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Badillo-Suárez PA, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Bernabe-García M, Villa-Morales J, Iglesias-Rodríguez R, Canizales-Quinteros S, Carmona-Sierra FV. Influence of Maternal Body Fat on Levels of Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and Obestatin. J Hum Lact 2022; 38:619-632. [PMID: 35950305 DOI: 10.1177/08903344221112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin, insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and obestatin in human milk originate from the circulation. There is also limited knowledge about the influence of body fat on the levels of these hormones in human milk. RESEARCH AIM To determine (1) the influence of body fat on levels of insulin, IGF-1, and obestatin in human milk and serum/plasma during the postpartum period; (2) the changes in the levels of these hormones in human milk and serum/plasma postpartum; and (3) the presence of IGF-1 mRNA in human milk. METHODS In this prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study, levels of insulin, IGF-1, and obestatin were measured up to 30 days postpartum in milk and serum/plasma of 58 participants with adequate (≤ 32%) or excess (> 32%) total body fat determined by electrical bioimpedance. Student's t test and repeated-measures analysis of variance were used to evaluate the differences between groups. Pearson's test was used to analyze the associations. RESULTS The milk from participants with excess body fat had higher insulin and IGF-1 levels and lower obestatin levels than that of participants with adequate body fat at 3-7, 14-15, and 30 days postpartum (adjusted p < .001). The levels of insulin, IGF-1, and obestatin were significantly higher in human milk than in serum/plasma (p < .05) and correlated with maternal body fat (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Maternal body fat was associated with elevated insulin and IGF-1 levels and decreased obestatin levels in human milk up to 30 days postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar A Badillo-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariela Bernabe-García
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Judith Villa-Morales
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Iglesias-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición (UIMN), Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fairt V Carmona-Sierra
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar Number 4, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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Yan X, Managlia E, Zhao YY, Tan XD, De Plaen IG. Macrophage-derived IGF-1 protects the neonatal intestine against necrotizing enterocolitis by promoting microvascular development. Commun Biol 2022; 5:320. [PMID: 35388142 PMCID: PMC8987083 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a deadly bowel necrotic disease of premature infants. Low levels of plasma IGF-1 predispose premature infants to NEC. While increasing evidence suggests that defective perinatal intestinal microvascular development plays a role in NEC, the involved mechanism remains incompletely understood. We report here that serum and intestinal IGF-1 are developmentally regulated during the perinatal period in mice and decrease during experimental NEC. Neonatal intestinal macrophages produce IGF-1 and promote endothelial cell sprouting in vitro via IGF-1 signaling. In vivo, in the neonatal intestine, macrophage-derived IGF-1 promotes VEGF expression and endothelial cell proliferation and protects against experimental NEC. Exogenous IGF-1 preserves intestinal microvascular density and protects against experimental NEC. In human NEC tissues, villous endothelial cell proliferation and IGF-1- producing macrophages are decreased compared to controls. Together, our results suggest that defective IGF-1-production by neonatal macrophages impairs neonatal intestinal microvascular development and predisposes the intestine to necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Yan
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s. Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Elizabeth Managlia
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s. Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- grid.413808.60000 0004 0388 2248Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s. Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Xiao-Di Tan
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s. Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Isabelle G. De Plaen
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s. Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
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Raymond F, Lefebvre G, Texari L, Pruvost S, Metairon S, Cottenet G, Zollinger A, Mateescu B, Billeaud C, Picaud JC, Silva-Zolezzi I, Descombes P, Bosco N. Longitudinal Human Milk miRNA Composition over the First 3 mo of Lactation in a Cohort of Healthy Mothers Delivering Term Infants. J Nutr 2022; 152:94-106. [PMID: 34510208 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs involved in posttranscriptional regulation. miRNAs can be secreted and found in many body fluids, and although they are particularly abundant in breastmilk, their functions remain elusive. Human milk (HM) miRNAs start to raise considerable interest, but a comprehensive understanding of the repertoire and expression profiles along lactation has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize the longitudinal profile of HM miRNA between the second week and third month postpartum. METHODS We used a new sensitive technology to measure HM miRNAs in a cohort of 44 French mothers [mean ± SD age: 31 ± 3.5; BMI (in kg/m2) 21.8 ± 2.3] who delivered at term and provided HM samples at 3 time points (17 ± 3 d, 60 ± 3 d, and 90 ± 3 d) during follow-up visits. RESULTS We detected 685 miRNAs, of which 35 showed a high and stable expression along the lactation period analyzed. We also described for the first time a set of 11 miRNAs with a dynamic expression profile. To gain insight into the potential functional relevance of this set of miRNAs, we selected miR-3126 and miR-3184 to treat undifferentiated Caco-2 human intestinal cells and then assessed differentially expressed genes and modulation of related biological pathways. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study provides new insights into HM miRNA composition and, to our knowledge, the first description of its longitudinal dynamics in mothers who delivered at term. Our in vitro results obtained in undifferentiated Caco-2 human intestinal cells transfected with HM miRNAs also provide further support to the hypothesized mother-to-neonate signaling role of HM miRNAs. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01894893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Raymond
