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Toudji I, Toumi A, Chamberland É, Rossignol E. Interneuron odyssey: molecular mechanisms of tangential migration. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1256455. [PMID: 37779671 PMCID: PMC10538647 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1256455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons are critical components of neural networks. They provide local and long-range inhibition and help coordinate network activities involved in various brain functions, including signal processing, learning, memory and adaptative responses. Disruption of cortical GABAergic interneuron migration thus induces profound deficits in neural network organization and function, and results in a variety of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. It is thus of paramount importance to elucidate the specific mechanisms that govern the migration of interneurons to clarify some of the underlying disease mechanisms. GABAergic interneurons destined to populate the cortex arise from multipotent ventral progenitor cells located in the ganglionic eminences and pre-optic area. Post-mitotic interneurons exit their place of origin in the ventral forebrain and migrate dorsally using defined migratory streams to reach the cortical plate, which they enter through radial migration before dispersing to settle in their final laminar allocation. While migrating, cortical interneurons constantly change their morphology through the dynamic remodeling of actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeleton as they detect and integrate extracellular guidance cues generated by neuronal and non-neuronal sources distributed along their migratory routes. These processes ensure proper distribution of GABAergic interneurons across cortical areas and lamina, supporting the development of adequate network connectivity and brain function. This short review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling cortical GABAergic interneuron migration, with a focus on tangential migration, and addresses potential avenues for cell-based interneuron progenitor transplants in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Toudji
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Asmaa Toumi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Émile Chamberland
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Rossignol
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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2
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Kounoupa Z, Tivodar S, Theodorakis K, Kyriakis D, Denaxa M, Karagogeos D. Rac1 and Rac3 GTPases and TPC2 are required for axonal outgrowth and migration of cortical interneurons. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286920. [PMID: 36744839 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, among them Rac1 and Rac3, are major transducers of extracellular signals and are involved in multiple cellular processes. In cortical interneurons, the neurons that control the balance between excitation and inhibition of cortical circuits, Rac1 and Rac3 are essential for their development. Ablation of both leads to a severe reduction in the numbers of mature interneurons found in the murine cortex, which is partially due to abnormal cell cycle progression of interneuron precursors and defective formation of growth cones in young neurons. Here, we present new evidence that upon Rac1 and Rac3 ablation, centrosome, Golgi complex and lysosome positioning is significantly perturbed, thus affecting both interneuron migration and axon growth. Moreover, for the first time, we provide evidence of altered expression and localization of the two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) voltage-gated ion channel that mediates Ca2+ release. Pharmacological inhibition of TPC2 negatively affected axonal growth and migration of interneurons. Our data, taken together, suggest that TPC2 contributes to the severe phenotype in axon growth initiation, extension and interneuron migration in the absence of Rac1 and Rac3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouzana Kounoupa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Simona Tivodar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Kostas Theodorakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kyriakis
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre 'Al. Fleming', Vari, 16672, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
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3
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Vandestadt C, Vanwalleghem GC, Khabooshan MA, Douek AM, Castillo HA, Li M, Schulze K, Don E, Stamatis SA, Ratnadiwakara M, Änkö ML, Scott EK, Kaslin J. RNA-induced inflammation and migration of precursor neurons initiates neuronal circuit regeneration in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2364-2380.e8. [PMID: 34428400 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration and functional restoration after injury are considered as stem- and progenitor-cell-driven processes. In the central nervous system, stem cell-driven repair is slow and problematic because function needs to be restored rapidly for vital tasks. In highly regenerative vertebrates, such as zebrafish, functional recovery is rapid, suggesting a capability for fast cell production and functional integration. Surprisingly, we found that migration of dormant "precursor neurons" to the injury site pioneers functional circuit regeneration after spinal cord injury and controls the subsequent stem-cell-driven repair response. Thus, the precursor neurons make do before the stem cells make new. Furthermore, RNA released from the dying or damaged cells at the site of injury acts as a signal to attract precursor neurons for repair. Taken together, our data demonstrate an unanticipated role of neuronal migration and RNA as drivers of neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Vandestadt
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Gilles C Vanwalleghem
- The Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mitra Amiri Khabooshan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Alon M Douek
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Hozana Andrade Castillo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia; Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas CEP 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Mei Li
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Keith Schulze
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Emily Don
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - Madara Ratnadiwakara
- Centre for Reproductive Health and Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Minna-Liisa Änkö
- Centre for Reproductive Health and Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ethan K Scott
- The Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Direct interaction of metastasis-inducing S100P protein with tubulin causes enhanced cell migration without changes in cell adhesion. Biochem J 2020; 477:1159-1178. [PMID: 32065231 PMCID: PMC7108782 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of S100P promotes breast cancer metastasis in animals and elevated levels in primary breast cancers are associated with poor patient outcomes. S100P can differentially interact with nonmuscle myosin (NM) isoforms (IIA > IIC > IIB) leading to the redistribution of actomyosin filaments to enhance cell migration. Using COS-7 cells which do not naturally express NMIIA, S100P is now shown to interact directly with α,β-tubulin in vitro and in vivo with an equilibrium Kd of 2–3 × 10−7 M. The overexpressed S100P is located mainly in nuclei and microtubule organising centres (MTOC) and it significantly reduces their number, slows down tubulin polymerisation and enhances cell migration in S100P-induced COS-7 or HeLa cells. It fails, however, to significantly reduce cell adhesion, in contrast with NMIIA-containing S100P-inducible HeLa cells. When taxol is used to stabilise MTs or colchicine to dissociate MTs, S100P's stimulation of migration is abolished. Affinity-chromatography of tryptic digests of α and β-tubulin on S100P-bound beads identifies multiple S100P-binding sites consistent with S100P binding to all four half molecules in gel-overlay assays. When screened by NMR and ITC for interacting with S100P, four chemically synthesised peptides show interactions with low micromolar dissociation constants. The two highest affinity peptides significantly inhibit binding of S100P to α,β-tubulin and, when tagged for cellular entry, also inhibit S100P-induced reduction in tubulin polymerisation and S100P-enhancement of COS-7 or HeLa cell migration. A third peptide incapable of interacting with S100P also fails in this respect. Thus S100P can interact directly with two different cytoskeletal filaments to independently enhance cell migration, the most important step in the metastatic cascade.
