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Psoriasis Increases the Risk of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Longitudinal Follow Up Study Using a National Sample Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249310. [PMID: 33322823 PMCID: PMC7764529 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a well-known immune-mediated disease. Its autoimmune pathophysiology is consistent with the immune-mediated systemic vascular hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). The purpose of our study was to investigate whether psoriasis affects the prevalence of SSNHL in all age groups matched by age, sex, income, and region of residence. Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-National Patient Samples were collected from 2002 to 2013. A 1:4 matched psoriasis group (n = 12,864) and control group (n = 51,456) were selected. The crude (simple) and adjusted (Charlson comorbidity index) hazard ratios (HR) for psoriasis and SSNHL were analyzed using the stratified Cox proportional hazard model. The incidence of SSNHL was significantly higher in the psoriasis group than in the control group (0.5% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.004). Psoriasis increased the risk of SSNHL (adjusted HR = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.90, p = 0.010). In the stratification analysis, the incidence of SSNHL was significantly higher in the 30–59-year-old group than other group SSNHL (adjusted HR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.06–2.12, p = 0.023). In addition, SSNHL occurred significantly more frequently in men with psoriasis (adjusted HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.17–2.49, p = 0.006). Psoriasis increased the risk of SSNHL, and SSNHL was more prevalent in between the age of 30–59-year-olds and men with psoriasis.
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Riera JL, Del R Maliandi M, Musuruana JL, Cavallasca JA. Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Clinical Review. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019; 16:84-91. [PMID: 31804161 DOI: 10.2174/1573397115666191016101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is defined as a sudden loss of hearing, usually unilateral, of more than 30 dB in 3 contiguous frequencies of the tonal audiometry. SSNHL estimates an incidence ranging from 5 to 20 per 100.000 people per year. In approximately 75% of cases, a cause cannot be identified. However, it could be a clinical manifestation of Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). OBJECTIVE This review will focus on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of the SLE and APS associated SSNHL. METHODS We searched in PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, and Cochrane reviewing reports of Sudden sensorineural hearing loss in SLE and/or APS. Articles written in English and Spanish, and were available in full text, were included. RESULTS In patients with SLE, bilateral involvement was frequent. Antiphospholipid antibodies were positive in the majority of the patients. Corticosteroids were the mainstay of the treatment. The auditory prognosis was poor with total hearing loss recovery reached in only 22% of patients. On the other hand, most of the patients with SSNHL and APS were males and presented associated symptoms such as vertigo, tinnitus and/or headache, 75% had bilateral disease. Lupus anticoagulant and aCL were found in equal proportions, all patients were anticoagulated, and aspirin was associated in 25% of the cases. Complete resolution or improvement of symptoms was observed in 25% of the patients. CONCLUSION Sudden sensorineural hearing loss, can be a clinical feature of SLE and APS. Treating physicians should be aware of this devastating complication, especially when bilateral involvement occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Riera
- Section of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital JB Iturraspe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Del R Maliandi
- Section of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital JB Iturraspe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorge L Musuruana
- Section of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital JB Iturraspe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Javier A Cavallasca
- Section of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital JB Iturraspe, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Pawlak-Osinska K, Golda R, Osinski S, Kazmierczak H, Krumrych W, Marzec M, Przybylski G. Circulating Immune Complexes and Heat Shock Protein 70 in the Sera of Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. J Int Adv Otol 2019; 14:426-431. [PMID: 30541735 DOI: 10.5152/iao.2018.5694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to analyze and assess the usefulness of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and circulating immune complexes (CIC) in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) in a tertiary care hospital in a research university (2014-2017). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were interviewed about the history of diseases; underwent an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) examination; a hearing test; and were analyzed for the presence of CIC and Hsp70 protein. A simple dot blot method was designed for the purpose of identification of Hsp70 bound to CIC and free Hsp70. RESULTS In 59.4% of patients with idiopathic SSHL, elevated levels of immune complexes were observed. Compared with healthy subjects, a significant difference was noted (p=0.00016). Positive reactions to the presence of free Hsp70 protein were noted in the sera of 48.4% of patients. In the control group, free Hsp70 was observed in 8% of patients (p=0.0000034). Hsp70 bound to CIC was detected in the sera of 62.5% of patients; and in healthy cases, in 12% (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION In the sera of persons with SSHL, there are elevated levels of CIC and Hsp70. After the application of the innovative method for determining the occurrence of Hsp70 bound to CIC, it was stated that its presence is greater than that of free Hsp70, commonly detected by means of the Western-blot method. The dot blot method applied in the present study increases the Hsp70 identification and by the same token increases the probability of detection of autoimmunological background of SSHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawlak-Osinska
- Department of Pathophysiology of Hearing and Balance System, Nicolaus Copernicus University School of Medicine, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ryszard Golda
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Institute of Experimental Biology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Osinski