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Lefebvre
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorane Texari
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solenn Pruvost
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Metairon
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey Cottenet
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alix Zollinger
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Mateescu
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Billeaud
- Neonatology Nutrition, Lactarium Bordeaux-Marmande, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Charles Picaud
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Croix Rousse, Lyon, France.,CarMeN unit, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre Benite, France
| | | | - Patrick Descombes
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Bosco
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland.,Nestlé Research, Singapore
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Human Milk Growth Factors and Their Role in NEC Prevention: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113751. [PMID: 34836007 PMCID: PMC8620589 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates human milk's protective effect against necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Human milk derives these properties from biologically active compounds that influence intestinal growth, barrier function, microvascular development, and immunological maturation. Among these protective compounds are growth factors that are secreted into milk with relatively high concentrations during the early postnatal period, when newborns are most susceptible to NEC. This paper reviews the current knowledge on human milk growth factors and their mechanisms of action relevant to NEC prevention. It will also discuss the stability of these growth factors with human milk pasteurization and their potential for use as supplements to infant formulas with the goal of preventing NEC.
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5
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Kim SY, Yi DY. Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA. Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63:301-309. [PMID: 32252145 PMCID: PMC7402982 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) is essential for the infant's growth and development right after birth and is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early human survival. Various infant formulas have many similarities to HBM in many components, but there is no perfect substitute for HBM. Recently, various breast milk components and their roles have been studied according to the development of various analysis techniques. As is already well known, HBM contains about 87%-88% water, and 124- g/L solid components as macronutrients, including about 7% (60-70 g/L) carbohydrates, 1% (8-10 g/L) protein, and 3.8% (35-40 g/L) fat. The composition may vary depending on the environmental factors, including maternal diet. Colostrum is low in fat but high in protein and relatively rich in immuneprotective components. Although HBM contains enough vitamins to ensure normal growth of the infant, vitamins D and K may be insufficient, and the infant may require their supplementation. Growth factors in HBM also serve as various bioactive proteins and peptides on the intestinal tract, vasculature, nervous system, and endocrine system. In the past, HBM of a healthy mother was thought to be sterile. However, several subsequent studies have confirmed the presence of rich and diverse microbial communities in HBM. Some studies suggested that the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus may be universally predominant in HBM, but the origin of microbiota still remains controversial. Lastly, milk is the one of most abundant body fluid of microRNAs, which are known to play a role in various functions, such as immunoprotection and developmental programming, through delivering from HBM and absorption by intestinal epithelial cells. In conclusion, HBM is the most important source of nutrition for infants and includes microbiomes and miRNAs for growth, development, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Yong Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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A Review of Bioactive Factors in Human Breastmilk: A Focus on Prematurity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061307. [PMID: 31185620 PMCID: PMC6628333 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is an increasing worldwide problem. Prematurity is the second most common cause of death in children under 5 years of age. It is associated with a higher risk of several pathologies in the perinatal period and adulthood. Maternal milk, a complex fluid with several bioactive factors, is the best option for the newborn. Its dynamic composition is influenced by diverse factors such as maternal age, lactation period, and health status. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding some bioactive factors present in breastmilk, namely antioxidants, growth factors, adipokines, and cytokines, paying specific attention to prematurity. The revised literature reveals that the highest levels of these bioactive factors are found in the colostrum and they decrease along the lactation period; bioactive factors are found in higher levels in preterm as compared to full-term milk, they are lacking in formula milk, and decreased in donated milk. However, there are still some gaps and inconclusive data, and further research in this field is needed. Given the fact that many preterm mothers are unable to complete breastfeeding, new information could be important to develop infant supplements that best match preterm human milk.