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Boulan B, Beghin A, Ravanello C, Deloulme JC, Gory-Fauré S, Andrieux A, Brocard J, Denarier E. AutoNeuriteJ: An ImageJ plugin for measurement and classification of neuritic extensions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234529. [PMID: 32673338 PMCID: PMC7365462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphometry characterization is an important procedure in describing neuronal cultures and identifying phenotypic differences. This task usually requires labor-intensive measurements and the classification of numerous neurites from large numbers of neurons in culture. To automate these measurements, we wrote AutoNeuriteJ, an imageJ/Fiji plugin that measures and classifies neurites from a very large number of neurons. We showed that AutoNeuriteJ is able to detect variations of neuritic growth induced by several compounds known to affect the neuronal growth. In these experiments measurement of more than 5000 mouse neurons per conditions was obtained within a few hours. Moreover, by analyzing mouse neurons deficient for the microtubule associated protein 6 (MAP6) and wild type neurons we illustrate that AutoNeuriteJ is capable to detect subtle phenotypic difference in axonal length. Overall the use of AutoNeuriteJ will provide rapid, unbiased and accurate measurement of neuron morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Boulan
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Beghin
- MechanoBiology Institute (MBI) at NUS Singapore MBI, T-Lab, Singapore
| | - Charlotte Ravanello
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sylvie Gory-Fauré
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Brocard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Denarier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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6
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Jossin Y. Molecular mechanisms of cell polarity in a range of model systems and in migrating neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103503. [PMID: 32485296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is defined as the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along an axis. Most cells, from the simplest single-cell organisms to highly specialized mammalian cells, are polarized and use similar mechanisms to generate and maintain polarity. Cell polarity is important for cells to migrate, form tissues, and coordinate activities. During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, cell polarity is essential for neurogenesis and for the migration of newborn but as-yet undifferentiated neurons. These oriented migrations include both the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons and the tangential migration of inhibitory interneurons. In this review, I will first describe the development of the cerebral cortex, as revealed at the cellular level. I will then define the core molecular mechanisms - the Par/Crb/Scrib polarity complexes, small GTPases, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and phosphoinositides/PI3K signaling - that are required for asymmetric cell division, apico-basal and front-rear polarity in model systems, including C elegans zygote, Drosophila embryos and cultured mammalian cells. As I go through each core mechanism I will explain what is known about its importance in radial and tangential migration in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Myers AK, Cunningham JG, Smith SE, Snow JP, Smoot CA, Tucker ES. JNK signaling is required for proper tangential migration and laminar allocation of cortical interneurons. Development 2020; 147:dev180646. [PMID: 31915148 PMCID: PMC6983726 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The precise migration of cortical interneurons is essential for the formation and function of cortical circuits, and disruptions to this key developmental process are implicated in the etiology of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism and epilepsy. We have recently identified the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway as an important mediator of cortical interneuron migration in mice, regulating the proper timing of interneuron arrival into the cortical rudiment. In the current study, we demonstrate a vital role for JNK signaling at later stages of corticogenesis, when interneurons transition from tangential to radial modes of migration. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK signaling in ex vivo slice cultures caused cortical interneurons to rapidly depart from migratory streams and prematurely enter the cortical plate. Similarly, genetic loss of JNK function led to precocious stream departure ex vivo, and stream disruption, morphological changes and abnormal allocation of cortical interneurons in vivo These data suggest that JNK signaling facilitates the tangential migration and laminar deposition of cortical interneurons, and further implicates the JNK pathway as an important regulator of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail K Myers
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jessica G Cunningham
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Skye E Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Biochemistry Graduate Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - John P Snow
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Catherine A Smoot
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Eric S Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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8
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Tonazzini I, Van Woerden GM, Masciullo C, Mientjes EJ, Elgersma Y, Cecchini M. The role of ubiquitin ligase E3A in polarized contact guidance and rescue strategies in UBE3A-deficient hippocampal neurons. Mol Autism 2019; 10:41. [PMID: 31798818 PMCID: PMC6884852 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although neuronal extracellular sensing is emerging as crucial for brain wiring and therefore plasticity, little is known about these processes in neurodevelopmental disorders. Ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) plays a key role in neurodevelopment. Lack of UBE3A leads to Angelman syndrome (AS), while its increase is among the most prevalent genetic causes of autism (e.g., Dup15q syndrome). By using microstructured substrates that can induce specific directional stimuli in cells, we previously found deficient topographical contact guidance in AS neurons, which was linked to a dysregulated activation of the focal adhesion pathway. Methods Here, we study axon and dendrite contact guidance and neuronal morphological features of wild-type, AS, and UBE3A-overexpressing neurons (Dup15q autism model) on micrograting substrates, with the aim to clarify the role of UBE3A in neuronal guidance. Results We found that loss of axonal contact guidance is specific for AS neurons while UBE3A overexpression does not affect neuronal directional polarization along microgratings. Deficits at the level of axonal branching, growth cone orientation and actin fiber content, focal adhesion (FA) effectors, and actin fiber-binding proteins were observed in AS neurons. We tested different rescue strategies for restoring correct topographical guidance in AS neurons on microgratings, by either UBE3A protein re-expression or by pharmacological treatments acting on cytoskeleton contractility. Nocodazole, a drug that depolymerizes microtubules and increases cell contractility, rescued AS axonal alignment to the gratings by partially restoring focal adhesion pathway activation. Surprisingly, UBE3A re-expression only resulted in partial rescue of the phenotype. Conclusions We identified a specific in vitro deficit in axonal topographical guidance due selectively to the loss of UBE3A, and we further demonstrate that this defective guidance can be rescued to a certain extent by pharmacological or genetic treatment strategies. Overall, cytoskeleton dynamics emerge as important partners in UBE3A-mediated contact guidance responses. These results support the view that UBE3A-related deficits in early neuronal morphogenesis may lead to defective neuronal connectivity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Tonazzini