- Department of Pathophysiology of Hearing and Balance System, Nicolaus Copernicus University School of Medicine, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Henryk Kazmierczak
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Laryngological Oncology, Nicolaus Copernicus University School of Medicine, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Krumrych
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Institute of Experimental Biology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Marzec
- Department of Pathophysiology of Hearing and Balance System, Nicolaus Copernicus University School of Medicine, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Przybylski
- Department of Lung Diseases, Neoplasms and Tuberculosis, Nicolaus Copernicus University School of Medicine, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Cao Z, Gao J, Huang S, Xiang H, Zhang C, Zheng B, Zhan X, Chen R, Chen B. Genetic Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review. Audiol Neurootol 2019; 24:8-19. [PMID: 30870848 DOI: 10.1159/000497032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, genetic factors have been considered as an important risk factor for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Many studies analyzed the association between SSNHL and polymorphisms. However, most of them gave inconclusive results. Key Message: We performed a systematic review to find out the association between polymorphisms and susceptibility to SSNHL. Finally, 47 studies involving 5,230 SSNHL patients and 68 genes were included for analysis and discussion of results. Polymorphisms in 26 genes have been suggested to be correlated with the susceptibility to SSNHL. SUMMARY Although a great number of studies support that polymorphisms in genes are associated with susceptibility to SSNHL, we need large multicenter studies, which evaluate multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in SSNHL patients, to find real genetic risk factors for susceptibility to SSNHL. This is very helpful in designing more effective prevention and treatment strategies for patients with SSNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaizai Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinjian Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saiyu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haijie Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chuqin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruru Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bobei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China, .,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,
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The Role of Autoimmunity in the Pathogenesis of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:7691473. [PMID: 30008743 PMCID: PMC6020465 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7691473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) is a clinically common acute symptom in otolaryngology. Although the incidence of SSHL has increased around the world in recent years, the etiology of the disease is still unclear. It has been reported that infections, ototoxic drugs, membrane labyrinth rupture, carcinomas, circulatory system diseases, autoimmune diseases, brain lesions, mental diseases, congenital or inherited diseases, and so on, are all risk factors for SSHL. Here, we discuss the autoimmune mechanisms behind SSHL, which might be induced by type II–IV allergic reactions. We also introduce the main immunosuppressive medications that have been used to treat SSHL, which will help us to identify potential targets for immune therapy.
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Ciorba A, Corazzi V, Bianchini C, Aimoni C, Skarzynski H, Skarzynski PH, Hatzopoulos S. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Is there a connection with inner ear electrolytic disorders? A literature review. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 29:595-602. [PMID: 27895287 DOI: 10.1177/0394632016673845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolytic disorders of the inner ear represent a model that could be implicated in partially explaining the pathogenesis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Different types of electrolytes and different inner-ear loci are involved in cochlear homeostasis physiologically, to ensure the maintenance of an ion-balanced cochlear environment allowing a normal hair cell function. It has been hypothesized that a sudden loss of endocochlear potential, due to a rapid disruption of the inner ear fluid osmolality, could be responsible for a deterioration of the hearing function caused by damaged hair cells. The aim of this paper was to review the current literature and identify sources which might validate/fortify the hypothesis that inner ear electrolytic disorders have a role in the etiopathogenesis of SSNHL. The data in the literature underline the importance of ionic homeostasis in the inner ear, but they do not support a direct link between SSNHL and electrolyte disorders/imbalances. There is marginal evidence from otoacoustic emissions research that an indirect link might be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ciorba
- ENT & Audiology Department University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Virginia Corazzi
- ENT & Audiology Department University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Bianchini
- ENT & Audiology Department University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudia Aimoni
- ENT & Audiology Department University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Henryk Skarzynski
- World Hearing Center, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Henryk Skarzynski
- World Hearing Center, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Sensory Organs, Kajetany, Poland
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Kanzaki S, Sakagami M, Hosoi H, Murakami S, Ogawa K. High fibrinogen in peripheral blood correlates with poorer hearing recovery in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104680. [PMID: 25166620 PMCID: PMC4148242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We used hearing tests and peripheral blood sample analyses to characterize the pathology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) and to identify possible prognostic factors for predicting recovery of hearing loss. Study Design A retrospective, multicenter trial was conducted. Methods Two hundred three patients examined within 7 days after the onset of ISSNHL received prednisone with lipo-prostaglandin E1. Pure-tone auditory tests were performed before and after treatment with these drugs. Blood tests were performed on blood samples collected during the patients’ initial visit to our clinic. Results In all patients, elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts, fasting blood sugar levels, HgbA1c, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) significantly correlated