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7
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Abstract
The development of milk during evolution is considered a more recent step to provide the neonate with adequate amounts of energy, nutrients, and specific hormonal signals thereby, granting a fast and efficient rate of postnatal growth and development. Since the insulin- or the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) systems were evolved much earlier, it can be assumed that the functionality of the IGF-system has been integrated into the novel matrix milk containing casein and whey proteins from the beginnings. In fact, IGFs and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are abundantly present in milk, which is particularly true for fore-milk or colostrum and the potential effects of milk-borne IGF-compounds on the consuming organisms have in fact been addressed by several studies. Those studies examined, if orally administered IGFs can be absorbed by the consumer's gastro-intestinal tract and thus contribute e.g. to the somatic growth of infants. A second line of studies assessed local effects of milk-borne IGFs on growth and development of the gastro-intestinal tract itself. Finally, distinct functions of isolated IGF-compounds for growth and involution of the mammary gland have also been provided in the past. While the consumption of milk seems not to represent a major source of endogenous IGFs, accumulating evidence indicates secondary effects of milk on the endogenous IGF-system, which may be mediated by micronutrients such as branched amino acids and metabolic programming. By contrast, direct effects on growth and development of oesophageal and intestinal cells have been observed if IGFs were administered orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Zianka Meyer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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8
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Singh-Mallah G, Singh K, McMahon CD, Harris P, Brimble MA, Thorstensen E, Guan J. Maternally Administered Cyclic Glycine-Proline Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Bioavailability and Novelty Recognition in Developing Offspring. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3130-9. [PMID: 27355491 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP), a metabolite of IGF-1, is an endogenous neuropeptide that improves memory in adult rats. The presence and concentrations of endogenous cGP, and its association with IGF-1 and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in rat milk and plasma, were evaluated during postnatal development. Maternal-infantile transfer of cGP during lactation and its efficacy on the memory of developing offspring were also investigated. Dams were gavaged with either cGP (3 mg/kg) or saline daily from postnatal days 8-22. Concentrations of cGP were measured in dams' milk, and concentrations of cGP, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 were measured in the plasma of dams, pups, and young adults. The recognition memory, locomotor function, and anxiety-like behavior of offspring were evaluated using behavioral tests. Endogenous cGP was detected in rat milk, and its concentration was higher during peak lactation compared with late lactation. Comparisons within control groups showed low endogenous IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 and high endogenous cGP concentrations in the plasma of male pups. The reduced IGFBP-3 and increased cGP may be a response to increase the bioavailability of IGF-1 during infancy. Exogenous cGP showed oral bioavailability and effective maternal-infantile transfer through milk. Maternally transferred cGP also led to improved recognition memory in the developing offspring, possibly through increased IGF-1 bioavailability, with no effect on locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior. These results show that cGP is an essential endogenous peptide during early postnatal development as it improves the bioavailability of IGF-1 during infancy. Furthermore, maternal cGP supplementation offers an effective and natural route of administration for improving memory in the developing offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh-Mallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology (G.S.-M., J.G.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Gravida (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M., E.T., J.G.), National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, Centre for Brain Research (G.S.-M., J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand (J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (P.H., M.A.G.), School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Grafton, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Ltd (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M.), Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Kuljeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology (G.S.-M., J.G.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Gravida (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M., E.T., J.G.), National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, Centre for Brain Research (G.S.-M., J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand (J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (P.H., M.A.G.), School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Grafton, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Ltd (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M.), Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Christopher D McMahon
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology (G.S.-M., J.G.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Gravida (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M., E.T., J.G.), National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, Centre for Brain Research (G.S.-M., J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand (J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (P.H., M.A.G.), School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Grafton, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Ltd (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M.), Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Paul Harris
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology (G.S.-M., J.G.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Gravida (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M., E.T., J.G.), National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, Centre for Brain Research (G.S.-M., J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand (J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (P.H., M.A.G.), School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Grafton, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Ltd (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M.), Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology (G.S.-M., J.G.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Gravida (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M., E.T., J.G.), National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, Centre for Brain Research (G.S.-M., J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand (J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (P.H., M.A.G.), School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Grafton, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Ltd (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M.), Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Eric Thorstensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology (G.S.-M., J.G.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Gravida (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M., E.T., J.G.), National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, Centre for Brain Research (G.S.