- Istituto Nanoscienze- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) & Scuola Normale Superiore, NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.,2Department of Neuroscience, ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geeske M Van Woerden
- 2Department of Neuroscience, ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Masciullo
- Istituto Nanoscienze- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) & Scuola Normale Superiore, NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Edwin J Mientjes
- 2Department of Neuroscience, ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- 2Department of Neuroscience, ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Istituto Nanoscienze- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) & Scuola Normale Superiore, NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Topographical cues control the morphology and dynamics of migrating cortical interneurons. Biomaterials 2019; 214:119194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Antonica F, Orietti LC, Mort RL, Zernicka-Goetz M. Concerted cell divisions in embryonic visceral endoderm guide anterior visceral endoderm migration. Dev Biol 2019; 450:132-140. [PMID: 30940540 PMCID: PMC6553843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Migration of Anterior Visceral Endoderm (AVE) is a critical symmetry breaking event in the early post-implantation embryo development and is essential for establishing the correct body plan. Despite much effort, cellular and molecular events influencing AVE migration are only partially understood. Here, using time-lapse live imaging of mouse embryos, we demonstrate that cell division in the embryonic visceral endoderm is coordinated with AVE migration. Moreover, we demonstrate that temporal inhibition of FGF signalling during the pre-implantation specification of embryonic visceral endoderm perturbs cell cycle progression, thus affecting AVE migration. These findings demonstrate that coordinated cell cycle progression during the implantation stages of development is important for post-implantation morphogenesis in the mouse embryo. Cell divisions are concerted in embryonic visceral endoderm of post-implantation mouse embryos. AVE migration is dependent on concerted cell divisions. FGF signalling inhibition during PE specification affects coordinated mitosis and AVE migration in post-implantation embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Antonica
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Lorenzo Carlo Orietti
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Richard Lester Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
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11
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Impact of cycling cells and cell cycle regulation on Hydra regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:240-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Schomann T, Mezzanotte L, De Groot JCMJ, Rivolta MN, Hendriks SH, Frijns JHM, Huisman MA. Neuronal differentiation of hair-follicle-bulge-derived stem cells co-cultured with mouse cochlear modiolus explants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187183. [PMID: 29084289 PMCID: PMC5662184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem-cell-based repair of auditory neurons may represent an attractive therapeutic option to restore sensorineural hearing loss. Hair-follicle-bulge-derived stem cells (HFBSCs) are promising candidates for this type of therapy, because they (1) have migratory properties, enabling migration after transplantation, (2) can differentiate into sensory neurons and glial cells, and (3) can easily be harvested in relatively high numbers. However, HFBSCs have never been used for this purpose. We hypothesized that HFBSCs can be used for cell-based repair of the auditory nerve and we have examined their migration and incorporation into cochlear modiolus explants and their subsequent differentiation. Modiolus explants obtained from adult wild-type mice were cultured in the presence of EF1α-copGFP-transduced HFBSCs, constitutively expressing copepod green fluorescent protein (copGFP). Also, modiolus explants without hair cells were co-cultured with DCX-copGFP-transduced HFBSCs, which demonstrate copGFP upon doublecortin expression during neuronal differentiation. Velocity of HFBSC migration towards modiolus explants was calculated, and after two weeks, co-cultures were fixed and processed for immunohistochemical staining. EF1α-copGFP HFBSC migration velocity was fast: 80.5 ± 6.1 μm/h. After arrival in the explant, the cells formed a fascicular pattern and changed their phenotype into an ATOH1-positive neuronal cell type. DCX-copGFP HFBSCs became green-fluorescent after integration into the explants, confirming neuronal differentiation of the cells. These results show that HFBSC-derived neuronal progenitors are migratory and can integrate into cochlear modiolus explants, while adapting their phenotype depending on this micro-environment. Thus, HFBSCs show potential to be employed in cell-based therapies for auditory nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Schomann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Optical Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - John C. M. J. De Groot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Marcelo N. Rivolta
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sanne H. Hendriks
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Johan H. M. Frijns
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Margriet A. Huisman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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13
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Cornell B, Wachi T, Zhukarev V, Toyo-Oka K. Overexpression of the 14-3-3gamma protein in embryonic mice results in neuronal migration delay in the developing cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett 2016; 628:40-6. [PMID: 27288018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 protein family is a group of multifunctional proteins that are highly expressed in the brain; however, their functions in brain development are largely unknown. Williams Syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a deletion in the 7q11.23 chromosome locus, including the gene encoding 14-3-3gamma, resulting in developmental delay, intellectual disabilities and epilepsy. We have previously shown that knocking down the 14-3-3gamma protein in utero in mice results in delays in neuronal migration of pyramidal neurons in the cortex. Importantly, there is a reciprocal duplication syndrome to Williams Syndrome where the 7q11.23 locus is duplicated, resulting in epilepsy and intellectual disabilities. Thus, the deletion or the duplication of the 7q11.23 chromosome locus results in epilepsy. Taken together with the fact that defects in neuronal migration are one of main causes for epilepsy, we analyzed if the overexpression of 14-3-3gamma causes neuronal migration defects. In this work, we found that the overexpression of 14-3-3gamma in utero in the developing mouse cortex results in delays in pyramidal neuron migration, similar to what was previously observed when 14-3-3gamma was knocked down. These results, in conjunction with our previous research, indicate that a balance of 14-3-3gamma expression is required during cortical development to prevent delays in neuronal migration. This work provides clear evidence as to the involvement of 14-3-3gamma in neurodevelopmental disorders and how a disruption in 14-3-3gamma expression may contribute to the neurodevelopmental disorders that manifest when the 7q11.23 locus is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Cornell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Tomoka Wachi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Vladimir Zhukarev
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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14