with high hearing threshold measurements obtained on the initial visit. High fibrinogen levels, WBC counts, ESR, and low concentrations of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were associated with lower hearing recovery rates. Additionally, different audiogram shapes correlated with different blood test factors, indicating that different pathologies were involved. Conclusions High fibrinogen levels measured within seven days after ISSNHL onset correlated with poorer hearing recovery. This may be a consequence of ischemia or infections in the inner ear. The high WBC counts also observed may therefore reflect an immune response to inner ear damage induced by ischemic changes or infections. Our data indicate that therapeutic strategies should be selected based on the timing of initial treatment relative to ISSNHL onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masafumi Sakagami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shingo Murakami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Masuda M, Kanzaki J. Cause of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: The stress response theory. World J Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 3:42-57. [DOI: 10.5319/wjo.v3.i3.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The stress response theory is a relatively new concept about the cause of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISHL). A number of possible etiologies have been proposed in the literature, as discussed in this paper, but each proposed etiology has been both supported and refuted in the literature. However, the stress response theory can integrate hypotheses that have been advocated so far. The word “stress” refers to a constellation of physical and psychological stimuli including systemic viral and bacterial illness, systemic inflammatory disorders, and physical, mental or metabolic stress. Numerous studies have demonstrated adverse effects of systemic stress on health. Stress causes changes in the immune system and cytokine network through activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Several types of catecholamine and cytokine receptors are in the cochlea cells other than capillary cells, and then they can respond to systemic stressors. However, there are few studies examining how systemic stress is associated with cochlear dysfunction. The stress response theory addresses this question. In the theory, a variety of stressors and risk factors contribute to the onset of ISHL in varying degrees. The lateral wall of the cochlea has very unique responses to systemic stressors. It plays a critical role in causing ISHL. Systemic stressors converge at the lateral wall and trigger pathological activation of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, a transcriptional factor known as a stress sensor. This activation enhances local expression of genes associated with immune and inflammatory system, resulting in cochlear dysfunction. We review the original stress response theory advocated by Adams et al and the integrative stress response theory that integrates our knowledge about the etiologies of ISHL so far.
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Chien CY, Chang NC, Tai SY, Wang LF, Wu MT, Ho KY. Heat shock protein 70 gene polymorphisms in sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Audiol Neurootol 2012; 17:381-5. [PMID: 22922572 DOI: 10.1159/000341815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins protect cells and tissues against different types of damage. Previous studies have revealed that the serum level of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) increases in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) patients. We hypothesized that genetic variants of the HSP70 gene are associated with susceptibility to SSNHL. METHODS We conducted a case-control study with 160 SSNHL cases and 178 controls. Three tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected. The genotypes were determined using TaqMan technology. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested for each SNP, and genetic effects were evaluated according to three inheritance modes. A haplotype analysis was also performed. RESULTS All three SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The CT genotype of rs2075800 exhibited an adjusted odds ratio of 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.37-0.94; p = 0.027). The T allele of SNP rs2075800 was associated with SSNHL under the dominant model (p = 0.019; odds ratio 0.59). Haplotype analysis of the three SNPs demonstrated that the haplotype TGC (rs2075800/rs1043618/rs2763979) was statistically significant (p = 0.0137). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HSP70 gene polymorphisms influence the susceptibility to the development of SSNHL in the Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Greco A, Fusconi M, Gallo A, Marinelli C, Macri G, De Vincentiis M. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: An autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:756-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Plaza G, Durio E, Herráiz C, Rivera T, García-Berrocal JR. Consensus on diagnosis and treatment of sudden hearing loss. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2173-5735(11)70025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Plaza G, Durio E, Herráiz C, Rivera T, García-Berrocal JR. [Consensus on diagnosis and treatment of sudden hearing loss. Asociación Madrileña de ORL]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2010; 62:144-57. [PMID: 21112580 DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss is an unexplained unilateral hearing loss with onset over a period of less than 72 hours, without other known otological diseases. We present a consensus on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of this disease, designed by AMORL, after a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to June 2010. Diagnosis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss is based on mandatory otoscopy, acoumetry, tonal audiometry, speech audiometry, and tympanometry. After clinical diagnosis is settled, and before treatment is started, a full analysis should be done and an MRI should be requested later. Treatment is based on systemic corticosteroids (orally in most cases), helped by intratympanic doses as rescue after treatment failures. Follow-up should be done at day 7, with tonal and speech audiometries, and regularly at 15, 30, and 90 days after start of therapy, and after 12 months. By consensus, results after treatment should be reported as absolute dBs recovered in pure tonal audiometry, as improvement in the recovery rate in unilateral cases, and as improvement in speech audiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Plaza
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.
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