically significant differences in overall survival were observed between patients undergoing axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) only (80.8%), breast conserving surgery (BCS) with ALND (98.0%), and mastectomy with ALND (92.5%) with P-value of 0.061. Nodal status was a significant prognostic factor (P = 0.004) on univariate analysis. When compared with T1 patients group, T0/TxN1 patients showed better survival than T1N1 patients (hazard ratio [HR] 0.253; 95% confidence interval, 0.104-0.618; P = 0.003), but T0/TxN2, T0/TxN3 patients showed similar survival to T1N2, T1N3 patients. CONCLUSIONS OBC patients treated with ALND only showed comparable outcomes to those undergoing ALND combined with BCS or mastectomy. Nodal status may be an independent predictor of poor outcome in OBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyun Sohn
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
This article reviews the relevant data on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) use in screening, the short-term surgical outcomes and long-term cancer outcomes associated with the use of MRI in breast cancer staging, the use of MRI in occult primary breast cancer, as well as MRI to assess eligibility for accelerated partial breast irradiation and to evaluate tumor response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. MRI for screening is supported in specific high-risk populations, namely, women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, a family history suggesting a hereditary breast cancer syndrome, or a history of chest wall radiation.
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Petrakis D, Pentheroudakis G, Voulgaris E, Pavlidis N. Prognostication in cancer of unknown primary (CUP): Development of a prognostic algorithm in 311 cases and review of the literature. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:701-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Fayanju OM, Stoll CRT, Fowler S, Colditz GA, Jeffe DB, Margenthaler JA. Geographic and temporal trends in the management of occult primary breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:3308-16. [PMID: 23975301 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of occult primary breast cancer (OPBC), including the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is controversial. We conducted a pooled analysis of OPBC patients and a meta-analysis of MRI accuracy in OPBC in order to elucidate current practices. METHODS A literature search yielded 201 studies. Patient-level data for clinically/mammographically OPBC from studies published after 1993 and from our institution were pooled; logistic regression examined associations between patient/study data and outcomes, including treatments and recurrence. We report adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) significant at 2-tailed p < 0.05. Meta-analysis included data for patients who received MRIs for workup of clinically/mammographically OPBC. We report pooled sensitivity and specificity with 95 % CIs. RESULTS The pooled analysis included 92 patients (15 studies [n = 85] plus our institution [n = 7]). Patients from Asia were more likely to receive breast surgery (OR = 5.98, 95 % CI = 2.02-17.65) but not chemotherapy (OR = 0.32, 95 % CI = 0.13-0.82); patients from the United States were more likely to receive chemotherapy (OR = 13.08, 95 % CI = 2.64-64.78). Patients from studies published after 2003 were more likely to receive radiotherapy (OR = 3.86, 95 % CI = 1.41-10.55). Chemotherapy recipients were more likely to have distant recurrence (OR = 9.77, 95 % CI = 1.10-87.21). More patients with positive MRIs received chemotherapy than patients with negative MRIs (10 of 12 [83.3 %] vs 5 of 13 [38.5 %]; p = 0.0414). In the MRI-accuracy meta-analysis (10 studies, n = 262), pooled sensitivity and specificity were 96 % (95 % CI = 91-98 %) and 63 % (95 % CI = 42-81 %), respectively. CONCLUSIONS OPBC management varied geographically and over time. We recommend establishing an international OPBC patient registry to facilitate longitudinal study and develop global treatment standards.
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21
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Brasic N, Wisner DJ, Joe BN. Breast MR Imaging for Extent of Disease Assessment in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2013; 21:519-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Fayanju OM, Jeffe DB, Margenthaler JA. Occult primary breast cancer at a comprehensive cancer center. J Surg Res 2013; 185:684-9. [PMID: 23890400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of occult primary breast cancer (OPBC), that is, breast cancer that first presents through regional nodal or distant disease without clinical or mammographic evidence of disease in the breast, has been controversial and inconsistent. Here, we review OPBC patients treated at our institution. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of women diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer between March 1999 and September 2010 to identify patients who presented with isolated axillary lymphadenopathy proven to be histologically consistent with primary breast malignancy but had no evidence of a breast mass on physical examination, mammography, or ultrasound. Descriptions of treatments received, recurrence, morbidity, and mortality as of October 2012 are reported. RESULTS Of 5533 patients reviewed, seven (0.1%) patients were identified. The median age was 65 y old (range, 40-72), and the median length of follow-up was 86 mo (range, 42-124). Four patients underwent modified radical mastectomy, one patient had a lumpectomy and axillary lymph node dissection, and two patients had axillary lymph node dissection without breast surgery. Four patients received adjuvant radiation therapy. All seven patients received chemotherapy. Three patients received endocrine therapy, and two patients received anti-HER2 therapy. At the last follow-up, all seven patients were alive with no evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS Although there was some variation in the management of OPBC at our institution, our patients had excellent outcomes after multimodal treatment. Our results support a curative intent approach to the treatment of OPBC and illustrate the need for individualized treatment algorithms based on tumor biology and extent of the disease at diagnosis.