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Peyre E, Silva CG, Nguyen L. Crosstalk between intracellular and extracellular signals regulating interneuron production, migration and integration into the cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:129. [PMID: 25926769 PMCID: PMC4396449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, cortical interneurons are generated by ventral progenitors located in the ganglionic eminences of the telencephalon. They travel along multiple tangential paths to populate the cortical wall. As they reach this structure they undergo intracortical dispersion to settle in their final destination. At the cellular level, migrating interneurons are highly polarized cells that extend and retract processes using dynamic remodeling of microtubule and actin cytoskeleton. Different levels of molecular regulation contribute to interneuron migration. These include: (1) Extrinsic guidance cues distributed along migratory streams that are sensed and integrated by migrating interneurons; (2) Intrinsic genetic programs driven by specific transcription factors that grant specification and set the timing of migration for different subtypes of interneurons; (3) Adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal elements/regulators that transduce molecular signalings into coherent movement. These levels of molecular regulation must be properly integrated by interneurons to allow their migration in the cortex. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the interplay between microenvironmental signals and cell autonomous programs that drive cortical interneuron porduction, tangential migration, and intergration in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Peyre
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Carla G Silva
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Wallon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
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15
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Garcez PP, Diaz-Alonso J, Crespo-Enriquez I, Castro D, Bell D, Guillemot F. Cenpj/CPAP regulates progenitor divisions and neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex downstream of Ascl1. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6474. [PMID: 25753651 PMCID: PMC4366522 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The proneural factor Ascl1 controls multiple steps of neurogenesis in the embryonic brain, including progenitor division and neuronal migration. Here we show that Cenpj, also known as CPAP, a microcephaly gene, is a transcriptional target of Ascl1 in the embryonic cerebral cortex. We have characterized the role of Cenpj during cortical development by in utero electroporation knockdown and found that silencing Cenpj in the ventricular zone disrupts centrosome biogenesis and randomizes the cleavage plane orientation of radial glia progenitors. Moreover, we show that downregulation of Cenpj in post-mitotic neurons increases stable microtubules and leads to slower neuronal migration, abnormal centrosome position and aberrant neuronal morphology. Moreover, rescue experiments shows that Cenpj mediates the role of Ascl1 in centrosome biogenesis in progenitor cells and in microtubule dynamics in migrating neurons. These data provide insights into genetic pathways controlling cortical development and primary microcephaly observed in humans with mutations in Cenpj. The proneural factor Ascl1/Mash1 is an important regulator of embryonic neurogenesis. Here the authors identify that the microcephaly protein Cenpj/CPAP is essential for several microtubule-dependent steps in the neurogenic program driven by Ascl1 in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Garcez
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Javier Diaz-Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology and Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Neuroquímicas (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Crespo-Enriquez
- Department of Craniofacial Development &Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Tower Wing, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Diogo Castro
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Donald Bell
- Confocal and Image Analysis Laboratory, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - François Guillemot
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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16
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Hutchins BI, Wray S. Capture of microtubule plus-ends at the actin cortex promotes axophilic neuronal migration by enhancing microtubule tension in the leading process. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:400. [PMID: 25505874 PMCID: PMC4245908 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are a critical part of neuronal polarity and leading process extension, thus microtubule movement plays an important role in neuronal migration. However, the dynamics of microtubules during the forward movement of the nucleus into the leading process (nucleokinesis) is unclear and may be dependent on the cell type and mode of migration used. In particular, little is known about cytoskeletal changes during axophilic migration, commonly used in anteroposterior neuronal migration. We recently showed that leading process actin flow in migrating GnRH neurons is controlled by a signaling cascade involving IP3 receptors, CaMKK, AMPK, and RhoA. In the present study, microtubule dynamics were examined in GnRH neurons. Failure of the migration of these cells leads to the neuroendocrine disorder Kallmann Syndrome. Microtubules translocated forward along the leading process shaft during migration, but reversed direction and moved toward the nucleus when migration stalled. Blocking calcium release through IP3 receptors halted migration and induced the same reversal of microtubule translocation, while blocking cortical actin flow prevented microtubules from translocating toward the distal leading process. Super-resolution imaging revealed that microtubule plus-end tips are captured at the actin cortex through calcium-dependent mechanisms. This work shows that cortical actin flow draws the microtubule network forward through calcium-dependent capture in order to promote nucleokinesis, revealing a novel mechanism engaged by migrating neurons to facilitate movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ian Hutchins
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA ; Postdoctoral Research Associate Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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SDF1 reduces interneuron leading process branching through dual regulation of actin and microtubules. J Neurosci 2014; 34:4941-62. [PMID: 24695713 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4351-12.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal cerebral cortical function requires a highly ordered balance between projection neurons and interneurons. During development these two neuronal populations migrate from distinct progenitor zones to form the cerebral cortex, with interneurons originating in the more distant ganglionic eminences. Moreover, deficits in interneurons have been linked to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders underscoring the importance of understanding interneuron development and function. We, and others, have identified SDF1 signaling as one important modulator of interneuron migration speed and leading process branching behavior in mice, although how SDF1 signaling impacts these behaviors remains unknown. We previously found SDF1 inhibited leading process branching while increasing the rate of migration. We have now mechanistically linked SDF1 modulation of leading process branching behavior to a dual regulation of both actin and microtubule organization. We find SDF1 consolidates actin at the leading process tip by de-repressing calpain protease and increasing proteolysis of branched-actin-supporting cortactin. Additionally, SDF1 stabilizes the microtubule array in the leading process through activation of the microtubule-associated protein doublecortin (DCX). DCX stabilizes the microtubule array by bundling microtubules within the leading process, reducing branching. These data provide mechanistic insight into the regulation of interneuron leading process dynamics during neuronal migration in mice and provides insight into how cortactin and DCX, a known human neuronal migration disorder gene, participate in this process.