-M., J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand (J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (P.H., M.A.G.), School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Grafton, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Ltd (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M.), Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology (G.S.-M., J.G.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Gravida (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M., E.T., J.G.), National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, Centre for Brain Research (G.S.-M., J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand (J.G.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (P.H., M.A.G.), School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Grafton, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Ltd (G.S.-M., K.S., C.D.M.), Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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Shaoul R, Tiosano D, Hochberg Z. Evo-devo of Child Growth: The Role of Weaning in the Transition from Infancy to Childhood. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:887-95. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.732623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Kon IY, Shilina NM, Gmoshinskaya MV, Ivanushkina TA. The Study of Breast Milk IGF-1, Leptin, Ghrelin and Adiponectin Levels as Possible Reasons of High Weight Gain in Breast-Fed Infants. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 65:317-23. [DOI: 10.1159/000367998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the composition of human milk, its variation, and its clinical relevance. The composition of human milk is the biological norm for infant nutrition. Human milk also contains many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and healthy microbial colonization. Some of these molecules (eg, lactoferrin) are being investigated as novel therapeutic agents. Human milk changes in composition from colostrum to late lactation, within feeds, by gestational age, diurnally, and between mothers. Feeding infants with expressed human milk is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ballard
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation & Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
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12
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Loui A, Eilers E, Strauss E, Pohl-Schickinger A, Obladen M, Koehne P. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFlt-1) levels in early and mature human milk from mothers of preterm versus term infants. J Hum Lact 2012; 28:522-8. [PMID: 22729710 DOI: 10.1177/0890334412447686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors regulate angiogenesis (formation of blood vessels). The soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFlt-1) binds VEGF as a potent antagonist. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare VEGF and sFlt-1 levels in milk from mothers of preterm (n = 50) versus term (n = 49) infants in a longitudinal study. METHODS Milk samples were collected on days 3 and 28 of lactation. Vascular endothelial growth factor and sFlt-1 were quantified by sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Vascular endothelial growth factor and sFlt-1 were found in high concentrations in early milk (lactation day 3) from mothers of preterm and term infants and were lower in mature milk (lactation day 28). On day 3, median VEGF concentration was lower in preterm than in term milk (37.1 vs 53.9 ng/mL, P < .01). Otherwise, VEGF (day 28) and sFlt-1 (days 3 and 28) did not differ in preterm versus term milk. CONCLUSIONS It was shown for the first time that sFlt-1 is present in human milk. Early human milk contains high concentrations of VEGF and sFlt-1, which decrease over the course of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Loui
- Charité Virchow Hospital, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Perkins E, Murphy SK, Murtha AP, Schildkraut J, Jirtle RL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Forman MR, Kurtzberg J, Overcash F, Huang Z, Hoyo C. Insulin-like growth factor 2/H19 methylation at birth and risk of overweight and obesity in children. J Pediatr 2012; 161:31-9. [PMID: 22341586 PMCID: PMC3360130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether aberrant DNA methylation at differentially methylated regions (DMRs) regulating insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) expression in umbilical cord blood is associated with overweight or obesity in a multiethnic cohort. STUDY DESIGN Umbilical cord blood leukocytes of 204 infants born between 2005 and 2009 in Durham, North Carolina, were analyzed for DNA methylation at two IGF2 DMRs by using pyrosequencing. Anthropometric and feeding data were collected at age 1 year. Methylation differences were compared between children >85th percentile of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts weight-for-age (WFA) and children ≤ 85th percentile of WFA at 1 year by using generalized linear models, adjusting for post-natal caloric intake, maternal cigarette smoking, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS The methylation percentages at the H19 imprint center DMR was higher in infants with WFA >85th percentile (62.7%; 95% CI, 59.9%-65.5%) than in infants with WFA ≤ 85th percentile (59.3%; 95% CI, 58.2%-60.3%; P = .02). At the intragenic IGF2 DMR, methylation levels were comparable between infants with WFA ≤ 85th percentile and infants with WFA >85th percentile. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that IGF2 plasticity may be mechanistically important in early childhood overweight or obese status. If confirmed in larger studies, these findings suggest aberrant DNA methylation at sequences regulating imprinted genes may be useful identifiers of children at risk for the development of early obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Perkins
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Ozgurtas T, Aydin I, Turan O, Koc E, Hirfanoglu IM, Acikel CH, Akyol M, Erbil MK. Vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I and platelet-derived growth factor levels in human milk of mothers with term and preterm neonates. Cytokine 2010; 50:192-4. [PMID: 20202860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a complex biological fluid. It contains many nutrients, anti-infectious and biologically active substance. Human milk also contains many angiogenic polypeptides. We have determined four of these: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), insulin-like growth factor- I (IGF-I) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of VEGF, b-FGF, IGF-I and PDGF in human milk collected from mothers with preterm and term neonates. Human milk samples were collected from 29 mothers of preterm (<37 weeks) and from 29 mothers of term (38>weeks) infants at days 3, 7 and 28 postpartum. Milk samples were analyzed for VEGF, b-FGF and PDGF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IGF-I was measured by radioimmunoassay method. Human milk levels of VEGF, IGF-I and b-FGF were significantly higher (p<0.001). Furthermore, within-preterm group concentrations of VEGF, IGF-I and PDGF significantly differed during postpartum days 3-7-28 (p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively), but did not do so for b-FGF concentrations. In term groups, concentrations of IGF-I and VEGF significantly differed (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively), but did not do so for concentrations of b-FGF and PDGF. This is the first report of simultaneous measurements of four major angiogenic factors in human milk collected from mothers with preterm and term. Our results suggest that three of four angiogenic factors, VEGF, b-FGF and IGF-I, are higher concentration in human milk which collected from preterm mothers than those of terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Ozgurtas
- GATA School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey.
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