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23
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Untreated Axillary Node Metastasis of Occult Breast Primary Six Years after Diagnosis. Am Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481307900601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Miscellaneous syndromes and their management: occult breast cancer, breast cancer in pregnancy, male breast cancer, surgery in stage IV disease. Surg Clin North Am 2013; 93:519-31. [PMID: 23464700 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surgical therapy for occult breast cancer has traditionally centered on mastectomy; however, breast conservation with whole breast radiotherapy followed by axillary lymph node dissection has shown equivalent results. Patients with breast cancer in pregnancy can be safely and effectively treated; given a patient's pregnancy trimester and stage of breast cancer, a clinician must be able to guide therapy accordingly. Male breast cancer risk factors show strong association with BRCA2 mutations, as well as Klinefelter syndrome. Several retrospective trials of surgical therapy in stage IV breast cancer have associated a survival advantage with primary site tumor extirpation.
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25
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He M, Tang LC, Yu KD, Cao AY, Shen ZZ, Shao ZM, Di GH. Treatment outcomes and unfavorable prognostic factors in patients with occult breast cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2012; 38:1022-8. [PMID: 22959166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with occult breast cancer (OBC). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 95 patients with OBC who were treated at our facility between January 1998 and June 2010. Of the 95 patients, 64 underwent mastectomy plus axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) with or without post-mastectomy radiation (Mast + ALND group), 13 underwent ALND followed by ipsilateral breast radiotherapy (BR + ALND group) and the remaining 18 were treated with ALND (ALND group). RESULTS Patients who underwent Mast + ALND or BR + ALND had significantly improved rates of locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and recurrence/metastasis-free survival (RFS) than patients who only underwent ALND (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the LRFS (p = 0.718), RFS (p = 0.935) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) (p = 0.991) rates between the patients who underwent Mast + ALND compared with those who received BR + ALND. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with four or more involved lymph nodes had significantly worse outcomes (p = 0.042, HR = 4.63, 95% CI = 1.66-32.47 for BCSS and p = 0.038, HR = 3.62, 95% CI = 1.08-20.77 for RFS). CONCLUSIONS Patients with OBC who received ALND and subsequent breast radiotherapy had similar outcomes to patients who underwent mastectomy. The presence of four or more involved lymph nodes may independently predict poor outcomes of OBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M He
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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26
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Luna M, Sánchez Méndez S, Mariscal A, Vizcaya S, Vallejos V, Solá M, Margelí M, Cirauqui B. Cáncer oculto de la mama. Caso clínico y revisión de la literatura. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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27
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Shigematsu H, Kadoya T, Kobayashi Y, Kajitani K, Sasada T, Emi A, Masumoto N, Haruta R, Kataoka T, Oda M, Arihiro K, Okada M. A case of HER-2-positive recurrent breast cancer showing a clinically complete response to trastuzumab-containing chemotherapy after primary treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2011; 9:146. [PMID: 22059982 PMCID: PMC3220638 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-9-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of HER-2-positive recurrent breast cancer showing a clinically complete response to trastuzumab-containing chemotherapy 6 years after primary treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. The primary tumor was negative for HER-2 as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (1+, and ratio, 1.1), but examination of the recurrent lymph node metastasis showed positivity for HER-2 by FISH (ratio, 5.2). No lesions were detected in either her left breast or in other organs, and the patient was diagnosed as having HER-2-positive recurrent disease. Combination chemotherapy using weekly paclitaxel and trastuzumab was initiated, and a clinically complete response was achieved. This report suggests the benefit of routine evaluation of HER-2 status in recurrent breast cancer with the introduction of HER-2-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Shigematsu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
Breast magnetic resonance (MR) is highly sensitive in the detection of invasive breast malignancies. As technology improves, as interpretations and reporting by radiologists become standardized through the development of guidelines by expert consortiums, and as scientific investigation continues, the indications and uses of breast MR as an adjunct to mammography continue to evolve. This article discusses the current clinical indications for breast MR including screening for breast cancer, diagnostic indications for breast MR, and MR guidance for interventional procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren D Yeh