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18
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Silva CG, Métin C, Fazeli W, Machado NJ, Darmopil S, Launay PS, Ghestem A, Nesa MP, Bassot E, Szabó E, Baqi Y, Müller CE, Tomé AR, Ivanov A, Isbrandt D, Zilberter Y, Cunha RA, Esclapez M, Bernard C. Adenosine receptor antagonists including caffeine alter fetal brain development in mice. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:197ra104. [PMID: 23926202 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of certain substances during pregnancy can interfere with brain development, leading to deleterious long-term neurological and cognitive impairments in offspring. To test whether modulators of adenosine receptors affect neural development, we exposed mouse dams to a subtype-selective adenosine type 2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist or to caffeine, a naturally occurring adenosine receptor antagonist, during pregnancy and lactation. We observed delayed migration and insertion of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons into the hippocampal circuitry during the first postnatal week in offspring of dams treated with the A2AR antagonist or caffeine. This was associated with increased neuronal network excitability and increased susceptibility to seizures in response to a seizure-inducing agent. Adult offspring of mouse dams exposed to A2AR antagonists during pregnancy and lactation displayed loss of hippocampal GABA neurons and some cognitive deficits. These results demonstrate that exposure to A2AR antagonists including caffeine during pregnancy and lactation in rodents may have adverse effects on the neural development of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla G Silva
- Aix Marseille Université, INS, 13005 Marseille, France.
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19
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Jee H, Sakurai T, Lim JY, Hatta H. Changes in αB-crystallin, tubulin, and MHC isoforms by hindlimb unloading show different expression patterns in various hindlimb muscles. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:161-8. [PMID: 25566451 PMCID: PMC4241918 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] αB-crystallin is a small heat shock protein that acts as a molecular chaperone under various stress conditions. Microtubules, which consist of tubulin, are related to maintain the intracellular organelles and cellular morphology. These two proteins have been shown to be related to the properties of different types of myofibers based on their contractile properties. The response of these proteins during muscular atrophy, which induces a myofibril component change, is not clearly understood. [Methods] We performed 15 days of hindlimb unloading on rats to investigate the transitions of these proteins by analyzing their absolute quantities. Protein contents were analyzed in the soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles of the unloading and control groups (N = 6). [Results] All three muscles were significantly atrophied by hindlimb unloading (P < 0.01): soleus (47.5%), plantaris (16.3%), and gastrocnemius (21.3%) compared to each control group. αB-crystallin was significantly reduced in all three examined unloaded hindlimb muscles compared to controls (P < 0.01) during the transition of the myosin heavy chain to fast twitch muscles. α-Tubulin responded only in the unloaded soleus muscle. Muscle atrophy induced the reduction of αB-crystallin and α-tubulin expressions in plantar flexor muscles with a shift to the fast muscle fiber compared to the control. [Conclusion] The novel finding of this study is that both proteins, αB-crystallin and α-tubulin, were downregulated in slow muscles (P < 0.01); However, α-tubulin was not significantly reduced compared to the control in fast muscles (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseok Jee
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea ; The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jae-Young Lim
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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20
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Tivodar S, Kalemaki K, Kounoupa Z, Vidaki M, Theodorakis K, Denaxa M, Kessaris N, de Curtis I, Pachnis V, Karagogeos D. Rac-GTPases Regulate Microtubule Stability and Axon Growth of Cortical GABAergic Interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2370-82. [PMID: 24626607 PMCID: PMC4537417 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons are characterized by extraordinary functional and morphological diversity. Although tremendous progress has been made in uncovering molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in interneuron generation and function, several questions still remain open. Rho-GTPases have been implicated as intracellular mediators of numerous developmental processes such as cytoskeleton organization, vesicle trafficking, transcription, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Specifically in cortical interneurons, we have recently shown a cell-autonomous and stage-specific requirement for Rac1 activity within proliferating interneuron precursors. Conditional ablation of Rac1 in the medial ganglionic eminence leads to a 50% reduction of GABAergic interneurons in the postnatal cortex. Here we examine the additional role of Rac3 by analyzing Rac1/Rac3 double-mutant mice. We show that in the absence of both Rac proteins, the embryonic migration of medial ganglionic eminence-derived interneurons is further impaired. Postnatally, double-mutant mice display a dramatic loss of cortical interneurons. In addition, Rac1/Rac3-deficient interneurons show gross cytoskeletal defects in vitro, with the length of their leading processes significantly reduced and a clear multipolar morphology. We propose that in the absence of Rac1/Rac3, cortical interneurons fail to migrate tangentially towards the pallium due to defects in actin and microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tivodar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Kalemaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Zouzana Kounoupa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marina Vidaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece Current Address: Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kostas Theodorakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Nicoletta Kessaris
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
| | - Ivan de Curtis
- Cell Adhesion Unit, Dibit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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21
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Zou Q, Hou Y, Shen F, Wang Y. Polarized regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β is important for glioma cell invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81814. [PMID: 24312592 PMCID: PMC3849364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma malignancy greatly depends on its aggressive invasion. The establishment of cell polarity is an important initial step for cell migration, which is essential for cell-directional translocation. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cell polarity formation in glioma cell invasion remains limited. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has a critical role in the formation of cell polarity. We therefore investigated whether localized GSK-3β, a subtype of GSK-3, is important for glioma cell invasion. We reported here that the localized phosphorylation of GSK-3β at the Ser9 (pSer9-GSK-3β) was critical for glioma cell invasion. Scratching glioma cell monolayer up-regulated pSer9-GSK-3β specifically at the wound edge. Inhibition of GSK-3 impaired the cell polarity and reduced the directional persistence of cell migration. Consistently, down-regulation of GSK-3α and 3β by specific small interfering RNAs inhibited glioma cell invasion. Over-expressing wild-type or constitutively active forms of GSK-3β also inhibited the cell invasion. These results indicated the polarized localization of GSK-3 regulation in cell migration might be also important for glioma cell migration. Further, EGF regulated both GSK-3α and 3β, but only pSer9-GSK-3β was enriched at the leading edge of scratched glioma cells. Up- or down-regulation of GSK-3β inhibited EGF-stimulated cell invasion. Moreover, EGF specifically regulated GSK-3β, but not GSK-3α, through atypical PKC pathways. Our results indicated that GSK-3 was important for glioma cell invasion and localized inhibition of GSK-3β was critical for cell polarity formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Zou
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (FS); (YZW)
| | - Yizheng Wang
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (FS); (YZW)
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22
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Rakić S, Kanatani S, Hunt D, Faux C, Cariboni A, Chiara F, Khan S, Wansbury O, Howard B, Nakajima K, Nikolić M, Parnavelas JG. Cdk5 phosphorylation of ErbB4 is required for tangential migration of cortical interneurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:991-1003. [PMID: 24142862 PMCID: PMC4380000 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interneuron dysfunction in humans is often associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. Some of these disorders are believed to emerge during brain formation, at the time of interneuron specification, migration, and synapse formation. Here, using a mouse model and a host of histological and molecular biological techniques, we report that the signaling molecule cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), and its activator p35, control the tangential migration of interneurons toward and within the cerebral cortex by modulating the critical neurodevelopmental signaling pathway, ErbB4/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, that has been repeatedly linked to schizophrenia. This finding identifies Cdk5 as a crucial signaling factor in cortical interneuron development in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rakić
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Shigeaki Kanatani
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - David Hunt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Clare Faux
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Francesca Chiara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, UK
| | - Olivia Wansbury
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Beatrice Howard
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Margareta Nikolić
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Imperial College School of Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - John G Parnavelas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, UK
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23
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Baudoin JP, Viou L, Launay PS, Luccardini C, Espeso Gil S, Kiyasova V, Irinopoulou T, Alvarez C, Rio JP, Boudier T, Lechaire JP, Kessaris N, Spassky N, Métin C. Tangentially Migrating Neurons Assemble a Primary Cilium that Promotes Their Reorientation to the Cortical Plate. Neuron 2012; 76:1108-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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MEC-17 deficiency leads to reduced α-tubulin acetylation and impaired migration of cortical neurons. J Neurosci 2012; 32:12673-83. [PMID: 22972992 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0016-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental process during the development of the cerebral cortex and is regulated by cytoskeletal components. Microtubule dynamics can be modulated by posttranslational modifications to tubulin subunits. Acetylation of α-tubulin at lysine 40 is important in regulating microtubule properties, and this process is controlled by acetyltransferase and deacetylase. MEC-17 is a newly discovered α-tubulin acetyltransferase that has been found to play a major role in the acetylation of α-tubulin in different species in vivo. However, the physiological function of MEC-17 during neural development is largely unknown. Here, we report that MEC-17 is critical for the migration of cortical neurons in the rat. MEC-17 was strongly expressed in the cerebral cortex during development. MEC-17 deficiency caused migratory defects in the cortical projection neurons and interneurons, and perturbed the transition of projection neurons from the multipolar stage to the unipolar/bipolar stage in the intermediate zone of the cortex. Furthermore, knockdown of α-tubulin deacetylase HDAC6 or overexpression of tubulin(K40Q) to mimic acetylated α-tubulin could reduce the migratory and morphological defects caused by MEC-17 deficiency in cortical projection neurons. Thus, MEC-17, which regulates the acetylation of α-tubulin, appears to control the migration and morphological transition of cortical neurons. This finding reveals the importance of MEC-17 and α-tubulin acetylation in cortical development.