- Division of Breast Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Barton SR, Smith IE, Kirby AM, Ashley S, Walsh G, Parton M. The role of ipsilateral breast radiotherapy in management of occult primary breast cancer presenting as axillary lymphadenopathy. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2099-106. [PMID: 21658935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the role of ipsilateral breast radiotherapy (IBR) in women with occult primary breast cancer presenting with axillary metastases (OPBC). METHODS Patients with axillary nodal metastases and histological diagnosis of breast cancer without palpable, mammographic or ultrasonographic evidence of a breast primary were identified from a prospectively maintained single institution database. Imaging, surgery, radiotherapy, recurrence and survival data were collected. Patients whose breast cancer primary was detected on MRI (but occult on clinical examination and other imaging) were excluded from the analyses of IBR and outcome, but were included in other exploratory analyses. RESULTS Fifty-five patients were included between 1975 and 2009. Median follow up was 68 months. Twenty patients had breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in addition to other imaging. A primary breast cancer was detected in 7 of these 20. 48/55 patients had no detectable breast primary. 35/48 patients (73%) were treated with radiotherapy to the conserved breast, and 13/48 (27%) with observation. Patients who had IBR had better 5 year local recurrence free survival (LRFS) (84% versus 34%, p<0.001), and relapse free survival (RFS) (64% versus 34%, p=0.05), but no difference in overall survival (OS) (84% versus 85%, p=0.2). There was no difference in 5 year LRFS (80% versus 90%: p=0.3) between patients who received radiation of 50 Gy in 25 fractions versus ≥60 Gy. CONCLUSION Patients with OPBC should be managed with IBR and breast conservation, or mastectomy. Our data suggest it is not necessary to irradiate the breast to more than 50 Gy in 25 fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Barton
- Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW36JJ, UK
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30
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Yoon JH, Kim MJ, Moon HJ, Kwak JY, Kim EK. Subcategorization of ultrasonographic BI-RADS category 4: positive predictive value and clinical factors affecting it. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2011; 37:693-9. [PMID: 21458145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the positive predictive value (PPV) in ultrasonographically (US)-detected breast lesions of BI-RADS category 4a, 4b and 4c and to find how various clinical factors influenced the PPV of category 4. A total of 2142 women with 2430 breast lesions diagnosed on US as BI-RADS category 4 and underwent biopsy were included. Among them, 452 (18.6%) were pathologically confirmed as malignancy. PPV of each US BI-RADS subcategory was 7.6% (149/1963) for category 4a, 37.8% (68/180) for category 4b and 81.9% (235/287) for category 4c. Several clinical factors were more significantly seen in malignancy of category 4a and 4b, whereas none of the factors showed significance in category 4c. Subcategorization of category 4 is a feasible method in predicting malignancy in which patients' age, lack of multiplicity and symptoms affected the PPV of category 4 lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Walker GV, Smith GL, Perkins GH, Oh JL, Woodward W, Yu TK, Hunt KK, Hoffman K, Strom EA, Buchholz TA. Population-based analysis of occult primary breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis. Cancer 2010; 116:4000-6. [PMID: 20564117 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-institution data suggest that treatment with radiation and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) may be an appropriate alternative to mastectomy for T0N+ breast cancer. Population-based multi-institutional data supporting this approach are lacking. METHODS The cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) of women with T0N+M0 ductal, lobular, or mixed breast cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1983 to 2006 were analyzed. Groups were defined as: 1) no ALND, mastectomy, or RT (observation); 2) ALND only; 3) mastectomy plus ALND with or without postmastectomy radiation (Mast); and 4) breast-conserving therapy (BCT) with ALND and radiation (BCT). RESULTS In total, 750 of 770,030 patients with breast cancer had T0N+M0 disease (incidence, 0.10%), and 596 of those patients underwent ALND (79.5%). Patients who underwent Mast or BCT (n = 470) had a 10-year OS rate of 64.9% compared with 58.5% for patients who underwent ALND only (n = 126; P = .02) and 47.5% for patients who underwent observation only (n = 94; P = .04). The 10-year CSS rate was 75.7% for patients who underwent BCT versus 73.9% for patients who underwent Mast (P = .55). In multivariate analysis of CSS for patients who underwent Mast or BCT, the following factors were correlated with an unfavorable outcome: positive estrogen receptor status (hazard ratio [HR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.96; P = .04), >/=10 positive lymph nodes (HR, 5.7; 95%CI, 2.4-13.4; P </= .01), and <10 resected lymph nodes (HR, 42.9; 95%CI, 1.2-7.1; P = .02). Mast did not improve CSS compared with BCT (HR, 1.09; 95%CI, 0.57-2.1; P = .79). CONCLUSIONS Definitive locoregional treatment with either Mast or BCT improved the outcome of patients with T0N+breast cancer, and no difference in survival was observed between the treatments. Cancer 2010. (c) 2010 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary V Walker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Yeh ED. Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Current Clinical Indications. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2010; 18:155-69, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bloom S, Morrow M. A Clinical Oncologic Perspective on Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2010; 18:277-94, ix. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pentheroudakis G, Lazaridis G, Pavlidis N. Axillary nodal metastases from carcinoma of unknown primary (CUPAx): a systematic review of published evidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 119:1-11. [PMID: 19771506 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Axillary lymph node metastases from adeno carcinoma or poorly differentiated carcinoma of unknown primary (CUPAx) represent a rare clinical entity without consensus on its biology, management and outcome. We systematically reviewed published CUPAx series and identified 24 retrospective studies enrolling 689 patients from 1975 till 2006. CUPAx affected women at a mean age of 52 years, 66% of whom post-menopausal harbouring low-volume (N1, 48%) or high-volume (52%) nodal disease from ductal adenocarcinoma (83%). Among a total of 446 patients managed with mastectomy, a small breast primary was identified histologically in 321 (72% of cases). Hormone receptor protein expression was observed in 40-50% of cases, while HER2 overexpression in 31%. CUPAx patients were managed with axillary lymph node dissection coupled to mastectomy (59%), primary breast irradiation (26%) or observation (15%). Observation was associated with high locoregional relapse rates (42%) and risk of metastatic spread. Mastectomy or radiotherapy provided locoregional disease control in 75-85% of cases, while adjuvant systemic therapy was associated with a nonsignificant trend for improved survival in few series. Five-year survival ranged from 59.4 to 88% at a median follow-up of 62 months (mean 5-year survival 72%), with axillary tumour burden being the pivotal prognostic factor. CUPAx is associated with similar presentation, biology and outcome to resected node-positive overt breast cancer and should be treated accordingly.
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Occult breast carcinoma presenting as gastrointestinal metastases. Case Rep Med 2009; 2009:564756. [PMID: 20069039 PMCID: PMC2797752 DOI: 10.1155/2009/564756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Occult breast cancer has frequently been described as presenting as axillary lymph node metastases but rarely as gastrointestinal metastases, Varadarajan et al. (2007). In extremely rare situations, cancerous lesions identified in the gastrointestinal tract have been determined to be metastatic lesions from primary breast cancers, Taal et al. (2000). We report a case of an occult lobular adenocarcinoma presenting as gastrointestinal metastases. It is essential that the possibility of lesions found in the gastrointestinal tract originating from distant or occult cancers be considered in order that appropriate therapeutic options may be discussed and considered early after diagnosis.
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Les entités anatomocliniques des CAPI relevant d’une prise en charge spécifique. ONCOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-008-0987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Suzuki N, Katsusihma H, Takeuchi K, Nakamura S, Ishizawa K, Ishii S, Moriya T, DeCoteau JF, Miura I, Ichinohasama R. Cytogenetic abnormality 46,XX,add(21)(q11.2) in a patient with follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 186:54-7. [PMID: 18786443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The case of a patient with follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma with chromosomal aberration add(21)(q11.2) is described. Cytogenetic studies showed the karyotype 46,XX,add(21)(q11.2)[3]/46,XX[17], although the encoded protein involved was not clarified. The abnormal pattern was quite simple, and different from a previous report. The clinical course of the FDC sarcoma in this case has been indolent, as for most FDC sarcoma patients. Although this patient suffered from breast carcinoma 6 years after the onset of FDC sarcoma, the carcinoma showed different histological and phenotypic profiles.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous/genetics
- Axilla
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular/genetics
- Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular/pathology
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/genetics
- Receptors, Complement 3d/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Suzuki
- Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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