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25
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Fu C, Cawthon B, Clinkscales W, Bruce A, Winzenburger P, Ess KC. GABAergic interneuron development and function is modulated by the Tsc1 gene. Cereb Cortex 2012; 22:2111-9. [PMID: 22021912 PMCID: PMC3412444 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disease with severe neurologic and psychiatric manifestations including epilepsy, developmental delay, and autism. Despite much progress in defining abnormal signaling pathways including the contribution of increased mTORC1 signaling, specific abnormalities that underlie the severe neurologic features in TSC remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that epilepsy and autism in TSC result from abnormalities of γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons. To test this hypothesis, we generated conditional knockout mice with selective deletion of the Tsc1 gene in GABAergic interneuron progenitor cells. These interneuron-specific Tsc1 conditional knockout (CKO) mice have impaired growth and decreased survival. Cortical and hippocampal GABAergic interneurons of CKO mice are enlarged and show increased mTORC1 signaling. Total numbers of GABAergic cells are reduced in the cortex with differential reduction of specific GABAergic subtypes. Ectopic clusters of cells with increased mTORC1 signaling are also seen suggesting impaired interneuron migration. The functional consequences of these cellular changes are evident in the decreased seizure threshold on exposure to the proconvulsant flurothyl. These findings support an important role for the Tsc1 gene during GABAergic interneuron development, function, and possibly migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin C. Ess
- Department of Neurology
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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26
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Dun XP, Bandeira de Lima T, Allen J, Geraldo S, Gordon-Weeks P, Chilton JK. Drebrin controls neuronal migration through the formation and alignment of the leading process. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:341-50. [PMID: 22306864 PMCID: PMC3356577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of a functional nervous system requires neurons to migrate to the correct place within the developing brain. Tangentially migrating neurons are guided by a leading process which extends towards the target and is followed by the cell body. How environmental cues are coupled to specific cytoskeletal changes to produce and guide leading process growth is unknown. One such cytoskeletal modulator is drebrin, an actin-binding protein known to induce protrusions in many cell types and be important for regulating neuronal morphology. Using the migration of oculomotor neurons as a model, we have shown that drebrin is necessary for the generation and guidance of the leading process. In the absence of drebrin, leading processes are not formed and cells fail to migrate although axon growth and pathfinding appear grossly unaffected. Conversely, when levels of drebrin are elevated the leading processes turn away from their target and as a result the motor neuron cell bodies move along abnormal paths within the brain. The aberrant trajectories were highly reproducible suggesting that drebrin is required to interpret specific guidance cues. The axons and growth cones of these neurons display morphological changes, particularly increased branching and filopodial number but despite this they extend along normal developmental pathways. Collectively these results show that drebrin is initially necessary for the formation of a leading process and subsequently for this to respond to navigational signals and grow in the correct direction. Furthermore, we have shown that the actions of drebrin can be segregated within individual motor neurons to direct their migration independently of axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-peng Dun
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
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Shinohara R, Thumkeo D, Kamijo H, Kaneko N, Sawamoto K, Watanabe K, Takebayashi H, Kiyonari H, Ishizaki T, Furuyashiki T, Narumiya S. A role for mDia, a Rho-regulated actin nucleator, in tangential migration of interneuron precursors. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:373-80, S1-2. [PMID: 22246438 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In brain development, distinct types of migration, radial migration and tangential migration, are shown by excitatory and inhibitory neurons, respectively. Whether these two types of migration operate by similar cellular mechanisms remains unclear. We examined neuronal migration in mice deficient in mDia1 (also known as Diap1) and mDia3 (also known as Diap2), which encode the Rho-regulated actin nucleators mammalian diaphanous homolog 1 (mDia1) and mDia3. mDia deficiency impaired tangential migration of cortical and olfactory inhibitory interneurons, whereas radial migration and consequent layer formation of cortical excitatory neurons were unaffected. mDia-deficient neuroblasts exhibited reduced separation of the centrosome from the nucleus and retarded nuclear translocation. Concomitantly, anterograde F-actin movement and F-actin condensation at the rear, which occur during centrosomal and nuclear movement of wild-type cells, respectively, were impaired in mDia-deficient neuroblasts. Blockade of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), which regulates myosin II, also impaired nuclear translocation. These results suggest that Rho signaling via mDia and ROCK critically regulates nuclear translocation through F-actin dynamics in tangential migration, whereas this mechanism is dispensable in radial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shinohara
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Park H, Hong S, Hong S. Nocodazole is a high-affinity ligand for the cancer-related kinases ABL, c-KIT, BRAF, and MEK. ChemMedChem 2011; 7:53-6. [PMID: 22002881 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea.
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29
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CXCR4 and CXCR7 have distinct functions in regulating interneuron migration. Neuron 2011; 69:61-76. [PMID: 21220099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling is critical for cortical interneuron migration and their final laminar distribution. No information is yet available on CXCR7, a newly defined CXCL12 receptor. Here we demonstrated that CXCR7 regulated interneuron migration autonomously, as well as nonautonomously through its expression in immature projection neurons. Migrating cortical interneurons coexpressed Cxcr4 and Cxcr7, and Cxcr7(-/-) and Cxcr4(-/-) mutants had similar defects in interneuron positioning. Ectopic CXCL12 expression and pharmacological blockade of CXCR4 in Cxcr7(-/-) mutants showed that both receptors were essential for responding to CXCL12 during interneuron migration. Furthermore, live imaging revealed that Cxcr4(-/-) and Cxcr7(-/-) mutants had opposite defects in interneuron motility and leading process morphology. In vivo inhibition of Gα(i/o) signaling in migrating interneurons phenocopied the interneuron lamination defects of Cxcr4(-/-) mutants. On the other hand, CXCL12 stimulation of CXCR7, but not CXCR4, promoted MAP kinase signaling. Thus, we suggest that CXCR4 and CXCR7 have distinct roles and signal transduction in regulating interneuron movement and laminar positioning.
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Leading tip drives soma translocation via forward F-actin flow during neuronal migration. J Neurosci 2010; 30:10885-98. [PMID: 20702717 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0240-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration involves coordinated extension of the leading process and translocation of the soma, but the relative contribution of different subcellular regions, including the leading process and cell rear, in driving soma translocation remains unclear. By local manipulation of cytoskeletal components in restricted regions of cultured neurons, we examined the molecular machinery underlying the generation of traction force for soma translocation during neuronal migration. In actively migrating cerebellar granule cells in culture, a growth cone (GC)-like structure at the leading tip exhibits high dynamics, and severing the tip or disrupting its dynamics suppressed soma translocation within minutes. Soma translocation was also suppressed by local disruption of F-actin along the leading process but not at the soma, whereas disrupting microtubules along the leading process or at the soma accelerated soma translocation. Fluorescent speckle microscopy using GFP-alpha-actinin showed that a forward F-actin flow along the leading process correlated with and was required for soma translocation, and such F-actin flow depended on myosin II activity. In migrating neurons, myosin II activity was high at the leading tip but low at the soma, and increasing or decreasing this front-to-rear difference accelerated or impeded soma advance. Thus, the tip of the leading process actively pulls the soma forward during neuronal migration through a myosin II-dependent forward F-actin flow along the leading process.
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31
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Actomyosin contraction at the cell rear drives nuclear translocation in migrating cortical interneurons. J Neurosci 2010; 30:8660-70. [PMID: 20573911 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1962-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a complex process requiring the coordinated interaction of cytoskeletal components and regulated by calcium signaling among other factors. Migratory neurons are polarized cells in which the largest intracellular organelle, the nucleus, has to move repeatedly. Current views support a central role for pulling forces that drive nuclear movement. The participation of actomyosin driven forces acting at the nucleus rear has been suggested, however its precise contribution has not been directly addressed. By analyzing interneurons migrating in cortical slices of mouse brains, we have found that nucleokinesis is associated with a precise pattern of actin dynamics characterized by the initial formation of a cup-like actin structure at the rear nuclear pole. Time-lapse experiments show that progressive actomyosin contraction drives the nucleus forward. Nucleokinesis concludes with the complete contraction of the cup-like structure, resulting in an actin spot at the base of the retracting trailing process. Our results demonstrate that this actin remodeling requires a threshold calcium level provided by low-frequency spontaneous fast intracellular calcium transients. Microtubule stabilization with taxol treatment prevents actin remodeling and nucleokinesis, whereas cells with a collapsed microtubule cytoskeleton induced by nocodazole treatment, display nearly normal actin dynamics and nucleokinesis. In summary, the results presented here demonstrate that actomyosin forces acting at the rear side of the nucleus drives nucleokinesis in tangentially migrating interneurons in a process that requires calcium and a dynamic cytoskeleton of microtubules.
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Valiente M, Marín O. Neuronal migration mechanisms in development and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 20:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nalbant P, Chang YC, Birkenfeld J, Chang ZF, Bokoch GM. Guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 regulates cell migration via localized activation of RhoA at the leading edge. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:4070-82. [PMID: 19625450 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-01-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration involves the cooperative reorganization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, as well as the turnover of cell-substrate adhesions, under the control of Rho family GTPases. RhoA is activated at the leading edge of motile cells by unknown mechanisms to control actin stress fiber assembly, contractility, and focal adhesion dynamics. The microtubule-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-H1 activates RhoA when released from microtubules to initiate a RhoA/Rho kinase/myosin light chain signaling pathway that regulates cellular contractility. However, the contributions of activated GEF-H1 to coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics during cell migration are unknown. We show that small interfering RNA-induced GEF-H1 depletion leads to decreased HeLa cell directional migration due to the loss of the Rho exchange activity of GEF-H1. Analysis of RhoA activity by using a live cell biosensor revealed that GEF-H1 controls localized activation of RhoA at the leading edge. The loss of GEF-H1 is associated with altered leading edge actin dynamics, as well as increased focal adhesion lifetimes. Tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin at residues critical for the regulation of focal adhesion dynamics was diminished in the absence of GEF-H1/RhoA signaling. This study establishes GEF-H1 as a critical organizer of key structural and signaling components of cell migration through the localized regulation of RhoA activity at the cell leading edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Nalbant
- Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science, and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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De Rycker M, Rigoreau L, Dowding S, Parker PJ. A High-Content, Cell-Based Screen Identifies Micropolyin, A New Inhibitor of Microtubule Dynamics. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:599-610. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
The ability of neurons to migrate to their appropriate positions in the developing brain is critical to brain architecture and function. Recent research has elucidated different modes of neuronal migration and the involvement of a host of signaling factors in orchestrating the migration, as well as vulnerabilities of this process to environmental and genetic factors. Here we discuss the role of cytoskeleton, motor proteins, and mechanisms of nuclear translocation in radial and tangential migration of neurons. We will also discuss how these and other events essential for normal migration of neurons can be disrupted by genetic and environmental factors that contribute to neurological disease in humans.
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